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Manufacturing companies have become true orchestrators of their global production networks. Globalization has created a profound interlinkage across the world's markets, to the point where only those emerge as winners who learn to successfully master the accompanying dynamics and complexity of their value chains by making smart, well-informed decisions.In practice, however, one dimension remains unmastered – despite all economic and organizational potential: Migration, that is the operational transformation of production networks from an existing to a meticulously planned future configuration, continues to be unsystematically left to intuition. It is imperative to consider migration in network models from the very beginning, to master the dynamics of the problem, and to arrive at comprehensible, actionable decisions by means of a systematic overall proceeding with distinct methods. This has not been achieved to date; besides the industrial practice, research struggles just the same: Existing approaches often treat migration as a peripheral remark and at best only address parts of the requirements. This is why the author raised the research question of how to design a methodology for controlling migration in production networks. He develops a methodology around a continuous overall process: the Controlling-Eight of Migration. It contains a planning phase that leads to data-based and mathematically optimized recommendations for a migration step sequence. That planning is then forwarded to the implementation phase. This substantiates the planning, monitors and guides the implementation, and reports back evaluated results. The continuous process is complemented by suggestions for process integration and an accompanying (data) infrastructure with a digital shadow of the migration. The author shows how his approach is transferred into a software-app that – in the spirit of modern production reference architectures – provides data-based decision support.

DevOps aims to shorten project schedules, boost productivity, and manage quick development-deployment cycles without compromising business or quality. It necessitates good sprint management. Continuous Testing detects integration issues considerably earlier in the development process. It reduces the cost of defect resolution and frees up the tester's time for exploratory testing and value-added activities. Continuous testing allows for more frequent, shorter, and more efficient releases. It ties people, technology, and processes together. Continuous Planning, particularly effort estimation, is closely linked to Continuous Testing. This paper examines the state of the art in DevOps parametric estimate in continuous planning, as well as the difficulties and best practises. Keywords: Project, Testing, Continuous, Planning

Da Logistikflächen für innerstädtische Fabriken nur begrenzt verfügbar sind, ist deren bestmögliche Nutzung bedeutsam. Der Einsatz von Softwarewerkzeugen ist in der Neuplanung von Logistikflächen gängige Praxis. Die effiziente Nutzung bestehender Flächen in Anbetracht geänderter Anforderungen wird aber selten kontinuierlich überprüft. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie eine kontinuierliche planerische Restrukturierung von Logistikflächen durch ein digitales Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden kann. Due to limited available space in urban production plants, the best possible use of logistic and storage areas is very important. The use of software tools is common practice for the planning of new logistics areas. However, continuous monitoring of the efficient use of existing areas due to changing requirements is only rarely implemented. This article describes how a continuous restructuring planning of logistics areas can be supported by a decision support system.

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2022; Aachen : Apprimus Verlag, Ergebnisse aus der Produktionstechnik 6/2023, 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2022, Manufacturing companies have become true orchestrators of their global production networks. Globalization has created a profound interlinkage across the world's markets, to the point where only those emerge as winners who learn to successfully master the accompanying dynamics and complexity of their value chains by making smart, well-informed decisions.In practice, however, one dimension remains unmastered – despite all economic and organizational potential: Migration, that is the operational transformation of production networks from an existing to a meticulously planned future configuration, continues to be unsystematically left to intuition. It is imperative to consider migration in network models from the very beginning, to master the dynamics of the problem, and to arrive at comprehensible, actionable decisions by means of a systematic overall proceeding with distinct methods. This has not been achieved to date; besides the industrial practice, research struggles just the same: Existing approaches often treat migration as a peripheral remark and at best only address parts of the requirements. This is why the author raised the research question of how to design a methodology for controlling migration in production networks. He develops a methodology around a continuous overall process: the Controlling-Eight of Migration. It contains a planning phase that leads to data-based and mathematically optimized recommendations for a migration step sequence. That planning is then forwarded to the implementation phase. This substantiates the planning, monitors and guides the implementation, and reports back evaluated results. The continuous process is complemented by suggestions for process integration and an accompanying (data) infrastructure with a digital shadow of the migration. The author shows how his approach is transferred into a software-app that – in the spirit of modern production reference architectures – provides data-based decision support., Published by Apprimus Verlag, Aachen

This study aims to analyze the evaluation of learning management programs in the field of Islamic education, so that the quality of learning in adiwiyata schools is truly in accordance with the wishes of the community at large. This research uses a qualitative approach with case study. The research site is at Sekolah Menengah Umum Negeri 8 Samarinda dan Sekolah Menengah Umum Negeri 1 Tenggarong, East Kalimantan. The results showed that The results showed that Islamic education learning management is done through planning, implementation, evaluation by integrating the principles of adiwiyata schools in learning, by implementing the principal's policy strategy through continuous planning, implementation, mentoring and evaluation. The achievement of the evaluation results of the management of Islamic religious education learning in the context of integrated learning is very significant, with a value of 7.75 (good), development of learning tools 7.59 (good), monolithic learning 7.19 (good), and through extracurricular activities 6, 90 (good). The impact of management learning in Islamic education is; (a) the establishment of cooperation between schools and related parties in environmental management, (b) creative and innovative teaching staff, and (c) familiar with the attitude of environmental love and the use of used materials.

The object of research is the management of the sea port infrastructure during the ice navigation period. One of the most problematic issues is the rationalization and effectiveness of ice posting. Based on statistical data, a significant decrease in cargo turnover in the ports of the Sea of Azov (Mariupol and Berdiansk (Ukraine)) is observed throughout the ice period. A study is conducted of the need to use analysis and forecasting of seasonal processes in the management of the production activities of seaports, using statistical data, to determine the dynamics of the turnover of seaports during the ice period. On the basis of statistical data analysis, the concept of ice formation seasonality in the Sea of Azov is formulated. In the process of research is given the definition of the concept of seasonality factor as a category, expressed in the form of oscillatory processes. And also an approach to the formation of an information base is developed that takes into account various forms of the port's production activities in ice conditions that meet the requirements of continuous planning and regulation of the port. A verbal algorithm for predicting the state of ice cover for the formation of convoys for the purpose of statistical forecasting, including all stages of processing time series, is proposed and developed. As a result, a significant decrease in the port turnover during the ice period is proved and ways to increase the capacity of waterways during the ice period are proposed. According to the authors, with the help of the seasonality factor and ice formation prediction based on the verbal algorithm, it is possible to reduce the costs of using an icebreaker during ice navigation. It is assumed that the decrease of icebreaker’s voyages can be reduced from 10–15 to 4–5, which in turn will significantly reduce the port costs for the maintenance of the icebreaker and increase the performance of the ports during ice navigation.

Continuous planning for the future of any profession is wise. The profession of biokinetics has made remarkable advances since the 1980s. However, new opportunities for development need to be embarked on. This short commentary explores three such areas: training and education; entry into the South African public healthcare system; and interprofessional healthcare collaboration. The intention is to encourage the Biokinetics Association of South Africa and biokineticists to work together to attain these goals, thereby strengthening the profession.

Despite the many problems the COVID-19 pandemic creates in the economies worldwide, recent research in academia tries to find new ways to support enterprises and companies counteracting the crisis. This study discusses the question of how an agile project budgeting resp. The Continuous Planning and Forecasting Framework (CPFF) for agile project management can be used to support teams working in an "agilefall" (the in-between state of traditional and agile) environment to reach a certain level of certainty under uncertain conditions. This contribution refines the first drafted Continuous Forecasting Framework, presented on the Software Engineering 2020, incorporating feedback from academia and practitioners using agile methods. For readers who have never worked in a real agile environment, it is often difficult to grasp why getting off the strict path following an iterative beyond budgeting approach could increase certainty. Therefore, the authors depict the framework by applying it to specific problems within traditional project boundaries focusing on elements that could help teams overcoming the "agilefall"-budgeting trap.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o conhecimento das mulheres atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde, no ambulatório de um hospital de ensino do Sul Fluminense, sobre o planejamento familiar e saúde reprodutiva. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado no ambulatório de Medicina Integrada do Hospital Escola, no setor de atendimento Gineco-obstétrico, com as mulheres que ali procuram a assistência à saúde. Foi realizada uma entrevista sendo a análise por meio de Categorização das Respostas. Participaram da pesquisa 30 mulheres; há predominância de 46,6% nas faixas etárias de 25 a 30 anos de idade, quanto ao nível de escolaridade, 36,6 % têm ensino médio incompleto e 96,6 % moram no município de realização do estudo. Em relação ao tipo de método utilizado para não engravidar destacou-se o anticoncepcional (oral e injetável) com 46,6%. De acordo com as falas das entrevistadas foram criadas as seguintes categorias de análise: 1) O desconhecimento das finalidades do planejamento familiar; 2) Despreparo para o uso e descrédito de métodos de barreira e hormonais para planejamento contínuo; e 3) O entendimento da mulher em relação à esterilização cirúrgica como forma de minimizar sua suposta culpa restrita da mulher devido a gravidez atual não planejada. Concluiu-se que as mulheres entrevistadas apresentam um conhecimento deficiente sobre o planejamento familiar.

The Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a popular realisation of the agile methodology for large organisations. It is widely adopted but challenging to implement. We describe a new tool which automates aspects of the SAFe PI Planning process to enable continuous planning and facilitate collaboration between remote teams.

The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans in response to uncertainties faced by long-term urban planning. In this paper, we analyse CP practices in two European cities – Stavanger (Norway) and Belgrade (Serbia) and present how they cater for innovative planning tools which respond to the need to balance between both stability and change in long-term planning. We argue that in spite of its limitations, the CP approach adjusted to the local context, contributes to the certainty and stability of urban communities.

It is more than 4 years since the 2030 agenda for sustainable development was adopted by the United Nations and its member states in September 2015. Several efforts are being made by member countries to contribute towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The progress which had been made over time in achieving SDGs can be monitored by measuring a set of quantifiable indicators for each of the goals. It has been seen that geospatial information plays a significant role in measuring some of the targets, hence it is relevant in the implementation of SDGs and monitoring of their progress. Synoptic view and repetitive coverage of the Earth's features and phenomenon by different satellites is a powerful and propitious technological advancement. The paper reviews robustness of Earth Observation data for continuous planning, monitoring, and evaluation of SDGs. The scientific world has made commendable progress by providing geospatial data at various spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions enabling usage of the data for various applications. This paper also reviews the application of big data from earth observation and citizen science data to implement SDGs with a multi-disciplinary approach. It covers literature from various academic landscapes utilizing geospatial data for mapping, monitoring, and evaluating the earth's features and phenomena as it establishes the basis of its utilization for the achievement of the SDGs.

Kонтинуирано планирање је формалан репетитиван процес ритмичког преиспитивања урбанистичког или регионалног плана, са намером да се план ревидира и мења уколико се покажу несагласности са реалношћу или смер развоја који не иде ка стању града које заједница види као пожељно. Прве идеје о континуираном планирању у домаћој средини јавиле су се раних 1970-их, али нису пренете у праксу. Пуна примена овог планерског концепта повезана је са израдом, спровођењем и ревизијама Генералног плана Београда 2021, усвојеног 2003. године. Овај чланак приказује појаву, успон и пад континуираног планирања у урбанистичкој пракси у Србији. Циљ нам је да укажемо на значај примене концепта континуалног планирања у развоју градова и покренемо дебату о његовом враћању у домаћу планерску праксу. Continuous planning is a formal, repetitive process of rhythmic revision of an urban or regional plan, intending to revise and change the plan if there are inconsistencies with reality or the development is not in the direction of the state of the city that the community perceives as desirable. The first ideas about continuous planning in Serbia appeared in the early 1970s but did not come into practice. The full implementation of this planning concept is related to the formulation, implementation and revision of the General Plan of Belgrade 2021, adopted in 2003. This article presents the emergence, rise and fall of continuous planning in urban practice in Serbia. We aim to point out the importance of the concept of continuous planning to city development and to initiate a debate on its return to Serbian planning practice.

The state of the art practice in robotics planning is to script behaviors manually, where each behavior is typically generated using trajectory optimization. However, in order for robots to be able to act robustly and adapt to novel situations, they need to plan these activity sequences autonomously. Since the conditions and effects of these behaviors are tightly coupled through time, state and control variables, many problems require that the tasks of activity planning and trajectory optimization are considered together. There are two key issues underlying effective hybrid activity and trajectory planning: the sufficiently accurate modeling of robot dynamics and the capability of planning over long horizons. Hybrid activity and trajectory planners that employ mixed integer programming within a discrete time formulation are able to accurately model complex dynamics for robot vehicles, but are often restricted to relatively short horizons. On the other hand, current hybrid activity planners that employ continuous time formulations can handle longer horizons but they only allow actions to have continuous effects with constant rate of change, and restrict the allowed state constraints to linear inequalities. This is insufficient for many robotic applications and it greatly limits the expressivity of the problems that these approaches can solve. In this work we present the ScottyActivity planner, that is able to generate practical hybrid activity and motion plans over long horizons by employing recent methods in convex optimization combined with methods for planning with relaxed plan graphs and heuristic forward search. Unlike other continuous time planners, ScottyActivity can solve a broad class of robotic planning problems by supporting convex quadratic constraints on state variables and control variables that are jointly constrained and that affect multiple state variables simultaneously. In order to support planning over long horizons, ScottyActivity does not resort to time, state or control variable discretization. While straightforward formulations of consistency checks are not convex and do not scale, we present an efficient convex formulation, in the form of a Second Order Cone Program (SOCP), that is very fast to solve. We also introduce several new realistic domains that demonstrate the capabilities and scalability of our approach, and their simplified linear versions, that we use to compare with other state of the art planners. This work demonstrates the power of integrating advanced convex optimization techniques with discrete search methods and paves the way for extensions dealing with non-convex disjoint constraints, such as obstacle avoidance.

The planning of production networks and their migration is a complex planning task that faces highly complex interdependencies within a dynamic global setting. Today’s migration planning approaches are either large projects or isolated local investments. As such they are not suited to cope with the interdependencies and the continuity at the same time. The proposed approach introduces a conceptual methodology that incorporates description and evaluation modelling approaches into an overall systematic process for rolling migration planning, thus allowing for integrated consideration of interdependencies in continuous planning of production network migration.

The continuous improvement of the current construction and planning processes is a relevant factor for the company’s success. New and existing factories must be economical, flexible and attractive at the same time. On the basis of constantly changing or even new requirements, continuous planning adjustments are required. An increasingly important need in factory planning, in addition to the participation of internal planning stakeholders, is the participation of external actors. More and more often, inadequate project-specific involvement of these actors leads to delays or cost increases in factory planning projects. This can be caused, for example, by increasing regulatory requirements, declining technology acceptance of the population in the direct environment and growing legal capacity to appeal to residents ("Not-In-My-Backyard"). Therefore, the participation of external actors in factory planning projects has not been sufficiently considered in the relevant literature. In order to enable stakeholder acceptance, appropriate project-specific integration of relevant stakeholders into the construction project is crucial. The basis for efficient participation is the choice of the right participation features. This article addresses the current state of research in the intersecting point of factory planning and participation research and shows the need for further research.

This study addresses the topic of continuous planning in the agile and lean software development context. The paper investigates how software companies can achieve various benefits by dividing their product development practices along the three horizons of growth. This approach allows software companies to have different product development and planning practices inside the company, thereby strengthening their positions in well-established businesses as well as creating growth in completely new businesses. Theoretically, the paper draws on the business literature of the three horizon model and on the literature of agile and lean software development. The empirical part is based on a case study with a leading Finnish software company. Altogether, 12 narrative interviews were conducted, involving people with various roles from product manager to chief strategy officer. The research presents a new approach towards continuous planning within multiple business horizons, to address common challenges in managing software product portfolios in different maturity phases.

© 2020 The Author(s) Currently, Indonesia has only three nuclear research reactors. However, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country. Owing to the enormous size and rapid growth of the population and the limited availability of fossil fuel and renewable energy resources, the construction of new nuclear power plants (NPPs) has been considered. Because of this, the management policies for long-term spent nuclear fuel in Indonesia have become crucial. This paper reviews the current handling and future management strategies for spent nuclear fuel in Indonesia. With a maximum capacity of 1448 spent fuel elements, Indonesia's interim wet storage of spent fuel (ISSF) is designed to store spent nuclear fuel arising from 25 years of reactor operation at maximum power. However, with the existing low-power reactor operation, the ISSF could be utilized for more than 75 years. The potential problem for long-term storage in the ISSF is system, structure, and component (SSC) aging. Continuous planning, operation, monitoring, and maintenance of the SSC in the ISSF have been conducted to ensure safe long-term utilization of the facility. In accordance with the possibility of NPP construction in the future, three possible scenarios may be considered for future nuclear spent fuel management strategies in Indonesia: 1) wet storage - dry storage - disposal; 2) wet storage -repatriation or sending to other countries; and 3) wet storage - moving to wet- or dry storage of NPP candidate - disposal.

Designing efficient and robust automated planning and scheduling systems for complex logistics applications presents many challenges, especially if the executing environment is changing unpredictably. In this paper, we study the problem of planning and scheduling airport surface movement at large airports. We describe a fast-time simulation tool that is easily extensible to different scenarios and airports, and is capable of simulating uncertainty in the form of unexpected delays in aircraft movement at different locations. We also describe an approach to scheduling surface movement which is comprised of a deterministic 'rolling horizon' scheduler, paired with heuristic search based on conflict detection and resolution. We summarize a set of experiments designed to quantify the effects of uncertainty on the robustness of schedules and the incurred delays. The system developed is open sourced at https://github.com/heronyang/airport-simulation.

Continuous planning is a relatively new and not yet fully studied field of research, especially from the perspective of agile and lean development organisations. To augment the knowledge in this field, this article presents both a literature review and empirical findings from three case studies that reveal how companies conduct continuous planning. The results indicate that continuous planning is not commonly adopted and applied throughout these organisations and that it currently involves only a certain kind of planning (e.g., release planning). The results of this study bring to light that the main elements of continuous planning (i.e., organisational, strategic and business planning) are tightly related to each other and thus should be considered when companies seek to improve their planning processes and practices. The importance of continuous planning will only increase dramatically in turbulent business environments that include ever shorter planning cycles and the need to improve transparency and knowledge-sharing in organisations.

Background For most critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) weaning is uncomplicated. For the remainder, weaning is a challenge and may result in further complications and increased risk of mortality. Critical care nurses (CCNs) require substantial knowledge and experience to manage patients experiencing prolonged weaning. Aim The aim of this study was to explore CCNs approach for management of patients experiencing prolonged weaning in the ICU. Design A descriptive qualitative design. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 19 experienced CCNs were conducted. Data were analysed using content analysis. Results Participants used various strategies for weaning that were grouped into four categories: individualized planning for the weaning process, assessing patient's capacity, managing the process and team interaction. The overall theme that emerged was: CCNs drive the weaning process using both a patient centred and targeted approach. Conclusion CCNs in these ICUs performed weaning using a patient centred approach to plan, initiate, assess and establish a holistic weaning process. Team collaboration among all health care practitioners was important. CCNs have a key role in prioritizing weaning and driving the process forward. Relevance to clinical practice Closeness to the patient and a key role in management of the mechanical ventilated patient in ICU gives the CCN unique potential to develop and create models and tools for prolonged weaning. These tools, specially designed for patients undergoing prolonged weaning, would give focus on continuous planning, collaborating, managing and evaluation in the process of liberating patients from mechanical ventilation.

In Japan, after the publication of guidelines for preventing Hazardous drug (HD) exposure in cancer treatment in 2015, much attention has been drawn to measures to prevent occupational exposure to HDs. However, sufficient HD measures have not been gained. A multi-institutional HD exposure survey was conducted from February 2016 to March 2018 as the National Hospital Organization (NHO) Hospital Network Research. In this survey, measures were taken by the exposure control team based on the actual HD exposure survey. As a result of repeated planning and implementation, the situation of HD exposure at each facility improved. Since the purpose of this study was to present a methodology for developing specific exposure measures, Ehime Prefecture Cancer cooperation council had started to establish a HD handling system based on this survey. A multicenter HD exposure survey was planned and implemented at 14 cancer hospitals. At 14 hospitals, we conducted HD exposure surveys using the sampling sheet method and the wipe method in the pharmaceutical division and the chemotherapeutic unit twice in 2018. Medical staff at each hospital organized a HD handling team and discussed specific measures to construct the safe handling system for HD exposure. In addition, a meeting was held to share information and discuss the two exposure survey results. At each facility, the actual condition of HD exposure improved in the second survey compared to the first. A third survey will be conducted this fall, including exposure surveys in wards, and plans are to be implemented based on continuous exposure monitoring. We established a system to create the practical HD exposure control system including doctors, nurses and pharmacists in Ehime prefecture, and promote continuous planning of measures by the team.

In this study we investigated relationships between general self-efficacy, the propensity to plan for the future, the consideration of future consequences, and overall life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 242 university students, with ages ranging from 16 to 31 (M = 18.5, SD = 1.7). Participants completed the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSES), the Continuous Planning Scale (CPS), the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Analyses demonstrated that all variables were significantly intercorrelated, with general self-efficacy being most strongly related to the SWLS, followed by the CFCS and the CPS. Implications are discussed.

A crescente procura por atividades recreativas em ambientes naturais tem trazido à tona a necessidade do uso de ferramentas de planejamento turístico visando a realização de um turismo ordenado em que os danos causados aos locais de visitação sejam mínimos. A metodologia de capacidade de carga está relacionada à determinação do número máximo de pessoas em uma área sem que sejam provocados danos significativos ao ambiente visitado. Na Paraíba, os recifes costeiros de Picãozinho, Seixas e Areia Vermelha constituem formações recifais onde tem-se a realização de atividade turística durante o período da maré baixa quando piscinas naturais contendo uma diversidade de organismos marinhos tornam-se emersas. Os processos metodológicos envolveram levantamento bibliográfico dos estudos de capacidade de carga desenvolvidos para as três localidades durante os últimos dez anos. Neste estudo objetivamos rediscutir a eficiência de tais propostas por meio de uma análise crítica que destaque os aspectos ligados à metodologia para o desenvolvimento de um turismo sustentável. Os resultados apontaram que a determinação da capacidade de carga de uma área vem atrelada a uma grande subjetividade. Não é possível garantir que, por meio do número de usuários definido, os impactos de uma dada localidade sejam reduzidos ou eliminados. Ações de manejo em conjunto em um processo de planejamento contínuo são necessárias para um gerenciamento eficaz.

New and innovative approaches that support continuous development and planning throughout organisations are needed. Continuity is required in all levels of an organisation, from business strategy and planning to software development and operational deployment, as well as between these levels. Continuous planning is one of these activities. However, continuous planning is not commonly adopted and applied throughout organisations and currently involves only a certain level of planning, e.g., release planning. Based on the current literature, continuous planning is a relatively new and not yet fully studied field of research. To augment the knowledge relating to continuous planning, this paper presents a multiple-case study in which the various levels of planning, along with their timeframes, are explored. The research results point out the key activities, as well as the bottlenecks, of continuous planning.

New and innovative approaches that support continuous development and planning throughout organisations are needed. Continuity is required in all levels of an organisation, from business strategy and planning to software development and operational deployment, as well as between these levels. Continuous planning is one of these activities. However, continuous planning is not commonly adopted and applied throughout organisations and currently involves only a certain level of planning, e.g., release planning. Based on the current literature, continuous planning is a relatively new and not yet fully studied field of research. To augment the knowledge relating to continuous planning, this paper presents a multiple-case study in which the various levels of planning, along with their timeframes, are explored. The research results point out the key activities, as well as the bottlenecks, of continuous planning.

In a world in which brand matters more than ever, brand damage can be devastating. Unfortunately, not all is safe on the brand front. Risks abound, ranging from ill-conceived employee-generated videos that go viral to disgruntled customers expressing their frustrations through vituperative social media reviews. The result is a high-velocity environment having a high potential for collateral damage. Leading organizations now recognize that brand risk management is a core component of any robust enterprise risk management program and requires proactive, continuous planning and sensing in addition to working closely with key internal and external brand influencers. Brand stewards can take a page from the textbook on counterinsurgency theory: Begin with a compelling brand narrative, relentlessly train employees, assiduously cultivate key influencers, continuously assess vulnerabilities, deploy robust sensing capabilities, and vigorously rehearse responses to brand-damaging incidents before they occur.

Explanation of the Problem.Typical facility master plans are designed to follow a series of rigid steps aimed at achieving fixed goals and objectives,within a particular timespan and at an expected cost. Such time horizons are usually five, ten, and sometimes even fifteen or twenty years. Fixed plans tend to serve well when the future is foreseeable, and few unexpected events occur in the markets, population, and other change trends of the area. In our facilities management consulting work with school districts in the USA, changes often resist predictability. This has led to many school districts abandoning master plans altogether, or to engage them in fits and starts. Out of more the than 150 school districts with which the authors have worked, fewer than 10 have had active master plans. In the others the plans had been invalidated after only a few years by changes in external circumstances. Approach. In our consulting practice, we recommend that school districts adopt a continuous, perpetual facility master planning process, as opposed to a rigid plan. We developed this process ten years ago for a school district that had not had any type of facilities plan for nearly eight years. Results. We present the essential elements of the continuous facility master planning process as we have structured it in our recommendations to school districts. This process can be used by owners of large building inventories of all types as a viable alternative to fixed plans.