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Background: Eating habits must change substantially in order to address the urgent societal challenges of personal, public and planetary health. Research surrounding various facets of the dietary transition remains siloed, hindering breakthroughs. Scope and approach: We argue the scientific case for transdisciplinary research centered around the transition to healthy, sustainable, and acceptable diets. This transition requires tackling the broad societal challenges of engaging consumers in the diet transition, improving nutritional health and achieving environmental sustainability of foods and food systems. Key findings: The crucial synergies and trade-offs from addressing single challenges in isolation are discussed, as well as obstacles when considering the collaboration between the multiple scientific disciplines concerned with the dietary transition. Currently, interactions between these challenges remain understudied and/or ambiguous, in part due to a lack of interoperable data and standards. Intersectional research entry points acting at the intersection of the three challenges are explored: food taste and texture reformulation, food pricing strategies and food literacy. The implementation of such cross-cutting interventions urgently requires both the generation of new data and exploitation of the breadth of existing data. Researchers must therefore be facilitated to find, access and use interoperable data to model and measure food intake and all its determinants. Conclusions: The dietary transition requires underpinning by a research infrastructure that supports access to transdisciplinary data, facilities and research tools, alongside training and capacity building. Filling these unmet data, tools and training needs is the first step towards delivering breakthrough innovations to foods and food environments, mobilizing consumers to engage in the dietary transition.

The present study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on HRD in small businesses by providing a detailed investigation of the role that owner-managers play in enabling social learning and performance in small firms. The investigation focusses particularly on the specific relationships of the social-interdependence orientation and social competence of owner-managers with their social learning behaviour, as well as with the performance of their small-businesses within the pig-production sector in the Republic of Korea. A survey was conducted amongst nearly 200 Korean owner-managers of pig farms. The results indicate that social interdependence orientations and social competencies have a significant relationship with social learning behaviour. Self-promotion and a cooperative orientation are especially important, with self-promotion taking precedence for social learning behaviour of a more ‘internal’ nature, and a cooperative attitude being more important social learning behaviour of a more ‘external’ nature. Social competence and social interdependence did not have a significant relationship with performance, but social learning behaviour did. The results further highlight the importance of individual social characteristics to social learning behaviour occurring outside highly structured educational settings, in addition to demonstrating that the competence and attitudes required are determined by the type of interaction partner.

For the transition towards pig farming without tail docking, an analysis has been performed of the cost increase, of conditions for supply chain implementation, and of opportunities and the feasibility of a calamity fund. Costs are mounting up to 26 euros per delivered pig, and to 29 euros per pig during the learning phase. Under the assumption that 5-15% of the pigs will have tail damage and thus will not be eligible for compensation, a remuneration of 28-31 euros per pig with undocked tail in good condition is necessary to cover costs on farm level. This derives from a model-based analysis, where assumptions were based on literature and interviews.

This paper is the product of a collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Wageningen University and Research (WUR) to explore the potential application of innovative technologies to improve data collection and risk estimation of child labour in the cocoa sector. In particular, it assesses the potential role of blockchain technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in collecting and sharing data on cocoa-growing areas in Ghana, and how this could contribute to monitoring and ultimately preventing child labour in those areas. During an inception mission undertaken by FAO in Ghana, open consultations with various stakeholders in the cocoa sector led to the identification of a number of Key Data Elements (KDEs) to inform the design of a blockchain system, with the objective to facilitate real-time, cost-efficient and collaborative monitoring of the risk of child labour in cocoa-growing areas in Ghana. WUR was commissioned by the FAO to further explore the potential application of blockchain technology and GIS to monitor selected KDEs related to the root causes of child labour in Ghana.Despite decades of interventions since the ratification of the Harkin-Engel Protocol in 2001 to eliminate child labour in the cocoa sectors of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, the latest progress report shows child labour in this sector is increasing rather than decreasing (Sadhu et al., 2020). This trend is concerning, given the detrimental effects of child labour on children’s lives, education and health and the perpetuated cycle of poverty as a result. To break this trend, it is necessary to expand and improve current methods of tracking the incidence of child labour (monitoring) and explore more sustainable ways to support rural families to keep children out of child labour (prevention).To that end, technology, digitalization, and digital innovations have a role in poverty reduction and improving living standards in developing countries, however, political and socio-economic problems can hinder these technological fixes. With smallholder cocoa producers being the most vulnerable actors within this value chain, the implementation of technological monitoring systems is not a clear-cut route. Participation and engagement depend not only on the perception of the advantages to farmers and community, but also on issues that impact the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICT). For example, availability, affordability, and literacy and effective use.

Yemen faces a multitude of conflict-related and structural challenges, as a result, the agricultural productivity has been low. Coffee has been an important subsector and used to be an important source of income for farmers but nowadays coffee hardly generates a profit. Farmers are expanding qat production due to increasing consumer demand and better profits. An expansion of qat production also puts pressure on the scarce water supply in the country. This study provides insight into how coffee is grown and traded and how the sector can be supported for sustainable development and how it can be more attractive to grow coffee instead of qat.

This study applied the true price method, developed within the PPP ‘True and Fair Price for Sustainable Products’, to conventional and organic pork. The study showed that the method can be used to determine the most important impact categories (hotspots) of products. The results indicate that the impact categories air pollution and land use contribute most to the true price gap of conventional and organic pork. To improve the accuracy of true price estimations, future research should focus on the development of methods for positive impacts and social impact categories. Furthermore, future research should focus on the development of high-quality datasets for non-conventional products to improve true price estimations of these products. In dit onderzoek is de echte-prijsmethode, ontwikkeld in de publiek-private samenwerking ‘Echte en eerlijke prijs voor duurzame producten’, toegepast op gangbaar en biologisch varkensvlees. Dit onderzoek laat zien dat de methode gebruikt kan worden om de belangrijkste impacts (zogenoemde hotspots) van een product te berekenen. Uit de resultaten komt naar voren dat de impactcategorieën luchtvervuiling en landgebruik het meeste bijdragen aan de echte-prijs-gap van gangbaar en biologisch varkensvlees. Toekomstig onderzoek moet zich richten op het meenemen van positieve impacts en het ontwikkelen van methodes voor sociale-impactcategorieën zodat een completer beeld kan worden geschetst van de echte prijs van een product. Bovendien is robuuste data nodig over niet-gangbare praktijken zodat een betrouwbare vergelijking kan worden gemaakt tussen de echte prijs van gangbare producten en de echte prijs van niet-gangbare producten.

Ethiopia announced its first food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) on 15 March 2022. The present study aims to develop and evaluate the Ethiopian Healthy Eating Index (Et-HEI) based on the FBDG. Data were collected from 494 Ethiopian women of reproductive age sampled from households in five different regions. The Et-HEI consists of eleven components, and each component was scored between 0 and 10 points, the total score ranging from 0 to 110, with maximum adherence to the FBDG. The Et-HEI score was evaluated against the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) and the probability of nutrient adequacy. The average Et-HEI score for women of reproductive age was 49 out of 110. Adherence to the recommendations for grains, vegetables, legumes, fat and oils, salt, sugar and alcohol contributed the most to this score. Most women had low scores for fruits, nuts and seeds, and animal-sourced foods, indicating low intake. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient, indicating the reliability of the Et-HEI to assess its diet quality, was 0⋅53. The low mean Et-HEI score agreed with a low mean score of the MDD-W (3⋅5 out of 10). Also, low nutrient adequacies confirmed poor adherence to nutrient-dense components of the FBDG. The Et-HEI was not associated with the intake of vitamin B12, vitamin C and calcium in this study population. Women who completed secondary school and above had relatively lower Et-HEI scores. The newly developed Et-HEI is able to estimate nutrient adequacy while also assessing adherence to the Ethiopian FBDG though there is room for improvement.

Yemen faces a multitude of conflict-related and structural challenges, as a result, the agricultural productivity has been low. Coffee has been an important subsector and used to be an important source of income for farmers but nowadays coffee hardly generates a profit. Farmers are expanding qat production due to increasing consumer demand and better profits. An expansion of qat production also puts pressure on the scarce water supply in the country. This study provides insight into how coffee is grown and traded and how the sector can be supported for sustainable development and how it can be more attractive to grow coffee instead of qat. Jemen wordt geconfronteerd met een groot aantal conflictgerelateerde en structurele problemen. In de landbouw is de productiviteit laag. Koffie is van oudsher een belangrijke subsector geweest en zorgde vroeger voor inkomsten voor boeren, maar tegenwoordig maken de boeren nauwelijks nog winst met de koffieteelt. Daarentegen breiden de boeren de productie van qat uit vanwege de toenemende consumentenvraag en de goede winsten voor de boeren. De productie van qat legt ook een druk op de schaarse watervoorraad in het land. Deze studie geeft inzicht in de manier waarop koffie wordt verbouwd en verhandeld in de Jemenitische koffiesector. Ook worden aanbevelingen gedaan over hoe de koffiesector kan worden ondersteund met het oog op duurzame ontwikkeling.

Sinds 2010 loopt er een schoolfruitprogramma in Nederland, met het doel de groente- en fruitconsumptie van kinderen in onderwijsinstellingen te vergroten. Hier zijn kosten aan verbonden. In 2023 heeft het ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (LNV), net als in voorgaande jaren, Wageningen Economic Research gevraagd de reële kostprijs te berekenen voor de levering van schoolfruit. Op basis van deze gemiddelde werkelijke kostprijs kan LNV voor het schooljaar 2023-2024 een nieuwe eenheidsprijs vaststellen voor schoolfruitleveranciers. -Voor de berekening van de kostprijs voor 2023 zijn enkele leveringsvoorwaarden aangepast ten opzichte van eerdere jaren, die consequenties hebben voor de kostprijs. - Deze worden hieronder benoemd: • De keuze en hoeveelheid van de soorten fruit en groente is gebaseerd op wat daadwerkelijk geleverd is in schooljaar 21/21 en 22/23. ;• De porties die worden uitgereikt bestaan uit fruit en groente, in de verdeling van minimaal 75% fruit en maximaal 25% groente. Dit wijkt af van de voorgaande editie, waarbij de verhouding 80-20% was.; • Het maximumaantal keer dat dezelfde groente of hetzelfde fruit geleverd kan worden, is 15% van het totaal, dat was voorheen 20%. Daar in schooljaar 2021/22 en 2022/23 het percentage appel, peer en sinaasappel het aandeel van 15% overstegen is voor de berekening van kostprijzen, het verschil evenredig verdeeld over de andere soorten fruit.; • In de berekeningen is de gemiddelde inkoopprijs van producten gebaseerd op de 5-jarig gemiddelde inkoopprijs tussen 2018 en 2022.; • De inkoopprijzen van producten die structureel stijgen in prijs, zijn voor inflatie gecorrigeerd bovenop het 5-jarig prijsgemiddelde.• Minimaal twee porties zijn biologisch.; • De loonkosten, koelkosten en transportkosten zijn geactualiseerd

Voor verduurzaming van de landbouw is een goed verdienvermogen voor de landbouwers nodig. Naast steun van de overheid (dus de belastingbetaler) voor duurzame productie, zullen consumenten de duurdere duurzame producten ook moeten afnemen en zal de meerprijs die zij betalen via de keten moeten worden doorgegeven aan de producent. Daarvoor zijn duurzaamheidsafspraken nodig tussen landbouwers en ketenpartijen, aanvullend aan bestaande initiatieven en keurmerken. In dit onderzoek wordt de ruimte onderzocht om rechtmatig private duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. Onder het kartelverbod in het EU- verdrag is die ruimte beperkt en onvoldoende werkbaar in de praktijk. De GMO-verordening biedt verschillende derogaties op het kartelverbod, die mogelijkheden bieden aan landbouwers en verenigingen van landbouwers om duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. In de GLB-herziening van 2021 is die ruimte uitgebreid met een artikel (210bis), dat speciaal voor dit doel is toegevoegd. Dit biedt grote kansen. Het moet gaan om ambitieuze bovenwettelijke initiatieven en de afspraken moeten worden gemaakt vanuit of met de landbouwers (onderlinge afspraken binnen de retail of de verwerkende industrie zonder de landbouwers blijven vallen onder het kartelverbod). Voorwaarde is ook dat de afspraken in hun uitwerking onontbeerlijk zijn om het gestelde duurzaamheidsdoel te realiseren (geen greenwashing). Daarnaast kunnen andere derogaties in de GMO- verordening worden benut, met name voor erkende producentenorganisaties (Art. 152) en andere verenigingen van landbouwers (Art. 209) in combinatie met waardeverdelingclausules (Art. 172bis). Betere prijzen voor landbouwers voor duurzame producten betekenen hogere kosten voor de consument voor diens voedsel. Verduurzaming van de landbouw leidt echter ook tot maatschappelijke voordelen en financiële ruimte om burgers te compenseren die door de hogere voedselprijzen in de knel komen.

In dit rapport staan de resultaten van een verkenning naar de commerciële haalbaarheid van passieve visserij op Noordzeekrab in windparken voor de Hollandse kust---Report contains the results of an exploration into the commercial feasibility of passive fishing for North Sea crab in wind farms off the Dutch coast.

On 29 September 2020, JPMorgan was ordered to pay a settlement of $920.2 million for spoofing the metals and Treasury futures markets from 2008 to 2016. We examine these cases using a visualization method developed in particle physics (CERN) and the messages that the exchange receives about market activity rather than time-based snapshots. This approach allows to examine multiple indicators related to market manipulation and complement existing research methods, thereby enhancing the identification and understanding of, as well as the motivation for, market manipulation. In the JPMorgan cases, we offer an alternative motivation for spoofing than moving the price.

Enhancing the sustainability of agriculture requires a better earning capacity for farmers. Besides government (i.e. taxpayer) support for sustainable production, consumers will have to buy the more expensive sustainable products and the extra price they pay will have to be passed on to the producer through the chain. This will require sustainability agreements between farmers and chain parties, complementary to existing initiatives and labels. This study examines the scope for lawful private sustainability agreements. Under the cartel prohibition in the EU Treaty, the possibilities are limited and insufficiently workable in practice. The CMO regulation offers several derogations to the cartel prohibition, which provide opportunities for farmers and farmers' associations to make sustainability agreements. In the 2021 CAP review, that space has been extended with an article (210a) added specifically for this purpose. This offers great opportunities. The agreements must be ambitious, exceed existing legal requirements and must be made by or with farmers (mutual agreements within the retail or processing industry without participation of farmers remain under the cartel prohibition). Another condition is that the agreements are indispensable to achieve the stated sustainability objective (no greenwashing). In addition, other derogations in the CMO regulation can be used, in particular for recognised producer organisations (Art. 152) and other farmers' associations (Art. 209) in combination with value distribution clauses (Art. 172a). Better prices for farmers for sustainable products mean higher costs for consumers for their food. However, making agriculture more sustainable also leads to societal benefits and financial space to compensate citizens who cannot afford higher food prices.

This paper is the product of a collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Wageningen University and Research (WUR) to explore the potential application of innovative technologies to improve data collection and risk estimation of child labour in the cocoa sector. In particular, it assesses the potential role of blockchain technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in collecting and sharing data on cocoa-growing areas in Ghana, and how this could contribute to monitoring and ultimately preventing child labour in those areas. During an inception mission undertaken by FAO in Ghana, open consultations with various stakeholders in the cocoa sector led to the identification of a number of Key Data Elements (KDEs) to inform the design of a blockchain system, with the objective to facilitate real-time, cost-efficient and collaborative monitoring of the risk of child labour in cocoa-growing areas in Ghana. WUR was commissioned by the FAO to further explore the potential application of blockchain technology and GIS to monitor selected KDEs related to the root causes of child labour in Ghana.Despite decades of interventions since the ratification of the Harkin-Engel Protocol in 2001 to eliminate child labour in the cocoa sectors of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, the latest progress report shows child labour in this sector is increasing rather than decreasing (Sadhu et al., 2020). This trend is concerning, given the detrimental effects of child labour on children’s lives, education and health and the perpetuated cycle of poverty as a result. To break this trend, it is necessary to expand and improve current methods of tracking the incidence of child labour (monitoring) and explore more sustainable ways to support rural families to keep children out of child labour (prevention).To that end, technology, digitalization, and digital innovations have a role in poverty reduction and improving living standards in developing countries, however, political and socio-economic problems can hinder these technological fixes. With smallholder cocoa producers being the most vulnerable actors within this value chain, the implementation of technological monitoring systems is not a clear-cut route. Participation and engagement depend not only on the perception of the advantages to farmers and community, but also on issues that impact the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICT). For example, availability, affordability, and literacy and effective use.

Insect production is recently linked to circular economy’ principles. The idea of circularity as a possible asset in consumer acceptance and adoption of eating insects, however, is understudied as yet. This paper is the first exploratory study of consumers’ sympathy for circularity as a distinctive feature of insects as food and feed to their acceptance of eating insects (i.e., entomophagy). Being an innovative study, much attention is devoted to the elaboration of the questionnaire used. This study finds that consumer sympathy for entomophagy of the participants (N = 1055) in this study increases modestly, albeit statistically significant and in a robust way, as a result of providing information about environmental, circular benefits of entomophagy. It further demonstrates that sustainability-conscious consumers are not specifically sensitive to consuming insects, relative to those for whom sustainability plays a less important part in their lives. Another finding of this study is that information on circular benefits of insects as food does not just override feelings of disgust evoked by entomophagy. Finally, this study corroborates that processed insect-based foods in which insects are invisible are more acceptable than the consumption of whole insects.

This study applied the true price method, developed within the PPP ‘Echte en Eerlijke Prijs voor duurzame producten’, to conventional tulip bulbs. The results show that for tulip bulbs the real price gap largely consists of pollution costs and that cultivation contributes most to the real price gap. A number of methodological limitations of the real price method emerged from this study. The method is reliable enough to provide insight into the most important impacts (so-called hotspots) of tulip bulbs. Future research should focus on developing social impact methodologies to provide a more complete picture of the true price of a product. In addition, robust data is needed on all links in the chain so that a more accurate analysis can be made of the real price of tulip bulbs. In dit onderzoek is de echte-prijsmethode, ontwikkeld in de publiek-private samenwerking ‘Echte en Eerlijke prijs voor duurzame producten’, toegepast op gangbare tulpenbollen. Uit de resultaten komt naar voren dat voor tulpenbollen de echte-prijs-gap voor een belangrijk deel uit vervuilingskosten bestaat en dat de schakel teelt het meeste bijdraagt aan de echte-prijs-gap. Uit deze studie zijn een aantal methodologische beperkingen van de echte-prijsmethode naar voren gekomen. De methode is wel betrouwbaar genoeg om inzicht te bieden in de belangrijkste impacts (zogenoemde hotspots) van tulpenbollen. Toekomstig onderzoek moet zich richten op ontwikkelen van methodes voor sociale impacts zodat een completer beeld kan worden geschetst van de echte prijs van een product. Bovendien zijn robuuste data nodig over alle ketenschakels zodat een nauwkeurigere analyse kan worden gemaakt van de echte prijs van tulpenbollen.

There is a growing awareness that fostering the transition toward plant-based diets with reduced meat consumption levels is essential to alleviating the detrimental impacts of the food system on the planet and to improving human health and animal welfare. The reduction in average meat intake may be reached via many possible ways, one possibility being the increased consumption of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). For this reason, in recent years, hundreds of products have been launched on the market with sensory attributes (i.e., taste, texture, appearance, and smell) similar to their animal counterparts; however, these products have often a long list of ingredients and their nutritional values are very different from animal meat. The present review aims to highlight the main opportunities and challenges related to the production and consumption of PBMAs through an interdisciplinary approach. Aspects related to the production technology, nutritional profiles, potential impacts on health and the environment, and the current market and consumer acceptance of PBMAs are discussed. Focusing on the growing literature on this topic, this review will also highlight research gaps related to PBMAs that should be considered in the future, possibly through the collaboration of different stakeholders that can support the transition toward sustainable plant-based diets.

The current work contains one of the first empirical studies targeting trust and consumer acceptance of food products incorporating the social and environmental costs in the price of the product (‘true price food products’). Our two studies drew on a unique sample of Dutch supermarket patrons who could purchase ‘true price’ food products, and on a representative (Dutch) sample. In both studies, we show that the more consumers perceive to gain value from true food pricing that pertain to social status and ‘green value’ (positive environmental impact), the greater consumers' trust in true pricing characteristics and in organizations that implement true pricing and subsequently the higher consumers' intention is to purchase true price food products. The findings present a first exploration into how consumer acceptance of true price food products can be promoted by practitioners: (promotional) appeals to social status and to the ‘green value’ that true pricing can deliver have the potential to boost consumers' trust in true pricing and make them more inclined to ultimately purchase food products in which externalities are incorporated. Our study revealed initial value sources that can potentially contribute to promoting trust and consumer acceptance for true pricing in the food domain, but various other factors can be relevant as well; future research can explore which types of other contributing factors exist in creating consumer trust and acceptance for true price food products.

Healthy diets are unaffordable for almost 3.1 billion people worldwide, and in 2018, already 43% of the African population were urban dwellers. Our food systems are changing rapidly, coupled with rising dietary aspirations. What are healthy diets and how can healthy diets be reached and increased in an urban context was the question of project NOURICITY. Looking into different information channels to deliver information on healthy diets in a low-income area in urban Kampala, Uganda, two packages of interventions were developed based on information on the selected focus group discussions with parish representatives. The first package consisted of a flier including graphic information on healthy diets and three food groups (treatment group 1). The second included the same flier plus interactive voice responses (IVRs) as a phone call to deliver the flier information in a different format (treatment group 2). For the study, we targeted 450 randomly selected households, which were randomly assigned into three groups (control, treatment group 1, and treatment group 2). Respondents from Kanyanya (a low-income parish of Kampala city) were randomly selected. They were visited two times in March as well as in December of the year 2021, while the intervention was rolled out in the period from September to November 2021. Healthy diets are measured using the Household Dietary Diversity Score and the food variety score is based on a 7-day food consumption recall, while dietary quality is measured for a subsample of women and the minimum dietary diversity for all of the selected women. The results indicated statistically significant changes per group at household food consumption in March 2021 compared to December 2021. However, the results of the difference-in-difference method between the control and the treatment groups did not display any significant difference at the household level. However, increased dairy and meat consumption in the treatment groups was observed. Over 90% of the households in treatment group 2 listened to any type of IVR message. Although no significant treatment effects were found, almost all households receiving intervention package 2 mentioned that the IVR calls were easy to follow, while almost 80% indicated sharing the information with their neighbors and 92% enjoyed receiving the message. However, the intervention has potential but needs to be improved upon.

Voor verduurzaming van de landbouw is een goed verdienvermogen voor de landbouwers nodig. Naast steun van de overheid (dus de belastingbetaler) voor duurzame productie, zullen consumenten de duurdere duurzame producten ook moeten afnemen en zal de meerprijs die zij betalen via de keten moeten worden doorgegeven aan de producent. Daarvoor zijn duurzaamheidsafspraken nodig tussen landbouwers en ketenpartijen, aanvullend aan bestaande initiatieven en keurmerken. In dit onderzoek wordt de ruimte onderzocht om rechtmatig private duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. Onder het kartelverbod in het EU- verdrag is die ruimte beperkt en onvoldoende werkbaar in de praktijk. De GMO-verordening biedt verschillende derogaties op het kartelverbod, die mogelijkheden bieden aan landbouwers en verenigingen van landbouwers om duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. In de GLB-herziening van 2021 is die ruimte uitgebreid met een artikel (210bis), dat speciaal voor dit doel is toegevoegd. Dit biedt grote kansen. Het moet gaan om ambitieuze bovenwettelijke initiatieven en de afspraken moeten worden gemaakt vanuit of met de landbouwers (onderlinge afspraken binnen de retail of de verwerkende industrie zonder de landbouwers blijven vallen onder het kartelverbod). Voorwaarde is ook dat de afspraken in hun uitwerking onontbeerlijk zijn om het gestelde duurzaamheidsdoel te realiseren (geen greenwashing). Daarnaast kunnen andere derogaties in de GMO- verordening worden benut, met name voor erkende producentenorganisaties (Art. 152) en andere verenigingen van landbouwers (Art. 209) in combinatie met waardeverdelingclausules (Art. 172bis). Betere prijzen voor landbouwers voor duurzame producten betekenen hogere kosten voor de consument voor diens voedsel. Verduurzaming van de landbouw leidt echter ook tot maatschappelijke voordelen en financiële ruimte om burgers te compenseren die door de hogere voedselprijzen in de knel komen.

For the transition towards pig farming without tail docking, an analysis has been performed of the cost increase, of conditions for supply chain implementation, and of opportunities and the feasibility of a calamity fund. Costs are mounting up to 26 euros per delivered pig, and to 29 euros per pig during the learning phase. Under the assumption that 5-15% of the pigs will have tail damage and thus will not be eligible for compensation, a remuneration of 28-31 euros per pig with undocked tail in good condition is necessary to cover costs on farm level. This derives from a model-based analysis, where assumptions were based on literature and interviews. Voor de transitie naar een varkenshouderij zonder couperen van staarten zijn berekeningen gedaan naar het effect op de kosten voor varkenshouders, naar voorwaarden voor implementatie in de keten, en naar mogelijkheden en de haalbaarheid van een calamiteitenfonds. De kosten voor het houden van dieren met ongecoupeerde staarten lopen op tot 26 euro per afgeleverd varken, en tot 29 euro per afgeleverd varken gedurende de leerfase. Aannemend dat er voor 5-15% van de varkens geen staartenbonus zal worden betaald, in verband met staartschade, bedraagt de benodigde vergoeding 28-31 euro per goedgekeurd varken om de kosten te dekken van het houden van varkens met ongecoupeerde staarten. Dit is gebaseerd op modelmatige berekeningen, waarbij literatuur en interviews zijn gebruikt voor de aannames.

This study applied the true price method, developed within the PPP ‘Echte en Eerlijke Prijs voor duurzame producten’, to conventional tulip bulbs. The results show that for tulip bulbs the real price gap largely consists of pollution costs and that cultivation contributes most to the real price gap. A number of methodological limitations of the real price method emerged from this study. The method is reliable enough to provide insight into the most important impacts (so-called hotspots) of tulip bulbs. Future research should focus on developing social impact methodologies to provide a more complete picture of the true price of a product. In addition, robust data is needed on all links in the chain so that a more accurate analysis can be made of the real price of tulip bulbs.

In dit rapport staan de resultaten van een verkenning naar de commerciële haalbaarheid van passieve visserij op Noordzeekrab in windparken voor de Hollandse kust---Report contains the results of an exploration into the commercial feasibility of passive fishing for North Sea crab in wind farms off the Dutch coast.

Companies in the European Union egg sector have to comply with European legislation on animal welfare, food safety and environmental protection. Whereas the legislation aims to guarantee a high quality poultry production, it also confronts the sector with extra costs. Countries outside the EU do not have the same extensive legislation. This report presents the results of a study on the competitiveness of the EU egg sector. The production costs for eggs and egg products are calculated for several EU and third countries. Different scenarios are outlined to illustrate the impact of changes in import levies and exchange rates.

The production of food from animals poses societal concern about the welfare of these animals in Western countries and increasingly also in economically developing countries. Animals and people may experience disutility from animal suffering, which can be seen as an external cost that is not (fully) included in the cost of production. Thus, consumers will consume too much of the good from an aggregate utilitarian perspective. A potential way to solve this issue is by including these external costs in the production costs. The aim of this paper was to provide a method that can be used to estimate the external costs of animal welfare (AW) of animals kept at farm level. The external costs were calculated by means of a cost function. This cost function shows the relationship between the AW score and costs of AW measures at farm level. The AW scores were calculated from principle scores of the Welfare Quality® Protocol. The method was applied to three case studies, namely dairy cattle production in Germany, pig production in the Netherlands, and broiler production in the Netherlands. The results indicate that the external costs of AW of dairy cattle systems ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 euro/kg milk, those of pig production systems from 1.00 to 1.36 euro/kg live weight and those of broiler production systems from 3.67 to 4.52 euro/kg live weight. The empirical application showed that the method was effective in estimating external animal costs. The insights obtained from the application of our method can support decision making in the development and adoption of more AW friendly production systems.

This report evaluates ways to entice consumers to make healthier choices in the supermarket. To this end, we tested a marketing and remarketing strategy focused on a meal bundle. The meal bundle combined the products of the participating partners to create a tasty and healthy evening meal that was quick and easy to prepare. This strategy was found to encourage consumers to choose healthier meals. In dit rapport wordt gekeken naar de mogelijkheden om consumenten in supermarkten te verleiden tot gezondere keuzes. We testen daartoe een activatie gecombineerd met een reactivatie waarin een maaltijdbundel centraal staat. De maaltijdbundel bevat de producten van de partners die aan dit onderzoek deelnemen en combineert deze zodanig dat er een lekkere, snel te bereiden en gezonde avondmaaltijd op tafel kan komen. We zien dat deze interventie consumenten helpt om voor een gezondere maaltijd te kiezen.

Supporting sustainable consumer choices is critical as consumers show inconsistencies in their sustainable behaviour. Consumers indicate to value the environment but do not consistently behave in a sustainable manner. This article builds upon goal-framing theory to understand and support the consistency of sustainable behaviours across contexts. More specifically, it contributes to the literature by developing a food-specific goal-framing measurement that adds a moral goal frame to the existing gain, hedonic, and normative goal frames (Study 1; N = 1,100; measuring goal frames). Moreover, the results reveal a contrast between the gain and hedonic frames that are currently activated in the included real-life food choice situations (Study 2, N = 1,100; between-subjects design with three real-life food contexts, measuring goal frames, social norms, and intentions) and the moral frame, which is most consistently associated with sustainable behaviours (Study 2 and Study 3 [between-subjects design activating four goal frames, measuring goal frames and sustainable behaviour]). The findings demonstrate the relevance of moral goal frames to enforcing sustainable food transitions, for example by devising means of adapting the food environment to activate consumers’ moral rather than gain and hedonic goal frames.

Background There has been growing attention towards personalizing dietary advice to the specific lifestyle, phenotypic and genotypic properties of consumers. Consumer acceptance and advice adherence is critical for the success of services offering personalized dietary advice. However, more insight is needed in the current body of knowledge on the determinants of consumer acceptance and use of personalized dietary advice. Scope and approach This literature review provides an overview of the current knowledge on consumer acceptance, use and effectiveness of personalized dietary advice based on the four information flow stages in personalized dietary advice: (1) information provision from consumer to formulate a personalized dietary advice, (2) personalized advice generation, (3) advice provision to the consumer, (4) advice acceptance and adherence. Key Findings and Conclusions Results show that the extent to which each step in the cycle is considered in the reviewed studies varies strongly, with most emphasis on the advice adherence, such as changes in dietary intake. In contrast, it is less clear how consumer data is used to generate a personalized dietary advice. Based on the studies in our review, we identify aspects that play a role in the consumer acceptance of personalized dietary advice and the best design practices for creating a successful personalized advice. publishedVersion

Companies in the European Union egg sector have to comply with European legislation on animal welfare, food safety and environmental protection. Whereas the legislation aims to guarantee a high quality poultry production, it also confronts the sector with extra costs. Countries outside the EU do not have the same extensive legislation. This report presents the results of a study on the competitiveness of the EU egg sector. The production costs for eggs and egg products are calculated for several EU and third countries. Different scenarios are outlined to illustrate the impact of changes in import levies and exchange rates.

The current health status of the general public can substantially benefit from a healthy diet. Using a personalized approach to initiate healthy dietary behavior seems to be a promising strategy, as individuals differ in terms of health status, subsequent dietary needs, and their desired behavior change support. However, providing personalized advice to a wide audience over a long period is very labor-intensive. This bottleneck can possibly be overcome by digitalizing the process of creating and providing personalized advice. An increasing number of personalized advice systems for different purposes is becoming available in the market, ranging from systems providing advice about just a single parameter to very complex systems that include many variables characterizing each individual situation. Scientific background is often lacking in these systems. In designing a personalized nutrition advice system, many design questions need to be answered, ranging from the required input parameters and accurate measurement methods (sense), type of modeling techniques to be used (reason), and modality in which the personalized advice is provided (act). We have addressed these topics in this viewpoint paper, and we have demonstrated the feasibility of setting up an infrastructure for providing personalized dietary advice based on the experience of 2 practical applications in a real-life setting.

This article presents a systematic comparison between conventional and ‘differentiated’ coffee value chains, paying attention to (micro and macro) economic performance and environmental outcomes at different midstream segments of the Honduran coffee value chains. Growth has been strong in the Honduran coffee sector, especially among coffee cooperatives and commercial enterprises devoted to the production of ‘differentiated’ coffees at premium prices. We rely on a systematic data inventory of input use, costs, and benefits of all agents involved at different midstream stages of the coffee value chains to compare their performance. We find that midstream integration is critical for yield and quality improvement of Honduran coffee. This can be reinforced through voluntary certification (mainly for organic produce) and branding. Moreover, upgrading of conventional coffee for sales at local and regional markets offers some promising prospects for inclusion and sustainability.