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Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of "constraint" is central to Oulipo's work, yet the group has introduced this term into modern literary criticism without providing a consistent definition. The resulting ambiguities create challenges for researchers studying Oulipian constraints. This paper reviews Oulipo's attempts to theorize constraint and legitimize its literature, examining these efforts through the lens of the group's struggle for literary legitimacy. Indeed, the concept of constraint represents not only Oulipo's poetic uniqueness, but also an important tool for the group to legitimize itself and gain power within the literary field. This paper argues that "constraint" has served as both an expression of Oulipo's aesthetic singularity and a strategic lever in its bid for legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Édouard Levé's works are framed by a reading device that allows us to situate them in relation to the author's biography, to identify the main features of his poetics and to formulate genetic hypotheses. His works thus reveal themselves to be highly coherent, like so many variations on a series of gestures and questions that are both very simple and very radical. Inspired largely by Raymond Roussel's Process, Levé has based part of his work on a poetics of shifts that consists of blurring the relationship between words and images. This poetics is implemented in three series Homonyms, Anguish and America, produced by the same linguistic constraints and similar production protocols, but they respond to different attitudes and effects of these constraints and protocols. Anguish is about creating fiction, Homonyms is about interrogating the cultural pantheon and America is about offering a negative of the American dream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dans le cadre de l’exercice de sa mission, la police nationale congolaise utilise la contrainte et la répression. Pourtant, la contrainte et la répression sont l’œuvre de l’autorité judiciaire. Il va falloir que la police respecte les droits de l’homme pour autant que nous sommes dans un Etat de droit.

Les Entités Territoriales Décentralisées constituent l’espace crucial pour la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Cependant, la maitrise de leurs contingences respectives est indispensable pour maximiser les chances de réussite. Ainsi, l’auteur s’est investi en vue de circonscrire certaines contraintes dans la Chefferie de Dianga, dont celles liées au contexte du pouvoir politique congolais et celles qui sont inhérentes à l’exercice du pouvoir coutumier. Il est donc recommandé d’intégrer ces particularités dans les dispositions pratiques de mise en œuvre de la décentralisation afin de garantir son succès.

Resource Control Theory (Hawley, 1999) has been presented as an alternative theory for the study of preadolescent social behavior. However, there are no instruments to assess its proposals for the Spanish language. The study's objective was to validate the Resource Control Resources Inventory for the Chilean preadolescent population. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used. 5th to 8th graders from two public schools from Santiago de Chile were part of the sample. Seven students were interviewed, and 180 were surveyed. After the translation and adaptation, the inventory showed an excellent fit to the factorial model, and the criterion validity showed similar results to those reported in recent literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le contexte historique des soins en santé mentale au Québec ayant fait place, dans les dernières années, à une plus grande participation du client dans le processus décisionnel qui le concerne, a renversé la conception médicale de la psychiatrie d’autrefois. D’une vision d’internement, les soins sont maintenant adaptés aux besoins individuels de la clientèle desservie allant jusqu’à une offre de soin à même le domicile. Toutefois, le travail auprès de personnes fragilisées par la maladie mentale est souvent parsemé de questionnements et d’enjeux éthiques parfois contradictoires. Les équipes de suivi intensif dans le milieu en sont un exemple. Travaillant auprès d’une clientèle des plus vulnérabless, les intervenants doivent savoir faire preuve d’ouverture et de flexibilité afin d’établir une relation thérapeutique auprès d’une clientèle souvent non volontaire et réfractaire à toute forme de traitement. Pour y parvenir, ils doivent souvent passer outre les refus de suivi en usant de diverses stratégies issues du paternalisme libertaire dans le but de maintenir des contacts qui deviendront significatifss et permettront à ces individus de reprendre le pouvoir sur leur vie. Cette approche parfois intrusive soulève bien évidemment son lot d’enjeux éthiques, notamment au sujet du consentement aux soins, et peut être perçue comme une atteinte aux droitss fondamentaux en imputant les droits à l’autodétermination et l’autonomie décisionnelle. Il est cependant possible de renverser cette position à travers une approche bienveillante soutenue par l’éthique du care qui favorise le respect de la singularité de chaque individu en le mettant au cœur de la relation thérapeutique. C’est à travers le dialogue, la place accordée à l’autre, le respect de ses choix, de sa singularité et de son autodétermination qu’il sera alors possible d’aller chercher un consentement implicite et une participation active de l’usager dans son processus de rétablissement, et ce, même si parfois, il y à a présence de mesures légales contraignantes.

El conjunto de tesis que ha sido denominado Théorie des contraintes juridiques, se ha desarrollado, desde hace unos veinte años, en el marco del Centre de Théorie et Analyse du Droit de la Universidad de París-Nanterre, Francia, a partir de la obra de Michel Troper, Véronique Champeil-Desplats y Christophe Grzegorczyk. El libro aquí comentado es una expresión de ese trabajo colectivo. En la primera parte de este texto realizaré una presentación de las tesis defendidas por los promotores de la Teoría. Así, me referiré al marco epistemológico en el cual se inserta, luego propondré una definición más precisa y una tipología posible de las contraintes. En la segunda parte, realizaré observaciones críticas e introduciré algunas consideraciones propias. Por un lado, me detendré en la dificultad de la Teoría para dar cuenta de la regularidad en las decisiones judiciales y, por otro lado, me referiré a la necesidad de abordar la cuestión de la argumentación jurídica usando una noción de contrainte diferente a la que propone la Teoría

The historical context of mental health care in Quebec, which in recent years has given way to greater client participation in the decisionmaking process for which they are concerned, has reversed the previous medical conception of psychiatry. From a vision of internment, care is now adapted to the individual needs of the clientele served, even including the provision of care in the home. However, work with people weakened by mental illness is often fraught with questions and sometimes contradictory ethical issues. Intensive follow-up teams in the community are a case in point. Working with a very vulnerable clientele, health workers must know how to be open and flexible in order to establish a therapeutic relationship with a clientele that is often involuntary and refractory to any form of treatment. To achieve this, they often have to get past refusals to follow-up by using various strategies derived from libertarian paternalism in order to maintain contacts that will become meaningful and allow these individuals to regain control over their lives. This sometimes-intrusive approach obviously raises its share of ethical issues, particularly regarding consent to care, and can be perceived as an infringement of fundamental rights by infringing rights to selfdetermination and decision-making autonomy. However, it is possible to reverse this position through a benevolent approach supported by an ethics of care that favours respect for the uniqueness of each individual by placing them at the heart of the therapeutic relationship. It is through dialogue, the place given to the other, respect for their choices, uniqueness and self-determination that it will then be possible to seek implicit consent and active participation of the user in the recovery process, even if sometimes there are binding legal measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constraints in the care of vulnerable elderly people are part of the daily life of services. This practice must not avoid multidisciplinary reflection by preserving the autonomy of patients' decisions despite cognitive disorders. The search for consent and reasons for refusing care must be the leitmotif and coercion the exception and must be supported., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Restraint in care must be a practice of last resort. To date, it is only regulated in the texts for psychiatric care without consent and only in full hospitalization. Healthcare teams can only use it with great caution, in a manner strictly proportionate to the situation and, if they act outside the legal framework, by taking good professional practices as a reference., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Le projet « Literature under Constraint » est né de l'hypothèse très générale qu'il est arrivé quelque chose à la littérature française contemporaine, abstraction faite des jugements de valeur qu'on peut y porter, et que ce quelque chose peut être appréhendé grâce à la notion de contrainte. Pour ce faire, une perspective multidisciplinaire, maniant à la fois les outils propres à l'analyse littéraire (explication de texte, stylistique, génétique textuelle, etc.) et les apports récents des sciences sociales (inscription de la littérature dans l'ensemble des contextes sociaux qui la conditionnent), nous semble la mieux placée pour dégager la spécificité de la production littéraire des quarante dernières années. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'accident vasculaire cérébral constitue à la fois un enjeu majeur de santé publique et une urgence médicale. La prise en soin des patients dès les premières heures qui suivent l'AVC constitue une expérience déstructurante de l'Être au monde, en raison des troubles et des contraintes de soin : les fonctions sensorimotrices sont altérées, le corps est relié aux machines et les fonctions de communication sont amoindries. Une lecture phénoménologique des troubles sensorimoteurs et des contraintes médicales qui les accompagnent est proposée. À travers des illustrations cliniques au sein d'une UNV-A (Unité Neuro-Vasculaire Aiguë), l'approche psychomotrice est présentée selon trois dimensions : l'être au monde, l'être à soi et l'être à l'autre. La posture et les soins apportés par la psychomotricienne sont orientés vers une appropriation de l'environnement et du contexte de soin. Le rapport au corps est actualisé par une activation des systèmes sensorimoteurs, au sein d'une dynamique relationnelle. L'actualisation du corps vivant par le mouvement est couplée à une prise de conscience étayée par la psychomotricienne : la relation devient alors le support émersif permettant l'actualisation du corps vécu. Les principales contraintes médicales reposent sur l'alitement dorsal strict et le raccordement aux machines, tandis que l'AVC entraîne des perturbations sensorimotrices. L'approche psychomotrice permet une réappropriation du corps à travers le mouvement, guidé verbalement dans une optique d' awareness : les informations du corps vivant activé sont ainsi portées à la conscience du corps vécu. Stroke is a major public health challenge and a medical emergency. For patients the first few hours after a stroke form an experience that is destructive of Being in the world because of both the stroke symptoms and the medical constraints: sensorimotor functions are altered, the body is connected to machines and communication functions are impaired. A phenomenological reading of the sensorimotor disorders and the accompanying medical constraints is proposed. Through clinical illustrations within a UNV-A (acute neuro-vascular unit), the psychomotor approach is presented in three dimensions: Being in the world, self-being, and being in relation to others. The positioning of the psychomotor therapist and the care provided are directed towards an appropriation of the environment and the context of care. The relationship with the body is updated by an activation of the sensorimotor system, within a relational dynamic. The updating of the living body by way of movement is coupled with awareness fostered by the psychomotor therapist: the relationship then provides an emerging form of support making way for the revival of living bodily experience. The main medical constraints are strict bed rest and connection to machines, while stroke is also accompanied by sensorimotor disturbances. The psychomotor approach enables a re-appropriation of the body through movement, guided verbally in a perspective of awareness: the information from the activated living body is thus brought to the consciousness of the body as it is experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'article pose la question de la contrainte corporelle et thérapeutique en jeu dans la pédagogie historique des pédagogues Élise et Célestin Freinet dans l'École Freinet à Vence. Ce texte s'appuie sur les travaux menés par une équipe de chercheurs nancéiens au sujet de l'objectivation des pratiques éducatives de l'École Freinet à Vence, comportant à la fois un versant historico-philosophique et un versant ethno-didactique. Ce texte montre, par-delà ce que pense la doxa de la « pédagogie Freinet », l'existence d'une dialectique spécifique entre contrainte et liberté dans la pédagogie historique de l'École Freinet. Cette prégnance de la contrainte thérapeutique à Vence est à l'œuvre dans l'organisation même du milieu éducatif de cette école. Elle s'articule pleinement avec la conception pédagogique. Même si l'École Freinet a évolué depuis son ouverture en 1934, rachetée par l'État en 1991, et que la question de contrainte thérapeutique s'est amenuisée, un style de pensée s'est néanmoins maintenu dans les pratiques éducatives. Cela interroge fortement nos habitudes éducatives. The article raises the question of the bodily and therapeutic constraints that pervade the methods of Elise and Célestin Freinet, pedagogues in the Freinet School in Vence over time. This paper is based on the work conducted by a team of researchers from Nancy, France, on the objectification of the educational practices of the Freinet School in Vence, including both historical-philosophical and ethno-didactic aspects. This exploration, beyond the doxa of the "Freinet pedagogy", demonstrates the existence of a specific dialectic between constraint and freedom in the history of the Freinet School pedagogy. This pervasiveness of the therapeutic constraint at Vence can be seen in the very organization of the educational environment in the school. It is fully articulated with the educational project. Although the Freinet School has evolved since its opening in 1934 and its purchase by the State in 1991, and although the issue of therapeutic restraint has dwindled, a style of thinking has nevertheless remained in the educational practices. This strongly questions our educational habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le BDSM est un acronyme imbriqué faisant référence aux pratiques de bondage et de discipline, de domination et de soumission, de sadisme et de masochisme. L'American Psychiatric Association a « dépathologisé », après le DSM-IV, malgré sa justification clinique, le kinky sex — y compris le cross-dressing , les fétiches et le BDSM — dans le Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux , cinquième édition (DSM-5). Désormais, les paraphilies sont considérées comme des « intérêts sexuels inhabituels ». Plusieurs études psycho-sexologiques, que nous analysons ici, utilisent les pratiques sadomasochistes, dites BDSM (Bondage, Discipline, Domination, Soumission, Sadomasochisme) comme des études de cas psychiques, non plus comme comportements déviants, mais bien au contraire en termes de conduites « communes », car adoptées par un grand nombre d'individus. Ces individus utilisent la contractualisation consentie dans un cadre précis, qui peut être un apport considérable dans l'accueil thérapeutique. Plutôt que de les considérer comme une perversion, les études actuelles sur la psychiatrie du BDSM et la psychologie des subsexualities ont renversé l'analyse déviante en une étude scientifique des effets des pratiques BDSM notamment sur leurs bénéfices sur l'humeur, sur le stress ou sur la dépression. Le projet BDSM et thérapie est soucieux d'articuler les risques possibles du jeu BDSM et de clarifier les situations limites où le jeu BDSM n'est pas sain ou utile. La thérapie BDSM a-t-elle pour objectif de régulariser les pratiques BDSM et de les calibrer ? Certains membres de la communauté BDSM ont exprimé les points suivants : Des barrières sociales peuvent se développer entre soi et les amateur(e)s ; Aliénation et isolement par la stigmatisation qui peut produire des stéréotypes négatifs intériorisés ; Risques liés à des limites poussées trop loin (mal identifiées en amont) dans une scène ; Potentiel de déshumanisation et de destruction du BDSM dans certaines situations unsafe du BDSM. La thérapie BDSM, tant dans la clinique que dans la pratique communautaire, repose sur le consentement et le respect des limites de chacun(e) (safe et secure). Le SM peut être une psychothérapie pour le/la soumis(e) mais aussi pour le/la dominant(e). La thérapie BDSM consisterait, par la contrainte, à modifier le sens de la souffrance corporelle pour transformer celle-ci : le BDSM n'implique pas nécessairement de douleur (fluctuant par exemple dans les pratiques de bondage ou de domination psychologique ; par ailleurs la dimension sexuelle y est très variée, parfois non génitale, voire absente). Pour fonctionner, le processus thérapeutique BDSM exige au moins trois conditions : (1) la relation BDSM engage un(e) dominant(e) et un(e) dominé(e) (volontaires) ; (2) ce binôme érotique fonctionne dans un cadre strictement codifié ; (3) le/la dominant(e) est « thérapeutisant(e) » en ce qu'il fait preuve d'empathie envers le/la dominé(e) ; le/la dominé(e) respecte les limites du/de la dominant(e) ; (4) le flux est à double sens avec les « souminatrices » par exemple, qui sont des soumises résistantes et désobéissantes, explorant leurs propres limites au contact du/de la dominant(e). BDSM is a nested acronym referring to practices of bondage and discipline, domination and submission, sadism and masochism. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the American Psychiatric Association despite its clinical justification, has depathologized "kinky sex — including cross-dressing, fetishes and BDSM. Paraphilias are now considered as "unusual sexual interests". Several psycho-sexological studies, which we analyze here, use sadomasochistic practices known as BDSM (Bondage, Domination, Sadomasochism) as psychic case studies, no longer as deviant behaviors, but on the contrary as "common" behaviors because they are adopted by a large number of individuals. These individuals use contracted consent in a specific context, with potential in a therapeutic context. Rather than considering these practices as a perversion, current studies on BDSM and the psychology of subsexualities have turned the analysis of deviance into a scientific study of the effects of BDSM practices, particularly their benefits on mood, stress or depression. The BDSM and Therapy project is also concerned with managing the possible risks of BDSM play and clarifying borderline situations where BDSM play is neither healthy nor useful. Does BDSM therapy aim to regulate practices and calibrate them? Members of the BDSM community have made the following points: Social barriers can develop between individuals and other followers; Alienation and isolation by way of stigmatisation, producing internalized negative stereotypes; The risk of extending boundaries too far in a scene; The potential for dehumanization and destruction in BDSM (unsafe situations). BDSM therapy, both in clinical and in community practice, is based on consent. BDSM can provide a psychotherapy for the submissive subject, and also for the dominant character. BDSM, by way of the constraint involved, could alter the meaning of bodily suffering. BDSM does not always involve pain (it is for instance fluctuating in bondage or mental domination practices, and the sexual dimension varies considerably, and may be non-genital or even absent). In order to function, the BDSM therapeutic process requires at least three conditions: (1) the BDSM relationship involves a volunteering dominant and dominated; (2) this erotic pair acts in a strictly codified setting; (3) the dominant is "therapeutic" in that he/she shows empathy for the dominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Il n'existe pas à notre connaissance de méthode de régression linéaire garantissant systématiquement que le signe des coefficients concorde avec celui de la corrélation simple entre la variable à expliquer et chacun des régresseurs et dont la valeur ne se cale pas sur la contrainte qu'on pourrait leur imposer. Or ce double impératif – un coefficient positif et suffisamment différent de zéro pour chaque variable – est souvent requis par les praticiens travaillant, notamment, dans le domaine de la satisfaction où la colinéarité statistique est la norme. L'objectif de cet article est de leur fournir une méthode formelle qui réponde à cette attente et produise des résultats comparables à ceux de méthodes statistiquement fondées, au respect strict et systématique du signe près. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual addiction can be defined as a psychopathological condition in which sex is sought in an uncontrollable, unrestrained manner, despite the emotional, social, and professional harm caused to the addict's daily life. After the frenzy, excitement, and adrenaline rush experienced in indulging in their own urgent and eager impulses, sexual addicts find themselves incapable to manage their sexual performances, being consumed by feelings of emptiness, failure, and despair. The issue of sexual pleasure "beyond the pleasure principle," combined with the issue of psychic pain, leads us to a more rigorous questioning about the dimension of masochism in subjective life and its relation with the destructive states of psychosexuality. In this article, based on the perspective of psychoanalysis, we seek to examine the close relation between self-destruction and libidinal satisfaction in the phenomena that are characteristic of the condition in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay deals with self-translation or auto-translation, considered as an activity at the interface between the creative act of writing and the “imitative” act of translating. The definition of the expression and its differentiation from translation on the one hand and from autonomous writing on the other is yet to establish, and so is the status of the target text as a translation or as an “original”. The essay proposes to examine two special cases of self-translation into French, in which the author is not the only editor of the translated text, but revises and authorizes the work of a translator. The first one regards Italo Calvino as a self-translator of his novel Il castello dei destini incrociati, the second one Karl Marx, revising the translation of the first volume of Das Kapital. It will be shown that for both of them, the French language functions as a sort of constraint in the process of translation. In both cases, it stimulates invention, leading to a kind of réécriture, that is to say a continuation of the original.

Cet article a pour objectif de discuter d’un point de vue communicationnel la notion d’équilibre dans les environnements immersifs. Il s’agit de tenter de cerner un des aspects complexes des expériences vécues par les utilisateurs de ce type d’environnements dans des situations plutôt ludiques typiques des jeux vidéo. Les auteurs questionnent cette notion en articulant leur réflexion autour des couples théoriques engagement-distanciation et présence-attention (voire hyper-attention). Ils s’appuient pour cela sur des travaux antérieurs qui ont tenté de saisir et de conceptualiser la complexité de ces expériences communicationnelles particulières (Bonfils, 2014 ; 2015), et dans le même temps de relire ces questionnements à l’épreuve d’un terrain (World of Warcraft) investigué actuellement par l’un des deux auteurs. Le constat de départ porte sur le fait que les expériences vécues par les utilisateurs en immersion nécessitent de leur part de produire des efforts cognitifs importants pour vivre pleinement ces situations. En effet, les environnements immersifs conçus aujourd’hui par les designers et les développeurs sont de plus en plus riches visuellement et proposent de plus en plus d’interactions sophistiquées qui permettent aux utilisateurs d’utiliser de manière croissante leur corps ou sa projection (en l’occurrence son avatar) entre espaces physique et numérique. L’idée avancée alors par les auteurs consiste à faire l’hypothèse que ces utilisateurs en quête de flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 2008) et de plaisirs sensibles sont en proie à des conflits récurrents entre les activités de perception et les modes d’actions possibles liés aux activités de production. Il en résulte de fait une quête constante et souvent inconsciente pour les utilisateurs d’équilibre, d’engagement, de distanciation et d’auto-régulation au sein de plusieurs sphères, à l’articulation de différents espaces.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Illustrators of nonsense texts usually conform to the twin constraints of precedence (the text comes first, the image must be in conformity with it) and adaptation (of the text and its illustration to a juvenile readership). The essay evokes three cases of flouting such constraints. In Mervyn Peake's Book of Nonsense, where the author is an illustrator in his own right, the image does conform, or fails to conform, to a pre-existing text, in which case there is no dialogue between image and text. In Lear's limericks, there is a dialectics of text and image, and we are unable to decide which comes first. In the Atlante di zoologia profetica, the teenagers are not the readers but the authors of both design and text, and the text, which comes second, is a mere commentary of the often magnificent image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les soins psychiatriques en milieu pénitentiaires sont confiés depuis 1985 au seul ministère de la Santé. Différents textes législatifs précisent que les soins aux personnes détenues, prodigués dans l’enceinte de la prison, ne peuvent l’être qu’avec le consentement express de la personne concernée. Pourtant la réalité du terrain est différente et l’on assiste à des pratiques à la fois illégales et contraires à l’éthique médicale. Le texte qui suit précise le contexte législatif et illustre la dérive de certains médecins qui agissent comme s’ils avaient été contaminés par la mission pénitentiaire. In France, psychiatric care in prisons has been entrusted since 1985 to the Ministry of Health alone. Various pieces of legislation stipulate that the care of detainees in the prison can only be done with the express consent of the person concerned. Yet the reality on the ground is different and we are witnessing practices that are both illegal and unethical. The following text clarifies the legislative context and illustrates the drift of some doctors who act as if they had been contaminated by the prison mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental axiom that underlies evolutionary biomechanics maintains that natural selection has adapted skeletal and dental morphologies to facilitate function in intelligible ways. Because selection is held to result in the improvement of functional design, it is thought possible to predict the adaptive significance of a morphological feature from a design criterion. This rationale has been widely applied to the interpretation of morphological complexes in the paleontological record for which no strict extant analogues exist. In particular, biomechanical models have been used to infer the dietary habits of extinct hominin taxa from aspects of craniodental morphology. Many of these models are hampered by missing data and loosely justified assumptions. Craniodental morphologies may indicate more about what an extinct species was capable of processing intra-orally – and probably more about its phylogenetic history – than the constitution of its diet. Even a dedicated leaf-eating hominin cannot be expected to have possessed bilophodont molars. The dietary retrodictions based on comparative anatomical that have been proffered for Plio-Pleistocene hominin species are reviewed here. We argue that the application of finite element analysis to these fossils has not revealed convincing evidence of specific feeding behaviors. Indeed, the conclusions from these biomechanical models are often incongruent with data from stable light isotopes, microwear and phytolith analysis; nor do they conform with observations on the dietary repertoires and feeding behaviors of extant primates. For example, the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) is a committed hard object feeder, but suffers no deleterious consequences from the “poor design” of its facial skeleton for processing hard foods. Because primates are adept at behaviorally circumventing mechanical problems, it is perhaps useful to consider the breadth of any fossil hominin's feeding repertoire in the context of behaviors that enable mechanical problems to be dealt with prior to ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic relationship is not only the basis for the mediation of any medical intervention, but even one of the most effective factors for successful treatment. Informal coercion of varying intensity is often applied within the therapeutic relationship with the intention to improve compliance and patient's health. Since this probably oftentimes happens rather uncritically within clinical routine practice, there is the risk of discontinuation of treatment as an unwanted side effect of the therapeutic relationship. Therefore, it is inherently important that doctors and other medical staff be aware of their own attitudes and always interact in a reflected and appropriate way. An examination of one's own values as well as conceptual issues on the therapeutic relationship can support this challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of coercion is a common practice in psychiatry despite its deleterious effects and insufficient evidence of benefits. It is so deeply rooted that the mention of establishments that make little use of it arouses a form of incredulity. However, the history of psychiatry and the international literature provide numerous examples of a psychiatry that is hardly coercive and numerous experiences of a reduction in the use of seclusion and/or restraint in psychiatric facilities. Today, in France, there are also less coercive establishments, which, for example, do not use mechanical restraint, have all their units open, or have reduced their use of seclusion and restraint. With regard to the stated policy objectives of reducing the use of coercion, it is surprising that most of these facilities receive little attention. PLAID-Care research aims to contribute to the visibility and analysis of these institutions and the factors involved in the reduced use of coercion. While these factors have already been identified in the international literature, the research is based on the multiplication of disciplinary perspectives (nursing, sociology, anthropology, geography) and the mobilization of a multi-level analytical framework that allows us to embrace their multiplicity and better understand their articulation. The originality of the research also lies in its historical dimension, which allows us to understand, on the scale of an institution, how a policy and practices aiming at the least recourse emerge and are consolidated. The project timeline is divided in three tasks: firstly, an inventory of "low-coercion" facilities in France; secondly, we will select and research four traditionally "low-coercion" facilities in France; thirdly we will focus on recently emerged "low-coercion" practices. PLAID-Care aims to revitalize French research on this theme which to date has been relatively lagging behind the numerous international studies. It will bring together and articulate the knowledge, tools and forms of organization and collaboration that contribute to making a policy of lesser use of coercion operational., (Copyright © 2023 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Islam affirms the freedom to everyone to choose the religion he wants. It is not permissible in Islam to force anyone to enter into it, and this is confirmed by the texts of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet. The biography of the Prophet, peace be upon him, with the Jews, the Christians and others testifies that he did not force anyone to enter into the religion of Islam, but he left them free to choose their religion. But Islam does not allow Muslims to renounce the religion of Islam after he entered into it voluntarily, therefore, proceeded to the punishment the apostate has a philosophy for that legislation. There are some researchers who think that the punishment of the apostate is left to the authority of the guardian in the Islamic State, and some people think that it would be in the Day of Judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]