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A better understanding of regional differentiation and local adaptation of rare arable plants is essential for the development of suitable methods for the reintroduction of these species. We set up F1 and F2 greenhouse experiments with 4–12 source populations of five rare arable plant species to test for genetically based differentiation in biomass production and phenology in South Germany. For three species, i.e. Arnoseris minima, Consolida regalis and Teesdalia nudicaulis, reciprocal transplant experiments were performed in arable fields to investigate local adaptation in plant establishment as well as biomass production to the northern or southern regions of three seed transfer zones. We found low regional differentiation, but provenance-specific responses to drought stress in Legousia speculum-veneris biomass and A. minima phenology. Moreover, little evidence was identified for local adaptation, while significant differences were seen in the performance between the transplant sites and study years, indicating a high phenotypic variability. Our results suggest that the current seed zones are suitable for the seed transfer of rare arable plants in the study region. Thus, there is a low risk of maladaptation when using autochthonous seed sources within the seed zones, but a high extinction risk of these species and their respective ecosystem functions if no active restoration is done, including transplant measures.

Az archeofitonok a szegetalis fitoasszociaciok tagjaikent fontos szerepet toltenek be a szantoszegelyek biodiverzitasaban. Ugyanakkor ezen taxonok szama jelentősen csokkent az elmult evtizedekben. Ennek okai a megvaltozott mezőgazdasagi termeles szerkezetben, ezen belul is peldaul a megemelkedett műtragya-alkalmazasban keresendők. Vizsgalatunkban harom efemer szantofoldi faj műtragya erzekenyseget vizsgaltuk ex situ csirazasvizsgalattal, szabadfoldi kiserlet kereteben, valamint a prolin tartalom meresenek segitsegevel. A Papaver rhoeas eseteben tapasztaltuk a legkedvezőbb csirazasi parametereket mind sebesseg (7,32 nap), mind csirazasi arany (0,81) tekinteteben. Ezek az ertekek jelentősen romlottak az alkalmazott műtragyas kezeles hatasara (8,3 – 10,03 nap, csirazasi arany: 0,72-0,39). A Cyanus segetum eseteben lassabb kezdeti fejlődest tapasztaltunk, illetve a kezeles karos hatasa ennel a fajnal is szignifikansan kimutathato volt (atlagos csirazasi idő: 12-13 nap, csirazasi arany: 0,52-0,09). A Consolida regalis nem csirazott a kiserlet időtartama alatt. A Consolida regalis a műtragyas kezelesre nagyobb viragzas intenzitassal valaszolt. A prolin tartalom felhalmozodas magas soerzekenysegre utalt a Cyanus segetum eseteben (0,49-0,54 mg/100 mg), mely ezen faj visszaszorulasanak egyik oka lehet. Az eredmenyeink alapjan a szarkalab illetve a buzavirag eseteben is magas erzekenyseget tapasztatunk, mely a szantoszegelyek vedelmet indokoltta teszi hazankban is. Abstract: The archaeophytes have important role in biodiversity, because there are important members of field edge communities. At the same time, the number of these species decreased in recent decades. The changed structure of agricultural production (including fertilizer application increase) may be the reason for this. Aim of our study was to determine fertilizer sensitivity of three archaeophyte species using germination test, open field observation and proline content measurement. In case of Papaver rhoeas had the best germination parameters either speed (7.32 day) or germination rate (0.81). These values declined due to the applied fertilizer treatment (8.3-10.03 day, germination rate: 0.72-0.39). Cyanus segetum germinated slower (mean germination time: 12-13 day), and the harmful effect of treatment was also significant (germination rate: 0.52-0.09). Consolida regalis was not germinated in examination period. Higher blooming intensity was detected in open field in case of Consolida regalis due to fertilizer application. Salt sensitivity of Cyanus segetum is supported by proline accumulation (0.49-0.54 mg/100 mg), which could be one reason of decrease. Based on our results, there is high sensitivity of fertilizers in case of larkspur and cornflower, which justify the protection of arable edges in Hungary.

*Çakmak, Yavuz Selim ( Aksaray, Yazar ), The genus Consolida is one of the most important within the Ranunculaceae family and several members of this genus contain important biologically active compounds, such as phenolics and alkaloids. The present study attempts for the first time to assess the biological properties and phytochemical constituents of six Consolida species (C. glandulosa (Boiss. & A. Huet) Bornm, C. hellospontica (Boiss.) Chater, C. raveyi (Boiss.) Schrödinger, C. regalis (Boiss.) Schrödinger, C. staminosa P.H. Davis & Sorger and C. stenocarpa (P.H. Davis & M. Hossain) P.H. Davis) growing in Turkey. A comprehensive phytochemical profiling of the different species was achieved by using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, targeting polyphenols and diterpene alkaloids. Also, the in vitro antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) and enzyme inhibition (cholinesterases, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase) potentials of the different Consolida methanolic extracts were evaluated. The UHPLC-QTOF profiling revealed 492 compounds, being 236 flavonoids, 93 phenolic acids, 78 tyrosol derivatives, 49 diterpene alkaloids, 29 lignans, and 7 stilbenes. The cumulative phenolic content ranged from 17.65 mg Eq./g for C. staminosa up to 43.04 mg Eq./g for C. glandulosa, whilst the total diterpene alkaloids content was exclusively found in C. glandulosa extracts (3.53 mg Eq./g). Consolida regalis (58. 61 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g for DPPH and 65.38 mg TE/g for ABTS) and C. stenocarpa (46.81 mg TE/g for DPPH and 78.12 mg TE/g for ABTS) exhibited the highest anti-radical abilities, while the best reducing power values were recorded for C. glandulosa (129.46 mg TE/g for CUPRAC and 77.01 mg TE/g for FRAP) and C. raveyi (124.56 mg TE/g for CUPRAC and 78.36 mg TE/g for FRAP). Also, following the cholinesterases inhibition assays, C. hellospontica and C. glandulosa exhibited the highest inhibitory effects. Regarding tyrosinase inhibitory effects, C. raveyi showed the highest value, being 126.60 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g, followed by C. glandulosa (125.82 mg KAE/g) and C. stenocarpa (123.09 mg KAE/g). Besides, Consolida staminosa showed potential inhibition against α-amylase, but low glucosidase inhibitory properties. Therefore, the present findings could provide a starting point for further investigations to promote the industrial exploitation of these species with the aim of designing novel phyto-pharmaceuticals.

The aim of the paper was to analyse the morphological variability of Consolida regalis Gray (common name Forking Larkspur) seeds in populations derived from different geographic origins. A review of available literature showed scarcity of data on seed sizes and a complete lack of information describing the morphological variation of C. regalis seeds in the geographic gradient. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to analyse the morphological variability of C. regalis seeds from south-eastern and central Europe. Larkspur seeds, collected during expeditions spanning 2012–2014 from 29 sites located in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Poland, were the study material. Four biometric traits were analysed, that is, the length, the width, the perimeter and the area of the seeds. The pictures of the surface structure and sculpture of the seeds were made using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed differences in biometric traits and the seed sculpture across the latitudinal transect. There wa...

Summary The agricultural landscape of central Europe has changed dramatically in recent decades due to intensified cultivation, bringing many of its characteristic species to the brink of extinction. We investigated whether landscape structure affects the genetic structure and diversity of remnant populations of the two arable plant species Adonis aestivalis and Consolida regalis. We used dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (AFLPs) and compared populations from six regions of 5 km² in central Germany. These regions represent two different classes of landscape structural complexity: intensively used, homogeneous landscapes (>95% of area covered by arable land with low extent of field margins) or heterogeneous regions (

Nectaries are common in Ranunculaceae. These secretory structures, however, have not been studied in detail despite their importance in plant-animal interactions, and data relating to the structure of nectary spurs, which are so characteristic of several genera of this family, remain scarce. In order to redress this imbalance, we sought, in the present paper, to analyze the anatomical and ultrastructural organization of the nectary spurs of four representatives of Ranunculaceae, i.e., Aconitum lycoctonum L., Aquilegia vulgaris L., Consolida regalis Gray, and Delphinium elatum L. Nectary spurs were examined using light, fluorescence, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The floral nectaries of A. lycoctonum and A. vulgaris are situated at the apices of the spurs, whereas in C. regalis and D. elatum, the nectary is located along the floor surface of the spurs. Nectar in C. regalis and D. elatum is exuded through micro-channels in the cuticle, whereas in A. lycoctonum and A. vulgaris, it is released by means of cell wall disruption, indicating that the method of nectar secretion here is holocrine. Structurally, the nectary of all four investigated species is quite similar, and its cells are typical of nectar-producing cells described in the literature. It is proposed that in A. lycoctonum and A. vulgaris, disruption of the cell wall and the release of the entire cell contents into the spur cavity contribute to the composition of the nectar that the latter contains, enriching it with cytoplasmic components. We conclude that the manner of nectar exudation may vary considerably between closely related plant species, regardless of their geographical origin and phylogeny.

With the increasing sophistication of paleoethnobotanical methods, it is now possible to reconstruct new aspects of the day-to-day life of past peoples, and, ultimately, gain information about their cultivated plants, land-use practices, architecture, diet, and trade. Reliable identification of plant remains, however, remains essential to the study of paleoethnobotany, and there is still much to learn about precise identification. This paper describes and evaluates the most frequent types of deformed desiccated diaspores revealed from adobe bricks used in buildings in Southwestern Hungary that were built primarily between 1850 and 1950. A total of 24,634 diaspores were recovered from 333.05 kg adobe samples. These seeds and fruits belong to 303 taxa, and the majority were arable and ruderal weed species. A total of 98.97% of the diaspores were identified to species. In other cases, identification was possible only to genus or family (0.93% and 0.10% of diaspores, respectively). Difficulties in identification were caused mainly by morphological changes in the size, shape, color, and surface features of diaspores. Most diaspores were darker in color and significantly smaller than fresh or recently desiccated seeds and fruits. Surface features were often absent or fragmented. The most problematic seeds to identify were those of Centaurea cyanus, Consolida regalis, Scleranthus annuus and Daucus carota ssp. carota, which are discussed in detail. Our research aids archaeobotanists in the identification of desiccated and deformed diaspores.

Seven diterpenoid alkaloids : delcosine(1), delsoline(2), gigactonine(3), lycoctonine(4), takaosamine(5), atisine(6) and hetisinone(7) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Consolida regalis subsp. paniculata var. paniculata. The presence of compounds 1,2,5,6 and 7 in this plant has not been previously reported.

The field study was conducted in April 2006 in a long-term fertilization experiment that was set up in 1983. The aims of this study are to compare the weediness in plots with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), and NPK + stalk treatments and to study the effect of increasing N doses on the weeds and winter wheat plants. The bifactorial test was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were the following: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1 N, 100 kg ha−1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and 100 kg ha−1 potassium oxide (K2O). Three weed species were dominant in the experiment: Veronica hederifolia, Consolida regalis, and Stellaria media. The NPK treatment resulted in the smallest average weed cover. The significantly greatest weed cover was found on the plots treated with NPK + FYM, but the greatest biomass production of winter wheat was measured also in the NPK + FYM treatment, which resulted in a good crop competition. The weed cover was increased pro...

In Central Germany and throughout Europe, arable plants count among some of the most endangered plant species. Over the last few decades, the number and size of populations have been in sharp decline due to modern land use techniques, including the application of fertilizers, herbicide use and seed cleaning procedures. As arable plant species are underrepresented in population genetic studies, it is unknown whether agricultural intensification has affected the extant populations, and whether genetic structure varies among species with differing vulnerability in respect of their Red List status. We sampled 53 populations from 6 arable plant species throughout Central Germany. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses (RAPD) were applied to calculate measures of genetic diversity at the population level and genetic differentiation. Genetic diversity was found to be lowest in Bupleurum rotundifolium and Anagallis foemina, and highest in Consolida regalis and Nigella arvensis. The highest levels of genetic differentiation were observed among populations of An. foemina and B. rotundifolium but within populations in all other species. ΦST values differed strongly ranging between 0.116 for C. regalis and 0.679 for An. foemina. Patterns of genetic structure were related to the Red List status for all the species studied except An. foemina, for which it should consequently be raised. Our data confirm that even relatively recent threats are accompanied by detrimental genetic structure. As losses of populations and increased fragmentation have occurred in all common and uncommon species, the situation for arable plants could change for the worse in the following decades, highlighting the need for consistent monitoring.

In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of volatile oils hydrodistilled from seeds of Consolida regalis, Delphinium elatum, Nigella hispanica, and N. nigellastrum using GC and GC/MS. In C. regalis, octadecenoic (77.79%) and hexadecanoic acid (8.34%) were the main constituents. Similarly, the oils from D. elatum and N. hispanica seeds consisted chiefly of octadecadienoic (42.83 and 35.58%, resp.), hexadecanoic (23.87 and 28.59%, resp.), and octadecenoic acid (21.67 and 19.76%, resp.). Contrastingly, the monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (34.67%) and β-pinene (36.42%) were the main components of N. nigellastrum essential oil. Our results confirm the presence of essential oils in the family Ranunculaceae and suggest chemotaxonomical relationships within the representatives of the genera Consolida, Delphinium, and Nigella. In addition, the presence of various bioactive constituents such as linoleic acid, (−)-β-pinene, squalene, or carotol in seeds of D. elatum, N. hispanica, and N. nigellastrum indicates a possible industrial use of these plants.

In 2005-2011 the occurrence of xerothermic vegetation on fallow lands located on hills near Trzebinia and Jaworzno was studied. The Braun-Blanquet releves were performed on SE, S and SW slopes. Well-drained brown loamy soils developed on shallow sands on Triassic dolomites, lime-stone and Myślachowice conglomerate dominating at the sites. Investigations were also conducted on amid-field balks and fallow lands where in 2005 moderate agricultural activity was resumed. In general, superficial ploughing has not eliminated plant cover, but only disturbed turf and uncovered soil seed bank of former cultivation weeds.Fields 10-15 years after they had been abandoned, were dominated by the Dauco-Picridetum hieracioidis xerothermic ruderal association, with considerable share of Malva alcea and Verbascum species (V densiflorum, V. lychnitis, V. phlomoides and V. thapsus) in younger fallows. These communities were characterized by occurrence of xerothermic grasslands and warm thickets taxons from Festuco-Brometea and Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei classes, i.a.: Achillea pannonica, Allium scorodoprasum, Bromus erectus, Centaurea stoebe, Cerinthe minor, Filipendula vulgaris, Fragaria viridis, Gentianella ciliata, Phleum phleoides, Valeriana angustifolia, Veronica spicata, Viola hirta and Thesium linophyllon.Additionally, on ploughed fallows in gaps of turf numerous annual and biennial segetal as well as ruderal species were observed. In many places thermophilous segetal association of Papaveretum argemones developed, in which a significant share of Avena fatua, Camelina microcarpa subsp. sylvestris, Consolida regalis, Lithospermum arvense and Papaver rhoeas was noted in addition to Arabidopsis thaliana, Papaver argemone and Veronica triphyllos.The oldest fallows (20-25 years after abandonment), amid-fields steep slopes and balks were covered by Geranio-Peucedanietum cervariae associations. Their physiognomy was formed by Agrimonia eupatoria, Brachypodium pinnatum and Origanum vulgare, sometimes also by Geranium sanguineum, Peucedanum cervaria and P. oreoselinum. This vegetation was in spatial contact with thermophilous thickets of Berberidion alliance with Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rhamnus cathartica, and Rosa canina.On xerothermic post-agricultural areas specific stable communities formed by thermophilous species from meadows, ruderals, grasslands and thickets occurred. A new phenomenon of recent years, related to EU benefits - superficial ploughing of fallows, not followed by regular cultivation - favours segetal vegetation. Weeds communities are regressing in Europe as an effect of modern agriculture. Post-agricultural secondary habitats are important elements that should be taken into account in studies of appearance and protection of xerothermic plants.

Delphinium consolida Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753. "Habitat in agris Europae restibilibus." RCN: 3945. Lectotype (Jonsell & Jarvis in Nordic J. Bot. 14: 161. 1994): Herb. Linn. No. 694.1 (LINN), see above, right. Current name: Consolida regalis Gray (Ranunculaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part D), pp. 474-489 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 477, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Three new Aculops species (Eriophyidae: Phyllocoptinae) including Aculops menthafoliae n. sp. , Aculops consoregalis n. sp. and Aculops coluteae n. sp. were identified from Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (Lamiaceae), Consolida regalis Gray (Ranunculaceae) and Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa (Leguminosae), respectively, in Southwest of East Azerbaijan province of Iran. It is the first record of genus Aculops from Ranunculaceae and the first record of eriophyoid mites from Consolida regalis Gray. A key to the Aculops species collected in Iran is provided.

År 2002 påbörjade Länsstyrelsen i Örebro län och Örebro Läns Botaniska Sällskap (ÖLBS) ett samarbete kring floraövervakning i länet. Övervakningen bygger påtidigare floraväkteriverksamhet, men sker numera med en standardiserad metodik. I länet finns drygt 450 rödlistade växter och svampar. De rödlistekategorier som nämns för arterna i denna rapport följer 2000 års rödlista (Gärdenfors (red) 2000). Av samtliga inventerade arter var elva prioriterade av Länsstyrelsen och utvalda tillårets arter. Avsikten är att inventera utvalda lokaler och sedan återkomma till dem med fem års intervaller.Under 2004 besöktes 122 tidigare kända lokaler för arterna backsippa, hjärtstilla, idegran, kattmynta, klotgräs, knottblomster, korskovall, piggfrö, riddarsporre, rödskogslilja och skogsklocka. De 26 ideella botanister som utförde inventeringen återfann arterna på endast 68 av lokalerna (56 %). Mer ingående inventeringsinformation finns i ”Presentation av årets arter och inventeringsresultat”. Resultaten från övervakningen kommer att sparas digitalt i en databas på Länsstyrelsen i Örebro län och åskådliggörs i GIS-skikt. Lagring av artdata kommeräven att ske i webbgränssnittet Artportalen.se. Inventeringsresultaten används i första hand av naturvårdshandläggare på Länsstyrelsen. Resultaten sprids även till Skogsstyrelsen och till kommunerna i länet efter att de undertecknat ett användareavtal med länsstyrelsen. Informationen utgör ett viktigt underlag när beslut ska fattas i olika typer av naturvårds- och planeringsärenden. Regionala inventeringsrapporter import från MDP 2015-05

In this study we tested yield and weediness in wheat cultivars Lazarica and Julija Mono grown under different regime of mineral nutrition. This investigation was conducted at the long term experiment on control variant (without fertilizers), second variant with nitrogen application (two sub variants with different rate of N) 2N 1 (80 kg N ha -1 ) and 2N 2 (120 kg N ha -1 ), third variant with NP fertilizer with two different rate of N application: 3N 1 (80 kg N ha -1 + 100kg P ha -1 ) and 3N 2 (120 kg N ha -1 + 100kg P ha -1 ) and fourth variant 4N 1 (80 kg N ha -1 + 60kg P ha -1 ) and 4N 2 (120 kg N ha -1 + 60kg P ha -1 ). Weediness varies in dependence of rate and variant of fertilization. The weed species Consolida regalis Gray, Convolvulus arvensis L. , Polygonum aviculare L. , Cirsium arvense L. , Agropyrum repens L. , Polygonum convolvulus L. was dominant on fertilized plots. The analyzed variability of grain yield depends of applied fertilizer variants. The lowest grain yield was found on control variant in both wheat cultivar Lazatica (1880kg ha -1 ), Julija Mono (1740kg ha -1 ) while the highest grain yield on variant 3N 2 (120 kg N ha -1 + 100kg P ha -1 ) Lazarica (3724kg ha -1 Julija Mono (4990kg ha -1 ) and low weediness.

During the past decades, agro‐biodiversity has markedly declined and some species are close to extinction in large parts of Europe. Reintroduction of rare arable plant species in suitable habitats could counteract this negative trend. The study investigates optimal sowing rates of three endangered species (Legousia speculum‐veneris (L.) Chaix, Consolida regalis Gray, and Lithospermum arvense L.), in terms of establishment success, seed production, and crop yield losses. A field experiment with partial additive design was performed in an organically managed winter rye stand with study species added in ten sowing rates of 5–10,000 seeds m−2. They were sown as a single species or as a three‐species mixture (pure vs. mixed sowing) and with vs. without removal of spontaneous weeds. Winter rye was sown at a fixed rate of 350 grains m−2. Performance of the study species was assessed as plant establishment and seed production. Crop response was determined as grain yield. Plant numbers and seed production were significantly affected by the sowing rate, but not by sowing type (pure vs. mixed sowing of the three study species), and weed removal. All rare arable plant species established and reproduced at sowing rates >25 seeds m−2, with best performance of L. speculum‐veneris. Negative density effects occurred to some extent for plant establishment and more markedly for seed production. The impact of the three study species on crop yield followed sigmoidal functions. Depending on the species, a yield loss of 10% occurred at >100 seeds m−2. Synthesis and applications: The study shows that reintroduction of rare arable plants by seed transfer is a suitable method to establish them on extensively managed fields, for example, in organic farms with low nutrient level and without mechanical weed control. Sowing rates of 100 seeds m−2 for C. regalis and L. arvense, and 50 seeds m−2 for L. speculum‐veneris are recommended, to achieve successful establishment with negligible crop yield losses.

Icosenoic acid [20:1(11)] was isolated from the seed oil of Consolida regalis. The seeds contain ca 30% of fatty oil which comprise ca 25% 20:1 (11). The structure of the fatty acid methyl ester having been isolated by column chromatography was determined by GC/MS, IR and 1H NMR and was confirmed by HPLC analysis of the bromophenacyl ester derivative.