Search

In recent decades, U.S. gun rights lobbying groups, politicians, courts, and market actors have sought to responsibilize U.S. consumers to use firearms to address the societal problem of crime. These efforts center an interpretation of the constitutional right to keep and bear arms guaranteed by the Second Amendment as an entitlement for individuals to practice armed self-defense. Using interview and online discussion data, this research investigates consumers' responses to responsibilization for this morally fraught set of behaviors, and the role of consumers' various understandings of the right to bear arms in these responses. Findings show that consumers consider multiple, specific armed protection scenarios and accept responsibilization in only a portion of these scenarios while rejecting it for the remainder. Acceptance is determined by their appraisals of the morality of consumer responsibilization subprocesses. Consumers' understanding of the constitutional right serves as a heuristic in these appraisals, with some understandings leading consumers to accept responsibilization across a much larger proportion of scenarios than others. Contributions include illustrating response to consumer responsibilization as a proportionality; illuminating consumers' active role in appraising responsibilizing efforts; and demonstrating how some consumers come to understand a responsibilized behavior as a moral entitlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing consumers with challenging behaviours by way of secluding them has been practiced for centuries. Many countries have attempted to eliminate seclusion but with very limited success. The Victorian government in Australia has embarked on a plan to stop seclusion within the coming 10 years. A qualitative research design using a purposive cluster sampling technique was utilised to understand nurses' perceptions on attempts to eliminate seclusions in acute wards. Semi‐structured interviews and a thematic analysis were used to reveal participants' perceptions. Analysis revealed six themes: personal views, staff skills/resources, safety concerns, stakeholders' influence, doubt about elimination and participants' recommendations. Participants were doubtful of seclusion elimination success if there were no major improvements in nurse security, infrastructure, funding and staffing. Further research is required to establish and develop effective alternatives to seclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the level of consumer rights awareness among Tbilisi school students. By analyzing factors influencing this awareness, the research identifies a significant knowledge gap, particularly in areas like product composition, complaint filing, and online shopping security. To address this, the study recommends integrating consumer education into the school curriculum, emphasizing interactive learning methods and real-world applications. Additionally, collaborations with consumer protection organizations and universities can enhance the effectiveness of these initiatives. By empowering young people with consumer rights knowledge, we can foster a more informed and responsible consumer society in Georgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the level of consumer rights awareness among Tbilisi school students. By analyzing factors influencing this awareness, the research identifies a significant knowledge gap, particularly in areas like product composition, complaint filing, and online shopping security. To address this, the study recommends integrating consumer education into the school curriculum, emphasizing interactive learning methods and real-world applications. Additionally, collaborations with consumer protection organizations and universities can enhance the effectiveness of these initiatives. By empowering young people with consumer rights knowledge, we can foster a more informed and responsible consumer society in Georgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right-to-repair movement is a consumer rights movement that supports people's freedom to repair and customize their gadgets, such as smartphones. To make diagnostic tools, repair manuals, and replacement parts available to the public, the movement continues to push for laws requiring manufacturers to do so. The movement, supported by legislation, is gaining traction as a fundamental human right. On the other hand, the right-to-repair movement received different responses from smartphone manufacturers, including Apple, Samsung, Google, and Nokia. This article describes the evolving market conditions and examines how various brands have reacted to the recent global tide. The article contributes to the efforts toward United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on several accounts since right-to-repair laws help reduce electronic waste and promote sustainable consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the European Union's regulatory frameworks on data protection and consumer rights. It examines landmark legislations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Data Governance Act (DGA), and others that shape data privacy, digital content management, and consumer protection across the EU. Utilizing Iramuteq software for content analysis, it identifies thematic clusters and relationships within the texts, uncovering core concepts like digital service conformity, consumer rights, and the role of public data governance. Through cluster and factor analysis, the study reveals how these legal instruments collectively promote data security, innovation, and market fairness while ensuring consistent consumer protection and legal compliance throughout EU member states.

This article identifies a new legal stakeholder in the data economy: the data crowd. A data crowd is a collective that: (i) is unorganised, non-deliberate and unable to form an agenda; (ii) relies on productive aggregation that creates an interdependency among participants; and (iii) is subjected to an external authority. Notable examples of crowds include users of a social network, users of a search engine and users of artificial intelligence-based applications. The law currently only protects users in the data economy as individuals, and in certain cases may address broad public concerns. However, it does not recognise the collective interests of the crowd of users and its unique vulnerability to platform power. The article presents and defends the crowd's legal interests in a stable infrastructure for participation. It therefore reveals the need for a new approach to consumers' rights in the data economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A characteristic feature of contemporary business and current trends in the market economy is primarily globalization, which has significantly enhanced the possibilities for expanding operations from one market to multiple markets, while simultaneously increasing competitiveness among business entities. Consumer protection in developed market economies is not a new topic; however, under the conditions of globalization, the transition processes of the economy in certain countries, and competitive relations in modern economic flows, this issue has attracted significant attention from the scientific and professional community in recent years. After the introductory section, this paper reviews the concept and significance of consumer satisfaction, specifically addressing the meeting of consumer needs and demands as an economically significant category essential for modern business practices. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the legal provisions related to consumer rights protection and the prohibition of unfair business practices. The concept of consumer protection is safeguarded by the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, while consumer rights protection and the prohibition of unfair business practices are primarily regulated by the Law on Consumer Protection and the Consumer Protection Strategy for 2019-2024.

Introduction: Consumer protection is an important aspect as a global phenomenon and is practically implemented by various countries in the world. Purpose of the Research: This research aims to describe the development of consumer protection regulations in Indonesia and to compare consumer protection between Indonesia, the Philippines and South Korea in realizing justice. Method of Research: Normative legal research by prioritizing comparative, conceptual and statutory approaches. Results of Research: The development of consumer protection regulations in Indonesia after the passing of the consumer protection law has actually facilitated the existence of consumer rights which are applied proportionally to consumer obligations. Even so, the practice of developments over time and technology also actually requires changes to consumer protection laws. In efforts to realize justice for consumers by referring to the consumer protection arrangements carried out by the Philippines and South Korea, Indonesia needs to optimize effective and substantive consumer complaint procedures as in the Philippines, including also referring to consumer protection practices carried out by South Korea by providing integrated legal assistance. for consumers in the consumer dispute process, both legal assistance in the form of consultations and legal assistance services in the form of lawyers for consumers.

On March 29, 2022, the Parliament of Georgia passed the Law on Protection of Consumer Rights, with its primary provisions taking effect on June 1, 2022. By enacting the Law, Georgia has largely fulfilled its commitment under the Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) to implement EU directives governing consumer protection into its national legislation. However, it is essential to recognize that this reform marks just the initial phase of approximation. Challenges persist, especially in relation to European directives concerning the regulation of the digital marketplace. This article aims to provide a concise overview of the reform facilitated by the adoption of the new Law. Moreover, given that only one year has passed since the implementation of the Law, there remains a lack of practical experience or judicial precedent to assess its positive or negative impacts. Academic studies in this direction are also lacking. Consequently, the discussion in this article primarily centers on the novelty and challenges presented by the Law in the light of EU directives.

Background: Online buying and selling through marketplace platforms such as Ecommerce is increasingly prevalent in Indonesia. The convenience and practicality offered by this platform attracts many consumers to shop online. However, behind this convenience, there are potential problems that can harm consumers, one of which is the delay in delivery of goods, consumers as aggrieved parties need legal protection. Objective: To analyze the form and scope of legal protection provided to consumers for delays in the delivery of goods in online buying and selling on E-commerce, to find out the dispute resolution efforts that consumers can do if they experience delays in the delivery of goods in online buying and selling on E-commerce, and to formulate suggestions and recommendations to improve legal protection for consumers and minimize the occurrence of delays in the delivery of goods in sales buy online in Ecommerce Methods: This study uses normative legal methods with primary data in the form of laws and regulations and secondary data in the form of legal literature and E-commerce websites. Results: The results of the study show that legal protection for consumers for delays in the delivery of goods in online buying and selling in E-commerce is still not optimal Conclusion: Legal protection for consumers for delays in the delivery of goods in online buying and selling in E-commerce is still not optimal. This can be seen from several factors, including the lack of education and socialization to consumers about their rights, the lack of optimal consumer dispute resolution mechanisms in E-commerce, the lack of transparency of E-commerce in the process of shipping goods and the lack of cooperation between E-commerce and logistics companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates cases of acute kidney failure caused by contaminated syrup medicines from the perspective of administrative law. Using a normative legal research approach, analysis is conducted on primary legal sources related to the case, including laws, government regulations, presidential regulations, BPOM chief regulations, health ministry circulars, and administrative court decisions. These legal sources are considered as primary legal materials, which are authoritative and legally binding. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal aspects related to the case and their implications within the framework of administrative law. The research shows that the Indonesian Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) plays a crucial role in regulating the circulation of medicines in Indonesia in accordance with Presidential Regulation Number 80 of 2017. Although BPOM has conducted comprehensive monitoring, indications of propylene glycol raw material counterfeiting indicate shortcomings in monitoring. Nevertheless, BPOM continues to provide legal protection preventively and repressively to the public by tracing drug registrations, withdrawing problematic drugs from circulation, and imposing administrative sanctions on products that violate safety standards [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for Halal pharmaceutical products in Malaysia has been on the rise, but this positive trend is accompanied by concerning issues such as the use of fake Halal logos and the inclusion of non-Halal ingredients in pharmaceutical products, which present risks to consumers and undermine trust in the industry. Accordingly, tort law emerges as one of the legal mechanisms for consumers seeking redress in cases involving fake Halal logos and non-Halal ingredients. With the application of a doctrinal method based on qualitative legal research methodology, this article analyses the remedies under tort law. The study investigates the effectiveness of remedies provided by tort law in dealing with these issues. Findings reveal that the existing remedies under tort law do not entirely safeguard consumers’ apprehensions related to fake Halal logos and non-Halal ingredients. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive review of existing laws to ensure that they provide complete protection for consumers and help to promote the continuous growth of the Halal pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Food labeling is an important public health tool allowing consumers to make informed and healthy choices. Considering how important it is for consumers to be aware of food labels while choosing healthy foods, this study aims at assessing public awareness, attitude, and practice regarding food labeling in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Methods A cross sectional study using a predesigned interview questionnaire to collect data from 719 adult consumers from both sexes (28.2% males: 71.8% females), recruited from different branches of one of the largest supermarkets in Alexandria. Results More than half of the participants (55.6%) reported reading food labels. The most frequently read information was production/ expiry date (76.8%), product name (68.3%), and ingredients (38.0%) while the least frequently read was nutritional facts (29.9%). More than half of the study sample (50.9%) had low awareness about the content of food labels, nevertheless, having higher scores on awareness about food labels predicted reading practice. Nearly three-quarters of the respondents had average to good food label reading practice. Most respondents (81.8%) had a favorable attitude about food labeling in its present form, however, higher attitude scores did not seem to influence their use of food labels. Being older (β = 0.045, CI; 0.014–0.076, p = 0.005), being female (β = 1.162, CI; 0.541–1.784, p = 0.000), having secondary education or equivalent (β = 1.042,CI; 0.050–2.034, p = 0.040), having university education or beyond (β = 3.090, CI; 2.132–4.048, p = 0.000), and having higher scores on awareness about food labels (β = 1.407, CI; 1.324–1.490, p = 0.000) were significant predictors of reading food labels. Conclusions Most of the studied consumers had a positive attitude towards food labeling, however, more than half of them had low awareness of food labeling content. Nutritional facts were the least frequently read by consumers. Reading food labels was significantly predicted by having higher education, being older, being a female, and having better awareness.

Liability for defective products has acquired an essential role today, to the extent that within Colombian Law, the importance of the relations between consumers and the natural or legal persons behind the construction and sale of buildings has begun to be assessed so that they assume the damages that affect the real estate they market and that end up negatively impacting the health or assets of their customers. owners or residents. It is for this reason, that this research article seeks to analyze, on the one hand, the main rights that arise to the consumer who acquires and uses real estate in his daily actions and, on the other, aims to address elements that are nece, gastassary for the attribution of responsibility to the different actors that build and sell these buildings. Additionally, a recent court case is analyzed in which the Supreme Court of Justice examined the liability for defective properties in favor of several consumers who were affected by multiple damages in their apartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) seeks to promote the achievement and maintenance of a fair, accessible, efficient, sustainable and responsible market place for consumer products and services in South Africa. Moreover, the CPA seeks to provide an accessible, consistent, harmonised, effective and efficient system of redress for consumers. Notably, the CPA provides that the supplier should not supply or enter into an agreement to supply any goods or services at a price that is unfair, unreasonable, or unjust. This is generally aimed at combating any problems that are suffered by consumers when accessing goods and services in South Africa. Accordingly, various regulatory bodies and related role-players were established to enforce consumer rights and provide redress mechanisms to vulnerable and affected consumers. These consumer protection bodies and related roleplayers include the National Consumer Commission (NCC), the National Consumer Tribunal (NCT), provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies. These bodies and role-players are statutorily obliged to resolve consumer disputes in South Africa. However, there are some uncertainty challenges regarding the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and consumer protection regulatory bodies in relation to disputes that relate to the consumers’ right to fair, just and reasonable prices, terms and conditions of goods and services. This article discusses the role of the NCC, the NCT, provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies in the regulation of prices for goods, services and access to redress for affected consumers under the CPA. This is done to provide some recommendations that could resolve jurisdictional and regulatory challenges in relation to the price and access to goods and services under the CPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 2008 Consumer Protection Act (CPA) mandates clear communication in business interactions, emphasising plain language tailored to the target audience. This study explores how Sepedi-speaking customers in the banking sector perceive the CPA’s effectiveness, particularly in regard to language rights as mandated in Section 22 of the Act. Through semi-structured interviews with nine participants, three key themes emerged. Firstly, using Sepedi facilitated comfortable communication and informed financial decisions. Participants reported feeling more empowered to make sound choices when information was presented in their preferred language. Secondly, the need for easily understandable documentation was crucial, particularly for those who struggle with legal jargon. Complex language can hinder consumer understanding and disadvantage those with limited knowledge and low levels of literacy. Finally, the study highlights the importance of consumer rights awareness and fair treatment from service providers. Regardless of their language proficiency or knowledge level, all consumers deserve honest and transparent interactions. These findings underscore the crucial role of clear language in empowering consumers and fostering fair market practices.

The demand for Halal pharmaceutical products in Malaysia has been on the rise, but this positive trend is accompanied by concerning issues such as the use of fake Halal logos and the inclusion of non-Halal ingredients in pharmaceutical products, which present risks to consumers and undermine trust in the industry. Accordingly, tort law emerges as one of the legal mechanisms for consumers seeking redress in cases involving fake Halal logos and non-Halal ingredients. With the application of a doctrinal method based on qualitative legal research methodology, this article analyses the remedies under tort law. The study investigates the effectiveness of remedies provided by tort law in dealing with these issues. Findings reveal that the existing remedies under tort law do not entirely safeguard consumers’ apprehensions related to fake Halal logos and non-Halal ingredients. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive review of existing laws to ensure that they provide complete protection for consumers and help to promote the continuous growth of the Halal pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia.

One of the topics that have been discussed after the industrial revolution and the increase of human ability in the production of goods and services and attention to human rights is consumer rights and it also needs to be developed with the updating of new technologies. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of these technologies which has a strong relationship with consumer rights due to the lack of direct human control over it and its influence in various aspects and dimension of human life. Accordingly, the basic question of this research is about the nature, content and examples of consumer rights in the field of Internet of Things. The method of data collection in this study is library method that is accompanied by description and analysis of viewpoints and to achieving to an appropriate definition of Internet of Things and consumer rights and then determining the nature, instances (examples) and content of consumer rights in the field of IoT is the purpose of this research. The Internet of Things is a service based on internet that provides a connection between humans and objects or even animals on the Internet. It is in this context that the various uses of this technology are realized and occurred and as a result, the issue of consumer rights becomes meaningful in it. The dimensions and aspects of consumer rights in the field of IoT are more complex than other cases due to its nature and include dimensions and aspects such as security, health, awareness etc., which are mainly mentioned in the Law of Iran in general and as a result, they can be used for the Internet of Things. Some, such as freedom of choice, right of ownership and the right to data portability, etc., should be considered by the legislature for utilization of these dimensions and aspects of consumer rights. Some others cannot enter into its content due to the nature of this right.

The relevance of improving consumer protection legislation is due to many economic and legal factors, starting with the conceptualization of common concepts. Against the background of recent political and legal initiatives in the field of consumer protection, this issue has become particularly important for the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). In this study, a retrospective analysis of consumer protection regulation was carried out. Global trends in legal regulation of consumer protection in the RK are considered in the light of their implementation in Kazakhstani legislation. The research implies to consider the trends in changing the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of consumer rights regulation from the point of view of the reception of world experience. In the study, the analysis of consumer rights protection in the multifaceted system of legal protection models is carried out and their classification is derived. As a result of a comprehensive analysis, it was concluded that it is expedient to implement the norms of international law, European law into the national legislation of Kazakhstan, modernized in 2020, taking into account the proven examples of global legal mechanisms and practices for protecting consumer rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the climate crisis accelerates, consumers, lawmakers, and activists demand transparent supply chains in industries that form the material backbone of cultural fields such as fashion. Consequently, new apps have emerged that promise to make supply chains transparent by translating opaque production data into easily comprehensible product ratings. Integrating the literature on transparency, cultural intermediaries, and digital consumption apps, this article asks: how do these apps, which I call transparency apps, afford politics in cultural fields and new political ways of consumption? Using fashion as a strategic case of a cultural field with strong material underpinnings, this paper combines a walkthrough analysis of Good On You, Retraced, and Renoon with interviews of employees of the first two. I found these apps to afford a politics of transparency consist of eco-progressive values embedded in ideologies of consumer rights and self-optimization, which elevates the technical-material logic of fashion at the cost of its aesthetic logic. This politics is usually offered in a personalized form resembling platformized cultural production. Transparency apps are thus politicizing cultural intermediaries that simultaneously enable and limit the political contestation of fashion. This article demonstrates how transparency apps bring politics to cultural fields, upsetting usual logics in the process, carrying implications for any cultural field that faces demands for supply chain transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares consumer protection in the framework of discounts with the constituent elements of such sales and the relevant methods of protecting consumer rights, according to French, Emirati, Jordanian, and Tunisian legislation and judicial practice. The findings shed light on the operation of consumer rights and market protection, and argues that each legal system has developed divergent means to attain the same goal. While some legal systems have organised sales with detailed rules, others have engaged in very limited market intervention; in the latter case, consumers are prevented from enjoying an important set of rights, as consumer rights and market protection are determined by the merchants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nature and scale of e-commerce are constantly changing. In today's world, the concept of internet purchasing became ubiquitous. All the purchases that consumers make is safeguarded by a set of policies in the form of rules imposed in each country; thus, the evolution of consumer protection is also inextricable from global influences. The term consumer protection refers to an umbrella term that encompasses many different aspects of economic transactions. The relevance of the law rests in the fact that the regulation works to protect individuals and the rights they are entitled to. In spite of the significance they have, customers frequently find themselves victimized by unethical commercial activities. This article describes the proliferation of E-commerce and the legal protection of the e-consumers who conduct buying and selling transactions, particularly in the TikTok Shop platform. This normative legal research relies on secondary data and employs both statutory and comparative approach. The finding shows that China has established a new law to safeguard and maximize a healthy shopping environment on an e-commerce platform. On the other side, Indonesia has not had a specific regulation for e-commerce yet, accordingly the legal protection for Tik Tok Shop buyers relies to the existing law, namely the Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection.The nature and scale of e-commerce are constantly changing. In today's world, the concept of internet purchasing became ubiquitous. All the purchases that consumers make is safeguarded by a set of policies in the form of rules imposed in each country; thus, the evolution of consumer protection is also inextricable from global influences. The term consumer protection refers to an umbrella term that encompasses many different aspects of economic transactions. The relevance of the law rests in the fact that the regulation works to protect individuals and the rights they are entitled to. In spite of the significance they have, customers frequently find themselves victimized by unethical commercial activities. This article describes the proliferation of E-commerce and the legal protection of the e-consumers who conduct buying and selling transactions, particularly in the TikTok Shop platform. This normative legal research relies on secondary data and employs both statutory and comparative approach. The finding shows that China has established a new law to safeguard and maximize a healthy shopping environment on an e-commerce platform. On the other side, Indonesia has not had a specific regulation for e-commerce yet, accordingly the legal protection for Tik Tok Shop buyers relies to the existing law, namely the Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection.

This paper delves into the critical topic of destigmatising the gambling industry by introducing social and economic protection tools for both operators and consumers. Gambling, especially in the online sphere, creates unique challenges and opportunities in the modern digital age. The purpose of this article is to highlight the principles and strategies needed to create a fair, ethical and stigma-free gambling environment. Methodology. To achieve this goal, this research takes a comprehensive approach. First, it examines the existing international consensus on recommended practices for businesses that engage in online consumer transactions, including non-monetary transactions. These practices have been condensed into six high-level principles that serve as a basis for creating policies aimed at protecting the interests of digital consumers involved in online gambling. The paper also examines these principles in the context of the gambling industry, with a particular focus on fair business practices, advertising and marketing in the sector. It also addresses issues related to online gambling, such as deceptive practices, lack of transparency and potential risks to consumer privacy and security. Results. This research provides valuable insights into the implementation of tools and measures that can effectively protect both gambling operators and consumers, as well as contribute to the destigmatisation of the industry. The six principles outlined in this paper emphasise fairness, transparency, access to information, transaction security, product safety and accessible dispute resolution mechanisms. By adhering to these principles, gambling operators can build trust among consumers and promote responsible gambling practices, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable development of the digital gambling economy. Consumers, in turn, can confidently engage in online gambling, knowing that their rights are protected and their interests are respected. This document is therefore a valuable resource for policy makers, industry stakeholders and academics seeking to create a fair and ethical digital market in the gambling sector. By implementing the principles and tools outlined above, there is a significant step towards destigmatising gambling and ensuring a more responsible and safe environment for all stakeholders.

This article explores the interplay between international arbitration and data subject compensation claims under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The analysis focuses on the validity and enforcement of arbitration agreements and the resulting awards. The article argues that despite potential skepticism, arbitration can offer significant benefits to data subjects, and that compensation claims under the GDPR should be considered arbitrable under the New York Convention and CJEU case law. The article further argues that EU courts have a duty to refer disputes to arbitration, and that the mandatory provisions of EU law have limited means of interfering with this duty. Furthermore, it establishes that the misapplication of GDPR provisions does not automatically justify the denial of arbitral award recognition. The article argues that this is a natural extension of trust traditionally shown to arbitrators, and that such trust should not be easily cast aside.LAN-FR Résumé: Cet article explore l'interaction entre l'arbitrage international et les demandes d'indemnisation en vertu du règlement général sur la protection des données personnelles (RGPD). L'analyse se concentre sur la validité et l'exécution des conventions d'arbitrage et des sentences qui en résultent. L'article affirme qu'en dépit d'un scepticisme potentiel, l'arbitrage peut offrir des avantages significatifs aux personnes concernées, et que les demandes d'indemnisation au titre du RGPD devraient être considérées comme arbitrables en vertu de la Convention de New 216 York et de la jurisprudence de la CJUE. L'article affirme en outre que les tribunaux de l'UE ont le devoir de renvoyer les litiges à l'arbitrage et que les dispositions impératives du droit de l'UE ont des moyens limités d'interférer avec ce devoir. En outre, il établit que la mauvaise application des dispositions du RGPD ne justifie pas automatiquement le refus de reconnaissance de la sentence arbitrale. L'article soutient qu'il s'agit d'une extension naturelle de la confiance traditionnellement accordée aux arbitres, et que cette confiance ne devrait pas être facilement rejetée. Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Zusammenspiel zwischen internationaler Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Ansprüchen des Inhabers des informationellen Selbstbestimmungsrechts und der Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGV). Dabei fokussiert die Analyse auf Fragen der Wirksamkeit einer Schiedsabrede sowie der darauf gestützten Schiedssprüche. Der Beitrag kommt zum Schluss, dass trotz der verbreitet zu findenden Skepsis Schiedsverfahren dem Inhaber des informationellen Selbstbestimmungsrechts durchaus Vorteile bringen können, und dass daher Ansprüche unter der DSGV für schiedsgerichtsfähig unter der einschlägigen New Yorker Konvention und im EuGH-Fallrecht erklärt werden sollten. Zudem kommt er zum Schluss, dass Gerichte in der EU Streitigkeiten an Schiedsgerichte überweisen müssen und dass dem auch zwingende EU-Normen nicht in signifikantem Maße entgegenstehen. Darüber hinaus wird im Beitrag argumentiert, dass nicht jeder Verstoß gegen die DSGV zwangsläufig zur fehlenden Anerkennungsfähigkeit des Schiedsspruches führt. Vielmehr bezieht der Beitrag die Position, dass das allgemein zum Ausdruck gebrachte Vertrauen der Rechtsordnungen in das Schiedsgerichtswesen auch hier zum Tragen kommen und nicht leicht zur Seite geschoben werden sollte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consumer who has purchased a defective car will have rights and privileges after the car is recalled. The car manufacturer is obliged to repair the car, replace the car or refund its price during the transaction. But does the consumer have the right to choose between these three categories of rights? If there is a need to change the car from the manufacturer, will the replacement car be a new car? By researching and pondering the laws of the United States, Australia, and Iran, it is concluded that the consumer does not have the right to choose between the rights resulting from the car recall and cannot choose one of the performance guarantees at will, and in the laws of the United States and Australia, in the case of a car exchange, a new car with zero kilometers will not be delivered to the consumer, or if a new car with zero kilometers is delivered, the difference in the mileage of the defective car must be returned to the manufacturer. Of course, Iranian law is silent on this matter and we do not have an explicit or legal text in this regard that would clarify these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate food labelling is of utmost importance for fair trade and empowering consumers to make knowledgeable choices. Quantitative assessment of the meats is one of the most important factors in authentication of this meat product. Therefore, the purpose of this research was the efficiency of the stereological method for detection of the percentage of meat used in raw (Hamburger) and heat-treated (Sausage) meat products. In this study, three samples of beef burger (containing 30, 60 and 90 % meat) and sausage (containing 40, 60 and 90 % meat) were prepared. Each sample was flattened, and then fractionator sampling using a perforated plate as a cutting guide was used for getting systematic uniform random blocks. Totally, 12 blocks were taken from each sample. Each block was fixed in 10 % neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. The obtained samples, after preparation of tissue sections and staining using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), were studied by a light microscope. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical method and t-test was used to compare significance difference between groups. Stereological analysis showed that the estimated meat percentages in beef burger in different percentages (30, 60 and 90%) did not have a significant difference with the real percentages of meat. In the case of sausage, there was significant difference between the estimated meat percentages and the real percentages of meat in different samples of sausage. Stereology method can be a suitable complementary method to detect the amount of meat used in raw meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broader implications of food fraud are global and can affect consumers across the religious line. In Islamic belief, meat is considered the most strictly regulated food product. The awareness of seeking authentic halal meat is the highest among Muslim consumers because it is an essential part of their faith. It is devastating for Muslims that they might have consumed meat considered halal, which actually was not. For example, a meat-fraud scandal was uncovered in December 2020 by the local newspaper in Malaysia, which also involved a few other countries. Fraudulent advertising by food companies clearly spells doom for the Muslim community as they would want to know who the legitimate dealers of halal meat products are. The discussion on halal meat unavoidably boils down to animal rights and the way animals are slaughtered to comply with the requirements of halal meat. Muslims argue that the practices of traditional Islamic slaughter are humane. However, many animal rights campaigners argue that religious slaughter causes animals unnecessary suffering and should adopt stunning before slaughter. This article uncovers various types of fraud relating to halal meat globally with specific reference to European and Malaysian laws to analyse the legal rights available to consumers and their protection. The analysis in this article reveals that authorities should further strengthen their role in enforcing consumer laws and continuously seek ways to educate consumers about halal food fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sintaxis. Revista Científica del Centro de Investigación para la Comunicación Aplicada is the property of Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores, AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are numerous excellent papers on probiotics and food supplements’ authenticity and safety, but this article is unique compared to the others. It summarizes judicial events regarding the authenticity of a probiotic formulation (the De Simone Formulation (DSF)) commercially available under the trademark VSL#3® until 2016. In 2019, the U.S. District Court found the distributors of the “new” VSL#3® liable for having sold an untested “copy product” different from the DSF. The jury required one of the distributors to pay the owner of the DSF $15 million dollars, and the District Court entered judgment in this amount. The District Court’s monetary judgment was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2021. This article arises from this judicial affair to examine the rules and regulations protecting patients and doctors from misrepresentations and the potential role of class actions brought by consumers to dissuade companies from taking advantage of regulatory deficiencies.

This paper aims to reveal the effectiveness of conscious consumerism education about increasing and changing students’ awareness and perceptions of conscious consumerism. In the study, the action research method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The study included 23 students studying in a public secondary school in Konya, Turkey. Data were collected by using structured interviews, teacher observations, teaching activities and video recordings. The data were evaluated by the content analysis method. Firstly, a "prior knowledge assessment form" was applied to the students to measure their knowledge about conscious consumerism. Then, considering the students' missing or incorrect knowledge, teaching activities about conscious consumerism were designed and implemented. The results obtained in the study have revealed that action research activities positively affect students' awareness and perception of conscious consumerism. In addition, these activities have enabled students to perceive "conscious consumption" as responsible, sustainable and thoughtful consumption.

Legislation pertaining to consumer rights is required since consumers continue to face disadvantages in the fields of commerce, education, and negotiation. The adoption of Law No. 8 of 1999 protects consumers, which is a wise decision. National development theories serve as the foundation for this government-community partnership. This study looks at how Customer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 handles the duties and rights of consumers in the food business. Legal normative research is being done here. The information was supplied by the Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 and the Food and Medicine Administration Safety and Modernization Law No. 18 of 2012. This study demonstrates that distributors of food and drink in Indonesia will have legal guarantees and protection. Maintain good standards for food and drink. To help customers make purchasing decisions, producers and distributors must clearly label all items that are offered. This rule aids purchasers in making informed decisions. Although the producer provided the information that consumers needed, some of them chose not to read it. Given that certain manufacturers may still fail to pay attention to product information, the Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 can still be necessary. Customers should be more watchful while purchasing, and producers should be more knowledgeable about product details.

Según la Comisión Nacional del Mercado y la Competencia, un 40% de los usuarios domésticos no entiende su factura de la luz. Este trabajo examina si dicha factura, obligatoria por ley para todos los consumidores domésticos (consumidores con contratos por debajo de 15 kW), está redactada en lenguaje claro. El lenguaje claro es un requisito imprescindible para alcanzar el derecho a entender. Este derecho debería ser respetado y fomentado especialmente por la administración pública. La investigación se centra en el análisis de los textos del modelo de factura regulada en España desde una doble perspectiva. Primero se observa si cumple con los estándares de la textualidad procedentes de la Lingüística del texto, por medio de una aproximación cualitativa. Después, se identifica, mediante una metodología cuantitativa, si la factura cumple con las recomendaciones gramaticales del lenguaje claro. La hipótesis inicial considera que los textos de este documento no han tenido en cuenta las recomendaciones para un lenguaje claro desde el punto de vista gramatical y tampoco han observado las particularidades que implica la elaboración, recepción y comprensión de sus contenidos en un contexto pragmático determinado. Los resultados tienden a confirmar la hipótesis y se ofrecen, cuando es pertinente, formas de redacción alternativas que facilitarían una mayor comprensión de los conceptos facturados. La factura vigente en la actualidad ha sido elaborada como un documento jurídico administrativo y en su redacción no se han tenido en cuenta ni a sus receptores ni a la utilidad que debería tener para ellos este documento.

Objective: This research aims to analyze consumer overindebtedness and the necessity of regulating the minimum living standard. It explores the consequences of easy credit and limited financial education, as well as the significance of consumer rights and legislation in maintaining a balanced consumer-corporate relationship. Research question: What are the causes and impacts of consumer overindebtedness in a consumer-driven society, and how can regulating the minimum living standard address this issue? Method: The research utilizes a qualitative approach, incorporating a literature review and examination of pertinent legal frameworks. It draws from academic sources, studies, and legal cases to establish a comprehensive comprehension of consumer overindebtedness and the potential role of regulation. Conclusions: Consumer overindebtedness has emerged as a significant concern due to aggressive marketing practices and inadequate financial education. It not only leads to financial strain but also has psychological and social repercussions, impacting individuals' well-being and social integration. Existing consumer protection legislation, like Brazil's Law No. 8.078/90, plays a pivotal role in reducing consumer vulnerability. However, specific legislation is required that addresses prevention, treatment, and grants consumers acting in good faith the right to make a fresh start.

The European Union obliged the member states to introduce monitoring and control tools in order to improve the quality of provided transmission services and to guarantee the contracted amount of energy to end users. However, the EU has left the member states the freedom to create and implement compensation tools, enabling customers to claim their rights arising from non-compliance by transmission companies with the provisions of distribution agreements. The introduction of quantitative energy monitoring and an appropriate compensation mechanism is of great importance not only for end users but also for distribution companies. For end users, this would be a tool to enforce their rights against transmission companies, while transmission companies would gain a tool to control and manage both legal and financial risks. The aim of this study is to analyze discount as an example of a guarantee instrument in the field of the consumer's right to energy of an adequate quality based on the Polish example supported by a systematic legal review. In the EU, discount is not regulated directly at the EU level; hence, it is impossible to base it on acquis and analyze it through the prism of EU regulation. In Poland, the possibility for recipients to apply for a discount for poor-quality electricity was introduced into the first version of the Energy Law in 1998, long before the adoption of Directive 2019/944 by the EU. The fundamental issues that were addressed and discussed in this paper were as follows: (1) Is the discount compensatory in nature? (2) Should it be included in the compensation due to the consumer? (3) Is it possible to reduce it when the power supply interruption results from circumstances beyond the control of the energy company (e.g., unforeseen weather conditions)? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores current theoretical and practical challenges on the way to improve consumer protection in Kazakhstan in the existing environment. Kazakhstan consistently implements reforms to improve the national consumer protection system, given the growing public demand for better quality services in many areas of life. The entire consumer protection system is now being restructured to secure consumer rights based on here and now principle. Theoretical conclusions and proposals for improving consumer protection legislation and law enforcement practices were based on the research findings. More specifically, new administrative, judicial, blended protection approaches, enhancing consumer protection efficiency, were suggested following generalization of European practice. The study revealed common EU approaches to transition from the conventional administrative approach to a blended consumer legal protection approach. The research findings suggested that consumers may be protected only with the effective cooperation of all state bodies and consumer organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to discuss in brief the role of legal regulations in shaping the content of games and the mechanisms for their promotion, using selected consumer protection issues as examples. The subject became particularly high-profile in Poland after the release of Cyberpunk 2077, but has been discussed many times around the world, and in recent years there has been a visible trend of many consumer protection authorities to look more closely at the gaming industry and react to bad practices in this area. The article cites some key examples, but also potential practical implications for publishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At various stages of the development of human society, personal insolvency has been studied in depth and analyzed in relation to various jurisdictions. Looking at the overall picture in the European Union just ahead of the implementation date of the restructuring and insolvency Directive 2019/1023/EU, most Member States had some rules on consumer insolvency. Research and evidence from these areas indicate that recourse to personal insolvency proceedings not only makes economic sense, but is also necessary to protect the fundamental rights of human beings but also the rights of consumers. However, a fundamental problem that arises in the EU is related to the ability of the various legislative frameworks in Europe to address the problem of over-indebted citizens in a more uniform way, especially since personal debts can originate in various states and can generate cross-borders issues so that certain harmonization revisions were seen as necessary. The Covid-19 crisis has added urgency to an already delayed review of these frameworks. In their efforts to mitigate the economic effects of the COVID19 pandemic on consumers, some measures introduced by Member States, although largely uncoordinated, reflect an upward trend towards harmonization and a convergence towards common approaches. This paper questions whether the personal insolvency frameworks in different Member States provide adequate answers to the personal bankruptcies induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in different European countries. Thus, the study reveals the current inadequacy of legal procedures for determining the insolvency of the debtor in various jurisdictions of the Union to the particular situations induced by the pandemic, the limitations of the current approach to the recovery of the debtor and the lack of harmonization in personal insolvency between Member States. Finally, the paper proposes steps to follow and key recommendations for an EU consumer insolvency directive.