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Empirical data from several cities worldwide show that low consideration rates of bus transit constitute an important reason for declining transit mode share. This trend raises a critical question: why do not more commuters consider buses for travel? The aim of this paper is to investigate the key deterrents to bus transit consideration among commuters. Consideration refers to the decision of an individual to include a given mode in his/her choice set. Along this line, this study focuses on two important directions. The first is to gain an understanding of how the key factors and their influence on consideration propensity differ across market segments based on personal vehicle availability and accessibility. The second is to quantify the spatial heterogeneity in the influence of those key factors across geographical locations. A new geographically weighted segmented logistic regression (GWSLR) model is proposed to address these research issues. The model is developed using household survey data from a sample of work-commuters from Chennai city, India. The findings reveal that neglecting either segmentation or spatial heterogeneity cannot only result in inaccurate model predictions and inferences, but also lead to sub-optimal policy interventions. Results show that factors influencing consideration differ significantly across segments based on captivity and accessibility. Choice users within walking distance to bus stops can benefit from direct bus service, whereas those beyond walking distance prioritise first-mile connectivity. Results also highlight significant variations in the influence of different factors across locations. Improved walkability in central business districts (CBD) could increase consideration, while non-CBD areas should focus on first-mile connectivity. Finally, this study illustrates that customised policy interventions for specific segments and locations can be more effective in enhancing bus consideration than segment-agnostic or geographically uniform policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T he thermal performance of Liquid-cooled plate (LCP) can be improved by using different kinds of materials and coolants. Suitable and effective coolant can bring better cooling capacity to cope with the impact of high temperature on IGBT chips, and improve the safety and service life of new energy metallurgical loaders. In this context, the recent progress of the effects of traditional coolants, nano-fluids, ethylene glycol and oil on the heat transfer capacity of the liquid cooling plate is reviewed in detail. Nanofluids have been identified as the most prominent cooling method at present because of their good thermal conductivity. In addition, the considerations and advantages and disadvantages of using different coolants are discussed in depth.

The conventional discrete-choice model of demand assumes that consumers are fully informed about every available product alternative. This assumption is at odds with the large body of literature studying incomplete information and the role of the consumer's "evoked set" or "consideration set." The author develops a novel empirical discrete-choice demand model derived from an underlying theory of consumers' rational inattention. The model distinguishes between factors that shift demand through the utility function, such as prices and product attributes, and factors that shift demand through the consumer's information "evaluation costs." The author conducts an empirical case study of the laundry detergent category. Using a set of exclusion restrictions based on retail promotional instruments, specification tests select the rational inattention model over the conventional full-information discrete-choice model. Exploiting the launch of Tide Pods midway through the sample, the author demonstrates the role of evaluation costs for the measured value creation from a new product. A conventional discrete-choice model always assigns positive incremental consumer value from new products. However, the rational inattention model developed herein finds a decrease in overall consumer welfare from the new Tide Pods' entry, with the increased friction in information associated with the larger choice set offsetting the potential gains from higher match value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between students' academic performance, teachers' commitment, and leadership behavior of school administrators. Teachers' commitment was measured in two areas-commitment to job and commitment to organization and the leadership behavior of school administrators were evaluated in terms of consideration and initiating structure. Eighty-one teachers, 11 school heads, and 470 students served as respondents. The descriptive survey research technique, correlation analysis, and the following statistical methods were used: frequency, mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. The study revealed that the initiating structure and consideration dimensions of leadership behavior affect teachers' commitment to job (CTJ) and teacher's commitment to organization (CTO). The correlation between CTJ and CTO and leadership behavior-initiating structure is positive and with leadership behavior-consideration negative. CTJ and CTO is correlated with the students' academic performance in math, but not in Science and English. The correlation is negative. Students' academic performance in all subject areas is negatively correlated with leadership behavior-initiating structure and has no significant relationship with leadership behavior-consideration. The leadership behavior-initiating structure is positively correlated with teachers' commitment to both job and organization but has negative correlation with students' academic performance in math, science, and English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the Role Model of the Education Council on the Performance of Madrasah Principals and Madrasah Teachers, conducted by sampling 9 madrasahs in Bekasi District, utilizes both quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews, observations, and document analysis) methods. The study addresses the lack of attention to education in madrasahs from local governments and relevant educational institutions. This lack of attention leads to various issues regarding madrasah services, facilities, curriculum, performance, low student enrollment, and madrasah output. These issues need to be addressed seriously through oversight from institutions overseeing education, including the Education Council. This institution plays a quantitative control role and three qualitative roles: Advice, Support, and Mediator. Implementing teaching approaches tailored to the characteristics of madrasah principals and teachers is essential. The research adopts a descriptive approach with qualitative methods. Data collection procedures include observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is conducted interactively and continuously. The findings indicate that the role of the Education Council in improving education quality in Bekasi District still has many shortcomings due to the lack of implementation of the institution's work programs. In conclusion, the role of the Education Council in enhancing education quality in Bekasi District is not optimally executed. The research benefits from understanding and exploring the extent to which the model of the Education Council's role affects the quality of education services, especially for Islamic educational institutions such as madrasahs at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In essence, the concept of criminal law serves as a tool to support justice for society. On the other hand, the reduction of imprisonment sentences is a crucial element within the structure of the criminal justice system, considering various factors, including inmate rehabilitation and penitentiary policies. Supreme Court Decision Number 816 K/Pid/2023 takes center stage in the exploration of the implementation of imprisonment sentence reduction at the cassation level, with an emphasis on its underlying legal policies. This research aims to delve deeply into the examination of imprisonment sentence reduction by the Supreme Court at the cassation level, with a specific focus on the analysis of Supreme Court Decision Number 816 K/Pid/2023. The specific objectives include evaluating the legal foundations, considerations, and impacts of imprisonment sentence reduction within the context of law enforcement and penitentiary policies. The research method employed is normative, involving the examination and analysis of primary and secondary legal materials related to Supreme Court Decision Number 816 K/Pid/2023. Legal analysis is conducted to identify theoretical and conceptual frameworks supporting the review of imprisonment sentence reduction at the cassation level. The research findings indicate that Supreme Court Decision Number 816 K/Pid/2023 provides a comprehensive perspective on the considerations of imprisonment sentence reduction at the cassation level, including aspects that were previously not considered in judex facti decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work sample tests gather information about behavior that is consistent with the behavior being predicted. This criterion‐related validity study examines whether a work sample test can predict behaviors more than 6 months later among managers (N = 127) in a large municipal organization. Ratings from both the subordinates (SOR) and supervisors (SVR) of the managers were used as criteria for the leadership dimensions of Influencing others, Consideration, and Planning. In total, six hypotheses were tested. The results were corrected for range restriction in the predictors and for unreliability in the criteria. The hypothesis that the work sample test score of Consideration predicted subordinates' ratings of Consideration received full support (ρ¯ = 0.33; CI [0.06–0.56]). The Consideration work sample test score also showed a positive relationship with supervisor ratings of Consideration (ρ¯ = 0.22; CI [−0.01 to 0.43]), although the confidence interval includes zero. No significant criterion‐related validity was found for Influencing others or Planning. Given the results, the work sample test can primarily be used to predict Consideration. The results are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Administración Pública is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is the last of a series of teaching notes in the area of contract law and topics in the legal environment of business, designed to assist instructors- particularly "newly minted" professor- in preparing materials for use in their classrooms. This article summarizes the elements of a valid contract based on references to the classic cases decided in various jurisdictions in contract law, as well as citations to recently decided cases provided for further research and study and may serve as a template or overview of the important topics making up a business law or legal environment of business course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worker empowerment is one of the main objectives of any organization. The purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust (trust in coworkers, trust in organization management, and trust in supervisors). In addition, it examines whether workers’ empowerment moderates the mentioned impact. An analytical descriptive approach was adopted, and a survey collected relevant data. A stratified random sample included 294 department managers, branch managers, and heads of departments who work in Jordanian telecommunications companies (Zain, Orange, and Umniah). The study employed SPSS and AMOS 21 for data analysis and hypotheses testing. The paper revealed a significant impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust, except for the ideal influence and inspirational motivation dimensions. Furthermore, workers’ empowerment significantly moderates the impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust at Jordan’s telecommunications companies (Zain, Orange, and Umniah). The study recommends improving transformational leadership methods in telecom businesses as one of the most critical administrative leadership techniques. It is vital to ensure the continuation of telecom business leaders in these companies to foster organizational trust between company workers and administrative leaders. Additionally, future studies should find new funding sources, identify practical ways to put strategies into practice for intellectual stimulation and arousal in these companies, and conduct more studies on transformational leadership, organizational trust, and empowerment.

Law number 35/2009 on Narcotics regulates the special minimum punishment. However, judges violate the minimum criminal limit, causing legal certainty and justice friction. This article examines legal certainty in consideration of judges in punishing the special minimum in narcotics crime cases. This research uses normative and empirical legal approaches through literature, document analysis, case studies, and resource person interviews. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it is concluded that the sentence below the special minimum in narcotics cases is based on the judge's legal consideration that the defendant is a drug abuser himself, the urine test results are negative, the amount of narcotics possessed is small, and the defendant is not proven to sell or become an intermediary in the sale and purchase of narcotics. In his consideration, the judge combines the laws relating to narcotics with the legal facts of the trial so that the judge's decision to impose a sentence below the special minimum has legal certainty.

Purpose: To review athletes’ reasons not to return to sport (RTS) after surgical treatment of anterior shoulder instability, comparing capsulolabral repair and bony reconstruction procedures. The hypothesis is that the most common reason for patients unable to RTS is not due to physical inability of the shoulder. Methods: A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. PubMed, Embase/Ovid, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews/Wiley, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials/Wiley, SPORTDiscus/Ebsco, and Web of Science/Clarivate Analytics were searched in collaboration with an information specialist up to August 11, 2022. Observational and interventional studies reporting reasons for no RTS following surgical treatment of anterior shoulder instability were included. Quality assessment of studies was conducted using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria and Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Forest plots were generated to show an overview of the proportion shoulder function independent reasons for each study. Results: Sixty-three studies were included reporting on 3545 athletes, of which 2588 (73%) underwent capsulolabral repair versus 957 (27%) who underwent surgical treatment with bony reconstruction procedures. A total of 650 athletes (18%) were unable to RTS. The reason not to RTS was most frequently shoulder function independent (70%) compared to shoulder function dependent (30%) following both capsulolabral repair and bony reconstruction procedures. Most cited reasons for no RTS after capsulolabral repair were fear of reinjury (17%), personal reasons or change of priorities (11%) and retirement/discharge of military service or sports team (10%). Of these reasons, 106 (22%) were not specified other than being shoulder function dependent or shoulder function independent. Most cited reasons for no RTS after bony reconstruction procedures were fear of reinjury (12%), shoulder pain (10%), and retirement/discharge of military service or sports team (9%). Of these reasons, 74 (44%) were not specified other than being shoulder function dependent or shoulder function independent. Forest plots showed a variation from 0% to 100% shoulder independent reasons for both capsulolabral repair and bony reconstruction procedures. Conclusion: The majority of athletes who did not RTS following surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability did so due to shoulder function independent reasons, such as fear of reinjury. However, there was a high variety between studies and many reasons were unspecified, warranting unified definitions for reasons of patients that do not RTS.

Even if it uses the topos of animal narration, John Berger’s King: A Street Story (1999), unlike the it-narratives and circulation narratives that celebrated the rise of the novel and of capitalism in the 18th century, certainly pays no homage to contemporary liberalism. On the contrary, like Wajdi Mouawad’s Anima (1012)—which it may well have inspired, the non-human narrator’s unique perspective (as distinct from Anima’s multiple narrators) aims at lending visibility to invisible beings and audibility to inaudible stories. In so doing, it attends to the submerged and the excluded from the official narratives of history. King, Berger’s four-legged narrator, is a figure of attention. He and his narrative attend to the invisible elements of the relegated characters’ ordinary lives that are generally invisible to the common readers or that are too visible for them to notice. The novel thereby performs a defamiliarisation that engages with the readers’ perceptions, making them realise that perception is not a natural category but an ethical and political capacity that has to be educated and re-armed (Le Blanc). On top of being a figure of attention, the narrative is also an operator of consideration (Macé, Pelluchon) in that the dog’s humble position, in his proximity to the ground, allows for the emergence of a humble perspective, far away from the bird’s eye view, as King never looks down upon anybody or anything. Such an apparatus allows in turn for an ethics of the ordinary that helps determine what matters (as distinct from what is good or bad) without moralising or judging. By attending to singular, ordinary situations, the narrative makes for a particularist ethics (Cavell, Diamond, Laugier) through which it is the narrator’s and the reader’s responsibility to determine what matters. Lastly, the dog-narrator figure reminds us that attention is the first component of care, he whose function is to look after and protect his vulnerable owners and friends.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literature Studies is the property of Turkiye Dil ve Edebiyat Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Medical researchers in resource-constrained settings must make difficult moral decisions about the provision of ancillary care to participants where additional healthcare needs fall outside the scope of the research and are not provided for by the local healthcare system. We examined research stakeholder perceptions and experiences of ancillary care in biomedical research projects in Malawi. Methods We conducted 45 qualitative in-depth interviews with key research stakeholders: researchers, health officials, research ethics committee members, research participants and grants officers from international research funding organisations. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the findings. Findings All stakeholders perceived the provision of ancillary care to have potential health benefits to study participants in biomedical research. However, they also had concerns, particularly related to the absence of guidance to support it. Some suggested that consideration for ancillary care provision could be possible on a case-by-case basis but that most of the support from research projects should be directed towards strengthening the public health system, emphasising public good above individual or personal benefits. Some researchers and ethics committee members raised concerns about potential tensions in terms of funding, for example balancing study demands with addressing participants’ additional health needs. Conclusion Our findings highlight the complexities and gaps in the guidance around the provision of ancillary care in Malawi and other resource-constrained settings more generally. To promote the provision of ancillary care, we recommend that national and international guidelines for research ethics include specific recommendations for resource-constrained settings and specific types of research.

In this study, we examine (1) the effect of leader consideration and information sharing on follower proactive behavior, and (2) the sequential mediating role of positive psychological capital (PsyCap) and job satisfaction. Data were collected from a pair of 369 leader-followers, with followers responding to their PsyCap, job satisfaction, and leadership style of the immediate leader while matching leaders responded to follower proactive behavior. Structural equation modeling was performed to test hypotheses. The study found that PsyCap and job satisfaction had a sequential mediating effect on the relationship between leader consideration and follower proactive behavior. In addition, leader consideration directly affects follower PsyCap, job satisfaction, and proactive behavior. This study demonstrates how leadership style ultimately influences follower behavior through followers' positive PsyCap and attitudes. By adopting the ability-motivation-opportunity (AMO) model, we extended the theoretical understanding of the leadership influence process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research in which the researcher deals with the jurisprudential opinions of the Imami scholars in the ruling on looking at a foreign woman from the Book of Marriage in the jurisprudence of the Jaafari school, in which it is limited to stating the ruling on looking at the face and The palm of the hand, and without pleasure or suspicion; Because looking at other than them is forbidden by the agreement of Muslim scholars, just as looking at them with pleasure or suspicion is forbidden by agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with the Prophet's approach to psychological consideration and some of its aspects according to practical evidence that can be built upon. The researcher used the inductive approach and the deductive approach through studying the prophetic evidence and established positions, according to which she reached the results of the research, the most prominent of which are: He was among the perfections of his manners and good manners, peace be upon him, taking into account the psychological aspect of his companions and being gentle with their feelings, whether it was for an incident that occurred to them by mistake or for a transient situation. Of his attitudes with them, and he was a good companion and a kind cohabitant with his wives, and he took into account their feelings in what pleased themselves and forced their thoughts, and excused them when they were jealous, as he was keen to instill hope and a spirit of optimism in others, draw a smile on their faces, and expel misery, despair, and despair from them, when they think they are. The doors have been closed in front of them and the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, warned against intimidating people and raising anxiety among them, because of the negative effects and bad outcomes that are reflected on people’s health and their daily lives. Giving him a kind word or possible assistance with money, prestige, or emotional participation is the greatest consolation, as well as considering the reparation of the mistaken mind and taking into account the circumstances and psychology of Muslims, and their active participation in emotional feelings among themselves. Among the recommendations of the researcher, researchers and those interested in the Prophet’s curriculum, follow all aspects of observance in the Prophet’s curriculum, which include intellectual, advocacy, economic, political, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qi Zhao, Ran Guo, Zixuan Fan, Linlin Hu, Zhimin Hu, Yuanli Liu School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yuanli Liu, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 9 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Email liuyuanli_pumc@163.comPurpose: Although complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used around the world, there has been a lack of comprehensive understanding of major factors affecting patients’ decision to use CAM. This study aimed to describe the preferences of Chinese patients regarding what conditions they will use Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for and to determine the factors associated with these preferences.Patients and Methods: This study used data from the China Healthcare Improvement Evaluation Survey in January 2021, a national cross-sectional survey conducted at 163 hospitals across 31 provinces. A convenient sampling method was used to conduct the patient satisfaction survey, and 28,993 patients in an ambulatory setting constituted our study sample on TCM use. A multiple-choice question regarding TCM listed nine medical conditions and asked the patient about what condition he/she and his/her family members would use TCM. In addition to descriptive statistics, we used a binary logistic regression model to investigate factors affecting the likelihood of patients’ decision to use TCM for multiple conditions.Results: The majority of the surveyed patients (76.3%) would use TCM for the purpose of disease prevention, and more than half (67.3%) for multiple medical/health conditions, 34.0% for dealing with chronic diseases, 33.0% for common symptoms, 26.9% for rehabilitation, and 26.3% for sleeping disorder. Female and older patients, as well as patients with a higher education level, urban residency, and higher family income, were found to be associated with a higher probability of using TCM for multiple conditions than their counterparts (odd ratios [OR]> 1, P< 0.05).Conclusion: This study reveals a preference for TCM in a large sample of Chinese patients, especially used for prevention. Generally, patients with a higher socioeconomic status had a more positive attitude toward TCM.Keywords: use of traditional Chinese medicine, medical conditions, consideration

This paper describes a comparative study of complaint discourse in Japanese and Indonesian focusing on modality expression. 500 items of each language were collected from TripAdvisor and usage of modality were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. As a result, modality forms have often been reported to be used to show consideration for the other person, such as avoidance of judgments and euphemisms, roundabout expressions or consideration (hairyo) for the other person are expressed. It was confirmed in complaint discourse, that there are cases in which have no consideration (hairyo) for the other person at all, rather than in a direct way of speaking. Both Japanese and Indonesian modality functioned effectively for expressing complaint. It was found that in “obvious complaint” the modality emphasizes the hotel’s faults and forces them to work appropriately, and in “implicit complaint”, the modality can express complaint with slightly reducing the burden on the hotel side by emphasizing the self-pay. The subject is used to determine whether an utterance expressing Complaint is “explicit/direct” or “implicit/indirect” in terms of the discourse level. In other words, the degree of FTA (Face Threat Act) differs depending on whether the subject is the writer (the guest) or the reader (the hotel). When the subject of “an act” is the reader (hotel side), the modality form functions to emphasize the reader’s fault (wrongness) or to force the reader (hotel side) to act. On the other hand, when the subject of “an act” was the writer, the function was to emphasize self- imposed burden or to understate the fault/burden of the reader (the hotel side).

يتناول البحث نظرية المعرفة عند ابن باجة، ويعد ابن باجة صاحب شخصية جدلية تنازع الناس في تصنيف فلسفته بين الإيمان والإلحاد، الأمر الذي استدعى دراسة أفكاره والوقوف على حقيقة توجهه وتصنيف فلسفته. وقد هدف البحث إلى إبراز فلسفة ابن باجة ومكانته العلمية، حيث يعرض البحث مدرسة الفيلسوف ابن باجة وما تحمل من أفكار عقلانية ومفاهيم فكرية دقيقة، فقد تعمق ابن باجة بدراسة أجزاء العقل وأعلى من شأن الإدراك العقلي إلى مستوى يفوق جميع الحواس، وبيّن أن الحواس الخمس الخارجية، وما تنقل من صور لا تعطي تصورًا صحيحًا إلا بعد عرضها على الحواس الداخلية المتمثلة بالحس المشترك، كما بيّن ابن باجة أهمية الصور الروحانية وقسمها إلى نوعين روحانية خاصة وروحانية عامة، وبيّن البحث منهج ابن باجة في تفسير الآيات القرآنية.

Haack articulates something of what she takes the moral demands of academic life to be, calling for such virtues as industry, honesty, realism, patience, and consideration. She then explains why she believes the current academic environment is sapping the strength of character these virtues require, and why graduate students are caught in the middle. She writes primarily about philosophy, but much of what she has to say applies to other humanities disciplines and much of that to other disciplines as well---and while she writes primarily about the U.S. situation, much of what she says applies elsewhere too.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of consideration which may be due when a property owner (or, in the case of the so-called “transmission easement”, an entrepreneur) may demand the establishment of a special type of easement, i.e., the so-called “compulsory easement”. The establishment of a compulsory easement may be claimed in court and is always associated with the obligation to grant an equivalent thereof in the form of an appropriate consideration. It may take the form of a one-off benefit, although it need not have to be expressed in money. The consideration is not a form of compensation for damage, but in fact it is a kind of price paid in exchange for the acquisition of a limited right in rem. Due to the nature and duration of the encumbrance, a judicial award of a periodic compensation would have been more reasonable, but it is de lege lata inadmissible. In this regard, it would be advisable to make appropriate modifications to the Civil Code, including the restoration of the institution of real burdens.

Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 1991 concerning the Compilation of Islamic Law in examining cases filed in the Religious Courts is widely used as a basis for legal considerations by judges, lawsuits filed by parties and in several aspects of the administration of religious courts cannot be separated from the Compilation of Islamic Law. Article 7 of Law Number 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation does not accommodate Presidential Instructions as a legal system in Indonesia, so that Indonesia which adheres to the Civil Law should have a legal basis clear in the application of the law. The study used empirical methods to find data in the field through data collection tools in the form of interviews with judges at the Surakarta Court, to obtain the perspective of legal practitioners directly regarding the Compilation of Islamic Law in its application in dealing with problems in society. The results of research conducted at the Surakarta Religious Court showed that the position of the Islamic Law Compilation was assessed by judges as having an applicable role in resolving cases in the field of marriage, inheritance and waqf in the Religious Courts, because they were able to adapt to the dynamics in society. The Compilation of Islamic Law deserves a place that is recognized in the legal system in Indonesia.

The necessity of accomplishing the contract has been expressed in the form of the principle of irrevocability, the irrevocability of fulfilling the contract, fulfilling the covenant, holiness and compulsory of contracts, irrevocability and compulsory of contract. The purpose of all these principles is summarized in the contract and becomes a binding force as soon as it is created, to which the parties participating are bound by its provisions. In jurisprudence and Iranian law, the pacta sunt servanda is interpreted as the principle of the irrevocability of contracts. the pacta sunt servanda has been accepted in jurisprudence and Iranian law. The principle of irrevocability is different from that of the pacta sunt servanda. From 219 of the Civil Code, some have inferred the principle of irrevocability in the position of doubt in the revocability and irrevocability of contracts, and others have inferred the pacta sunt servanda of absolute contracts, both revocable and irrevocable. This article tries to identify the pacta sunt servanda in Iranian law, provisions, concepts, and sources and explain its differences with the principle of irrevocability and similar principles in Iranian law, jurisprudence, and foreign law

Les questions éthiques sont peu investiguées, particulièrement en oncologie radiothérapie. L'objectif de l'étude était d'expliciter la problématique éthique principale en oncologie radiothérapie. Une analyse quantitative a été basée sur la réponse à un questionnaire de 200 professionnels issus de 22 départements d'oncologie radiothérapie. Ce questionnaire visait principalement à caractériser le questionnement éthique principal. Une analyse qualitative monocentrique s'est appuyée sur des entretiens semi-dirigés centrés sur le questionnement éthique principal, réalisés avec huit manipulateurs d'électroradiologie et 20 patients en cours de radiothérapie. Le questionnement éthique principal était la compréhension et/ou l'acceptation du traitement par les patients (71 %), se posant fréquemment (plus d'une fois par mois) (52 %) et correspond à une tension éthique entre les principes de respect de l'autonomie et de bienfaisance (faire le bien tel que perçu par le patient) tels que définis par Beauchamp et Childress. Les manipulateurs d'électroradiologie souhaitent que le patient soit pleinement acteur de son traitement avec même la possibilité de le refuser. Excluant « paternalisme » et « acharnement autonomique », les manipulateurs d'électroradiologie ont cependant le sentiment d'agir pour le bien des patients en les traitant par irradiation, même si ceux-ci n'en sont pas toujours conscients parce qu'ils sont en situation de vulnérabilité. Si la hiérarchisation des principes est une alternative de compromis, cette problématique est finalement bien résolue par la mise en pratique effective d'une éthique de la considération et de la sollicitude, s'appuyant sur les « capabilités » du patient, visant l'épanouissement maximal de ses potentialités dans sa situation de vulnérabilité. Au-delà de la dimension juridique, l'information du patient est cruciale et doit prendre en compte la temporalité spécifique du patient. La question éthique principale en oncologie radiothérapie est celle de la compréhension et/ou l'acceptation du traitement impliquant le développement d'une éthique de la considération et de la sollicitude. Ethical questions are poorly investigated specifically in radiation oncology. The objective of the study was to identify and understand the main ethical issue in radiation oncology. A quantitative analysis was based on the answers to a questionnaire of 200 professionals from 22 radiation oncology departments. The questionnaire mainly aimed to characterize the main ethical issue. A monocentric qualitative analysis was based on semi-structured interviews focused on the main identified ethical issue, carried out with eight technologists, and 20 patients undergoing radiotherapy. The main ethical issue was the understanding and/or acceptance of the treatment by the patients (71 %), which frequently arises (more than once a month) (52 %), and corresponds to an ethical tension between the principles of respect for autonomy and beneficence (the good as viewed by the patient) as defined by Beauchamp and Childress. The technologists, wish the patient to be fully involved in his treatment, with the even possibility of refusing it. However, excluding paternalism and autonomic relentlessness, the technologists have the feeling of acting for the good of the patients by treating them with radiation, even if the patients are not always aware of it, because they are within a situation of vulnerability. If the hierarchy of principles is a compromise alternative, this problem is finally well resolved by the effective implementation of an ethic of consideration and solicitude, restoring the patient capabilities, i.e. the maximum development of his potentialities in his situation of vulnerability. Beyond the legal dimension, patient information is crucial and must consider the specific temporality of the patient. The main ethical issue in radiation oncology is the understanding and/or acceptance of the treatment involving the development of an ethic of consideration and solicitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of crises and shocks in the last few decades has left devastating disruptions in businesses across the world. Such disruptions often lead to unexpected disorientation, low profitability and losses, stagnation, and in some cases liquidation of businesses. As a result, there have been continuous calls for developing systems within the business that would enable businesses to be resilient and absorb such shocks. Existing literature on organizational resilience has focused on the relationship between resilience and other constructs such as performance, efficiency, competitiveness, and productivity: Giving little or no attention to the role that management support consideration in attaining organizational resilience. The objective of the study was therefore to examine how management support and consideration affect organizational resilience in telecommunication companies in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Managerial Grid of Leadership Theory. A positivist research philosophy was adopted. The preferred research design was a quantitative descriptive approach and cross-sectional descriptive survey. The study population comprised 9,847 participants drawn from all 19 registered telecommunication companies in Kenya. From this population, a sample size of 384 respondents was selected using a stratified sampling technique. Primary data was used which was collected via structured questionnaires. Corrected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis via correlation analysis and regression analysis. Hypothesis testing was based on regression results analysis. The predictive power of the model was tested using the coefficient of determination (R2), the fitness of the model was tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the significance of management support and consideration in predicting organizational resilience was based on P-value in Student t-test at 0.05 significance level. Results showed that management support and consideration existed among telecommunication companies in Kenya. There was an agreement among the respondents that telecommunication companies in Kenya were resilient in the last five years. Correlational results revealed that management support and consideration had a positive correlation with organizational resilience. Hypothesis testing results established that there is a significant relationship between management support and consideration of organizational resilience in telecommunication companies in Kenya. Therefore, it was concluded that management support and consideration have a significant effect on organizational resilience in telecommunication companies in Kenya. The study thus recommends that organizational leaders should develop capacity-building programs, spur creativity, innovation, and organizational efficacy to accomplish the set corporate goals and gain resilience through robust business continuity plans among other relevant initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical researchers in resource-constrained settings must make difficult moral decisions about the provision of ancillary care to participants where additional healthcare needs fall outside the scope of the research and are not provided for by the local healthcare system. We examined research stakeholder perceptions and experiences of ancillary care in biomedical research projects in Malawi. Methods: We conducted 45 qualitative in-depth interviews with key research stakeholders: researchers, health officials, research ethics committee members, research participants and grants officers from international research funding organisations. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the findings. Findings: All stakeholders perceived the provision of ancillary care to have potential health benefits to study participants in biomedical research. However, they also had concerns, particularly related to the absence of guidance to support it. Some suggested that consideration for ancillary care provision could be possible on a case-by-case basis but that most of the support from research projects should be directed towards strengthening the public health system, emphasising public good above individual or personal benefits. Some researchers and ethics committee members raised concerns about potential tensions in terms of funding, for example balancing study demands with addressing participants' additional health needs. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the complexities and gaps in the guidance around the provision of ancillary care in Malawi and other resource-constrained settings more generally. To promote the provision of ancillary care, we recommend that national and international guidelines for research ethics include specific recommendations for resource-constrained settings and specific types of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haack articulates something of what she takes the moral demands of academic life to be, calling for such virtues as industry, honesty, realism, patience, and consideration. She then explains why she believes the current academic environment is sapping the strength of character these virtues require, and why graduate students are caught in the middle. She writes primarily about philosophy, but much of what she has to say applies to other humanities disciplines and much of that to other disciplines as well--and while she writes primarily about the U.S. situation, much of what she says applies elsewhere too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Islamic Studiens Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Firat University Faculty of Theology / Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Firat University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Across three studies, we integrate relational leadership theory with affective events theory to examine the leader perspective in dyadic relationships and how this perspective influences differential leader behaviors directed toward each subordinate in terms of safety enforcement. First, in two field studies with different high-risk contexts, we delineate a curvilinear relationship between supervisor-rated leader–member exchange (SLMX) and safety enforcement. In our second field study we also examine the moderating role of leaders' safety commitment as well as the linkage between safety enforcement and accidents. Finally, in a fully randomized experiment, we explore three relational dynamics as mechanisms of the effect of SLMX on safety enforcement—trust, consideration, and liking. Through these efforts, we offer rare direct tests of the theoretical assertion that leader–member exchange includes differential treatment based on affective relationship cues within a leader-and-subordinate relationship. Our two field studies reveal that leaders are likely to monitor safety most closely for low- and high-SLMX subordinates, but mid-SLMX subordinates are most likely to be overlooked. This U-shaped relationship emerges only for less committed leaders, and safety enforcement translates these effects to actual accidents. Our experimental study reveals a similar U shape between liking and enforcement, but a positive relationship emerges between distrust and enforcement, as well as between consideration on enforcement. These results shed insight into theoretical and practical implications for how leaders can foster a safer workplace for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Введение. Методом сопоставительного языкознания исследуется, рассматривается и сравнивается понятие управления в русском и персидском языках. При этом делается акцент на близости по общеиндоевропейскому корню этих двух языков. Целью данного исследования являются лучшее понимание управления в русском языке и выявление присутствия управления в персидском языке, помимо его определения в персидском, рассматриваются аспекты на основе русского языка, такие как сильное и слабое, прямое и косвенное управление и функции, которые выполняют зависимые слова. Материал и методы. Материалом послужили грамматические пособия по обоим языкам и специализированные книги и статьи по теме управления (особенно в русском языке). По данной теме в русском языке существует немало исследований, но в персидском языке встречаются редкие работы, в основном на уровне диссертационных работ. Результаты и обсуждение. Управление в русском языке, бесспорно, существует, только встречаются некоторые разногласия по его полноценному существованию, например его разграничение с примыканием, в данной работе объясняется их отличие. Присутствие управления в персидском языке спорное, но в данном исследовании доказывается, что оно существует, но по сравнению с русским языком по-другому выражается. Управление в русском языке более отработанное, поэтому используется как шаблон и на его основе рассматривается управление в персидском языке. Заключение. Делаются выводы о сравнении управления в обоих данных языках, в связи с чем обнаруживаются факты, например употребление послелога – را в персидском языке, во многих случаях уподобляется управлению беспредложного одушевленного винительного падежа мужского рода. Представлены и другие выводы: наличие сильного и слабого, прямого и косвенного управления в персидском языке. Результаты данного исследования могут быть очень эффективными при обучении русскому или персидскому языкам как иностранным.

Starting from the response provided by the Court of Justice of the European Union to the preliminary questions raised in Case C-371/20, within the article there will be analysed the concepts of „payments” and „price” in the context of advertising contracts. The analysis will focus on both the European dimension enshrined in Case C-371/20, which will be summarised, and the Romanian dimension, wherein the notions of payment and price have their own intensions that raise questions concerning the lawfulness of a price established in products and/or services, especially in respect of an unnamed contract like the advertising contract.

The consequence of the state of the law is legislation to be an essential instrument in regulating public life. However, in some parts of Indonesia, they can make their regional regulation slightly different from the constitution, wherein this article will focus on Qanun in Aceh Province. The research used in this paper is normative law research. This research used sequential data or library data. Secondary data consists of primary law materials, secondary law materials, and tertiary law materials. The approach method used is the legislative approach and the conceptual approach. The formulation of the problem in this paper is how the standard pattern of consideration in the Law, Regional Regulations, and Qanun is based on legislation. The results show that in the Law in Consideration, Consider using the word "membentuk" or "form" because the law-making institution consists of legislative institutions and executive institutions. Regional regulation considers using the word "menetapkan" or "establish" because the institution that makes local regulations is a local government consisting of elements of local governments and local people's representative councils. This consideration follows Annex II of Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Legislation as amended by Law Number 15 of 2019. However, the Qanun used the word "membentuk" or "form" due following Article 233 paragraph (1) of Law Number 11 the Year 2006 on Aceh Governance and Annex II of Aceh Qanun Number 5 of 2011 on the Procedures for the Establishment of Qanun.

Abstract : The investigations were carried out over a period of three academic years, i.e. from 2018 – 2019, 2019- 2020 and 2020- 2021. Research involved gathering data on learners’ views on their learning needs and expectations, on encountered difficulties in learning at Universities, on the ranking of preferences for language skills, i.e. the degree of importance of proficiency in different areas of language, and collecting and analyzing learners’ self-assessment data throughout the courses. The techniques of gathering data included different types of questionnaires administered to learners at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the courses. The aim of the research was to consider the issues of learning English on a University level and explore the ways of improving the quality of learning and consequently the teaching methods. For the findings, learners’ attitudes, difficulties and production allow to creating the measurable needs and foster proficiency in language for professional purposes in some Universities.

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is a brief summary of an article entitled Among the applications of the jurisprudence rule “The custom is firm” in the chapter on marriage, which includes an introduction in which the reasons for choosing the topic are mentioned, and the most important of these reasons: that the need calls for research on this topic, as custom has a consideration in Islamic law, especially in issues which is not stipulated by the pure Islamic law and does not contradict Islamic law, and some of the applications of custom are renewed according to places and times, and we as Muslims need to know its legal ruling, whether it is permissible or not. Then I mentioned the goals that called me to write this article, most notably the enrichment of the Islamic library and the need to write about these articles that need further research and exploration. I also touched upon the study of the subject in some detail; And this is among various demands that are related to the article, where it began with the names of the rule (the habit is court), where it showed that the jurists expressed this rule in different terms, but the meaning of these expressions refers to one meaning and concept that does not differ from the difference of contradiction, but from the point of difference in diversity and no confusion in terminology. I mentioned the definition of custom and custom and the meaning of the word court, both linguistically and idiomatically, and then I mentioned the status of this rule in relation to other rules of the jurists, as I mentioned some sayings that indicate the status of this rule, Then the article was followed by considering the custom in Islamic jurisprudence, where the evidence was mentioned from the Qur’an and Sunnah and the sayings of the righteous predecessors from the honorable companions - may God be pleased with them all - as I mentioned the applications of the rule in some detail, as I mentioned 8 issues as application models for the rule, where I mentioned each issue a title that belongs to it and then mentioned the extent of its consideration The custom and the sayings of the respected jurists and their evidence for the issue of custom is supported by the legal texts, if any. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]