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Slurry erosion is a common phenomenon found in fluid handling systems and processing industries. The components used in such systems and industries experience serious surface damage due to continuous interaction with flowing fluids. Hence, the components fall short to work of its lifetime. Selection of materials for such applications is a challenge for the designers. In this article, an attempt has been made to develop a slurry jet erosion test rig to evaluate such materials. Brass is used as the candidate material to evaluate the test rig with and without erodent. The material weight loss for different impingement angles is presented. Micrographs show the traces of erosion marks. These results are presented in the article to show the operation and performance of the test rig.

The increasing capabilities of Artificial Intelligence enable the support of users in a continuously growing number of applications. Current systems typically dictate that interaction between user input and AI output unfolds in discrete steps, as is the case with, for example, conversational agents. Novel scenarios require AI systems to adapt and respond to continuous user input, e.g., image-guided surgery and AI-supported text entry. In and across these applications, AI systems need to support more varied and dynamic interactions in which users and AI interact continuously and in parallel. Current methods and guidelines are often inadequate and sometimes even detrimental to user needs when considering continuous usage scenarios. Realizing a continuous interaction between users and AI requires a substantial change in perspective when designing Human-AI systems. In this SIG, we support the exchange of cutting-edge research contributing to a better understanding and improved methods and tools to design continuous Human-AI interaction.

Because of technical limitations, most experimental studies on the energy-absorbing properties of ballistic fabrics are limited to discrete evaluations based on impact and residual velocities. Consequently, the continuous interaction between a projectile and a target material is still commonly assessed with analytical models or numerical simulations, the validation of which is based on the aforementioned discrete values. The present document aims at describing and validating a new experimental method to make it possible to evaluate the continuous evolution of the projectile velocity during penetration into a fabric material. The method is based on the Doppler effect and a specific and complex nonstationary signal treatment. A high-frequency continuous-wave Doppler radar was adapted to assess the continuous evolution of the velocity of a projectile penetrating a fabric material. Based on two ballistic-grade fabric configurations, a perforating and a nonperforating case were described and evaluated. The instantaneous Doppler frequency was extracted based on the Hilbert-Huang transform. A validation of the proposed method was performed based on high-speed camera images, giving the displacement of the apex of the deformation pyramid of the fabric with time. Additionally, a Weibel® Doppler radar was used to measure the impact velocity. Based on instantaneous frequencies deduced from the high-frequency radar signal analysis, Doppler theory and high-speed camera images, velocity–time and displacement–time plots were obtained. Additionally, the evolution of the fabric deformation (pyramid morphology) was recorded from the high-speed camera images. Comparisons between the data assessed with the high-frequency Doppler radar and those deduced from the high-speed camera indicated that good agreement exists between the two methods. The new Doppler radar method seems to be a promising complementary tool for measuring the continuous interaction between a projectile and a fabric target material.

Después de algunas observaciones realizadas en el año 2019 con alumnos pertenecientes a octavo grado fue posible descubrir, a través de pruebas estandarizadas, que los mismos contaban con falencias que les impedían comprender eficazmente textos cortos es inglés. Por ende, fue llevada a cabo esta investigación acción con el objetivo de analizar la influencia del Modelo Interactivo de Keith E. Stanovich en la comprensión lectora de textos cortos en inglés por parte de los estudiantes de noveno grado de la Institución Educativa Escuela Normal de San Mateo (Boyacá). El modelo de lectura previamente mencionado cuenta con una interacción continua que se da entre el modelo ascendente “bottom- up” en el cual el lector decodifica un texto partiendo de unidades más pequeñas (letras a palabras, frases a oraciones, etc.) y descendente “top-down” en el cual el lector aporta una gran cantidad de conocimientos, expectativas, suposiciones, preguntas al texto y, dando un conocimiento básico del vocabulario, continúa leyendo mientras el texto confirma sus expectativas; Este estudio fue desarrollado bajo un enfoque mixto; Los instrumentos empleados para recopilar los datos fueron dos pruebas diagnósticas, cuatro talleres, y dos pruebas finales aplicadas a diez estudiantes de noveno grado. Los datos se analizaron tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente, utilizando los instrumentos de investigación propuestos por Vanegas (2020). Con respecto a los hallazgos, se concluyó que el uso del Modelo Interactivo fue efectivo para mejorar la capacidad de comprensión lectora de los estudiantes, tanto literal como inferencialmente.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical support systems is increasing. In this article, we focus on AI support for continuous interaction scenarios. A thorough understanding of end-user behaviour during these continuous human-AI interactions, in which user input is sustained over time and during which AI suggestions can appear at any time, is still missing. We present a controlled lab study involving 21 endoscopists and an AI colonoscopy support system. Using a custom-developed application and an off-the-shelf videogame controller, we record participants’ navigation behaviour and clinical assessment across 14 endoscopic videos. Each video is manually annotated to mimic an AI recommendation, being either true positive or false positive in nature. We find that time between AI recommendation and clinical assessment is significantly longer for incorrect assessments. Further, the type of medical content displayed significantly affects decision time. Finally, we discover that the participant’s clinical role plays a large part in the perception of clinical AI support systems. Our study presents a realistic assessment of the effects of imperfect and continuous AI support in a clinical scenario.

IoT systems have barriers related to the different areas that involve their development. Hence, the scientific literature and industry practices investigate approaches that enable continuous interaction of these areas. Through semi-structured interviews with thirty-one professionals working in industry, this study investigated how DevOps is applied to make the development of IoT projects continuous and meet the demands of the industry. Through group discussions, we categorized the results of this study. As a preliminary contribution to this work, we investigate the contrasts between using DevOps in IoT system projects and using rigid, plan-oriented processes to develop embedded systems.

Innovation in architecture education is increasingly oriented towards the analysis of real problems considered in their complexity and multi-dimensionality and the active involvement of the stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to highlight how the active role of stakeholders can improve the economic and cultural value of enhancement projects developed in architecture and planning schools, focusing on the potentialities of the problem-based learning (PBL) approach. A three-step educational procedure based on the PBL approach, applied at the atelier “Heritage Preservation and Enhancement” of the Politecnico di Torino, is presented. The results showed how a continuous interaction and dialogue with teachers and stakeholders can effectively support students in addressing real problems and in developing sustainable and feasible enhancement projects able to integrate heritage preservation and economic-financial issues. Innovation in architecture education is increasingly oriented towards the analysis of real problems considered in their complexity and multi-dimensionality and the active involvement of the stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to highlight how the active role of the stakeholders can improve the economic and cultural value of enhancement projects developed in Architecture and Planning Schools, focusing on the potentialities of the problem-based learning (PBL) approach. A three-step educational procedure based on the PBL approach, applied at the Atelier "Heritage Preservation and Enhancement" of the Politecnico di Torino, is presented. The results showed how a continuous interaction and dialogue with teachers and stakeholders can effectively support students in addressing real problems and in developing sustainable and feasible enhancement projects able to integrate heritage preservation and economic-financial issues.

nformation and interaction in an information media is very important in delivering information to users. This information will be well received if there is continuous interaction, and it becomes an indicator of the quality of the information media. The research was conducted aimed at testing information media in the form of websites, especially the STMIK Sumedang website and evaluating the quality of the STMIK Sumedang web from user responses in the form of usability, information quality and interaction quality. This research uses WebQual 4.0 which is compiled based on three qualities, namely ease of use (usability), information quality (information quality) and quality of interaction (interaction quality). The results of this study are that the STMIK website is good enough but there are still procedures in the web menu that are not working. From this study it can be concluded the most influential in the quality of the web is the usability variable can be seen from the following results Y = - 7.174 + 0.479 X1 + 0.182 X2 + 0.060 X3, X1 = usabiliti, X2 = quality of information, X3 = quality of interaction.

This study assessed the relationship between students’ growth goals and perceived opportunities to achieve these goals in Latvia and the perceived support from the university and the mesosystem. Socialization models emphasize that the setting of personal goals occurs in continuous interaction with the sociocultural context, which includes perceived opportunities to achieve these goals and the interpersonal environment. Both – perceived support from close people (mesosystems) and perceived support from the university – are significant for students. The study involved 432 university students between 18 and 49. We have assessed the extent to which students’ goals regarding education, work, and personal growth are predicted by perceived opportunities to achieve these goals in Latvia and by the perceived support from parents, relatives, friends, classmates, teachers, and the university as an institution. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that personal growth goals are positively predicted by all three elements - the perceived opportunities to achieve these goals and the perceived academic and mesosystem support. The support of the classmates was connected to the support of the mesosystem that indicates the importance of friendly relations among students. Students’ growth goals were the most closely associated with the perceived support in their specific environment – the university. In general, the results confirm the complex interaction of personal growth goals with the social and cultural environment in particular circumstances.

This chapter analyses how the paradoxical idea of literacy as an aspect of, as well as a threat to, ideal femininity was transmitted by means of children’s books addressed to young girls. It argues that the late-eighteenth-century introduction of the Dutch epistolary girls’ novel, developed in continuous interaction with the international book market within and beyond the Dutch Republic, fostered the representation of epistolary reading and writing skills as the foundation of girlhood as a category distinct from those of women and boys. As such novels exclusively consist of letters exchanged between young girls, they reflect a process of ‘peer mothering’ that served as an instrument to emancipate as well as discipline girls.

La pandemia del covid-19 ha afectado a muchos países y a muchos sectores de la sociedad, uno de ellos es la educación y especialmente la enseñanza en la Universidad. La docencia de asignaturas esencialmente prácticas, como el dibujo arquitectónico, conlleva una relación directa y personal entre estudiante y profesor, una continua interacción en el proceso de aprendizaje. Esta peculiaridad nos obliga a establecer lazos de confianza con el estudiante, lo que implica necesariamente una parte presencial. Con la voluntad de responder adecuadamente a las nuevas circunstancias y a las necesidades educativas, vamos a investigar sobre las nuevas formas de enseñanza online a las que nos hemos visto abocados, en aras de evitar perder la motivación, de suplir las carencias del contacto directo, y de las relaciones que surgen de la vida universitaria, relaciones que muy a menudo perduran toda la vida. The covid-19 pandemic has affected many countries and many sectors of society, one of them is education and especially teaching at the University. The teaching of essentially practical subjects, such as architectural drawing, involves a direct and personal relationship between student and teacher, a continuous interaction in the learning process. This peculiarity forces us to establish ties of trust with the student, which necessarily implies a face-to-face part. With the desire to respond adequately to new circumstances and educational needs, we are going to investigate the new forms of online teaching to which we have been led, in order to avoid losing motivation, to fill the gaps in direct contact, and from relationships that arise from college life, relationships that very often last a lifetime.

Sterilization methods for individuals and facilities are extremely important to enable human beings to continue the basic tasks of life and to enable safe and continuous interaction of citizens in society when outbreaks of viral pandemics such as the coronavirus. Sterilization methods, their availability in gatherings, and the efficiency of their work are among the important means to contain the spread of viruses and epidemics and enable societies to practice their activities almost naturally. Despite the effective solutions given by traditional methods of surface disinfection, modern nanotechnology has proven to be an emergent innovation to protect against viruses. On this note, recent scientific breakthroughs have highlighted the ability of nanospray technology to attach to air atoms in terms of size and time-period of existence as a sterilizer for renewed air in large areas for human gatherings. Despite the ability of this method to control the outbreak of infections, the mutation of bactericidal mechanisms presents a great issue for scientists. In recent years, science has explored a more performant approach and techniques based on a surface-resistance concept. The most emergent is the self-defensive antimicrobial known as the self-disinfection surface. It consists of the creation of a bacteria cell wall to resist the adhesion of bacteria or to kill bacteria by chemical or physical changes. Besides, plasma-mediated virus inactivation was shown as a clean, effective, and human healthy solution for surface disinfection. The purpose of this article is to deepen the discussion on the threat of traditional methods of surface disinfection and to assess the state of the art and potential solutions using emergent nanotechnology.

Integrative and Complementary Practices (ICPS) emerge in the current health system context as an alternative to promote comprehensive care centered on the demands of the person, through less invasive and costly approaches that favor the development of their potential to face situations related to the process of living and being healthy which involves, in addition to the environment, a continuous interaction between mind and body.

The ability of a seed to germinate and establish a plant at the right time of year is of vital importance from an ecological and economical point of view. Due to the fragility of these early growth stages, their swiftness and robustness will impact later developmental stages and crop yield. These traits are modulated by a continuous interaction between the genetic makeup of the plant and the environment from seed production to germination stages. In this review, we have summarized the established knowledge on the control of seed germination from a molecular and a genetic perspective. This serves as a “backbone” to integrate the latest developments in the field. These include the link of germination to events occurring in the mother plant influenced by the environment, the impact of changes in the chromatin landscape, the discovery of new players and new insights related to well-known master regulators. Finally, results from recent studies on hormone transport, signaling, and biophysical and mechanical tissue properties are underscoring the relevance of tissue-specific regulation and the interplay of signals in this crucial developmental process.

Two studies evaluated the effect of delivering water depending on lever-pressing in a proximal or distant location to the water-producing response. Effects were measured on the spatial distribution of behavior and on the frequency and patterning of lever pressing. In both experiments water was available under two concurrent, complementary fixed interval schedules in two dispensers located at opposite ends of the chamber. The proportion of water deliveries in one dispenser relative to the second dispenser varied between phases, while the overall frequency was kept constant. In one study rats received water from a dispenser proximal to the water producing response location, whereas in the second study rats received water in the dispenser at the opposite panel where the response was emitted. The number of obtained water deliveries varied according to the programmed proportion, but rats obtained fewer deliveries under the distal location contingency. No systematic variations on space allocation were observed in neither experiment. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of considering the continuous interaction of time and space parameters in the analysis of behavior.

The safety factor of learning and playing environment in the children's playground at the Sunter Jaya Berseri RPTRA is one thing that needs attention, because they can provide benefits in supporting children's learning and play activities. Good play facilities must be designed safely and comfortably so as not to pose a potential hazard to children. With the presence of play and learning facilities there is a continuous interaction between humans and their environment. Through a play approach, children can develop psychological and physical aspects. Development of psychological and physical aspects can be supported by outdoor play facilities. This self-safety education seminar on children's learning and playing environments is one of the preventive efforts to reduce accidents in the children's play environment, especially in the Sunter Jaya Berseri RPTRA. The aim is to provide understanding to Sunter Jaya Berseri's RPTRA managers and administrators about the dangers and how to avoid them. Keywords: safety, learning, playing, children

This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the governance systems of nature areas in relation to resilience measures in the field of water and nature management. The main question is to identify the key characteristics of governance that influence the resilience of the selected areas. The purpose of this comparative study is to understand and explain how aspects within the governance context influence the success of policy initiatives or measures towards resilience goals. For comparison, the hierarchic method is used. The results of the five case studies are compared: four cases from the Netherlands and one from UK. For the assessment of the governance of selected areas the governance assessment tool is used to systematically assess the relevant elements and qualities of the governance contexts and to understand the circumstances for the implementation of adaptive measures. The results of the comparison reveal different combinations of the governance qualities creating, to some extent, the setting for the resilience of the areas in which external factors and continuous interaction between layers of the governance system influence the adaptive capacity of the governance to manage resilience.

The article considers the issues of language variability and interrelation between language and culture, which are in continuous interaction. The author observes the linguistic and philosophical concepts of W. Humboldt, L. Weisgerber, E. Sapir and B. Whorf. Moreover, the author describes the mechanisms of language variability and their peculiar features which are shown throughout the cultural traditions of the nation. Keywords: language, culture, interrelation, language variability, outlook, consciousness, national and cultural specifics

The relationship between the brain and the cardiovascular system remained undetermined until the 19th century, whereupon, it was discovered that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) interacts with the cardiovascular system through its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which exert antagonistic effects. Both branches are continuously active, so that at any time, cardiac activities and vascular tone are the net balance of the continuous interaction of these two components, which increase their activity in opposite conditions. The first paragraph discusses a brief historical perspective of the most relevant findings that occurred between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, which put the basis for the development of two new sciences, neurocardiology and electrophysiology. Following that section is a description of the organization of the ANS focusing on the interaction between ANS activities and cardiovascular functions.

Communication is one of the key skills in a professional sports team. Communication could be challenging for the medical team in a competitive sport environment, such as in a professional basketball team, as there is a continuous interaction with the different stakeholders in and around the team (players, coaching staff, strength and conditioning coaches, team physician/s, physioptherapist/s, athletic trainer/s, management, agents, family members) over a competitive period filled with unexpected and often stressful events. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight and describe the communicative challenges the medical team may face with potential solution to optimize communication in a team setting. Successful communication is therefore a combination of several important factors. It is important for the sports clinician to be familiar with the different roles and personnel in the team, their background and experience and their cultural context.

Frecuentemente a los maestros de Física y de Matemáticas se les recomienda una enseñanza activa de estas áreas del conocimiento, que consiste en una interacción continua entre el maestro y el estudiante. Con una metáfora de un interrogatorio adecuado, se pretende mostrar al docente una manera de orientar al estudiante en su aprendizaje, motivándolo a recuperar conocimientos previos o causándole un conflicto cognitivo que lo lleve a reformular su aprendizaje. Esta manera de proceder didácticamente se ha llamado enseñanza basada en preguntas, cuya primera referencia histórica nos remite a la Grecia antigua. En este trabajo se presenta la enseñanza de la ley de Ampère con la generalización de Maxwell mediante la enseñanza basada en preguntas.

We present a stochastic version of the Cucker-Smale flocking dynamics described by a system of \begin{document}$ N $\end{document} interacting particles. The velocity aligment of particles is purely discontinuous with unbounded and, in general, non-Lipschitz continuous interaction rates. Performing the mean-field limit as \begin{document}$ N \to \infty $\end{document} we identify the limiting process with a solution to a nonlinear martingale problem associated with a McKean-Vlasov stochastic equation with jumps. Moreover, we show uniqueness and stability for the kinetic equation by estimating its solutions in the total variation and Wasserstein distance. Finally, we prove uniqueness in law for the McKean-Vlasov equation, i.e. we establish propagation of chaos.

The volume is a commentary on Don DeLillo’s hypertrophic novel Underworld (1997). Starting from the analysis of the text – which intertwines several plots, locations and point of view –, Nicola Turi retraces the entire production of the author to follow the evolution of themes (paranoia, nuclear threat, alienation, violence…) and textual strategies. At the same times he considers some widespread trends in the contemporary novel which Underworld, narrative tableau of the United States of the second twentieth century, embodies or anticipates: the resumption of the collective novel; the construction of characters drawn from reality; the continuous interaction between verbal representation and image (both static and moving).Il volume si configura come commento all’ipertrofico romanzo di Don DeLillo Underworld (1997). A partire dall’analisi del testo – che intreccia storie, ambienti e punti di vista diversi –, Nicola Turi ripercorre pero l’intera produzione narrativa dell’autore per seguire al suo interno l’evoluzione di temi (paranoia, minaccia nucleare, alienazione, violenza…) e strategie testuali. E contemporaneamente riflette su alcune tendenze diffuse nel romanzo contemporaneo che Underworld, affresco narrativo degli Stati Uniti del secondo Novecento, incarna o anticipa: la ripresa del romanzo collettivo; la costruzione di personaggi pescati dalla realta; la continua interazione tra rappresentazione verbale e immagine, sia statica che in movimento.

ObjectiveIn research on Type D personality, its subcomponents negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) are hypothesized to have a synergistic effect on various medical and psychosocial outcomes. As some methods to analyze Type D personality have been criticized, this study investigated whether these methods adequately detect a Type D effect.MethodWe used a simulation and two empirical illustrations to investigate each method's performance (bias, power and false positives) in detecting the Type D effect.ResultsOur simulation showed that the two most commonly used methods to assess the Type D effect (subgroup methods) were primarily picking up the presence of NA or SI main effects, indicating that these methods might falsely suggest synergistic Type D effects. Moreover, these methods failed to detect the combined presence of the NA and SI main effects, resulting in significant Type D effects when only one of the NA/SI main effects was present. The method that best detected Type D effects modeled the continuous NA/SI main effects and their statistical interaction in a regression analysis. Reanalysis of two empirical Type D personality datasets confirmed the patterns found in our simulation.ConclusionThis study showed that Type D effects should be modeled with a continuous interaction approach. Other approaches showed either more bias, more false positive findings or lower power. We recommend against using subgroup approaches to operationalize Type D personality, as these methods are biased, regardless of whether the Type D effect is synergistic or additive in nature.

This chapter describes the evolution of the US National Accounts with a focus on the intersection of measurement, theory, and economic research. The evolution and durability of National Accounts as the mainstay of macroeconomic analysis and policy stems from the measurement of the US economy across factors of production, industries, products, and geography within a theoretically consistent, comprehensive, unduplicated, double-entry system of economic accounts. Over time, as the economy and economic policy needs have changed, economic theory, measurement, and the national accounts have been continuously updated to track these changes. Much of this success, relative to leading, coincident, and other sets of business cycle indicators, which have been described as “measurement without theory,” is attributable to the fact that the National Accounts evolution has been based on the continuous interaction of theory and measurement.

Efficient computer programming is becoming a central requirement in quantitative Earth science education. This applies not only to the early career stage but—due to the rapid evolution of programming paradigms—also throughout professional life. At universities, workshops, or any software training events, efficient practical programming exercises are hampered by the heterogeneity of hardware and software setups of participants. Jupyter notebooks offer an attractive solution by providing a platform‐independent concept and allowing the combination of text‐editing, program execution, and plotting. Here, we document a growing library with dozens of Jupyter notebooks for training in seismology. The library is made “live” through a server that allows accessing and running the notebooks in the browser on any system (PC, laptop, tablet, smartphone), provided there is internet access. The library seismo‐live contains notebooks on many aspects of seismology, including data processing, computational seismology, and earthquake physics, as well as reproducible papers and graphics. It is a community effort and is intended to benefit from continuous interaction with seismologists around the world.

Resumen En este trabajo se proponen dos metodologías para minimizar los posibles errores en las piezas terminadas por fallas en la herramienta de taladrado, la primera se realiza antes de iniciar el mecanizado, donde se verifican las posiciones iniciales de la herramienta con respecto a la pieza, el ángulo de corte, diámetro y longitud de la misma. La segunda es durante el mecanizado, donde por medio de una interacción continua con el software Mach3®, se verifica el ángulo de corte y la longitud de la broca, todo esto para realizar una retroalimentación con el usuario y determinar el estado actual de la herramienta. En este desarrollo se utilizaron técnicas de visión de máquina de bajo costo computacional, para disminuir tiempos en el procesamiento, y obtener una representación de la escena lo más real posible. Por último, se evalúan las metodologías propuestas en un caso de estudio específico donde se prueba su eficiencia. Abstract In this paper two methodologies are proposed to minimize the possible errors in the finished parts due to fault in the drilling tool, the first is done before starting the machining, where the initial positions of the tool are verified with respect to the piece, the cutting angle, diameter and length of it. The second is during the machining, through a continuous interaction with the Mach3® software, the cutting angle and the length of the drill are verified, all this to perform a feedback with the user and determine the current state of the tool. In this development, computer vision techniques of low computational cost were used to reduce processing times and obtain a representation of the scene as real as possible. Finally, the proposed methodologies are evaluated in a specific case study where their efficiency is proven.

Drawing on self-based L2 motivation theories, the present study explored changes in the English learning motivation of eight Mainland Chinese undergraduates after their arrival at a Hong Kong university, where they took most of their courses in English. The participants were surveyed and interviewed retrospectively about their English learning experiences both in Mainland China and Hong Kong. After their relocation to Hong Kong, most participants reported heightened motivation. While their motivation generally remained stable at a high level, there were some fluctuations. The motivational enhancement may be influenced by the continuous interaction between the participants’ perceptions of different contexts of Hong Kong and their shifting actual and ideal L2 selves. The motivational fluctuations appeared to be affected by an interplay between the participants’ L2 selves and specific L2-related learning experiences such as preparation for English proficiency tests. As these activities came to an end, the participants’ motivation returned to its original state. Implications are offered to support the transitions of English as a foreign language learners to an environment where English is used as the medium of instruction.

Kyai-santri in a system called pesantren, has a unique relationship which is formed from the process of continuous interaction in teaching-learning process and in daily life. In this relation, kyai and santri generally keep using interpersonal communication as the main choice in interaction. This paper aims to explore the interpersonal communication between kyai and santri in modern pesantren in Tasikmalaya by using Watzlawick's interactional view approach. The method used is qualitative descriptive with data retrieval technique namely literature study, observation and interview. The research found that, kyai and santri cannot not do communication: both verbal and non verbal; both kyai and santri not only communicate the content but also have a unique way of building relationships; message delivery type is symmetrical with dominated by kyai; and there are many unwritten communication rules of santri-kyai showing the santri's respect for their kyai. Keyword : Kyai, Santri, pesantren, interpersonal communication, interactional view

Research on human intersubjectivity has found that humans participate in a dialogue throughout their life, and that this is manifested not only via language, but also nonverbally, with the entire body. Such an understanding of human life has brought into focus some basic systemic ideas concerning the human relational mind. For Gregory Bateson, the mind works as a system, formed from components that are in continuous interaction with each other. In our Relational Mind research project, we followed twelve couple therapy processes involving two therapists per session, looking at the ways in which the four participants attuned to each other with their bodies, including their autonomic nervous system activity. Using observations from the project, we here describe the ways through which the relational and embodied mind can be realized in a couple therapy setting.

This article outlines the principal challenges to establish a standard phase-2 approach for progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and presents referring strategies to accelerate the registration process via a guidance approved by regulatory agencies. Accordingly, the contribution of ‘big datasets’ for a better understanding of the natural history of primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and of their prognostic factors and the value of novel biomarkers are discussed. The establishment of new industry–academic initiatives, such as independent consortia under the umbrella of Progressive MS Alliance (PMSA), with the endorsement of MS organizations and Scientific Societies (e.g. European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS)) may be crucial to overcome some of the current challenges. Within this frame, the continuous interaction with regulatory agencies is instrumental for the formal validation of the many developments suitable to improve clinical trialling in PMS.