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The consumer is an individual who is offered, buys or uses goods and services, whether publicly or privately supplied, for personal or family use. Consumers have their interests and rights protected. Around the world consumers choose food for different reasons and are may be influenced by education, information and advice. Governments should take into account the needs of all consumers for food safety, and should support and adopt standards from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, Codex Alimentarius or, in their absence, other generally accepted international food standards. Governments and their agencies need to have education and health policies that include formal education of consumers on food and promotion of safe handling of foods and principles of hygiene. Consumer protection policies should also recognize and support the work of consumer NGOs (non-governmental organizations) as information and education providers. All enterprises comprising the food chain, generally from field to fork or from stable to table, should conform to the relevant laws and regulations of the countries in which they do business and take appropriate provisions of international standards for consumer protection to which the competent authorities of the country in question have agreed, as per United Nations Guidelines.

Relevance. The risk of developing complications of an epidemiological nature for especially dangerous infections is determined by the possibility of importing an infection from disadvantaged countries, which depends on many factors, including the migration activity.Aim. To analyze the external risks of cholera importation into Primorsky Krai by various modes of transport.Materials and methods. Data of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Far Eastern territorial department Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing by railway transport was used. The analysis of the incidence of cholera in the world was carried out according to the WHO, the Reference Center for Monitoring Cholera in the Russian Federation, the Internet resource ProMED-mail.Results and discussion. During the analyzed period (2015–2018), 311,435 vehicles (automobile transport – 87.4%, sea transport – 7.7%, air transport – 4.3%, railway transport – 0.6%) and more than 5 million people arrived in Primorsky Krai from abroad. Analysis of passenger flows by all modes of transport showed that Asian destinations dominate.Conclusion. Evaluation of the epidemiological situation of cholera in the Southeast Asian countries does not rule out the risk of cholera importation into Primorsky Krai, given the high intensity of migratory activity. No conflict of interest to declare.

Consumer Protection is a form of legal protection given to consumers in their efforts to meet their needs from things that can harm the consumers themselves. Therefore, talking about consumer protection means questioning guarantees or assurances about the fulfillment of consumer rights. In the legal field, this term is still relatively new, especially in Indonesia, while in developed countries consumer protection is discussed along with the development of industry and technology. In this study formulate the problem of how the legal protection of consumers for defective food products and how the responsibility of business actors for defective food products. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with data collection techniques through library research, both primary legal materials, namely reference books and regulations related to consumer protection, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal regulations. The purpose of this study is to find out how the legal protection of consumers for defective food products and describe how the responsibility of business actors for defective food products. The theory used in this study uses the rule of law theory and the theory of legal protection. In this study, it can be concluded that consumers' rights are protected against products that are not in accordance with what they should be. In the case of sausages containing maggots, it is hoped that business actors or PT. So Good Food compensates for losses and improves quality control in producing its products.

Introduction: the development of the Internet and e-commerce has largely changed the habits, behaviors, and preferences of consumers. This dynamic and efficient means of providing goods has been able to overcome many of the obstacles inherent in offline trading. This became especially relevant in 2020 and does not lose its relevance at the present time in the situation of the lockdown precedent on a global scale. It is possible to increase the protection of business entities and, first of all, consumers, if there is an effective system of the legal regulation of the sphere under consideration. There is a need for legally established guarantees, an appropriate level of legal regulation, effective measures, methods and means implemented within the framework of monitoring the compliance with the norms of the current legislation. To protect the rights of consumers, respect their legitimate interests, and create a civilized competitive environment, the state must fully establish legal means to ensure the rule of law in the field of online commerce without restricting the freedoms of entrepreneurs. The purpose of the paper is to review the current state of the violations of the rights of participants in economic relations that occur when making online purchases. Methods: in the process of writing the paper, general scientific methods (qualitative and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, system approach, retrospective analysis, morphological analysis), and a special method (scenario analysis) were used. Results: the main aspects related to the legal regulation of electronic commercial activity regarding the protection of buyers are considered. It is indicated that when buying through e-commerce, various violations of consumer rights often occur. This is expressed, in many cases, in the discrepancy between the actual condition of the goods provided to the buyer with the information contained on the seller’s website, in the delivery of goods with obvious defects, non-compliance with the requirements of GOST. Conclusions: the protection of the rights of online buyers includes two main aspects. First, it concerns the protection of consumer rights regarding the improper quality of the delivered goods, the specifics of the purchase return, and the funds spent. Secondly, what the world community pays considerable attention to is the legal regulation and protection of consumer data privacy. It is noted that domestic researchers place more emphasis on the first aspect of the problem. It is indicated that the improvement of the legal regulation of e-commerce should be carried out following the global trends in the development of international law in this area.

The European Union (EU) is trying to increase its influence on the international regulation of the digital economy through domestic and foreign policy initiatives. The EU’s digital strategy, adopted in 2020, envisages measures to further consolidate the single digital market and promote EU standards and regulation internationally. The main goal of the strategy is to ensure the EU’s digital sovereignty. This objective is at the core of policy measures in three priority areas: the elimination of remaining barriers in the internal market, the development of advanced technologies, and the safeguarding of the rights, freedoms and development of democracy in Europe. These three strategic priorities determine sectoral policies: 5/6G development, high performing computers, regulation of digital markets and platforms, cybersecurity, and data governance. The EU uses regulatory, economic, institutional, networking, and foreign policy instruments and mechanisms to achieve its objectives in specific policy areas. Regulation includes further raising standards for personal data protection and consumer rights, control over digital platforms, laying down a legal framework for the development of cutting-edge technologies, attracting investments, and allocating the EU’s own resources to potentially occupy niches in international markets in the future, all of which will strengthen the EU’s claim to leadership in regulating the digital economy and ensure its digital sovereignty. Foreign policy mechanisms are an important part of the toolkit and include a developed European diplomacy, established ties through the Neighbourhood Policy, and the conditionality of development aid.

Healthy nutrition is the most important component of the quality of life of the population. Disorders of the nutritional structure lead to the development of alimentary-dependent diseases, including cardiovascular, oncological, diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis, etc., that are the main causes of premature mortality of the population of economically developed countries, including Russia. This is due, among other things, to the low level of knowledge of the population about the principles of healthy nutrition. In order to eliminate the existing gap in the competence of the population on healthy nutrition, the Centre for Hygienic education of the population of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, as a part of the implementation of the federal project ‘Formation of a system of motivation of citizens to a healthy lifestyle, including healthy nutrition and rejection of bad habits' (‘Strengthening the Public Health'), which is a part of the national project ‘Demography', conducts systematic activities aimed at creating and maintaining an information and educational environment.

Introduction. Historical analysis is extremely important in assessing the development and achievements of scientific schools and scientific centres. This is especially true concerning research centres operated continuously from the end of the 19th century to almost the first quarter of the 21st century, which include the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene (FSCH), named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results, achievements and prospects for further development of the FSCH as the head multidisciplinary scientific institution of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). Materials and methods. Expert-analytical, historical research has been carried out. Analysis materials include the main results of the centre’s activities in the historical aspect, scientific achievements of the last quarter of a century, plans, directions for ensuring the scientific and technological development of the country in the field of hygiene and health protection, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the country’s population. Results. The main stages of the formation and development of the FSCH are associated with scientific and technological revolutions, technical progress, the development of all sectors of the national economy. The results of scientific research have made it possible to establish the nature and extent of the impact of environmental factors, industrial and educational environment on the health of various groups of the population. At the turn of the century, the FSCH got involved in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies hazard assessment. Fundamental studies of the FSCH made it possible to reveal the modern mechanisms of the formation of biocenoses of the environment of new innovative complexes with an assessment of the health risk, to establish the effect of the components of the formulations on the mutagenicity of pesticides. An assessment of the risk to the population due to the complex intake of pesticides into the body is also given. FSCH effectively participates in the implementation of national projects “Demography”, “Ecology”, “Clean Air”. Conclusion. FSCH contributed to the provision of scientific and technological development of the country and the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of various population groups. The development of the FSCH is associated with participation in the implementation of fundamental and exploratory research approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, sectoral research programs of Rospotrebnadzor, national projects “Demography”, “Ecology”, “Clean Air”, events of the Decade of Childhood (2018-2027). Contribution: Rakitskii V.N. — a collection of literature data, writing a text; Kuz’min S.V. — a collection of literature data, writing a text; Kuchma V.R. — a collection of literature data, writing a text; Popova A.Yu. — processing of material; Onishchenko G.G. — processing of material. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

In connection with the epidemic of a novel coronavirus infection, all schools in the Russian Federation in the spring of 2020 were forced to switch to remote work.Aim. To analyze key publications on: the organization of the educational process in the context of distance learning; life and well-being of participants in the educational process in conditions of lockdown; medical and social approaches to reduce the negative consequences of lockdown for children and adolescents during distance learning. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and international scientific publications and recommendations found using the search engines Scopus, Pubmed, the Russian Science Citation Index and by manual search on the resources of WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).Results. The closure of educational institutions is a risk of reducing the quality of education. In 2020, with the closure of Russian schools, the educational process was not stopped due to distance learning using digital technologies. The article examines the history of the emergence of online distance learning, presents the results of research carried out by scientific organizations and universities in order to study the features of the organization of the educational process in conditions of distance learning, the life of participants in the educational process in schools, and their well-being in lockdown. To reduce the negative consequences of lockdown on children and adolescents and distance learning, medical and social approaches have been analyzed and substantiated.Conclusion. The solution of problems related to distance education can be realized in the course of scientific and methodological support and examination of the experiment on the implementation in 14 constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the target model of the digital educational environment in the field of general and secondary vocational education, planned in Russia in 2020–2022. For this, the Russian Academy of Sciences, represented by the Department of Medical Sciences and the Section of Preventive Medicine, the Ministry of Health of Russia, and Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) have to be participants.

The main trend of modern economic turnover and development is the global digitalization of all spheres and industries of the economy. For this reason new types of economic relations arise within their boundaries. The article examines the current situation and prospects for the development of legal regulation of Internet relations in the context of economic development. A number of problematic issues of the legal nature of individual objects of the economic rights that exist in a virtual (digital) format are analyzed. The issues of legal regulation of relations in the structure of which there is the so-called virtual element in a particular digital / virtual object are specifically analyzed. Special attention is paid to virtual assets, computer programs and software, artificial intelligence and the concept of the “Internet of Things”, etc. Emphasis is placed on the need for legislative consolidation of the concepts of virtual property and virtual objects, as well as objects with hybrid cyber-physical nature and their subsequent inclusion in the list of property in the economy of the business sector. Basic approaches to legal regulation of robotics based on artificial intelligence have been established. It is determined that the possibility of achieving a synergistic effect in the legal regulation of relations with virtual objects makes it necessary to make appropriate additions to the provisions of the Economic and Civil codes of Ukraine, as well as modernization of legislation in the field of intellectual property and innovation activities, investment legislation, legislation on property and property rights assessment, e-commerce, foreign economic activity on the Internet, protection of consumer rights of digital goods, etc. When adding and formulating these provisions into national legislation it should be taken into consideration the basis for international legal regulation of these issues submitted by acts of soft law, which are of a recommendatory nature. (These are the recommendations on artificial intelligence developed by the ETO-T Y.2060 (06/2012) Economic Telecommunication Organization “Overview of the Internet of things”). REFERENCES 1. Proekt Zakonu Ukrainy pro stymuliuvannia rozvytku tsyfrovoi ekonomiky v Ukraini (doopratsovanyi) reiestr.No. 4303 vid 17.03.2021. Ofitsiinyi sait Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70298 [in Ukrainian].2. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 No. 435-IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. No. 40-44. Art. 356 [in Ukrainian].3. Hospodarskyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 No. 436-IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. No. 18,No. 19-20, No. 21-22. Art. 144 [in Ukrainian].4. Nekit K.H. Virtualna vlasnist: poniattia ta sutnist. Pravo i suspilstvo. 2019. No. 2. P. 37-42 [in Ukrainian].5. Maidanyk L. Virtualnyi obiekt yak vyklyk dlia klasychnykh pidkhodiv u rechovomu pravi. Pravo ta innovatsii. 2019. No. 2. P. 59-63. [in Ukrainian].6. Kolosov V. Pryroda prav na domennoe ymia. Vadym.Kolosov. URL: https://kolosov.info/kommentarii/priroda-pravna-domennoe-imya [in Russian].7. Tkachuk O. Statutnyi kapital i kryptovaliuta. Elektronne vydannia “Iuryst&Zakon”. URL: https://uz.ligazakon.ua/ua/magazine_article/EA010798 [in Ukrainian].8. Tarasenko L. Internet-sait yak obiekt IT prava. TS&Partners. URL: http://tspartners.lviv.ua/articles/internet-sajtjak-objekt-it-prava [in Ukrainian].9. Rekomendacija MSJe-T Y.2060 (06/2021) “Global’naja informacionnaja infrastruktura, aspekty protokola Intenet i seti posledujushhih pokolenij”. Zheneva: Mezhdunarodnyj sojuz jelektrosvjazi, 2014. 16 p. [in Russian].10. Filipova I.A. Pravovoe regulirovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta: uchebnoe posobie. Nizhnij Novgorod: Nizhegorodskij gosuniversitet, 2020. 90 p. [in Russian].11. Mnogostoronnee sotrudnichestvo v oblasti regulirovanija ispol’zovanija tehnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta. Red. N.S. Degtjarjov. Moscow: PIR-Press, 2021. 30 p. [in Russian].

The purpose of the study — to identify the factors contributing to the spread of the novel coronavirus infection within the territory of the Republic of Moldova and to develop measures aimed at their elimination.Materials and methods. In May 2020, experts of Rospotrebnadzor (the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing), together with leading employees of institutions participating in planning and implementing measures aimed at prevention of COVID-19 spread, conducted a detailed analysis of epidemic control and curative measures in 10 healthcare organizations in the Republic of Moldova. They assessed the effectiveness of the undertaken actions in in-patient facilities, in laboratories, and in the country in general.Results. The existing approaches to treatment of patients with COVID-19 and to laboratory diagnostics were in line with the common practices; the adequacy of measures was evidenced by the hospital bed capacity and the stock of artificial lung ventilation machines. In the meantime, the experts came across the factors that obviously contributed to the infection spread. Their elimination could intercept some paths of infection and improve the situation.Conclusion. The analysis of the current measures and their results is important for planning and implementing actions aimed at improvement of the epidemic situation in different regions. The collaborative efforts helped slow down the outbreak in the Bender psychoneurological residential facility; outbreaks were prevented in other limited-access institutions; the incidence among healthcare workers decreased; the daily number of new COVID-19 cases decreased to 0–5 during the summer months in the Dniestrian Moldovan Republic. Presently, there is a clear picture of approaches that should be taken to decrease the incidence. Most likely, the experience obtained in the fight against the novel coronavirus infection will be of great use in future if any new variants of viruses emerge.

Introduction. The problematic environmental situation in the industrialized territories requires precise management decisions to ensure the excellent quality of atmospheric air to protect public health. Information on the atmospheric air quality is based on data from various monitoring systems: socio- hygienic, environmental, production control, as well as the results of control measures carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (Rosprirodnadzor)). Materials and methods. The analysis of normative permissible emissions, sanitary protection zones projects, the results of socio-hygienic and environmental monitoring, production control, as well as carried out own laboratory, and instrumental laboratory studies of 130 samples of atmospheric air in the sanitary protection zone of the chemical industry enterprise and the nearest residential area. The research was based on the North-West Public Health Research Centre and the chemical-analytical centre “Arbitrage”, D.I. Mendeleev Research Institute for metrology. Results. According to various monitoring systems and the results of own research, on the territory of residential buildings, the concentrations of pollutants did not exceed the MАC, mainly corresponded to the design values. However, the ammonia content in the atmospheric air on the territory of the nearest building to the enterprise exceeded the calculated design values by three times. At the border of the industrial site of the enterprise for ammonia and diPhosphorpentaoxide, concentrations comparable to the MАC were recorded, while hydrochloric acid and gaseous fluorides were not detected either at the border of the industrial site or in the nearest residential development. Conclusions. The programs of air quality control monitoring are based on the research and analysis of the project documentation. The developed scheme for monitoring atmospheric air can be applied to assess atmospheric air quality in areas around mineral fertilizer production enterprises. Contribution: Gorbanev S.A. — the concept and design of the study; Markova O.L. — collection and processing of materials, writing text; Yeremin G.B. — the concept and design of the study, writing text, editing; Mozzhukhina N.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing; Kopytenkova O.I. — writing text, editing; Karelin A.O. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Тадбиркорлик фаолияти истеъмолчилар ҳуқуқларини таъминлаш билан бевосита боғлиқ. Тадбиркорлик фаолиятини амалга оширишда истеъмолчи, тадбиркор ва давлат манфаатларини мувозанатини таъминлаш, ижти-моий аҳамиятга эга бозор субъектларининг қонунга зид ҳаракатлари юзасидан истеъмолчи ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилишнинг мақбул ва соддалаштирилган тартибини белги-лаш лозим бўлади. Бу эса ўз навбатида, тадбиркорлик кодексини ишлаб чиқишда тадбиркорлик фаолиятини амалга оширувчи субъектлар томонидан истеъмолчига тўғри ва ишончли маълумот тақдим этишни ҳамда айнан қандай маълумотлар нотўғри маълумотлар экканлигига баҳо берувчи муайян мезонлар мавжуд бўлишини тақозо этади. Агар тадбиркор ва истеъмолчи манфаатларини тўқнашуви вужудга келса Ўзбекистон Республикаси Конституциясининг 53-моддасида назарда тутилган истеъмолчиларнинг ҳуқуқи устунлиги ҳисобга олиниши лозим. Шу сабабли товар ишлаб чиқариш, хизмат кўрсатиш ва иш бажаришда тадбиркорлик субъекти истеъмолчи-ларнинг ҳуқуқлари устунлигини инобатга олиб фаолият юритиши тақозо этилади. Юқоридан келиб чиқиб, тадбиркорлик қонунчилигини кодификациялашда истеъмолчи ҳуқуқларини таъминлаш ва ҳимоя қилишнинг устувор қоидалари белгиланиши ҳамда тадбиркорлик фаолиятини амалга ошириш шарт-ларидан бири сифатида истеъмолчи манфаатларини таъминлаш назарда тутилиши зарур..

Legal liability plays a special role in ensuring consumer rights. Violation of the consumer's right to quality goods, works and services or failure to provide relevant information or violation of other consumer rights entails certain liability to the manufacturer, seller, service provider and contractor.Of the types of legal liability, only civil liability directly serves the interests of the consumer and is aimed at restoring his violated rights. Therefore, it is important to determine the scope of civil liability for violation of consumer rights, to study the prospects for taking appropriate measures to ensure consumer rights in modern conditions of expanding remote and online forms of trade and services. In addition, in addition to traditional measures of civil liability in the protection of consumer rights, it is important to scientifically and practically analyze the possibility of implementing the obligation, applying alternative measures of liability

Introduction. The test for the induction of reverse gene mutations (Ames test, OECD* guideline No. 471) is one of the most popular methods for assessing mutagenicity due to its ease of execution and the ability to detect up to 70-80% of substances with carcinogenic activity. The experimental protocol requires a minimum amount of test substance and standard microbiological laboratory equipment. To obtain the primary data, several days from the start of the experiment are required. Despite the existence of publications devoted to the detailed description of the standard Ames test protocol, there is a gap affecting a number of aspects of the procedure for confirming the competence of a testing center using this method in its practice. Materials and methods. When preparing this article, we used the literature data published in domestic and foreign literature over the past 20 years concerning experimental approaches to the implementation of the Ames test. The literature search was carried out in the Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, RSCI databases. Results. In the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing the method for assessing the bacterial reverse mutation has found application in assessing the safety of technical products of pesticides, their mixtures and preparative forms, as well as in the examination of equivalence. Testing laboratory center on the basis of the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing is accredited for compliance with the state standard GOST ISO / IEC 17025-2019 ”General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.“ In this article, based on new published data and our own practical experience, a number of necessary conditions are considered for demonstrating the competence of a testing laboratory using the test for the induction of reverse gene mutations in its practice, its ability to obtain reliable results and take actions to manage the risks of laboratory activities. The main attention is paid to ensuring such parameters of the test quality as indicator cultures, metabolic activation system, control of the background of spontaneous mutation, etc. Conclusion. The discussed practical issues can be useful for specialists from research laboratories planning to introduce this method into practice.

O artigo versa sobre a efetividade do direito do consumidor face às ofertas que são veiculadas com erro grosseiro no preço dos produtos ou serviços. Neste sentido, a pesquisa discorre a respeito do direito do consumidor, das relações de consumo, e se a oferta deve ou não ser cumprida em favor do consumidor da mesma forma como foi publicada, mesmo que dotada de erro. Na pesquisa, foi adotado o caráter dogmático instrumental, que buscou analisar dados através de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, além da legislação consumerista, sendo apontados os principais dispositivos legais acerca do tema, assim como os princípios norteadores do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Foi realizada abrangente análise de jurisprudências, com o intuito de averiguar o entendimento dos Tribunais de Justiça sobre o problema, foi observado que não há entendimento predominante a favor ou contra a pretensão do consumidor. Destarte, pode-se notar que para elucidar o tema é necessário analisar o caso em concreto, tendo como norte os princípios de defesa ao consumidor, principalmente o princípio da boa-fé e o princípio da vulnerabilidade, acompanhar as decisões e fundamentos dos Tribunais, bem como a legislação pertinente.

Scientific and consumer interest in healthy foods (also known as functional foods), nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals has increased in the recent years, leading to an increased presence of these products in the market. However, the regulations across different countries that define the type of claims that may be made, and the degree of evidence required to support these claims, are rather inconsistent. Moreover, there is also controversy on the effectiveness and biological mode of action of many of these products, which should undergo an exhaustive approval process to guarantee the consumer rights. Computational approaches constitute invaluable tools to facilitate the discovery of bioactive molecules and provide biological plausibility on the mode of action of these products. Indeed, methodologies like QSAR, docking or molecular dynamics have been used in drug discovery protocols for decades and can now aid in the discovery of bioactive food components. Thanks to these approaches, it is possible to search for new functions in food constituents, which may be part of our daily diet, and help to prevent disorders like diabetes, hypercholesterolemia or obesity. In the present manuscript, computational studies applied to this field are reviewed to illustrate the potential of these approaches to guide the first screening steps and the mechanistic studies of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and functional foods., We gratefully acknowledged the financial support of the Agencia Valenciana de la Investigación (AVI, https://innoavi.es/en/) by its program Innodocto (Reference number INNTAL32/19/002). SJB acknowledges the funding assistance from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 893810.

В обзорной статье показывается генезис, текущее состояние и перспективы развития российской практики реструктуризации ипотечных жилищных кредитов заемщиков, попавших в сложную жизненную ситуацию. Показано, что большая часть мер защиты изначально вводилась реактивно – в ответ на возникшие на рынке неблагоприятные тенденции, а некоторые меры не получили своего развития в силу слабой законодательной проработки. Названы причины и последствия вывода сложных в обслуживании ипотечных кредитов в нерегулируемый сектор. На основе современной теории кредита, анализе отечественной практики, распространенных в мире методик защиты прав потребителей финансовых услуг констатируется переход к поведенческому надзору со стороны Банка России и даются рекомендации по развитию механизмов защиты прав потребителей в ипотечном кредитовании в России.

The article deals with the legal support of consumer rights protection in the tourism sector. It is established that the protection of tourism services consumers is becoming increasingly important for society. Consequently, this factor results in strong need for regulations in the tourism sector, aimed at protecting the consumer rights that directly affect their quality of life, play the role of a regulator in the tourism sector, determining the satisfaction of the real needs of tourists in the context of constantly increasing service standards. It is proved that the legislative and institutional system of protection of tourism services consumers is a complex mechanism for promoting and consolidating loyal competition in the market, which is a decisive factor for reducing corruption, having a positive effect on the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of tourism services consumers.

Given the rapid growth and emerging trend of e-commerce have changed consumer preferences to buy online, this study analyzes the current Indian legal framework that protects online consumers’ interests. A thorough analysis of the two newly enacted laws, i.e., the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020 and literature review support analysis of 290 online consumers answering the research questions and achieving research objectives. The significant findings are that a secure and reliable system is essential for e-business firms to work successfully; cash on delivery is the priority option for online shopping; website information and effective customer care services build a customer's trust. The new regulations are arguably strong enough to protect and safeguard online consumers' rights and boost India’s e-commerce growth. Besides factors such as security, privacy, warranty, customer service, and website information, laws governing consumer rights protection in e-commerce influence customers’ trust. Growing e-commerce looks promising with a robust legal framework and consumer protection measures. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge on e-commerce and consumer rights protection by elucidating the key factors that affect customer trust and loyalty and offering an informative perspective on e-consumer protection in the Indian context with broader implications.

For almost three years, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has been granting citizens of the European Union the right to obtain personal data from companies and to transfer these data to another company. The so-called Right to Data Portability (RtDP) promises to significantly reduce switching costs for consumers in digital service markets, provided that its potential is effectively translated into reality. Thus, of all the consumer rights in the GDPR, the RtDP has the potential to be the one with the most significant implications for digital markets and privacy. However, our research shows that the RtDP is barely known among consumers and can currently only be implemented in a fragmented manner—especially with regard to the direct transfer of data between online service providers. We discuss several ways to improve the implementation of this right in the present article.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por propósito abordar lo que algunas sentencias de nuestros tribunales han denominado publicidad errónea con el objetivo de dilucidar si, efectivamente, nos encontramos ante una nueva categoría publicitaria o, por el contrario, ella constituye la faz negativa de la publicidad engañosa. El método utilizado ha consistido en revisar las sentencias de las Cortes de Apelaciones de Santiago que han aludido a ella entre los años 2015 al 2018, analizándolas desde una perspectiva crítica, a partir de la excusabilidad del error del proveedor y de la recognoscibilidad de este por parte del consumidor, constatando que no nos encontramos ante una especie de publicidad distinta de la engañosa y que el recurso a ella es innecesario, cuestión que incide en el ámbito de aplicación de la Ley n.° 19496 sobre Protección de Derechos de los Consumidores, toda vez que existiendo error del proveedor, reconocido por el consumidor, no hay confianza que proteger, debiendo retornarse al derecho civil.

In this paper the author analyses the possible convergences and divergences of two current legislative proposals of the European Commission: the Portability Regulation and the Digital Content Directive. Both proposals address the issue of access to digital content from different perspectives and complement each other, although they use different legal terminology and in some respects have a different scope of application in the question of cross-border portability of the digital content provided for monetary counter performance to consumers. The Portability Regulation focuses on the cross-border portability of digital content [Art. 3 (1) Portability Regulation), while the Digital Content Directive specifies the consumer rights related to the distribution of digital content and subsumes the accessibility of digital content under the concept of “conformity of the digital content with the contract” [Art. 6 (1), (2) Digital Content Directive). The author aims to answer whether a consumer who is not allowed to use the digital content in EU Member States besides the Member State of his residence will be entitled to pursue claims arising from the non-conformity of the digital content with the contract.

Considering the global spread of the use of modern technologies, the Internet is increasingly gaining popularity as a platform for trading. That is why the need to protect consumer rights when buying goods via the Internet keeps growing. In particular, the author considers the problem of implementing consumer rights when purchasing goods in online stores in Ukraine and Moldova. The study showed that Ukraine and Moldova are gaining huge rates of development in the internet trade sector, which is further intensified in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of lockdown. In this regard, the issue of compliance with consumer rights on the Internet is extremely relevant today. When studying the issue of consumer protection upon purchasing goods on the Internet, the author used a formal and logical method to determine the content of the main concepts, systematise the material, and obtain generalising conclusions within the framework of the subject matter. The comparative legal method helped identify trends and compare the legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of the Republic of Moldova in the context of consumer protection when purchasing goods on the Internet. According to the findings of the study, the legislative framework in the area of protecting the rights of consumers who purchase goods via the internet should be one of the priority areas of the world’s states. With regard to the legislation of Ukraine and Moldova in this area, it should be noted that given that Ukraine and Moldova have European integration aspirations, which in particular is reflected in the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU (European Union) of 2014, as well as the Association Agreement between Moldova and the EU of 2014, and the commitments made by these states to bring the legislation into line with the EU acquis, it is important to harmonise national legislation with EU standards in this area. In addition, the adoption of the concept of protecting the rights of consumers who purchase via the Internet is also important for Ukraine. © 2021, National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. All rights reserved.

The present research paper is focused on the protection of consumer rights during COVID-19 pandemic.Consumer is the king of market but locked at home due to COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions on consumer has hampered all economic activities of the country. Nationwide lockdown in India has created challenges before the consumer. In this attempt is made to understand how the rights of the consume is effected during the lockdown.The study will guide and suggest plan of action to maintain and protect the consumer rights. It is researched based article concerned to better understand the normal rights of the consumer. The study is undertaken during lockdown period to understand the consumer protection system.If consumer is satisfied it helps to maintain the law and order in the country and develop the cooperative attitude among the society. Attempt is made to simplify topic for better administration of the pandemic situation arisen due to COVID-19.This article will help to create awareness among society towards consumer protection. Satisfied consumer assists to develop hands in hands for efficient administration and fight the pandemic situation.The role of government in protecting the consumer rights during lockdown period is remarkable. Attempts were made to measure the experience of the students related to unfair and restricted trade practices.Every consumer is expecting to enjoy their rights but during pandemic it is more realistic to renounce their rights to combat coronavirus.

The Manual of consumer law applied to banking services is a modern and pedagogical work on the subject of consumer rights in their different aspects. and pedagogical work on the subject of consumer rights in their relations with the banking market. relations with the banking market. The reader will note with interest that its main objective is to provide a clear and detailed understanding - thanks to the precision with which it has been written - of the banking activity in its relations with the banking market. the banking activity in its relationship with the client within the financial system, and the with the client within the financial system, as well as the protection that should be provided to the consumer. protection that must be provided to the consumer.

This article discusses consumer rights in jurisprudential sources. Ways to use these resources in the protection of consumer rights are indicated.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to make a case for the recognition of privacy and personal data protection as species of consumer rights in Nigeria in line with the revised United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (UNGCP) by amending existing laws or enacting a new law to provide for personal data protection regime for consumers. Methodology/Approach/Design – The study follows a structured review of relevant extant legislation on consumer protection and personal data protection, namely the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018 (FCCPA) and the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation 2019 (NDPR). Findings – The paper identifies that the provisions of Nigeria’s foremost consumer protection legislation, FCCPA, does cover electronic commerce (e-commerce) or consumer privacy and personal data protection while the NDPR, subsidiary legislation on personal data protection, which is yet to be effectively implemented is too general as to provide the consumers the much-needed privacy protection in their dealings with businesses. Practical Implications–Given the importance Recognition of data privacy and personal data protection as a species of consumer rights helps in understanding consumer protection in online transactions and opens opportunities for future research on consumer privacy and data protection. Originality/Value – Given the importance attached to the protection of consumer privacy and the various ramifications of transactions involving exposure of consumers’ personal data, recognition of privacy consumers’ rights to privacy is vital in consolidating knowledge of consumer rights and identifying paths for future research.

Introduction. Interaction between different government sectors and society on the issues of public health and health promotion is not often sustainable. It has mostly a piecemeal and declarative approach. The aspects of this interaction are both not scientifically founded and adequately fixed in the legislation The aim of the study is to establish scientific rationale and to develop proposals for changes to the law that governs cross-sectoral collaboration on the issues of public health. Material and methods. A review and analysis of scientific literature and current federal and regional laws that govern healthcare industry tools and strategies were conducted. The study was undertaken in the Saratov region, which is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, to study the following aspects of health care industry in the region: socioeconomic impact of the region on medical and social programs; health promotion activities of legislative and executive branches of the government, cross-sectoral Coordinating Councils, the department of Rospotrebnadzor (Federal Service for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare), and the Center for Medical Preventive Measures. Health status and life style, preventive medical measures at 92 organizations, the results of anonymous questionnaire survey of more than 10,000 respondents (general public, healthcare industry officials, experts) were also analyzed. The obtained results have provided the underlying rationale for proposing changes to the legislation managing public health. Results. Technique for optimization of cross-sectoral collaboration for assessment of health promotion activities has been developed and tested. This technique is based on the impact of 23 identified sectors on both the determinants of health (37 of them were established) and the simple and complex informative vectors of computer-controlled system of assessment of health promotion activities and other results of the study. The technique was instrumental in proposing changes to the law, which governs the issues of public health. The changes proposed concern the determination of health promotion, its guidelines, organizational principles, assessment, and quality control. Conclusion. The study results provide the authors with the possibility to scientifically substantiate the necessity in making changes to the current legislation managing public health and developing improvement proposals.

This study is divided into two parts. The first part analyzes the rationale for choice of court agreements, the roles they play in international contracts, and the difficulties arising when recognizing them in agreements between parties with unequal bargaining power, specifically in international consumer contracts. The second part analyses the national rules of international jurisdiction applicable to these contracts. Bearing this in mind, first, the current state of the discussion about their validity in Chile is explained; then the effect in this discussion of applying the provisions of Law No. 19.496 - on consumer rights protection (LPDC by its Spanish acronym), is studied. The international interpretation of the rules of jurisdiction set forth by this law, and the control it provides over abusive terms in consumer contracts are studied as possible solutions to stablish the validity of these contracts. The foregoing, in order to seek a solution that harmonizes, both, the purposes of international consumer protection and to recognize the international nature of their consumer relationship, which allows to consider these contracts as valid if some specific requirements are met.

Introduction : The article analyzes the course of scientific research that led to the discovery of tick-borne ( Amarillovirales : Flaviviridae , Flavivirus ) and Japanese ( Amarillovirales : Flaviviridae , Flavivirus ) encephalitis viruses and further formulation of the basic principles of functioning of natural foci of vector-borne infections. Materials and methods : We did a literature search in the State Archive of the Primorsky Krai, the Vladivostok City Archive, the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer, and Google Scholar databases. Results : In the late 1930s, the Ussuri taiga became a “cradle” of the concept of natural focality first formulated by Academician Yevgeny N. Pavlovsky in 1939. Originally encompassing vector-borne infectious diseases this concept was later expanded to include non-vector-borne infections and sapronoses. A great contribution to the meaningful evolution of the theory of sapronoses was made by Academician Georgy P. Somov (Vladivostok). Conclusion : Establishment in May 1941 of a predecessor of the modern Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after G.P. Somovbelonging to the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing became one of the elements of consistent strengthening of the biological security of the country in the Far East.

Background: The Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after G.P. Somov (1917–2009), D.M.Sc., Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, an outstanding Soviet and Russian epidemiologist and microbiologist, was founded in May 1941. Over the past 80 years, the institute has played an important role in the socio-economic development of Primorye by ensuring biological safety in the south of the Far East known for its Russian largest foci of natural focal infections. The purpose of this review is to describe the milestones of the development and eighty years of activities of Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, intertwining with the history of Russian health care and medical science. A new stage in the development of the institute began in September 2020 when, by Order of the Russian Government No. 2276-r of September 7, 2020, the Institute was included in the structure of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). Materials and methods: We have searched for appropriate data for 1928–2020 in the archives of the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, State Archives of the Primorsky Krai and the city of Vladivostok, as well as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer, and Google Scholar databases. We have also made use of plans and reports of research work, minutes of the Academic Council, orders, and records of the Personnel Department. Results: The article describes the role of the Institute in the development of domestic epidemiology, its cooperation with the sanitary and epidemiological service of the Primorsky Krai, and the main achievements of fundamental and applied studies conducted in order to ensure sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation. It also presents biographical information about leading scientists of the Institute, their participation in the development of theoretical and practical aspects of epidemiology, microbiology, and immunology. The article reflects the main short and long-term trends in the development of the Institute including its restructuring and appropriate adjustment of research plans. Conclusions: Entering a new phase of its development with a solid baggage of knowledge and experience, the Institute plans to develop promising research appropriate to the goals of the Concept of Scientific Support for Rospotrebnadzor Bodies and Organizations until 2025 within the framework of the new sectoral program “Scientific Support for Epidemiological Surveillance and Sanitary Protection of the Territory of the Russian Federation”. The tasks set by the Institute are aimed at strengthening its position as one of the key elements of scientific support for biological security in the south of the Russian Far East.

The emerging technological prospects affected many aspects, including consumer protection. The creation of data and computer-driven innovation would derive several advantages for consumers. Innovative products and services and new ways in which goods and services are developed and delivered. This paper aims to analyse how Indonesian legal policy on protection consumer rights in the digital era. The paper emphasized that it would advise against believing that policy is unreasonably permitted to give way to the technological agenda, whilst accepting that adaptations should be made and also that there should be a critical review of whether existing forms of regulation are needed in the digital economy of Indonesia. Regulations concerning to the protecting consumer rights in the world of e-commerce are still worrying even though many sectoral regulations have been promulgated, as well as weak supervision and lack of strict law enforcement in resolving consumer disputes. Trade regulation via the internet still raises many conceptual or theoretical questions that indicate the need to develop more detailed conceptual and theoretical explanations to the need for more complex laws and regulations to be able to protect consumers properly. More than that, national regulations are dealing with the context of trade through the internet, which transcends national boundaries without always being controlled through conventional means.

Introduction. Healthcare practitioners are at increased risk of infection with infectious diseases, including the inhalation route. Healthcare practitioners use respirators of various designs providing different efficiency of protection. The purpose of the study was to improve efficiency of the respiratory protection of the healthcare practitioners in Russian Federation. There were analyzed available NIOSH publications, articles in journals Taylor & Francis, Oxford University Press, published materials of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), and western training manuals. Differences in the requirements of the legislation were identified that increase the risk of infection in healthcare practitioners. There are no methods for assessing the risk level, and there are no specific requirements for selecting the respirator’s type that corresponds to the risk level. The employer is not obliged to provide the fit test for all employees. The respirator must be used timely, so it should not negatively affect the worker. But the average carbon dioxide concentration can exceed the STEL by more than two times. The certification requirements for respirators do not correspond to the conditions of their use in the hospitals. Respirators were not certified as means of protection against bioaerosols. Conclusions. Identified shortcomings in the respiratory safety of health care workers show possible ways to improve their protection by harmonizing national legislation with the best of existing Western requirements.

Relevance. Occupational health (factory medicine) as applied medical science provides sanitary inspection practice with theoretical generalizations for rational holding and increase in efficiency of control (supervising) actions. Currently, oil processing and petrochemical plants showed scientific and technical progress with the implementation of new technologies and automation of production, toughening of requirements of industrial safety, and labor protection. But this industry still represents technically difficult huge complexes of the fire and explosion hazardous equipment with harmful intensive chemical and noise effects on the environment and in the first turn, on the workers. Among objects of sanitary inspection in any region of the enterprise, oil processing and petrochemistry Relevance. Occupational health (factory medicine) as applied medical science provides sanitary inspection practice with theoretical generalizations for rational holding and increase in efficiency of control (supervising) actions. Currently, oil processing and petrochemical plants showed scientific and technical progress with the implementation of new technologies and automation of production, toughening of requirements of industrial safety, and labor protection. But this industry still represents technically difficult huge complexes of the fire and explosion hazardous equipment with harmful intensive chemical and noise effects on the environment and in the first turn, on the workers. Among objects of sanitary inspection in any region of the enterprise, oil processing and petrochemistry represent various conglomerates of the main, the auxiliary and providing production of the demanding special receptions in the analysis and preventions of their harm and danger not only to workers, but also to the population. Aim of the study. To analyze existing hygienic characteristics and requirements to factors of the production environment and work, for the modem enterprises of oil processing and petrochemistry in control (supervising) actions for the increase in efficiency of the leading function of service for managing and supervision in ensuring sanitary and epidemiologic wellbeing of the population of the Russian Federation, consumer protection and rendering the methodical help to practical employees of service. Conclusions. The most relevant documents are selected and literature sources are listed to optimize the leading function of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Field of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being for control and supervision in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation and consumer rights protection. various conglomerates of the main, the auxiliary and providing production of the demanding special receptions in the analysis and preventions of their harm and danger not only to workers, but also to the population. Aim of the study. To analyze existing hygienic characteristics and requirements to factors of the production environment and work, for the modem enterprises of oil processing and petrochemistry in control (supervising) actions for the increase in efficiency of the leading function of service for managing and supervision in ensuring sanitary and epidemiologic wellbeing of the population of the Russian Federation, consumer protection and rendering the methodical help to practical employees of service. Conclusions. The most relevant documents are selected and literature sources are listed to optimize the leading function of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Field of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being for control and supervision in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation and consumer rights protection.

The article examines the development of legal regulation of consumer rights in the basic legislation of the USSR and modern Ukraine. This was achieved through the definition of basic consumer rights in the global sense given to Consumer International and acts of International Law, as well as in the Constitution of Ukraine. The list of basic acts in this area in the modern period was supplemented by the Economic Code of Ukraine. In the context of consumer protection, this is justified by the fact that in contrast to the rules of Civil Law aimed at legal regulation of the general rights of consumers without taking into account the individual characteristics of consumers in the market, economic legislation aims to take into account such features. Possible violation of consumer rights and settlement of issues not regulated by private law. There are four main periods of development of law in this area. The period of origin of legal regulation (from 1922 to 1963) can be described as a period in which the rules of law were mainly aimed at protecting the interests of the seller, his counterparty was actually determined by the buyer-enterprise, the consumer in such legal relations was almost not taken into account. In contracts of sale performed functions uncharacteristic of it of the act of the economic legislation. The period of improvement of legal regulation (from 1963 to 1991) is characterized as economic-civil. During this period, there are legal norms for buyers (organizations) and buyers (individuals). Consumer rights and mechanisms for their implementation in this period are expanded, improved and concretized (with some rules and definitions were better than modern counterparts). The period of legitimization and development of legal regulation (from 1991 to 2014) can be defined as the period in which the formation of the main basic regulations in the field of consumer protection of Ukraine. But in the legal field the boundaries and the order of their legal application and interaction were not properly regulated. The current period of legal regulation (since 2014) is characterized by the proclaimed European integration aspirations of Ukraine. Despite the incompleteness of the period, its main trends show that these aspirations in the field of consumer protection remain declarations. Much more often under the "mask" of adaptation to the norms of European Law there are directly opposite processes. Basically, it can be described as a period of stagnation. Also in the article, the shortcomings and advantages of regulating the basic rights of consumers in the basic acts of law at each historical stage were analyzed and the dynamics of transformation of certain legal norms was studied. In addition, the possibilities of im proving the definition of rights enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine were considered, the need to disclose the potential of the Economic Code of Ukraine in regulating consumer rights and their protection, as well as limited opportunities for regulation only within the Civil Code of Ukraine.

The article examines the idea of plain legal language as a standard in creating comprehensible and effective communication in legislative acts. It features plain legal language techniques and tools used to tackle the visual and linguistic layer of legal texts. Selected techniques were implemented to experimentally modify the Polish Consumer Rights Act of 30 May 2014. The document, transformed in the spirit of plain legal language, was then submitted for assessment to lawyers as well as individuals with no legal background. The article features the results of the experiment as well as conclusions which make it possible to say whether the “simplified” act is more comprehensible to an average reader, and to assess the cost of the changes introduced in the original provisions of the law.

Introduction: currently, retail sales contracts are widely used, under which technically sophisticated goods are transferred to the property, which form a special group of goods and have the specifics of the legal regulation. Meanwhile, there is no legal definition of a technically sophisticated good, and there are no regulatory criteria for this legal category. In this regard, the authors set the goal: to summarize the approaches developed by judicial practice on this issue, to identify what normative justification of technical sophistication is used when including goods in the List of technically sophisticated goods. Results: the importance of qualifying a product as technically sophisticated is investigated, the problems of qualifying goods as technically sophisticated are identified, and the reasons for determining the category of wireless devices equipped with a touch screen, two or more functions, and the absence of similar devices without a touch screen in the List of technically sophisticated products are established. Conclusions: based on the analysis of the legislation and the materials of judicial practice, the problems of applying the List of technically sophisticated goods and the ambiguity of the law enforcement are identified. Based on the results of the work, the authors have developed the practical proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation.

Problem statement. The introduction of judicial conciliation procedures in the arbitration, civil and administrative process in order to protect the rights of consumers of services can serve as a positive impetus to the development of civilized out-of-court dispute resolution. However, the corresponding norms of APC RF, CPC RF, the CAJ RF and the Regulation of judicial reconciliation includes a number of provisions that are subject to critical analysis. Special attention should be paid to the rules that establish requirements for candidates for judicial conciliators, in terms of the need for retired judges to conduct research activities, which can hardly be considered justified. Purpose and objectives of the study. To identify the essential features of the application of judicial reconciliation in the protection of the rights of consumers of services during the reform of the procedural legislation of the Russian Federation. Objectives of the study: to perform judicial reconciliation in the protection of the rights of consumers of services to identify deficiencies of legal regulation in the field of judicial reconciliation under the protection of the rights of consumers, to formulate separate proposals for reform of the law. Method of research. We used empirical methods of comparison, description, and interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; and historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. Results, brief conclusions. It is determined that the current Russian legislation in relation to the judicial process now provides for three types of conciliation procedures used to protect the rights of consumers of services: negotiations, mediation and judicial reconciliation. Mediation and judicial reconciliation, although separated by law, are not fundamentally different in nature. Although there are different requirements for mediators in these types of reconciliation, the appropriateness of such a separation is not sufficiently convincing. It is established that the requirements imposed on conciliators in combination with the powers vested in them can negatively affect the results of reconciliation to protect the rights of consumers of services. In this regard, it is proposed to amend the relevant procedural codes and the Rules of judicial reconciliation, which would eliminate the identified contradictions and shortcomings.

For the last couple of decades, consumer awareness and strict environmental policies create pressure on the corporate sector to adopt sustainable practices, reducing the harmful effect on environmental sustainability. This study aims to assess the procedures and significance of green practices in food supply chains. The study used internal environmental management (IEM), the greens information system (GIS), green manufacturing (GM), green design and packaging (GDP), and transportation (GT) as explanatory variables, while the data is gathered from 267 food processing firms located in China and Pakistan to test hypotheses through PLS-SEM modeling. The findings revealed that internal environmental management and green information systems are positively and strongly associated with adopting green supply chain practices. The results also show that green practices in the food supply chain have a significant role in increasing organizational performance. In last, the study has drawn policy implications and framework for governmental bodies, practicing managers, nutritional experts, and consumer rights activists. These policy implications will further promote green practices in the food processing industry to achieve 3Ps (people, profit, and the planet).

El presente trabajo se sustenta en una visión crítica acerca del uso de la imagen de las mujeres, niñas y adolescentes en la actividad publicitaria y la autorregulación de la publicidad sexista en Chile. Desde una óptica jurídico-normativa, se analiza el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos de las mujeres, en específico los instrumentos suscritos y ratificados por el país, así como la regulación nacional de la publicidad. Las autoras proponen, en pos de una tutela jurídica efectiva, la incorporación de un tipo infraccional a la Ley N° 19.496 que establece normas sobre protección de los derechos de los consumidores y la utilización de los procedimientos especiales para la protección de los intereses colectivos o difusos, entre otras prerrogativas en favor de las personas consumidoras.

Consumers' awareness in Indonesia in fighting for consumer rights is still relatively low, which can be seen from the Consumer Empowerment Index which is still lagging behind other European countries. Community service activities carried out in Gondangrejo Village, Windusari District, Magelang Regency are carried out by providing socialization and education about the importance of being a smart consumer who is aware of the rights and obligations of consumers. Rights and obligations are regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used in this activity is a Participatory Alternative Model which uses Environmental Scanning, through the author's method of building the ability to view programs on an ongoing basis through mapping of related stakeholders. The purpose of this service activity is the participation of the community as consumers so that consumers can fulfill their rights as consumers. On the other hand, the smart consumer group can increase the national consumer empowerment index.

Courts conceptualize and construct the phenomenon of consumer rights violations against older people in different ways. This qualitative analysis of court decisions explores the meanings that Israeli courts have attributed to the fact that the victim was an older consumer. Specific objectives include determining whether existing consumer protections for older consumers are effective, how the relevant provisions of consumer protection law are expressed in application of case law, and how courts structure the issue in their rulings. Analysis has revealed a tension between two judicial approaches: assumption of older consumers as inherently vulnerable and meriting special-class protection, versus application of general consumer protection law attending to actual plaintiffs’ or defendants’ characteristics. Critical reading of the judgments leads to construction and suggestion of a tiered approach to adjudicating consumer protection cases that protects the vulnerable older consumer without falling into a trap of unwarranted ageism.

Introduction: When ensuring preparedness of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to take anti-epidemic measures in order to respond to imported infections, including the novel coronavirus disease, appropriate training of healthcare workers, specialists of bodies and institutions of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and non-medical specialists was important. The objective of our work was to improve methodological support of inter-agency collaboration in implementing activities on sanitary protection of the territories at border patrol checkpoints. Materials and methods: We analyzed reports on interdepartmental drills at Russian border patrol highway checkpoints, including those conducted within the preparation for 2018 FIFA World Cup, and regulations on the aspects of interdepartmental drills at international border crossing points. Results: We assessed completeness of implementation, organizational structure, content, and methodological aspects of interdepartmental cooperation in the course of drills at highway checkpoints and proposed a unified approach to conducting training with account for realities of checkpoint functioning and requirements for ensuring biological safety. The article provides recommendations for conducting drills on anti-epidemic measures to be taken when identifying a suspected case of a highly hazardous communicable disease at border patrol checkpoints.

The paper raises a number of issues related to the analysis of the state of competition in commodity markets in modern conditions. In particular, the specifics of defining the market in relation to differentiated goods, multilateral markets and digital platforms, and innovative products are considered in detail. In the context of informatization and the dynamic development of the digital economy, big data is the most important resource ofmany large companies and, accordingly, there are many antitrust aspects of their use. The paper describes the role of big data in market analysis, including situations in which it can lead to anticompetitive harm, as well as its impact on consumer rights. The paper analyzes approaches to the state of competition in the market, taking into account such phenomena as the digital economy, network effects and big data. However, it is noted that at present, the most common is a full-fledged economic analysis, which weighs the positive and negative consequences actions of business entities in the market. The authors conclude that traditional market analysis tools are not always able to assess the state of competition properly. In addition, it is emphasized that in the absence of unequivocal answers to the challenges of the digital economy in the field of market analysis, there is a need for further scientific research on a number of problems in analyzing the state of competition in product markets.

The World Health Organization (WHO) included gaming disorders in International Classification of Disease-11th (ICD-11) on May 25, 2019. Since then, some academics and the gaming industry have continued to argue over the health system's response to online addictive behaviors. Under these circumstances, a framework involving groups representing various interests is needed to derive a reasonable solution to the dispute over the inclusion of gaming disorders in ICD-11. For this framework to work effectively, it is necessary to agree on consistent and advanced research findings that harms related to the excessive use of digital devices or content continue to occur empirically all over the world and that addictive use constitutes a primary addictive disorder. The problematic risk taking involving emerging technologies may include not only health risks from addictive use, but also more general harms associated with digital ethics and norms such as privacy and transparent money transactions. An understanding of a public health model of addiction is required to reduce harms associated with online addictive behavior that exist behind risk taking. Such harms are also mediated by excessive use, excessive money spending, and exposure to addictive content such as violence and pornography. Major stakeholders and their roles can be derived more effectively based on these conceptual models and parameters of harms. In conclusion, the context of the proposed stakeholder framework should be further optimized on the basis of two principles: (1) advocating consumer rights as a general and standard approach to digital products; and (2) protecting consumers' health from harms related to addictive behaviors.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the state regulation of credit relations in Ukraine and other countries of the world. Special attention is devoted to problems of protection of the rights of individuals-borrowers and the liability of financial institutions for violation of the terms of the loan agreements. The authors draw attention to the imperfection of the domestic state regulations in protecting the rights of consumers of financial services. On the basis of analysis of normative sources, concludes that in Ukraine the rights of borrowers is implemented using the General civil-law methods, such as payment of penalty and compensation for damages and contractual penalties. Provides that when the borrower relationship involved a natural person, are also considered statutory provisions of the legislation on protection of consumer rights. The majority of legal provisions contained in the same law and to establish penalties for the violation of consumer rights does not apply to the provision of financial services. It is concluded that in connection with the above, means of influence on the creditor in the contract there are only penalties provided for by the parties themselves. Due to the fact that today there is no possibility of application of the financial, administrative and criminal sanctions against credit institutions for violations of the rights of consumers of financial services, the authors made proposals on improving legislation in this sphere. In particular, it is proposed to determine the grounds and amount of payment of legal damages by a creditor for non-fulfillment of their obligations established by contract or by law; to develop the procedure and consequences of termination of the contract of consumer credit in connection with the failure of obligations of third parties (seller, executor). The necessity of regulatory consolidation of financial sanctions, administrative and criminal responsibility of managers of financial institutions for violation of credit services; the possibility of suspension, termination or revocation of appropriate licenses.

This community service activity discusses the introduction of the history of consumer protection in Islam, the argument for consumer protection, consumer rights, and consumer obligations. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide an introduction to consumer protection for recitation scholars in the village of Nusa Makmur. With the hope that participants can understand the rights and obligations of consumers and consumer protection.

The paper presents the system for protection of consumers' collective interests in the Republic of Serbia and its development perspectives. The paper relies on certain results of the research conducted at the Union University School of Law, as well as on specific comparative legal approaches. The Law on Consumer Protection introduced an administrative procedure for collective consumer protection. Contended arguments in favour of that change were efficiency and low costs of administrative procedure. In practice, administrative protection has proven to be more effective than judicial protection, but the effect of deterring traders from actions that violate consumer rights has not been fully achieved. In that sense, the existing system of protection of consumers' collective interests in Serbia can be improved by modifying certain administrative measures and by introducing specific forms of alternative dispute resolution in Serbian consumer legislation. The novelties brought by the Directive on Representative actions, whose adoption can be expected very soon, have also been presented in the paper.

Analysis of the current state of development of e-commerce in the world and in Ukraine will reveal the main trends in this area, prospects for development and threats that arise between all participants in relations in this area. The impact of e-commerce on the national economy as a whole also extends to individual businesses. E-commerce is becoming a powerful engine of economic growth, a necessary basis for the transition of national economies to a qualitatively new level of development. The article explores and analyzes the concept of e-commerce, which includes relationships aimed at making a profit, carried out remotely using information and telecommunications systems. The necessity of scientific research of the declared subject is substantiated. The study of consumer safety among the most common violations of consumer rights revealed a lack of information about the business entity. The key problem of online stores is the high prices directly for the delivery of paid goods by the buyer. The impact of the decline in business activity in Ukraine due to the COVID-19 pandemic was emphasized, which led to a significant change in brand management strategies in a relatively short time. At the same time, analyzing the experience of previous crises, it was expected to increase the level of the shadow economy, because in conditions of significant uncertainty, businesses seek to reduce the risks of resource loss. The expected decrease in business and investment activity took place, losses in the economy increased significantly.