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In this editorial, we discuss the remarkable role of physical energies in the control of cell signaling networks and in the specification of the architectural plan of both somatic and stem cells. In particular, we focus on the biological relevance of bioelectricity in the pattern control that orchestrates both developmental and regenerative pathways. To this end, the narrative starts from the dawn of the first studies on animal electricity, reconsidering the pioneer work of Harold Saxton Burr in the light of the current achievements. We finally discuss the most recent evidence showing that bioelectric signaling is an essential component of the informational processes that control pattern specification during embryogenesis, regeneration, or even malignant transformation. We conclude that there is now mounting evidence for the existence of a Morphogenetic Code, and that deciphering this code may lead to unprecedented opportunities for the development of novel paradigms of cure in regenerative and precision medicine.

Previous research has provided evidence for a relationship between illusory pattern perception and irrational beliefs. A common assumption is illusory pattern perception increases with an increasing feeling of lack of control. Delusion-like experiences include some of the behaviors related to irrational beliefs. Since no direct association between DLE and illusory pattern perception has been established, in this study we investigated the relationship between delusion-like experiences and illusory pattern perception for images with visual noise in a condition in which the participants were manipulated to lack control while controlling for another assumption which is jumping to conclusions bias on a bead task is predicted by delusion-like experiences. Results showed participants with delusion-like experiences produced more illusory pattern perception and false positive recognition for visually ambiguous stimuli. Participants who were manipulated to lack control produced more false positive recognition than the control group. A high level of delusion-like experiences predisposes vulnerability for increasing pattern seeking behavior under lack of control manipulation.

Metal carbenes have proven to be one of the most important and useful intermediates in organic synthesis, but catalytic asymmetric reactions involving metal carbenes are still scarce and remain a challenge. Particularly, the mechanistic pathway and chiral induction model in these asymmetric transformations are far from clear. Described herein is a copper-catalyzed asymmetric cyclization of alkenyl diynes involving a vinylic C(sp2)–H functionalization, which constitutes the first asymmetric vinylic C(sp2)–H functionalization through cyclopentannulation. Significantly, based on extensive mechanistic studies including control experiments and theoretical calculations, a revised mechanism involving a novel type of endocyclic copper carbene via remote-stereocontrol is proposed, thus providing new mechanistic insight into the copper-catalyzed asymmetric diyne cyclization and representing a new chiral control pattern in asymmetric catalysis based on remote-stereocontrol and vinyl cations. This method enables the practical and atom-economical construction of an array of valuable chiral polycyclic-pyrroles in high yields and enantioselectivities., A copper-catalyzed asymmetric cyclization of alkenyl diynes involving a vinylic C(sp2)–H functionalization is reported, enabling the construction of various valuable chiral polycyclic-pyrroles in high yields and enantioselectivities.

Background: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular problem globally with a particularly increasing burden in developing countries like Ethiopia. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) is superior to office blood pressure (OBP) measurement for diagnosing, prognosticating and following treatment efficacy for hypertension. There is no available data on ABPM control pattern in Ethiopians. This study will determine the ABPM control patterns in Ethiopian hypertensive patients on treatment. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study in hypertensive patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospitals outpatient departments carried out during January to May 2021. ABPM values of 244 consecutively sampled patients were analyzed. All patients had their BP monitored over 24 h with a Tonoport V (GE CS V6 71), and the data was interpreted using GE CardiosoftTM ABPM software in accordance with European Society of hypertension guidelines. Ethical clearance was given by Addis Ababa University Institutional Review Board and the study was conducted in compliance to standard ethical guidelines.Results: The study involved 244 adult hypertensive patients; mean age of the patients was 59.4years and, 54% were females. 58.6% of patients had controlled OBP, while only 45.1% had controlled ABPM. The mean OBP was 137 (19)/81 (10) mmHg and mean 24-hr ABP was 137 (16)/81 (10) mmHg; mean daytime BP was 136/79 ± 17/11 mmHg; mean night‑time BP, 138/84 ± 16/11 mmHg. Mean ABPM values were not significantly different between men and women. Comparison of ABPM values with OBP revealed high prevalence of the white coat effect (32%) and masked uncontrolled hypertension (46%). Presence of comorbidities particularly diabetes predicted poor ABPM control.Conclusion: More than half of patients had uncontrolled BP as per ABPM criteria and significant discrepancy exists between ABPM and OBP in assessing adequacy of BP control. Guiding management decisions using ABPM can improve BP control rates.

The current research aimed to identify the impact of different control patterns on participatory videos across educational platforms in developing robot programming skills Contained in the book of computer (unit- 4) (Robot Siddiqui – Smart devices and Robot) for third- grade intermediate students in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher used the quasi-experimental method, the study sample consisted of (50) students from the intermediate. They were randomly assigned to a first experimental group of (25) students who presented the participative video clips with the learner control pattern, (25) Students were given participatory video clips in the program control mode, The researcher designed the educational control patterns of the participatory videos based on the Aljazar model (2002) and the Khamis model (2003) of the design of education After the experience and study tools are applied, they are a test of my score and the programming skills card, The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the two study groups in the test and the observation card, and the differences were in favor of the first experimental group with which the learner control pattern was used with video clips. The study recommended that the services of collaborative video platforms should be utilized in the learning process, and that participatory videos be produced using a learner control pattern in other courses and used in different learning situations.

Local activation and long-range inhibition are mechanisms conserved in self-organizing systems leading to biological patterns. A number of them involve the production by the developing cell of an inhibitory morphogen, but how this cell becomes immune to self-inhibition is rather unknown. Under combined nitrogen starvation, the multicellular cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7120 develops nitrogen-fixing heterocysts with a pattern of one heterocyst every 10–12 vegetative cells. Cell differentiation is regulated by HetR which activates the synthesis of its own inhibitory morphogens, diffusion of which establishes the differentiation pattern. Here, we show that HetR interacts with HetL at the same interface as PatS, and that this interaction is necessary to suppress inhibition and to differentiate heterocysts. hetL expression is induced under nitrogen-starvation and is activated by HetR, suggesting that HetL provides immunity to the heterocyst. This protective mechanism might be conserved in other differentiating cyanobacteria as HetL homologues are spread across the phylum., eLife digest Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria on Earth able to draw their energy directly from the sun in the same way that plants do. In addition, some strains are able to ‘fix’ the nitrogen present in the atmosphere: they can extract this gas and transform it into nitrogen-based compounds necessary for life. However, both processes cannot happen in a given cell at the same time. A strain of cyanobacteria called Nostoc PCC 7120 can organise itself into long filaments of interconnected cells. Under certain conditions, one in every ten cells stops drawing its energy from the sun, and starts fixing atmospheric nitrogen instead. Exactly how the bacteria are able to ‘count to ten’ and organize themselves in such a precise pattern is still unclear. Cells can communicate and establish patterns by exchanging molecular signals that switch on and off certain cell programs. For instance, a protein called HetR turns on the genetic program that allows cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen; on the other hand, a signal known as PatS binds to HetR and turns it off. Cells starting to specialise in fixing nitrogen produce both HetR and PatS, with the latter diffusing in surrounding cells and preventing them from extracting nitrogen. However, it remained unclear how the nitrogen-fixing cell could ignore its own PatS signal and keep its HetR signal active. HetL – another protein produced by the future nitrogen-fixing cell – could potentially play this role, but how it acts was unknown. Here, Xu et al. show that HetL cannot diffuse from one cell to the other, and that it binds to HetR at the same place than PatS does. When both PatS and HetL are present, they compete to attach to HetR, which stops PatS from turning off HetR and deactivating the nitrogen-fixing program. Understanding how cyanobacteria fix nitrogen could help to develop new types of natural fertiliser. More generally, dissecting how these simple organisms can create patterns could help to grasp how patterning emerges in more complex creatures.

Self-assembly of ordered nanometer-scale patterns is interesting in itself, but its practical value depends on the ability to predict and control pattern formation. In this paper we demonstrate theoretically and numerically that engineering of extrinsic as well as intrinsic substrate geometry may provide such a controllable ordering mechanism for block copolymers films. We develop an effective two-dimensional model of thin films of striped-phase diblock copolymers on general curved substrates. The model is obtained as an expansion in the film thickness and thus takes the third dimension into account, which crucially allows us to predict the preferred orientations even in the absence of intrinsic curvature. We determine the minimum-energy textures on several curved surfaces and arrive at a general principle for using substrate curvature as an ordering field, namely that the stripes will tend to align along directions of maximal curvature., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

Background/aimHumans can beexposed to hydrogen sulfide gas due to either endogenous or exogenous sources. The health effects associated with exposure to hydrogen sulfide is dependent on its concentration and the duration of exposure. It includes -among many other effects- eye irritation, tearing and inflammation. This study aims to clarify the ocular bio-hazardous effects induced in tear film due to H2S exposure by using Ultraviolet spectroscopy. Materials and methods:Sixty Chinchilla rabbits wererandomly grouped into six subgroups.Group one served as control. Animals were exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas with concentrations of75, 90,115, 250 and 500 ppm. After exposure, tears were collected from the lower lid using glass micro capillariesand its structural characteristics were investigated immediately with ultraviolet spectroscopy. The curve enhancement procedure using Fourier deconvolution was also applied to resolve the obtained absorption peaks. Results:The control pattern indicates thepresence of three absorption peaks at 203±5 nm, 273±3 nm and 323± 4 nm, which represent the native lipids, trine conjugation and retinolrespectively. After exposure to the specified concentrations of H2S the general observation is that the number of detected peaks varied with increasing the H2S dose. Conclusion: Tear’s lipid is the primary target for hydrogen sulfide; this was associated with changes in the retinol content.

Stepped wedge designs and delayed start designs can all be considered as special cases of the so-called unidirectional switch design. This paper provides optimal proportions of clusters that are allocated to switch patterns in a unidirectional switch design to minimize the asymptotic variance of the treatment effect estimator. This unique optimal design applies to certain cross-sectional and longitudinal variance component models. When the intraclass correlation coefficient is zero, the optimal unidirectional switch design coincides with the classic (cluster) parallel group design. The optimal unidirectional switch design is more efficient than the optimal stepped wedge design and delayed start designs. Compared with the uniform unidirectional switch design, the efficiency gain of the optimal unidirectional switch design can be substantial, but it depends on the intraclass correlation and the cluster size. We also showed that augmenting the optimal stepped wedge design with pure control pattern is more efficient than the optimal stepped wedge design. In addition, robust minimax design for unidirectional switch design, delayed start design, and stepped wedge design are provided.

The explosive growth of information from genetics and genomics has led to an appreciation of the conservation of gene regulatory networks between organisms, and between development and regeneration. With ever increasing knowledge, it will be possible to intervene therapeutically to regulate these networks, which will lead to new therapies to induce regeneration. The question then becomes how to do this, rather then when to try. Our thesis is that the time is now, and that this feat can be achieved by combining the insights provided by developmental biologists with the technologies being developed by biomaterial engineers, to achieve the goal of engineering regeneration. We thus envision regenerative engineering as the next step toward achieving the goal of human regeneration. Among the most important discoveries about regeneration from studies of salamanders that regenerate exceptionally well, is that both pattern-following and pattern-forming cells are required. Much progress is being made toward understanding the former cells, but little is known about the cells that control positional information and pattern formation. Within the near future, it will become possible to provide the information needed for regeneration exogenously in the form of an engineered extracellular matrix that is a biomimetic of the endogenous information. Since growth factors (morphogens) can control pattern formation, an engineered grid could be based on spatially organized patterns of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans that control the behavior of cells by modulating morphogen activity. Progress in engineering the positional information grid for regeneration will necessitate learning the sulfation codes associated with successful regeneration in animals such as salamanders.

The ability to control pattern formation is critical for the both the embryonic development of complex structures as well as for the regeneration/repair of damaged or missing tissues and organs. In addition to chemical gradients and gene regulatory networks, endogenous ion flows are key regulators of cell behavior. Not only do bioelectric cues provide information needed for the initial development of structures, they also enable the robust restoration of normal pattern after injury. In order to expand our basic understanding of morphogenetic processes responsible for the repair of complex anatomy, we need to identify the roles of endogenous voltage gradients, ion flows, and electric fields. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics, decoding the information transduced by bioelectric cues enhances our knowledge of the dynamic control of growth and pattern formation. Recent advances in science and technology place us in an exciting time to elucidate the interplay between molecular-genetic inputs and important biophysical cues that direct the creation of tissues and organs. Moving forward, these new insights enable additional approaches to direct cell behavior and may result in profound advances in augmentation of regenerative capacity.

Constitution in the practice of administrative courtsThe Constitution is directly applied by administrative courts. Constitutional regulations are the basis for shaping the control pattern. The pro-constitutional interpretation of law is of great importance. The direct application of the Constitution by the administrative courts concerns different matters and serves to ensure the rule of law in the executive branch activities.

The assembly of control cabinets is highly affected by manual processes. Available solutions to automate the processes are complex, designed for one dedicated task, and expensive. Hence, they are uneconomically for most enterprises, because the typical company in the domain of control cabinet assembly is a small or medium sized enterprise with a high variance and low lot size production. Low-cost and flexible solutions that are suitable for these companies are not available. In order to design an appropriate solution, we have implemented a distributed control pattern. Within this paper, we present the resulting architecture as well as our implementation, and we discuss the advantages of our approach.

This research aimed to select the well-adapted wheat cultivar and to explore an optimum nutrient control pattern for wheat cultivation in the 180-day integrated experiment of controlled ecological life support system (CELSS). In the experiment, six wheat cultivars from different areas of China were preselected and cultivated in four separate recirculating hydroponic systems (HySy), nutrients in which could be controlled and recycled according the values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO). Wheat covered an area of 111.3 m2 and had been planted in 17 batches with a 15-day time interval to realize stable regeneration of oxygen, water and food during the 180-day duration in the closed cabin. The results indicated that different cultivars displayed different adaptabilities to the controlled environment. Wt04 had a stronger adaptability with the highest yield (12.82 g DM m-2 d-1) and edible radiation use efficiency (RUE) (0.28 g DM mol-1) whereas Wt06 adapted this environment poorly because of its excessive vegetative growth. For the morphological characters, wheat plants tended to dwarf in the CELSS environment compared with the field. An innovative controlling pattern was established for nutrient supplement. Through the real-time monitoring of pH, EC and DO of the nutrient solution and the periodical detection of the contents of nutrient elements, the nutrient solution could be controlled and recycled continuously without being renewed under a suitable state for wheat plants growth during the 180-day integrated experiment.

This study aimed to identify the effect of interaction among the control pattern (Controlled- Uncontrolled) and the style of activities' guidance (guided- not guided) of the multimedia software on developing the skills of using internet with intermediate level students. The researcher used the experimental method and depended on the semi- experimental design. In the light of the study results, the study recommended conducting similar study on different educational levels, as well as putting into consideration the control patterns and styles of activities guidance when designing educational software so as to contribute in the process of achieving aims.

The demand for integrated silicon packages is driving packaging advancements for increasingly fine circuit pattern designs. Due to the thinner copper and finer features required for advanced packaging, copper line defects can significantly impact yield and reliability. Industry Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) capabilities for packaging features are reaching detection limits.Phase One of the iNEMI metrology project surveyed industry capability and completed a gap analysis. This work established the basis for the current activities in Phase Two. A fine featured test vehicle was designed and fabricated using thin film processing technologies on both glass and silicon substrates to evaluate and assess the limits of today’s AOI metrology equipment. The test vehicle also provided a platform to develop future metrology capability required to close the technical gaps with respect to product requirements and process and material capabilities.The test vehicle samples were provided to various industrial AOI equipment suppliers to evaluate their capabilities in evaluating fine lines and spaces. The integrity of the fine wiring lines and spaces was compared between a control pattern and known defects utilizing wiring patterns from 10 μm lines and spaces to 1 μm lines and spaces. Various types of features including different orientations were evaluated: a) Line width violations; b) Spacing violations; c) Excess copper or missing copper; d) Shorts; e) Opens. This paper will review the details of the Phase Two test vehicle and the results from the AOI evaluations, and present a roadmap for the next phase of the study with test vehicles on organic substrates.

In the fighter jet domain, it is very difficult to delegate tasks to unmanned systems because such a MUM-T scenario contains tasks from different dimensions, e.g. from AI, SEAD, OCA, etc. At the same time, there is a demand for a uniform and transparent operating concept, e.g. using a tactical map. Therefore, a way is looked for to describe the many different tasks with a uniform framework. In the presented approach a task command is split into an environmental object (physical, logical) to which the instruction refers. A military action to be performed on this object and a time parameterization (slack-time).

Cell-to-cell communication plays a key role in the regulation of many natural biological processes. Recent advances in mammalian synthetic biology are making it possible to rationally engineer cell-to-cell communication for therapeutic and other purposes. Here, we review state-of-the-art engineering principles to control cell-to-cell communication, focusing on communication between mammalian cells with diffusible factors (e.g., small molecules or exosomes) or direct cell contact, and on interkingdom communication between mammalian cells and bacteria. Potential applications include construction of artificial tissues able to perform complex computations, sophisticated cell-based cancer therapies, use of mammalian cells as a new class of cargo delivery modality, development of design principles to control pattern formation of cell populations, and treatment of infectious diseases. We also discuss the challenges facing practical applications, and possible enabling technologies to overcome them.

Control of whole-body angular momentum (H) is important for robots and humans alike to maintain dynamic balance during locomotion. $H$ is directly related to body dynamics through external moments and ground reaction forces. The human upper body is a critical contributor to H, and deficient control of the trunk has been related to poor dynamic balance. We examined the neuromechanical control strategies of frontal plane angular momentum of trunk $\pmb{(H_{t})}$ during locomotor transitions while walking overground. Five healthy subjects completed ten types of transitions of altered anticipation (anticipated, unanticipated), complexity (straight walking, cuts, cut-stair ascent), and cutting style (crossover, sidestep). The average positive and negative frontal plane $\pmb{H_{t}}$ were significantly larger in unanticipated transitions, in which crossover cut-stairs were 144% higher in positive $\pmb{H_{t}}$ and sidestep cut-stairs were 147% higher in negative $\pmb{H_{t}}$ than normal walking. Furthermore, during anticipated states, crossovers had different magnitudes of average $\pmb{H_{t}}$ relative to sidesteps, indicating a preparatory control of the magnitude of $\pmb{H_{t}}$ based on cutting style, not complexity. The timing of $\pmb{H_{t}}$ lagged during unanticipated transitions relative to anticipated transitions except for cut-stairs tasks. In addition, the timing of $\pmb{H_{t}}$ in unanticipated states was not different from anticipated states at the end of transition, indicating an adapting control pattern of timing throughout the course of the entire unanticipated transitions. These results suggest that individuals may face more challenges in controlling trunk dynamic balance during anticipated and unanticipated transitions, and represent an opportunity for emerging robotic assistive devices that target upper-body mechanics during locomotion.

This paper forms part of the proceedings of the 10th Annual Berle Symposium (2018), which focused on Adolf Berle and the world he influenced. He and Gardiner Means documented in The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) what they said was a separation of ownership and control in major American business enterprises. Berle and Means became sufficiently closely associated with the separation of ownership and control pattern for the large American public firm to be christened subsequently ���the Berle-Means corporation���. This paper focuses on the ���rise��� of the Berle-Means corporation, considering in so doing why ownership became divorced from control in most of America���s biggest companies. It also assesses whether developments concerning institutional investors and shareholder activism have precipitated the ���fall��� of the Berle-Means corporation, meaning U.S. corporate governance is no longer characterized by a separation of ownership and control., Major Research Fellowship, Levehulme Trust

The purpose of this study is to develop a torso pattern that is highly representative for the proper body shape of women in their thirties. Size data of the women with age of 30 through 39 from the database of Size Korea 2004 were used for the study. In order to develop a master pattern which will be used as the benchmark for grading of research group, 4 existing torso block drafting methods were compared based on the data gathered and the block with the highest evaluation score was utilized as a reference point. For the analysis, data was divided into four types, only the data of 138 subjects which were evaluated at least by four or more experts as valid were used for the study. The major results can be summarized as follow. The women of bust girth of 91cm and height of 160cm which was turned out to be representative type of research group were used as standard measurement for the purpose of reflecting not only curve length of the 3D analysis measurement but also the difference between front and back thickness to the pattern. Dart locations were set based on front and back torso ease, shoulder area revisions, front sagging length 1.5cm and cross section crevice length analysis. According to the experts` appearance evaluation of the pattern was found to be better than the control pattern which was regarded as the best among 4 patterns created based on existing torso block drafting methods.

Overloading is a major factor in the damage to road facilities such as bridges and traffic accidents, and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs is in the process of fixing and moving the main points to overhaul. Moving control is more effective than stationary control, but it is possible to avoid interrupting the driver because the existing control pattern is well known along with the location of intruder by intuition. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed data such as investigation of oversight activities, existing enforcement information, and traffic volume information as an improvement measure to preemptively block intermittent vehicles. The analysis methods were analyzed to derive future delivery methods, along with analysis techniques such as logistic regression analysis and analysis methods, and methods for selecting the best possible location for selecting the routes.

BACKGROUND: In aviation accident investigations, control pattern injuries (CPIs) have been useful for accident reconstruction and for determining who was in control of the aircraft at the time of impact. Recently, CPIs have been considered nonspecific. This study compares CPIs suffered by pilots and passengers in fatal fixed-wing general aviation (GA) accidents. METHODS: Accident data were collected from the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (FAA-CAMI) and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident reports for the year 2010. Pilot and passenger data were analyzed by comparing the number, type, and location of CPIs. RESULTS: Of 22 types of CPIs, 2 were found to be individually statistically significant, but neither was significant when corrected for multiple comparisons. When comparing solo pilots to all passengers, fractures of the right metatarsals occurred more frequently in solo pilots (9.3%) than in all passengers (1.69%) and fractures of the distal radius and ulna occurred less frequently for solo pilots (11.36%) than in all passengers (22.41%). CONCLUSION: Proportional differences appear to exist when comparing specific CPIs between pilots and passengers. Control pattern injuries are an important part of accident investigation and may be helpful in determining the pilot in control at the time of impact. Language: en

This article discusses the pattern of fostering deviant behavior that occurs among students. This research took place in Islamic boarding school to become one of the institutions of education that is fairly old in the Indonesian nation. In addition, Islamic boarding schools are also known as institutions to deepen knowledge and foster student morals. Therefore, each boarding school has a different pattern of coaching. This study uses field research (field research) with a descriptive qualitative approach. The aim is to be able to describe the results of the analysis in detail. This problem attracts the attention of the writer to examine the pattern of guidance of students in controlling deviant behavior. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the factors causing deviant behavior of students are influenced by the family environment, boarding schools/schools and peers. As for the pattern of fostering santri in controlling deviant behavior in the boarding school of ar-Risalah, the village uses three coaching patterns, namely a preventive pattern, a repressive pattern and a curative pattern. Patterns of prevention are carried out to keep the delinquency from happening. Repressive patterns when students have deviant behavior so there must be consequences for the students. And curative control pattern is given if the pattern of preventive and repressive can not be a solution in controlling deviant behavior of students.