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Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bamboo, particularly Guadua Angustifolia cane, offers significant thermal benefits for construction in warm, humid climates and has been a key material in Ecuador for over 9500 years due to its low cost, versatility, and low thermal conductivity. In the coastal region, including the settlement of El Carmen, traditional architectural techniques have evolved to incorporate local materials like Guadua cane. A common method involves using crushed cane as wall cladding, where longitudinally split bamboo is applied, creating openings in the structure. These openings, often viewed as a construction defect, influence passive cooling systems. This study investigated the impact of these irregularities on indoor thermal comfort by documenting the construction systems and climatic conditions of the area. Computational models were reconstructed and tested through CFD simulations to assess thermal behavior. The findings highlight the thermal implications of the vernacular construction system, revealing how wall openings affect passive cooling strategies and overall indoor comfort in the housing typologies of El Carmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of low construction efficiency, difficult construction quality control and inadequate maintenance of traditional cast-in-situ tunnel invert structure, a fabricated invert structure and its construction technology are proposed. Considering the stress characteristics of the tunnel invert structure and the lifting conditions for construction and hoisting, a block scheme for the fabricated invert and filling structure is proposed. Based on the Hushan Tunnel of Linzi Linyi Expressway, this paper introduces in detail the structural type, component division and fabrication, as well as the construction technology of component assembly and connection of the fabricated inverted arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DBV Code of Practice Pre‐applied fully bonded membrane systems as regulated construction technique Pre‐applied fully bonded membrane systems (FBVS in German) are an innovative construction technique in the field of structural waterproofing that has found widespread use on the German market. The waterproofing effect of this construction technique is based on the watertight bonding of waterproof pre‐applied fully bonded membranes with the fresh concrete. The DBV Code of Practice "Pre‐applied fully bonded membrane systems" in the September 2023 version represents an important step towards a regulated construction technique. Over the next few years, it should develop into a generally recognised technical rule (aRdT in German) as a largely closed set of rules for this construction technique, its planning and execution as well as with specifications for quality assurance. It raises the FBVS construction technique to a new level of quality as an additive or compensating sealing measure in combination with waterproof concrete constructions in accordance with the DAfStb waterproof concrete constructions guideline. The safety of use of an FBVS is thus fundamentally improved for those involved in construction compared to the previous unregulated situation. The DBV Code of Practice can and should form the basis of waterproof concrete construction concepts, tenders and specifications as well as contractual agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging method in engineering construction, concrete 3D printing has experienced rapid development in recent years due to its advantages in terms of automation, digitization, and intelligence. In order to comprehensively understand the research progress of concrete 3D printing technology, the literature on concrete 3D printing technology published in the Web of Science core database from 2014 to 2023 is used as a data source, and the visualization tool CiteSpace is utilized to research and analyze these results from the following aspects: number of publications, collaboration networks, research hotspots, and evolutionary trends. The results show that the number of publications in the field of concrete 3D printing technology has been increasing from year to year, with a gradually accelerating growth rate. The top three journals in terms of publication volume are Construction and Building Materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, and Materials. Research in the field of concrete 3D printing technology is mainly conducted through collaborations among research groups or institutions, while there are relatively fewer interactions among researchers from different institutions, regions, and countries. The current research direction mainly focuses on 3D printing materials, process parameters, and technology. The research content has progressed from initial explorations of concrete 3D printing technology to detailed studies of 3D printing materials and their performance. Overall, the research in this field continues to add further details to our knowledge of concrete 3D printing technology, and its application in engineering is gradually increasing. The automated, digitized, and intelligent construction methods of concrete 3D printing technology serve as a powerful driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the field of architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo, particularly Guadua Angustifolia cane, offers significant thermal benefits for construction in warm, humid climates and has been a key material in Ecuador for over 9500 years due to its low cost, versatility, and low thermal conductivity. In the coastal region, including the settlement of El Carmen, traditional architectural techniques have evolved to incorporate local materials like Guadua cane. A common method involves using crushed cane as wall cladding, where longitudinally split bamboo is applied, creating openings in the structure. These openings, often viewed as a construction defect, influence passive cooling systems. This study investigated the impact of these irregularities on indoor thermal comfort by documenting the construction systems and climatic conditions of the area. Computational models were reconstructed and tested through CFD simulations to assess thermal behavior. The findings highlight the thermal implications of the vernacular construction system, revealing how wall openings affect passive cooling strategies and overall indoor comfort in the housing typologies of El Carmen.

The historic town of Birgi is a historic settlement within İzmir, Turkey, included in the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in 2012. Traditional Birgi houses, dated to the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th century, are one of the best-representative and best-preserved examples of the hımış houses – the most common housing typology of the Ottoman Period. These hybrid structures include a masonry ground floor and timber frame upper floors as their primary load-bearing systems, with details shaped in line with the regional material availability and the performance of these materials, as well as technical know-how and the local experience of major historic fires and earthquakes. In this study, authentic construction techniques used in the West Anatolian Ottoman houses and information about the construction processes are presented through Birgi's traditional houses. For this aim, a visual examination and documentation of various hımış sub-typologies representative of different construction periods are conducted. The differences in construction details are evaluated in light of the predominant architectural styles and technological possibilities of their construction periods. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of authentic construction techniques and common construction errors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New railways often use frame piers to cross the operating railway. The construction of existing frame piers, especially columns, has a great impact on the operating railway. It is worth studying how to complete the construction quickly and efficiently and reduce the impact on operating railways. In this paper, the rapid construction frame pier is taken as the research object, the research on structure form, connection form, design calculation and construction method is carried out through theoretical analysis, finite element calculation, scheme comparison and engineering application verification. The main research results are as follows: (1) For the rapid construction frame pier, the frame pier beam adopts steel structure, and the column adopts concrete column, steel-concrete composite column, steel column and steel-concrete hybrid column. The full assembly construction can meet the needs of rapid construction of frame piers with different beam span and height. (2) A new type connection of the rapid construction frame pier, between beam and column and between column and foundation, is proposed, which can realize rapid assembly on site. (3) The calculation and analysis show that the strength, rigidity, fatigue and connection performance of the rapid construction frame pier meet the stress requirements. (4) After the successful implementation of some projects, the goal of reducing the impact of construction on the operating railway and reducing the traffic safety risk has been achieved with good promotional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an emerging method in engineering construction, concrete 3D printing has experienced rapid development in recent years due to its advantages in terms of automation, digitization, and intelligence. In order to comprehensively understand the research progress of concrete 3D printing technology, the literature on concrete 3D printing technology published in the Web of Science core database from 2014 to 2023 is used as a data source, and the visualization tool CiteSpace is utilized to research and analyze these results from the following aspects: number of publications, collaboration networks, research hotspots, and evolutionary trends. The results show that the number of publications in the field of concrete 3D printing technology has been increasing from year to year, with a gradually accelerating growth rate. The top three journals in terms of publication volume are Construction and Building Materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, and Materials. Research in the field of concrete 3D printing technology is mainly conducted through collaborations among research groups or institutions, while there are relatively fewer interactions among researchers from different institutions, regions, and countries. The current research direction mainly focuses on 3D printing materials, process parameters, and technology. The research content has progressed from initial explorations of concrete 3D printing technology to detailed studies of 3D printing materials and their performance. Overall, the research in this field continues to add further details to our knowledge of concrete 3D printing technology, and its application in engineering is gradually increasing. The automated, digitized, and intelligent construction methods of concrete 3D printing technology serve as a powerful driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the field of architecture.

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The building sector has a significant impact on the environment due to its unproductive and technologically outdated practices. Although digital tools have emerged as potential solutions, current building practices often lack automation and efficiency. Throughout history, several self-supporting techniques, i.e., construction methods dedicated to the building of shells that do not need support during the construction works, have been developed. These techniques allow for reducing waste and minimizing construction costs. Combining self-supporting techniques and digital tools could aid the development of contemporary, highly sustainable, and efficient building practices that permit the use of alternative and sustainable materials. Building on this, the research conducted defines an approach for evaluating the balanced state of masonry structures during construction works and built using robotic technologies. The approach considers the factors that govern the stability under construction derived through studying self-supporting building techniques. The proposed approach assesses the structural state under construction, evaluating the need for temporary supports. An example of a masonry arch is provided to emphasize the importance of construction factors in sustainable building practices. Then the method is applied to a real case study. Overall, integrating self-supporting techniques with digital tools has the potential to revolutionize the building sector, and create highly sustainable and efficient practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring the compactness of the in-tube concrete without de-bonding and separation is important in guaranteeing the construction quality of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) arch bridge and promoting the further improvement of its span. This study investigated the expansion behaviors of concretes containing compound expansive agents composed of calcium oxides-based expansive agent (EA-CaO) and magnesium oxides-based expansive agent (EA-MgO) by using the environment simulation test chamber. The compound expansive agent with the proportion of 50% EA-CaO plus 50% EA-MgO increases the expansion deformation of in-tube concrete by about 60% at the temperature rise stage and reduced the shrinkage deformation by about 21% at the temperature drop stage, which ensures that the steel tube is always subjected to the compression state. The effects of the developed compound expansive agent and some key construction techniques on the temperature history, deformation, and ultrasonic velocity of the in-tube concrete were further studied by a full-scale steel tube model test. The results indicated that the measures of applying the developed compound expansive agent, reducing the molding temperature, appropriately extending the waiting time before pumping, and taking thermal insulation curing at the temperature drop stage could improve the compactness of the CFST structures significantly. Finally, a technical scheme is proposed for the newly built Lhasa-Nyingchi Railway Zangmu Yarlung Tsangpo River Bridge. The pass rate and average excellence rate of the compactness of the in-tube concrete obtained from the ultrasonic velocities were nearly 100% and about 87%, respectively, which indicates a successful application of the technical scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the project of stacking yards and roads in Bayuquan Port Area of Yingkou Port as an example, this paper analyzes the key and difficult points of the project and, on this basis, this paper also presents the optimization of the designs for the ground improvement, bedding course for track beams, pavement for corner strip foundation in the heavy container area and pavement for main roads; and the improvement of construction techniques for erection of formwork for cast -in -place track beams and cable troughs, cast-in-place concrete edge protection, prefabricated cover and track installation. The physical and appearance quality of the works has been significantly improved, and, in the meantime, the construction cost has been well controlled and the construction efficiency has been improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Full-scale tilting table tests and DEM are used to analyze the response of traditional DSRW structures. • Experiments show that improving the local DSRW technique can increase strength by 35% to 50%. • The YADE algorithm successfully simulated the experimental collapse mechanisms. • The traditional DSRW capacity improves with through-stones and better overlap in the transversal section. • Overlap in the transverse section can raise lateral wall strength by up to 70% compared to sections without overlap. In Lima's slopes, the absence of urban planning has led to housing built on backfills contained by traditional dry-stone retaining walls, called "pircas," which pose high seismic risk. A previous study [1] , which combined numerical and experimental analyses, evaluated pircas through pseudo-static tests that reflected common construction methods in Lima's eastern region. One recommendation from that study was to explore effective stone arrangements to enhance the seismic performance of pircas. Consequently, this study aims to examine how the construction process, particularly the arrangement of stones, impacts the out-of-plane behavior of pircas. The research focuses on identifying construction-feasible configurations that can effectively improve their seismic performance. For this purpose, natural-scale pseudo-static experimental studies and numerical modeling using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) were carried out. The experimental campaign consisted of nine pseudo-static tests on different wall arrangements. The pseudo-static numerical study included seventy wall arrangements. The geometry of the blocks was simplified to eliminate this component from the analysis, which focused on the arrangement of the wall. The numerical and experimental results showed the same trend. The study has demonstrated that the current construction technique can be significantly improved by regularly incorporating through-stones—tie stones that pass through the entire cross-section of the wall—and considering a cross-section with overlap. This approach leads to an increase of up to 50% in lateral strength compared to current practices, verifying the effectiveness of through-stones. The study does not intend to endorse the use of pirca for urban habitation in high seismic sectors. However, these traditional walls can be recommended for slope stability, environmental mitigation, urban agriculture, and protection of natural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving intelligence in industrial control systems is a prevailing trend in recent years, with numerous new technologies and ideas prompted.Knowledge graph is a fundamental resource for artificial intelligence, and domain-specific knowledge graph construction attracts a lot of research attentions.However, knowledge graph construction for control systems is still in the early stage of exploitation.In this paper, structural characteristics and task requirements of process control systems were analyzed.Furthermore, a knowledge graph construction methodology architecture for process control systems was proposed.Firstly, a brief summary on existing related works was given.After that, the characteristics of process industry control systems were analyzed, and the corresponding knowledge graph construction principles and procedures were proposed.Cyber-physical assets management was taken as a case study for detailed explanation.Finally, a prospect for the future research directions of knowledge graph construction for process control systems was made.

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking Wuhan Junshan Yangtze River Bridge, main channel bridge of Shanghai-Suzhou-Nantong Yangtze River Bridge and Feilonghu Wujiang Bridge of Zunyi-Yuqing expressway as examples, the characteristics, material properties and pavement application technology of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) composite deck system are studied. The results show that the high strength and high toughness UHPC thin layer with reinforcing mesh is combined with the steel deck plate to form a composite bridge deck structure through shear stud. According to the slope setting of the long-span bridge, the expansion of the fresh UHPC should be controlled between 500 mm and 600 mm. The steel fiber in the composite bridge deck is bonded with the hardened matrix to form a stress community, which has a compact internal microstructure. The performance of UHPC can increase steadily under high temperature steam curing and normal temperature natural curing environment. Compared with the ERE paving system, the maximum stress amplitude at the bottom of the top plate, the bottom of the U rib and the opening of the diaphragm of UHPC composite deck decreased by 58.9%, 41.3% and 24.9% respectively. The solid components in UHPC can be premixed in advance, and the large-scale production and rapid application of UHPC can be realized by using automatic paving equipments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The new excavation in Regio V discovered the pavement construction site of vicolo de Balconi. • A cross-disciplinary approach was adopted to analyze the archeological excavation. • The surface texture of flagstones was assessed with photogrammetry and skid resistance tests. • Penetrometric and deflectometric tests were used to study the subgrade structure. • A possible succession of paving works in this part of the city using lava stone is recognized. A significant portion not yet investigated in the Regio V of the ancient city of Pompeii is currently the subject of the most remarkable excavation in the post-World War II period. These activities relate to a triangular area, the so-called "wedge", which is placed between the houses of Nozze d'Argento and Marco Lucrezio Frontone. Besides the astonishment and scientific emotions resulting from the finding of magnificent frescoed and well preserved thermopolium , dwellings and balconies, also a feeling of extreme interest in the pavement engineering arose due to a further one of a kind discovery. The Somma-Vesuvium volcanic eruption of 79 AD buried a narrow alley, i.e. vicolo dei Balconi, during the construction of its stone pavement, in which the laying of compact lava stone flags was interrupted about halfway from north to south. The eruption and the following superimposition of lapilli, ash and pumice blankets has therefore maintained in a state of perfect documental conservation the whole area, preserving the new laid flagstones still showing the original surface finishing and the preparatory subgrade. Thus, this historical and archeological source becomes a priceless engineering evidence describing some of the design and construction techniques used by the Romans at Pompeii. The excavated area has been analyzed following a cross-disciplinary approach, adopting several minimally intrusive or non-destructive techniques and instruments belonging to different branches of science to capture some specific aspects. Specifically, the alley has been initially surveyed with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) device to build an accurate layout model of the worksite. Although the TLS survey provided an invaluable source of information for the street structures documentation, specific stone paving elements were also analyzed using close range photogrammetry techniques and their friction properties have been measured exploiting the potential of a modern road engineering device, i.e. a skid resistance tester, also known as the British pendulum tester (BPT). The consistency analysis of the subgrade structure and homogeneity in the unpaved section involved the use of two dynamic procedures, i.e. a penetrometric (dynamic cone penetrometer - DCP) and a deflectometric (light weight deflectometer - LWD) test. Besides, some design and urban planning considerations have been drawn from the analysis of the relationships between the finished structures and the pavement construction site according to the lines of the existing curbs, the thresholds of access to the dwellings and the placement of enigmatic prismatic blocks arranged in trenches, probably intended as a useful target points for the stonemasons or temporary pedestrian passage. In a wider reading a succession of paving works (and not repaving) using stone elements in this part of the city starting from the Cardo via del Vesuvio (from west to east) is recognizable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication is the property of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to study the characteristics of traditional residential buildings in Gaoyi Village— a kind of atypical village that flourished due to immigration—and to provide guidance for local building protection and repair. The general knowledge, construction practices, and building procedures of the traditional residential houses in Gaoyi Village are summarized based on field surveys and interviews with the carpenters. The regional technique of wearing buckets is a perfect combination of the timber structure technology of the southwest dry bar building and Han architecture. This paper is an important case study of the bucket frame, and may help promote comprehensive explorations of the development of the southern timber frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas & Oil is the property of Editorial Department of Natural Gas & Oil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Architecture is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Architecture is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)