Search

Revisamos someramente las teorías de liderazgo del siglo XIX, que enfatizan las características individuales del líder, y las teorías emanadas de los enfoques de Lewin y Weber, ya en el siglo XX, que enfatizan las relaciones del líder con el grupo en que asume su papel. En nuestro modelo de red social S hay nodos (individuos) que tienen mayor influencia, medida por el flujo de caminos que pasa por ellos. Así, matemáticamente un líder j corresponde a un nodo de la red donde un vector propio positivo v, correspondiente al radio espectral r(S) de la matriz A(S) de la red, alcanza su máximo. Si llamamos a vx el poder de x, entonces se demuestra que el poder de un nodo es proporcional al poder de sus vecinos. Hay sociedades donde más de un líder existe, un ejemplo típico lo tenemos en las sociedades tribales. Estas sociedades presentan mayor inestabilidad como consecuencia de la búsqueda de la supremacía entre los posibles líderes. We review leadership theories, in particular those of XIX century when the individual qualities of the leader were stressed, and some of XX century when the relation of the leader and the group was taken into account. Our model of social network considers a leader as the node where the maximal of walks pass through, that is, a node where the eigenvector v corresponding to the spectral radius of the adjacency matrix reaches a maximum. We call vx the power of a node x and prove that it is proportional to the power of the neighbors of x. Societies where more than one leader exist are unstable due to fight for power.

Consideremos una red social S cuyos nodos son los individuos que están vinculados por medio de aristas que representan, según su peso, la intensidad de la relación. Centramos nuestra atención en la estructura local de la red, esto es, en la información asociada a los individuos como nodos de la red. Cuantificamos el número de vecinos c(x) de cada nodo x en S y su promedio c(S). La comparación de c(x) y c(S) pone de manifiesto el grado de integración de x a la red. Reportamos los estudios antropológicos que permiten definir el número de Dunbar D(S) como una cota superior c(x) = D(S), para toda x en S, y la estimación D(S) = 150. Por otra parte la máxima distancia entre los nodos, el diámetro d(S), satisface de forma que un reducido d(S) permite cubrir muchos elementos de la red rápidamente, explicando así, la eficiencia de la transmisión social de información We consider a social network S whose nodes are the individuals who are linked by edges representing bonds of different weight. We devote our attention to the local structure of the network, that is, the information coming from the individual nodes of the network. We quantify the number of neighbors c(x) of a vertex x and its average c(S) along S. Comparing c(x) and C(S) yields an idea of the degree of integration of x with the society. From Dunbar's anthropological studies we get a number D(S) which bounds c(x) = D(S) and D(S) = 150. Moreover, if we introduce the diameter d(S) as the maximal distance between vertices in S, we get which explains the high efficiency of transmission of information in society.

La finalidad de esta serie de artículos es contribuir en la articulación urgente de dos áreas en intenso desarrollo pero con relativamente poco contacto entre sí, a pesar de que trabajan con problemas y fines comunes: por una parte el análisis de las redes sociales desde el punto de vista sociológico y antropológico, y por otro lado el análisis matemático de las redes sociales y la construcción de modelos. En esta serie de artículos intentamos desarrollar simultáneamente las dos direcciones en temas importantes, sin profundizar en ninguna de las dos direcciones pero sin trivializarlas. Para ello, avanzamos en la discusión de una serie de conceptos sociológicos y antropológicos (el individuo en sociedad, la formación de grupos, los líderes sociales, la formación de estructuras de gobierno, los conceptos de colaboración y conflicto social) construyendo, con base a los principios básicos de carácter social que revisamos, modelos matemáticos de ellos. Modelos que nos permiten hacer predicciones simples de la sociedad y su comportamiento. The purpose of this series of articles is to contribute to articulate two dynamic research areas, which despite sharing problems and scope, frequently ignore each other: on one side the social and anthropological analysis of networks, on the other side, the mathematical analysis of social networks and the construction of models. In this series of articles we propose important topics and discuss simultaneously the social and mathematical aspects with the purpose to develop simple models of social networks which yield predictions of different aspects of the social behavior. The topics that we consider are, among others, the individual as part of a social network, the integration of groups, leadership, the merging of social organizations, the growth of social networks and finally, two important aspects of human behavior in society, namely, collaboration and conflict.

Las estructuras sociales son acuerdos de organización de la sociedad alrededor de los asuntos de poder social: la ideología, la riqueza, la milicia y el estado. Las estructuras sociales se desarrollan de manera natural debido a presiones de varios tipos: ambientales, laborales, conflictos y demográficas, entre otros. En nuestro modelo de red social consideramos la forma en que la estructura de la red, en particular, el número de nodos, determina la estructura en diversas formas de gobierno para la sociedad. De particular importancia en este acercamiento al problema lo juega el número de Dunbar D de la red, ya que el número de nodos n = 40 (D/2)m-1, donde m es el número de niveles de gobierno. Mostramos que en este modelo el tamaño del gobierno de la red es proporcional a , donde n es el número de nodos de la red. Social structures are implicit agreements for the organization of society around the issues of social power: ideology, wealth, the military and the state. These structures develop in a natural way due to pressures of different kind: labor, environmental, demographic among others. In our model, the structure of the network, in particular its size, determine important features of the government. Particularly important in our approach is the Dunbar number D of the network, since the size of the network is bounded as n = 40 (D/2)m-1for an m-level government. We show that the size of the government is proportional to n 3/4.

Consideramos la estructura de las redes sociales S correspondientes a sociedades primitivas donde cada individuo pertenece a un clan. El número de clanes y el tamaño de la sociedad se pueden acotar en función del número de Perron r(S), asociado a la matriz de adyacencia de la red, que a su vez es menor que el número de Dunbar de la sociedad, esto es, r(S) = D(S). El número de Perron r(S) es una medida de la complejidad de la red S. We consider the structure of social networks corresponding to primitive societies where each individual belongs to a clan. The number of clans and the size of the society are bounded as functions of the Perron number r(S) of the adjacency matrix of the network. We get the inequality r(S) = D(S) comparing the Perron and the Dunbar numbers of the network. The Perron number r(S) is a measure of the complexity of the social network.

Se abordan dos problemas: La evolución de la colaboración, esto es, los mecanismos estructurales que hacen que la red evolucione y la aparición del conflicto: esto es, de que manera la estructura de la red determina conflictos entre individuos y grupos. Dada una red social S, su matriz de red A con radio espectral r y vector de Perron u, desarrollamos una serie de parámetros vinculados a la estructura de la red: el capital social de y, Ts (y)= ∑n/y ≠ 1 uy/d(x,y) (Ux + Uy) donde d(x,y) es la distancia entre los nodos x,y; el coeficiente de centralidad centS(x). Estudiamos situaciones en que se satisfacen: (1) Ts (G) ≥ TG (2) y (2) cents(G) ≥ 1/2 , para grupos de nodos G, por ejemplo, los líderes (nodos x donde ux alcanza un máximo) satisfacen ambas condiciones. Los cuadrantes determinados por el cumplimiento o no de las condiciones (1) y (2) permiten explicar conceptos tales como satisfacción y conflicto social. We consider two problems: the evolution of collaboration, that is, the structural mechanisms allowing the network to evolve and the emergence of conflict, that is, the network structures determining conflicts among individuals or groups. Given a social network S, with adjacency matrix A whose spectral radius accepts the Perron vector u. We develop some coefficients associated to the structure of the network. The social capital defined by Ts (y)= ∑n/y ≠ 1 uy/d(x,y) (Ux + Uy) where d(x,y) is the distance; the centrality coefficient centS(x). We consider situation when the following conditions hold: (1) Ts (G) ≥ TG (S) and (2) cents(G) ≥ 1/2 for systems of nodes G. For example, leaders satisfy both conditions. The quadrants determined by the fulfillment or not of conditions (1) and (2) allows to explain concepts such as social satisfaction and social conflicts.

Revisamos varios modelos de crecimiento que han sido propuestos para redes: el crecimiento aleatorio de Erdös y Ranyi, el crecimiento libre de escala de Barábasi propuesto originalmente para el internet, el modelo ? de crecimiento de Watts y Strogatz. Una aplicación del Teorema de Turán muestra que la optimización del ∞-crecimiento implica la aparición de clanes en la red. Nuestro modelo de crecimiento propone una combinación del crecimiento del tipo libre de escala y el ∞-crecimiento, una vez satisfecho el principio de acotamiento del número de vecinos c(i) = D, para toda i, por un número de Dunbar D fijado a priori. Alternativamente al establecimiento de relaciones de acuerdo al principio de preferencia de los más populares que da lugar, en algunos casos, al crecimiento libre de escala, proponemos el establecimiento de nuevas relaciones de acuerdo al principio de preferencia de los más poderosos. We review several models of growth of networks: random growth as proposed by Erdös and Ranyi, the scale-free networks as proposed by Barábasi for the growth of the internet, the ?-model of Watts and Strogatz. We apply Turán's theorem to show that the optimization of the ∞-model implies the appearance of clans in a social network. The growth model we propose for social networks combines the properties of scale-free type networks and the ∞-model once the bound c(i) = D, for all vertices i, is satisfied for an a priori constant D called the Dunbar number. Alternative to the establishment of new relations according to the preference of the most popular, we propose the establishment of new relations preferring the most powerful.

Maqui-berry is characterised by presenting a high concentration of (poly)phenols, accounting anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin) for over 85% of the total. These coloured flavonoids have demonstrated potential neurological activity, but the evidence of their antinociceptive properties is scarce. In order to cover this gap, different doses (suitable for human administration) of a maqui-berry powder (1.6% anthocyanin), using enteral and parenteral routes of administration, were compared at central and peripheral levels using a nociceptive pain model (formalin test) in mice. Gastric damage analysis as possible adverse effects of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs was also explored. Dose-antinociceptive response was confirmed using both routes of administration and in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, without gastric damage. In conclusion, these preliminary data provide evidence of pharmacological properties of maqui-berry to alleviate nociceptive pain., This work was partially supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologıa (CONACYT) grant numbers 226454 and 256448 and Institutional projects numbers INPNC123280.0 and INP-NC17073.0. Also, was partially funded by the Spanish MINECO through Research Project AGL2016-75332-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), the Spanish MICIN through Research Project PID2019-104212RD-100, and VA by a FPI [grant number BES-2017-079754

Although physiologically pain has a protective function, in many diseases, it is one of the most prominent symptoms. Today, new trends are focused on finding more natural alternatives to conventional treatments to alleviate it. Thereby, the purpose of this investigation was to obtain preclinical data of the antinociceptive properties of a lyophilized obtained from a newly designed maqui–citrus beverage alone and added with different sweeteners. To achieve this objective, maqui berry and citrus pharmacological activity were studied separately, as well as the interaction of both ingredients. In addition, due to the controversy generated regarding the intake of sugars, related to different metabolic diseases, the influence of different sweeteners (stevia, sucralose, or sucrose) was studied to determine their possible influence on the bioactive compounds of this product. For the attainment of our goals, a pharmacological evaluation, using the 1% formalin test, a nociceptive pain model in mice, was performed by using a sub-efficacious dosage of Maqui (25 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and combined with citrus, and then compared with the effects obtained in the presence of the different sweeteners. As a result, the antinociceptive response of the maqui was synergized in the presence of citrus in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test. However, this response was partially or totally reduced in the presence of the sweeteners. Our study gives preclinical evidence that a combination of maqui and citrus might exert beneficial actions to relieve pain, whereas the presence of sweeteners could reduce or avoid it., This work was partially supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) grant numbers 226454 and 256448 and Institutional projects numbers INP-NC123280.0 and INP-NC17073.0. Also, was partially funded by the Spanish MINECO through Research Project AGL2016-75332-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), the Spanish MICIN through Research Project PID2019-104212RD-100, and VA by a FPI grant (BES-2017-079754).

8 pags., 8 figs., We present a detailed investigation on the formation of supersaturated GaAs using Ti+ implantation followed by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Melting (PLM). We have synthesized high-crystal quality supersaturated GaAs layers with concentrations of Ti above the insulator to metal transition (Mott limit). The Ti-implanted concentration depth profiles after PLM obtained by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) show a redistribution of Ti impurities within the first hundred nanometers and superficial concentration up to 1 × 1021 cm−3. Raman spectroscopy of these Ti supersaturated, and regrown GaAs samples shows a sharp crystalline peak and tensile strain due to the Ti lattice incorporation. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images show a good GaAs crystallinity after the PLM process. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) reveals an enhanced Ti signal inside bubble-like structures and an appearance of interface oxide layer with all processed samples., Authors would like to acknowledge C.A.I. de Tecnicas Físicas of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid for ion implantation, and the technical. This work was partially supported by the Project MADRIDPV2 (Grant No. P20138/EMT-4308) funded by the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid with the support of FEDER funds, by the Spanish MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) under grants PID2020-116508RB-I00, PID2020-117498RB-I00 and RTI2018-096498-B-I00. One of the authors (S. Algaidy) would also like to acknowledge financial support from Ministry of Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. D.Caudevilla would also like to acknowledge a grant (PRE2018-083798), financed by MICINN and European Social Fund. F. Perez-Zenteno would like to acknowledge financial support Mexico grant program CONACyT under grant 786327. The authors would like to also acknowledge the services of CAI de Espectroscopia of UCM, (INA-LMA) de Universidad de Zaragoza and C.A.C.T.I de Universidad de Vigo for Raman, FIB-SEM and SIMS, respectively

Chemiluminescence (CL) reactions are widely used for the detection and quantification of many types of analytes. Laccase has previously been proposed in CL reactions; however, its light emission behaviour has not been characterized. This study was conducted to characterize the laccase-luminol system, determine its kinetic parameters, and analyze the effects of protein and OH- concentration on the CL signal. Laccase from Coriolopsis gallica was combined with different concentrations of luminol (125 nM to 4 mM), and the enzyme kinetics were evaluated using diverse kinetic models. The laccase-luminol system was able to produce CL without an intermediate molecule, but it exhibited substrate-inhibition behaviour. A two-site random model was used and suggested that when the first luminol molecule was bound to the active site, laccase affinity for the second luminol molecule was increased. This inhibition effect could be avoided using a low luminol concentration. At 5 μM luminol concentration, 1 mg/ml (0.13 U) laccase is needed to achieve nearly 90% of the maximum CL signal, suggesting that the available luminol could not bind to all active sites. Furthermore, the concentration of NaOH negatively affected the CL signal. The laccase-luminol system represents an alternative to existing CL systems, with potential uses in molecular detection and quantification., Translational Omics and Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine strategic focus groups of Tecnologico de Monterrey; CONACyT, Grant/Award Number: 492276, With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

Background: The Coccoloba uvifera L. species is currently considered an important source of compounds of high biological value such as lupeol. This is related to different and important biological activities to human health. Objective: The objective of this study was to encapsulate the C. uvifera extract in nanofibers made with the biopolymers gelatin (G)/high-grade polymerization agave fructans (HDPAF) in the proportions 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 0:1, through the electrospinning process, in addition to evaluating the antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties of the encapsulated extract. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated, as well as the antiproliferative and antimutagenic activities of the encapsulated and unencapsulated extract. SEM evaluation shows nanofibers of smooth, continuous morphology and nanometric size (50-250 nm). The TGA, FTIR-ATR, HPLC-MS analyses reveal the presence of the extract in the nanofibers. Results: The extract did not show a mutagenic effect during the development of the Ames test, on the other hand, the MTT test showed the antiproliferative effect at the concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL of extract. Conclusion: The extract of C. uvifera loaded in nanofibers elaborated by electrospinning with the G/HDPAF biopolymers conserves its antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties., This study was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Mexico) for the project code 316948, CYTED thematic network code 319RT0576, and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (project code RTI2018-097249-B-C21).

Lava domes exhibit highly unpredictable and hazardous behavior, which is why imaging their morphological evolution to decipher the underlying governing mechanisms remains a major challenge. Using high-resolution satellite radar imagery enhanced with deep-learning, we image the repetitive dome construction-subsidence cycles at Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico) with very high temporal and spatial resolution. We show that these cycles resemble gas-driven rise and fall of the upper magma column, where buoyant bubble-rich magma is extruded from the conduit (in ~hours-days), and successively drained back (in ~days-months) as magma degasses and crystallizes. These cycles are superimposed on a progressive decadal crater deepening, accompanied by heat and gas flux decrease, which could be partially explained by gas depletion within the magma plumbing system. Results reinforce the idea that gas retention and escape from the magma column play a key role in the short- and long-term morphological evolution of low-viscosity lava domes and their associated hazards., S.V. was supported by DGAPA-PAPIIT grant IA102221, T.R.W. by ERC consolidator grant ERC-CoG Q7 646858, R.C. by SEP-CONACYT grant A1-S-30127. We thank DLR for the continuous acquisition of TerraSAR-X spotlight-mode data, ESA and NASA for providing access to open-access data (Sentinel-1, MODIS, OMI), and CENAPRED for providing access to daily volcanic activity reports.

Naegleria fowleri is an opportunistic protozoan, belonging to the free-living amoeba group, that can be found in warm water bodies. It is causative agent the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fulminant disease with a rapid progression that affects the central nervous system. However, no 100% effective treatments are available and those that are currently used involve the appearance of severe side effects, therefore, there is an urgent need to find novel antiamoebic compounds with low toxicity. In this study, the in vitro activity of six oxasqualenoids obtained from the red algae Laurencia viridis was evaluated against two different strains of N. fowleri (ATCC® 30808 and ATCC® 30215) as well as their cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. Yucatecone was the molecule with the highest selectivity index (>2.98 and 5.23 respectively) and it was selected to continue with the cell death type determination assays. Results showed that yucatone induced programmed cell death like responses in treated amoebae causing DNA condensation and cellular membrane damage among others. In this family of oxasqualenoids, it seems that the most significative structural feature to induce activity against N. fowleri is the presence of a ketone at C-18. This punctual oxidation transforms an inactive compound into a lead compound as the yucatecone and 18-ketodehydrotyrsiferol with IC50 values of 16.25 and 12.70 μM, respectively. The assessment of in silico ADME/Tox analysis revealed that the active compounds showed good Human Oral Absorption and demonstrate that are found to be within the limit of approved drug parameter range. Hence, the study highlights promising potential of yucatone to be tested for therapeutic use against primary amoebic meningoencephalitis., I.A.J and A.R.L acknowledge funding from Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI) cofunded by Fondo Social Europeo (FSE) y FEDER, (TESIS2020010063 and TESIS2020010054). S.G.-D. thanks postdoctoral fellowships from CONACYT (grant 740689) and María Zambrano Programme (Programme of Requalification of the Spanish University System from Spanish Ministry for Universities, ULL, Next Generation EU Funds). Authors acknowledge Dr. Marta Sansón (ULL) for identification of the algae.

Volcanic plume composition is strongly influenced by both changes in magmatic systems and plume-atmosphere interactions. Understanding the degassing mechanisms controlling the type of volcanic activity implies deciphering the contributions of magmatic gases reaching the surface and their posterior chemical transformations in contact with the atmosphere. Remote sensing techniques based on direct solar absorption spectroscopy provide valuable information about most of the emitted magmatic gases but also on gas species formed and converted within the plumes. In this study, we explore the procedures, performances and benefits of combining two direct solar absorption techniques, high resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-DOAS), to observe the composition changes in the Popocatépetl’s plume with high temporal resolution. The SO2 vertical columns obtained from three instruments (DOAS, high resolution FTIR and Pandora) were found similar (median difference, We acknowledge financial support from grants UNAM-PAPIIT IA101620 and IN111521. NT and TBo also thank the stipend given by the Mexican Foreign Affairs Department (Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores) and its AMEXCID program. Financial support from Conacyt-AEM through grant No. 275239 is acknowledged.

[EN] Porous Fe carboxylates are amongst the most promising MOF-based materials due to their low price, low toxicity, metal environments (including open metal sites) and remarkable (meso)porosity variety. Fe-MOFs based on the cluster [FeO(X)(solvent)], that is, MIL-101(Fe), MIL-100(Fe) and semiamorphous Fe-BTC, are of particular interest. These three materials are quite related each other: (i) MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe) have the same zeolitic topology MTN and two types of mesocavities, whereas (ii) Fe-BTC and MIL-100(Fe) form an unprecedented semiamorphous / fully-crystallized pair, having in common the metal cluster, the composition, one mesocavity, etc but without becoming a nano- / micro-crystalline pair. This work describes the room-temperature synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in the aerobic cyclohexene oxidation of the semiamorphous Fe-BDC, which together with MIL-101(Fe) would form the second semiamorphous / crystallized pair in MOFs. Unfortunately, Fe-BDC could not be prepared in water as solvent, but in either ethanol or in N,N-dimethylformamide. It possesses relatively high textural properties (above 500 mg) and key common features with MIL-101(Fe): XRD reflections at the same 2θ positions, similar thermal stability, almost equal linker conformations, etc. Fe-BDC became quite active in the solvent-free aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene under mild conditions, surpassing the activity performance of the well-known commercial Fe-BTC catalyst in the same reaction under the same mild conditions., This work has been partially financed by CSIC through the programs: (i) CVCSIC-AEPP-Ayudas Extraordinarias para preparación de proyectos 2019 (2019AEP076) and (ii) i-COOP-2018 (COOPA20271). This work has been also financed by the CONACyT project A1–5-30646. J.G.F. acknowledges a Ph.D. CONACyT grant (687839). R.D.G. thanks the JAE-Intro CSIC grant (JAEINT18_EX_0043).

4 figures, 2 tables., [EN] The use of concentrated solar energy to provide heat in the hydrothermal liquefaction is an attractive method to transform biomass into valuable products reducing the environmental impact. However, the coupling of both technologies requires further research. This work analyses the effect of solar fluctuations on the yields, and main characteristics of products obtained in a solar reactor with direct heating method. Results indicate that by direct heating in a solar furnace, at sustained reaction temperatures of 250 ºC, produced a bio-oil and char yield up 24 and 33%, respectively. The results are consistent with conventional heating systems, however direct heating results in higher temperature gradients between the frontal and nonirradiated walls (above 200 ºC), which results in an unstable system, especially at high heating rates and temperatures above 300 ºC, therefore, at the end of this work a modified solar reactor was proposed., [ES] El uso de energía solar concentrada para suministrar calor en el procesamiento hidrotermal de biomasa representa una alternativa atractiva para la transformación de biomasa en productos valiosos con menor impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, el acoplamiento de ambas tecnologías requiere más investigación en el tema. Este trabajo analiza el efecto de las variaciones en la irradiancia solar en los rendimientos y composición de los productos. Los principales resultados muestran rendimientos en el bioaceite y carbón de hasta 24 y 33%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se encontró que el tiempo de residencia entre 30-60 min favorece la formación superficial de una estructura porosa en el carbón. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con los sistemas de calentamiento convencional, sin embargo, el calentamiento directo del reactor solar genera grandes gradientes térmicos entre la pared frontal y la pared no irradiada (arriba de 200 ºC), lo que resulta en un sistema inestable, especialmente con rampas de calentamiento rápidas y temperaturas arriba de 300 ºC, por lo tanto, al final de este trabajo se propone un reactor mejorado., Authors would like to acknowledge J.J. Quiñones- Aguilar for the design of the modified solar reactor, and the financial support received from Fondo Sectorial CONACYT-SENER-Sustentabilidad Energética through Grant 207450, “Centro Mexicano de Innovación en Energía Solar (CeMIE-Sol)”, within strategic project No. 120 “Tecnología solar para obtención de productos con valor agregado mediante procesamiento hidrotermal” and DGAPA-PAPIITUNAM Project number IN107923: Licuefacción hidrotérmica solar de biomasa residual.

8 pages, 4 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00705-9.-- Data availability: Raw ocean-bottom seismometer can be found here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21388122. The Multichannel PSDM seismic section can be found here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21388107.v1. .-- Code availability: Travel-time tomography was performed using a modified version of TOMO2D48,49, available upon request to the corresponding author. Multichannel seismic data were processed with commercial software RadEXPro (https://radexpro.com/)., The parameters allowing for near-trench megathrust ruptures are debated and commonly involve the presence of site-dependent tectonic factors (e.g. rough subducting topography, amount of sediments), implying the need for direct geophysical observations. Here we use seismic imaging techniques to explore the mechanisms triggering shallow ruptures in the Rivera subduction zone, along the non-accretionary Jalisco-Colima continental margin, W Mexico, where three large (Mw~8) tsunamigenic megathrust earthquakes occurred in the last century. The seismic image reveals large interplate topographic variations morphologically alike to incoming trench-parallel ridges seaward of the study area. Ridge subduction only occurs along the southern non-accretionary margin of the Rivera system, where past earthquakes released large near-trench coseismic energy, indicating that subducting ridges enhance interplate coupling. Subducting ridges uplift the margin, causing upper-plate fracturing and low rigidity areas. Such elastic structure quantitatively explains the dynamics of slow and tsunamigenic ruptures in the past. We conclude that ridge subduction beneath the Jalisco-Colima continental margin promotes shallow seismogenesis and explains the large tsunamigenic potential of the area, M. Prada has been partially funded by the Beatriu de Pinós postdoctoral programme of the Government of Catalonia’s Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge (Ref # 2017BP00170). M. Prada has had funding support from the ’Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI). We gratefully acknowledge financial support from MINECO (Spain) through the TSUJAL project (CGL2011-29474-C02-01), and from Mexico through CONACYT–FOMIXJAL 2008–96567 (2009); CONACYT– FOMIXJAL 2008–96539 (2009); CONACYT–FOMIXJAL 2010–149245 (2011); CONACyT-FOMIXJal (2012-08-189963), and partial funding from UNAM DGAPA Grant #IN115513-3

Ytterbium ferrites are being used in many promising applications, such as visible-light photocatalysis, solar cells, magnetooptic devices, electro-magnetic equipment, etc., due to their fantastic ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties. However, despite their good magnetic and radiopaque features, the use of ytterbium ferrites as multiplatform contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) is still under-developed. This is mainly due to difficulties in obtaining stable and biocompatible aqueous colloidal dispersions of ytterbium ferrite nanoparticles. In order to overcome this limitation, this work explores an eco-friendly method to directly synthesize such dispersions by liquid-assisted pulsed laser ablation of ytterbium ferrite massive targets. First, orthorhombic bulk YbFeO3 targets were obtained by a reaction-sintering method. Then, colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles were produced directly in both distilled water and ethanol by irradiating the bulk YbFeO3 targets with high-power infrared nanosecond lasers pulses. A battery of techniques has been used to characterize the as synthesized YbFeO3 targets and colloidal dispersions of YbFe nanoparticles to determine their composition, structure, magnetic properties, X-ray attenuation potentials, and colloidal properties. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the systems was also analysed by MTT cell viability assay. Results indicated that the use of distilled water as ablation medium yields colloidal dispersions consisted mainly of paramagnetic ytterbium ferrite nanoparticles. Contrarily, the use of ethanol as solvent leads to colloidal dispersions of polycrystalline nanoparticles with both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic behaviour, due to the coexistence, in each nanoparticle, of ytterbium ferrite, ytterbium oxide, and iron oxide crystalline phases. Both colloidal dispersions exhibit also high biocompatibility and suitable X-ray attenuation properties. Moreover, they show bio-safe hydrodynamic sizes (lower than 200 nm) with acceptable overall hydrodynamic polydispersity index values (under 0.4), being stable in water for several weeks. These results pave the way for the future evaluation of Yb–Fe based nanoparticles as multiplatform contrast agents in multimodal MRI and CT imaging., This research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and FEDERthrough the research project MAT2015-67354R, and a MSCA-IF postdoctoral fellowship from the Marie Curie action 2014 [grant 656908-NIMBLIS] of the H2020 program of the Executive Agency for Research Manages of EU Commission. Additionally, this research has been funded throught a research project (research project ULST-NANO) of the Proyectos Integradores MdM-IMEYMAT, call 2020, as well as the researcg project PID2020-118329RB-I00 funded by Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 action. Moreover, this research was also co-financed through two regional research projects funded by the Junta de Andalucía, specifically, the research project PECART-0096-2020 (Consejería Salud y Familias. JA Spain) and the research project P20_01293 (Consejería Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad. JA Spain). In addition, Dr. Monserrat Llaguno-Munive is grateful for the funding received through the post-doctoral grant of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología from Mexico (CONACYT, no 619639). In addition, we acknowledge the received technical assistance from the SC-ICYT of the University of Cádiz and the Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza. We also acknowledge to the Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN) (which is financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)) and the ICTS “NANBIOSIS”, specifically the FVPR/U20 (http://www.nanbiosis.es/portfolio/u20-in-vivo-experimentalplatform/) for providing access to the micro-CT. Finally, we want to thank the company LASING S.L. its technical support in the development of the NANO-GLAS laser system where the LA-PLA experiments were carried out.

In memorial to Carolina Rojas Garbanzo who passed away last March 2020, wherever you are dear your work was done and continues., Psidium guajava L. and Psidium friedrichsthalianum Nied are part of the Psidium species native to America. Nowadays, it is essential to study the phenolic compound (PC) profile and their changes during digestion and the fractions available for absorption. This study aimed to characterize the PC profile in some Psidium species and their bioaccessibility (BA). Fifty-seven compounds were identified, and forty-six belonged to ten different phenolic classes. PC profiles showed significant differences between the species and the intestinal fraction P. friedrichsthalianum Nied. showed the highest PC content, although it mostly belonged to non-extractable polyphenols. This leads to the lowest BA (37%); P. guajava L. ‘Morada’ showed the highest (47%). Hydroxycinnamic acids were the most stable PC after gastrointestinal digestion. This study showed relevant differences in the PC content and profile of different Psidium species and changes between the PC in the original matrix and those released in the different stages of gastrointestinal digestion., All authors thank the ALSUB-CYTED network (118RT0543), particularly Duran-Castañeda A.C. for the financial support to carry out this research and to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for the grant (934864).

The exchange of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a major determinant of their mutualistic symbiosis. We explored the C dynamics in tomato (Solanum lycorpersicum) inoculated or not with Rhizophagus irregularis to study their growth response under different NaHPO concentrations (Null P, 0 mM; Low P, 0.065 mM; High P, 1.3 mM). The percentage of AMF colonization was similar in plants under Null and Low P, but severely reduced under High P. However, the AMF mass biomarker 16:1ω5 revealed higher fungal accumulation in inoculated roots under Low P, while more AMF spores were produced in the Null P. Under High P, AMF biomass and spores were strongly reduced. Plant growth response to mycorrhiza was negative under Null P, showing reduction in height, biovolume index, and source leaf (SL) area. Under Low P, inoculated plants showed a positive response (e.g., increased SL area), while inoculated plants under High P were similar to non-inoculated plants. AMF promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars in the SL under all fertilization levels, whereas the soluble sugar level decreased in roots under Low P in inoculated plants. Transcriptional upregulation of SlLIN6 and SlSUS1, genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, was observed in inoculated roots under Null P and Low P, respectively. We conclude that P-limiting conditions that increase AMF colonization stimulate plant growth due to an increase in the source and sink strength. Our results suggest that C partitioning and allocation to different catabolic pathways in the host are influenced by AMF performance., Funding information Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Grant/Award Number: 732373; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Grant/Award Number: 5872608. The authors wish to acknowledge I. E. Maldonado-Mendoza and M. López-Meyer for the kind donation of the in vitro monoxenic cultured spores of R. irregularis (DAOM 197198), which we propagated to generate the inoculum used in this work. I. A. S.-S. received a scholarship (732373) granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnonogía (CONACYT). To conduct this research, A. T. C.-B. provided funding from Coordinación de la Investigación Científica (Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo), project (5872608).

The interaction of ammonia with Ben(n, CONACyT, Grant/Award Number: Al-S-26876; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación of Spain (MICIN/AEI), Grant/Award Numbers:5203125207-25207-4-21,5931125495-125495-4-21

We present the analysis of Very Large Telescope Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of the planetary nebula (PN) IC 4406. MUSE images in key emission lines are used to unveil the presence of at least five ring-like structures north and south of the main nebula of IC 4406. MUSE spectra are extracted from the rings to unambiguously assess for the first time in a PN their physical conditions, electron density (ne), and temperature (Te). The rings are found to have similar Te as the rim of the main nebula, but smaller ne. Ratios between different ionic species suggest that the rings of IC 4406 have a lower ionization state than the main cavity, in contrast to what was suggested for the rings in NGC 6543, the Cat’s Eye Nebula. © 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., GR-L acknowledges support from CONACyT grant 263373 and PRODEP (Mexico). VMAGG acknowledges support from the Programa de Becas posdoctorales of the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM, Mexico). VMAGG and JAT acknowledge funding by DGAPA UNAM PAPIIT project IA100720. JAT also acknowledges support from the Marcos Moshinsky Fundation (Mexico). JBR-G thanks CONACyT for a student scholarship. MAG acknowledges support of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades grant PGC2018-102184-B-I00, co-funded by FEDER funds. Based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and obtained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA), and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC/NRC/CSA). Based on observations collected at the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programme 60.A-9100. Based on observations obtained at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). This work has made extensive use of the NASA’s Astrophysics Data System.

The triterpenes have low solubility, as a strategy to facility its transport into the gastro-intestinal tract, the techno-functional properties of the mixture of high degree of polymerization Agave fructans (HDPAF) and whey protein (WP) as encapsulating material for stabilized Coccoloba uvifera L. extract fraction were evaluated. The purification of the extract was carried out by column chromatography, obtaining the fraction with the highest bioactivity. The microstructure evaluated by SEM showed capsules with spherical shapes using electrospraying. HPLC–MS analysis indicated the presence of β-sitosterol and lupeol in the encapsulates. The main interactions of biopolymers and compounds were by FTIR. The Tg of the capsules (> 149 °C) and the thermal stability (> 202 °C) of the compounds were by thermal analysis (DSC and TGA, respectively). The loading and encapsulation efficiency were 100 and 95%, respectively. Finally, the encapsulates presented antioxidant capacities for ABTS, DPPH, and FIC (between 90 and 71%). The HDPAF-WP mixture has techno-functional properties that allow the stabilization of HBVC by electrospraying. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.], The authors thank Tecnológico Nacional de México for their support in conducting the work throughout the project “Fracciones de extracto de hoja de uva de mar (Coccoloba uvifera L.): Evaluación de la actividad biológica y encapsulación por electroesprayado” (code 11176.21-P), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Mexico) for the scholarship granted (number 702624) to Jorge Alberto Ramos-Hernández; CYTED thematic network code 319RT0576 and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (project code RTI2018-097249-B-C21).

Ant-plant interactions are widespread and have profound effects on plant fitness, food webs, and species diversity. Whereas most experimental work has tested for ant effects on herbivores, few studies have investigated ant effects on plant pathogens, and even less dual effects on herbivores and pathogens. In this work, we tested whether ants protect wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants against insect herbivores and fungal pathogens by means of an ant exclusion field experiment. In addition, we measured extrafloral nectar (EFN) traits (volume and concentration) to assess their role in ant attraction, and controlled for cotton direct chemical defenses (phenolics) in testing for ant-mediated defense. Ant exclusion did not have a detectable effect on either insect herbivory or pathogen infection levels on wild cotton leaves, and, accordingly, did not impact plant growth (height) over the growing season. We found that EFN traits were associated with ant recruitment to wild cotton plants, with both nectar amount and concentration being positively correlated with ant abundance on control plants. The above tests accounted for leaf phenolics, a type of direct defense, indicating no independent effect of indirect defense mediated by ants on wild cotton during the study. These results provide limited evidence of biotic defense by ants against insect and pathogens on wild cotton at the study site, but call for further assessments of spatiotemporal variation in wild cotton-ant interactions., This study was fnancially supported by CONACYT Grant (CB-250925) to LAR and VPT.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present the first very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations of the blazar OJ 287 carried out jointly with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA) and the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 3.5 mm on 2017 April 2. The participation of phased ALMA has not only improved the GMVA north–south resolution by a factor of ∼3, but has also enabled fringe detections with signal-to-noise ratios up to 300 at baselines longer than 2 Gλ. The high sensitivity has motivated us to image the data with newly developed regularized maximum likelihood imaging methods, revealing the innermost jet structure with unprecedentedly high angular resolution. Our images reveal a compact and twisted jet extending along the northwest direction, with two bends within the inner 200 μas, resembling a precessing jet in projection. The component at the southeastern end shows a compact morphology and high brightness temperature, and is identified as the VLBI core. An extended jet feature that lies at ∼200 μas northwest of the core shows a conical shape, in both total and linearly polarized intensity, and a bimodal distribution of the linear polarization electric vector position angle. We discuss the nature of this feature by comparing our observations with models and simulations of oblique and recollimation shocks with various magnetic field configurations. Our high-fidelity images also enabled us to search for possible jet features from the secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) and test the SMBH binary hypothesis proposed for this source. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., The work at the IAA-CSIC is supported in part by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2016-80889-P and PID2019-108995GB-C21), the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112), and the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). This publication acknowledges the project M2FINDERS, which is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101018682). L.L. acknowledges the support of the DGAPA/PAPIIT grants IN112417 and IN112820, the CONACyT-AEM grant 275201, and the CONACyT-CF grant 263356. T.S. was supported by the Academy of Finland projects 274477, 284495, 312496, and 315721. Y.K. was supported in the framework of the State project "Science" by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, under the contract 075-15-2020-778. J.Y.K acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant no. 2022R1C1C1005255). R.-S. L is supported by the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS, the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 11933007), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (grant No. ZDBS-LY-SLH011), and the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research – Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2022-013).

After performing the morpho-kinematic analysis of the planetary nebula (PN) PC 22, we now present its nebular and stellar analysis. The plasma investigation relies on the novel use of a Monte Carlo analysis associated with the PYNEB code for the uncertainty propagation. The innermost region of the nebula shows electronic temperatures Te ≈ 10 800 K using [N II] and ≈13 000 K using [O III] and electronic densities ne ≈ 600 cm−3. We also used for the first time a machine learning algorithm to calculate ionization correction factors (ICFs) specifically adapted to PC 22. This has allowed us to have pioneer ICFs for (S+ + S++)/O++, Cl++/O++, and Ar3+ + Ar4+, as well as a possible new determination for the total abundance of neon. The study of the stellar spectrum revealed the presence of broad emission lines consistent with a Wolf–Rayet-type [WR] classification and more precisely a [WO1] subtype based on different qualitative and quantitative criteria. This classification is also coherent with the high stellar temperature derived from the reproduction of the ionization state of the gas with the Mexican Million Models data base (3MdB) and the best-fitting model obtained with the NLTE model atmosphere code PoWR. PC 22 is therefore a new addition to the [WO1]-subtype PNe. © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., LS acknowledges support from PAPIIT grant IN101819 (Mexico). VGL and CM acknowledge grants CONACYT/CB2015 – 254132 and UNAM/PAPIIT – IN101220. VMAGG acknowledges support from the Programa de Becas posdoctorales funded by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA, UNAM). MAG acknowledges support of the grant PGC2018-102184-B-I00 of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencias, Innovación y Universidades. Also, we want to thank the OAN-SPM staff and the CATT for time allocation. This study is based on observations made with the 2.1 m telescope of the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional at the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (OAN-SPM), which is a national facility operated by the Instituto de Astronomía of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have also used archival observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and obtained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA), and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC/NRC/CSA). This paper has been edited using the Overleaf facility., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Neutral theory proposes that dispersal stochasticity is one of the main drivers of local diversity. Haplotypes-level genetic variation can now be efficiently sampled from across whole communities, thus making it possible to test neutral predictions from the genetic to species-level diversity, and higher. However, empirical data is still limited, with the few studies to date coming from temperate latitudes. Here, we focus on a tropical mountain within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt to evaluate spatially fine-scale patterns of arthropod community assembly to understand the role of dispersal limitation and landscape features as drivers of diversity. We sampled whole-communities of arthropods for eight orders at a spatial scale ranging from 50 m to 19 km, using whole community metabarcoding. We explored multiple hierarchical levels, from individual haplotypes to lineages at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5% similarity thresholds, to evaluate patterns of richness, turnover, and distance decay of similarity with isolation-by-distance and isolation-by resistance (costs to dispersal given by landscape features) approaches. Our results showed that distance and altitude influence distance decay of similarity at all hierarchical levels. This holds for arthropod groups of contrasting dispersal abilities, but with different strength depending on the spatial scale. Our results support a model where local-scale differentiation mediated by dispersal constraints, combined with long-term persistence of lineages, is an important driver of diversity within tropical sky islands., Nancy Gálvez-Reyes is a doctoral student from Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and was supported by CONACYT (scholarship no. 401781). CONACYT also provided financial support with the project 178245 granted to D. Piñero. B. Emerson was supported by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (CGL2017-85718-P), co-financed by FEDER. P. Arribas was supported by a postdoctoral grant by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Spain) within the Juan de la Cierva Formación Program. C. Andújar was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Spain) (CGL2015-74178-JIN MINECO/FEDER, UE).

We characterize the selection cuts and clustering properties of a magnitude-limited sample of bright galaxies that is part of the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) using the ninth data release of the Legacy Imaging Surveys (DR9). We describe changes in the DR9 selection compared to the DR8 one and we also compare the DR9 selection in three distinct regions: BASS/MzLS in the north Galactic Cap (NGC), DECaLS in the NGC, and DECaLS in the south Galactic Cap (SGC). We investigate the systematics associated with the selection and assess its completeness by matching the BGS targets with the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We measure the angular clustering for the overall bright sample (rmag ≤ 19.5) and as function of apparent magnitude and colour. This enables to determine the clustering strength r0 and slope γ by fitting a power-law model that can be used to generate accurate mock catalogues for this tracer. We use a counts-in-cells technique to explore higher order statistics and cross-correlations with external spectroscopic data sets in order to check the evolution of the clustering with redshift and the redshift distribution of the BGS targets using clustering redshifts. While this work validates the properties of the BGS bright targets, the final target selection pipeline and clustering properties of the entire DESI BGS will be fully characterized and validated with the spectroscopic data of Survey Validation. © 2021 The Author(s)., PZ, OR-M, SC, PN, and CB acknowledge support from the Science Technology Facilities Council through ST/P000541/1 andST/T000244/1. OR-M is supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) through grant No. 297228/440775 and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734374. JM gratefully acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DESC0020086 and from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1616414. Authors want to thank the GAMA collaboration for early access to GAMA DR4 data for this work. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the healpy and HEALPIX package. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr).This work also made extensive use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System and of the astro-ph preprint archive at arXiv.org. This work used the DiRAC@Durham facility managed by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/K00042X/1, ST/P002293/1, and ST/R002371/1, Durham University and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). NERSC is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Introduction: The Notch pathway is fundamental for the generation of neurons during development. We previously reported that adult mice heterozygous for the null allele of the gene encoding the Delta-like ligand 1 for Notch (Dll1) have a reduced neuronal density in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether this alteration extends to other brain structures and the behavioral consequences of affected subjects. Methods: Brains of Dll1 embryos and mice at different ages were phenotypically compared against their wild type (WT) counterpart. Afterwards, brain histological analyses were performed followed by determinations of neural cell markers in tissue slices. Neurological deficits were diagnosed by applying different behavioral tests to Dll1 and WT mice. Results: Brain weight and size of Dll1 mice was significantly decreased compared with WT littermates (i.e., microcephaly), a phenotype detected early after birth. Interestingly, enlarged ventricles (i.e., hydrocephalus) was a common characteristic of brains of Dll1 haploinsufficient mice since early ages. At the cell level, general cell density and number of neurons in several brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus, of Dll1 mice were reduced as compared with those regions of WT mice. Also, fewer neural stem cells were particularly found in the adult dentate gyrus of Dll1 mice but not in the subventricular zone. High myelination levels detected at early postnatal ages (P7–P24) were an additional penetrant phenotype in Dll1 mice, observation that was consistent with premature oligodendrocyte differentiation. After applying a set of behavioral tests, mild neurological alterations were detected that caused changes in motor behaviors and a deficit in object categorization. Discussion: Our observations suggest that Dll1 haploinsufficiency limits Notch signaling during brain development which, on one hand, leads to reduced brain cell density and causes microcephaly and hydrocephalus phenotypes and, on the other, alters the myelination process after birth. The severity of these defects could reach levels that affect normal brain function. Therefore, Dll1 haploinsufficiency is a risk factor that predisposes the brain to develop abnormalities with functional consequences., This work was supported by grants IN214219 from PAPIIT-UNAM and FOINS1723 from CONACyT. D-MA, MA-D, and E-AC are recipients of CONACyT fellowships.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs that supply mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon derived from photosynthesis. Sucrose is the end‐product of photosynthesis and the main compound used by plants to translocate photosynthates to non-photosynthetic tissues. AMF alter carbon distribution in plants by modifying the expression and activity of key enzymes of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and/or catabolism. Since sucrose is essential for the maintenance of all metabolic and physiological processes, the modifications addressed by AMF can significantly affect plant development and stress responses. AMF also modulate plant lipid biosynthesis to acquire storage reserves, generate biomass, and fulfill its life cycle. In this review we address the most relevant aspects of the influence of AMF on sucrose and lipid metabolism in plants, including its effects on sucrose biosynthesis both in photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues, and the influence of sucrose on lipid biosynthesis in the context of the symbiosis. We present a hypothetical model of carbon partitioning between plants and AMF in which the coordinated action of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism plays a role in the generation of hexose gradients to supply carbon to AMF, and to control the amount of carbon assigned to the fungus., I.A.S.-S. received a scholarship granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), México (732373). Funding support was provided to A.T.C.-B. from Coordinación de la Investigación Científica Project 5872608, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

7 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 32 referencias.- Supplementary materials: science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq4062 Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S19 Tables S1 to S28 References (33–269) MDAR Reproducibility Checklist Movie S1.- Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and speciespoor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Funding: This research was funded by the European Research Council [ERC grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT)] and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/ 041). F.T.M. acknowledges support from a Rei Jaume I Award, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Synthesis Center (sDiv) of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle–Jena–Leipzig (iDiv). C.A.G., S.C., and N.E. acknowledge support from iDiv and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, 202548816; Flexpool proposal 34600850). Y.L.B.-P. was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF) within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). N.G. was supported by CAP 20-25 (16-IDEX-0001) and the AgreenSkills+ fellowship program, which has received funding from the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement N° FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). B.B. and B.E. were supported by the Taylor Family–Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. J.D., A.Ro., and H.C. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (IF/00950/ 2014 and 2020.03670.CEECIND, SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, and in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4-6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, July 19, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE, and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2020) research unit financed by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). C.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. AGL201675762-R, AEI/FEDER, UE, and PID2020-116578RB-I00, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 101000224. E.V. was funded by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017‐T2/ AMB‐5406). M.A.B. acknowledges support from the School of Forestry and College of the Environment, Forestry and Natural Sciences of Northern Arizona University. E.H.-S. acknowledges support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SEP-CB-2015-01-251388, PN 2017-5036 and PRONAII 319059). F.M.H. acknowledges support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - PCI/INMA) of the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI, processes number 302381/2020-1). H.L.T. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) (DEB 0953864). A.N. and M.K. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/130274/2017, CEECIND/02453/2018/CP1534/CT0001, PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020 and UIDB/00329/2020). A.A.C. acknowledges support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. J.E.K. and T.P.M. acknowledge the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant no. 114412). F.J. and N.B. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects OPTIMASS (FKZ: 01LL1302A) and ORYCS (FKZ:01LL1804A). A.Li. and A.S.K.F. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects Limpopo Living Landscapes (FKZ: 01LL1304D) and SALLnet (FKZ: 01LL1802C). L.W. acknowledges support from the US NSF (EAR 1554894). L.H.F. acknowledges support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Chair Program in Ecosystem Reclamation. S.C.R. acknowledges support from the US Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area and the US Bureau of Land Management. G.M.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council. L.v.d.B. and K.T. acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (TI 338/14-1). M.D.-B. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I+D+i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.D.-B. is also supported by a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). P.J.R. and A.J.M. acknowledge support from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through the FEDER Andalucía operative program, FEDER-UJA 1261180 project. A.F. thanks ANID PIA/BASAL FB210006 and Millennium Science Initiative Program NCN2021-050. A.J. acknowledges support from the Bavarian Research Alliance Germany (BayIntAn_UBT_2017_61). C.B. acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41971131). Biodiversity and ecosystem function research in the B.K.S. laboratory is funded by the Australian Research Council (DP210102081). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. G.P. and C.V.L. acknowledge support from Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (PI 40-C-873 and 654). V.R. acknowledges support from the Regional Government of Extremadura (Spain) through a “Talento” fellowship (TA18022). M.F. acknowledges support from the Department of Range and Watershed Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Participation of recent graduates in collecting field data at four sites in Namibia was supported by a capacity building grant to Gobabeb–Namib Research Institute by the Environmental Investment Fund in Namibia.

Carbon steel B450C and low-chromium stainless steel SS430 were exposed for 30 days to supersulfated “SS1” cement extract solution, considered as a “green” alternative for partial replacement of the Portland cement clinker. The initial pH of 12.38 dropped since the first day to 7.84, accompanied by a displacement to more negative values of the free corrosion potential (OCP) of the carbon steel up to ≈−480.74 mV, giving the formation of γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH and FeO, as suggested by XRD and XPS analysis. In the meantime, the OCP of the SS430 tended towards more positive values (+182.50 mV), although at lower pH, and XPS analysis revealed the presence of Cr(OH) and FeO as corrosion products, as well the crystals of CaCO, NaCl and KCl. On both surfaces, a localized corrosion attack was observed in the vicinity of local cathodes (Cu, Mn-carbides, Cr-nitrides, among others), influenced by the presence of Cl ions in the “SS1” extract solution, originating from the pumice. Two equivalent circuits were proposed for the quantitative analysis of EIS Nyquist and Bode diagrams, whose data were correlated with the OCP values and pH change in time of the “SS1” extract solution. The thickness of the corrosion layer formed on the SS430 surface was ≈0.8 nm, while that on the B450C layer was ≈0.3 nm., David Bonfil acknowledges the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) for the scholarship for his Ph.D. study. The authors gratefully thank the National Laboratory of Nano- and Biomaterials (LANNBIO-CINVESTAV) for allowing the use of SEM-EDS and XPS facilities; thanks also go to Victor Rejón Moo, Daniel Aguilar and Wilian Cauich for their support in data acquisition.

12 Páginas.--2 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, Antecedentes y Objetivos: En algunos países, los habitantes de las comunidades rurales complementan su dieta con frutos obtenidos de plantas silvestres, los cuales generalmente carecen de información nutricional y fitoquímica, como ocurre con los frutos de las especies endémicas en México del género Jarilla (Caricaceae). Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la composición nutricional de frutos de Jarilla caudata en términos de su análisis químico proximal, contenido de minerales y aminoácidos, así como determinar la presencia de metabolitos secundarios, contenido total de compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides. Métodos: Los frutos se colectaron en el municipio Teocuitatlán de Corona, Jalisco, en julio de 2018 y 2019. Para determinar la composición químico proximal se siguieron los métodos oficiales de análisis de AOAC. El contenido de minerales se determinó por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y los aminoácidos por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC). Para el análisis de metabolitos secundarios se utilizaron diversos reactivos, y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides totales se cuantificó por espectrofotometría. Resultados clave: En comparación con otros frutos silvestres de la familia Caricaceae, los resultados indicaron que los frutos de J. caudata representan una buena fuente de carbohidratos y proteínas (35.7 y 18.9 g/100 g respectivamente), así como de algunos minerales (K, P y Ca). Se observó un pobre perfil y contenido de aminoácidos. El promedio de compuestos fenólicos totales fue de 387.5 mg GAE/100 mg, mientras que el de flavonoides totales fue de 56.5 mg QE/100 mg. No se detectaron compuestos considerados tóxicos o antinutricionales como alcaloides y glucósidos cianogénicos. Conclusiones: Durante el verano, los frutos de J. caudata pueden tener un papel importante como complemento alimenticio para los habitantes de la región de Teocuitatlán de Corona, aportando diferentes nutrientes, particularmente carbohidratos y proteínas, así como otros compuestos con efectos favorables para la salud como los polifenoles., [EN] Background and Aims: In some countries, the inhabitants of rural communities supplement their diet with fruits obtained from wild plants, which usually lack nutritional and phytochemical information, as occurs with the fruits of the Mexican endemic species of the genus Jarilla (Caricaceae). Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the nutritional composition ofJarilla caudatafruits in terms of their proximal chemical analysis, mineral content and amino acid composition, and determine the presence of secondary metabolites, the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Methods: The fruits were collected in the municipality Teocuitatlán de Corona, Jalisco, in July 2018 and 2019. The proximal chemical composition was analyzed using the official methods of analysis (AOAC), the mineral content was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while the amino acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Various reagents were used for the preliminary determination of secondary metabolites. The content in phenolic compounds and total flavonoids was quantified by spectrophotometry.Key results: In comparison with other fruits of the Caricaceae family, the results indicated that the fruits ofJ. caudatarepresent a good source of carbohydrates and proteins (35.7 and 18.9 g/100 g, respectively), as well as some minerals (K, P and Ca). A poor amino acid profile and content was found. The average con-tent of total phenolic compounds was 387.5 mg GAE/100 mg, while that of flavonoids was 56.5 mg QE/100 mg. Compounds considered toxic or antinutritional, such as alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides, were not detected.Conclusions: During summer the fruits of J. caudatacan play an important role as a food supplement for the inhabitants of the region of Teocuitatlán de Corona, providing different nutrients, particularly carbohydrates and proteins, as well as other compounds with favorable health effects, such as polyphenols, Este estudio fue apoyado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) mediante una beca otorgada a MFGG (No de beca: 1073088), y por el Consejo Superior de Investi-gaciones Científicas de Sevilla (España), mediante el proyecto I-COOP2021 concedido a JVP

Wind turbine power generation is becoming one of the most critical renewable energy sources. As wind power grows, there is a need for better monitoring and diagnostic strategies to maximize energy production and increase its security. In this paper, a fault diagnosis approach based on a data-driven technique, which represents the system behavior employing a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) model, is developed. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method is used to obtain a set of polytopic-based linear representations and a set of membership functions to interpolate the linear models of the convex TS model. Then, considering the TS model, a fault diagnosis strategy based on convex state observers generate residuals to detect and isolate sensor faults. Unlike other methods, this proposal only needs to be trained with fault-free data. The proposed methodology is tested under different fault scenarios on a well-known wind turbine benchmark built upon fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (FAST). The results demonstrate the method's effectiveness in detecting and isolating different sensor faults., This research has been supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología (CONACyT), Mexico under the grant Becas Nacionales and by Tecnológico Nacional de México under the program Proyectos de Investigación Científica Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación 2022.

14 Pág., The influence of high-pressure processing (HPP) prior to cooking on nutritional composition and bioactive compounds content of four varieties of Phaseolus coccineus L. was studied. Cooking and HPP+C increased the protein content. However, minerals, total carbohydrates, ciceritol and α-galactosides were reduced. Fat was not affected by cooking but decreased after HPP+C. For dietary fiber, the behavior observed was different depending on the sample and the treatment applied. HPP+C could be considered a good processing technology to retain the advantageous lower myo-inositol phosphates isoforms and supply prebiotic oligosaccharides. The trypsin inhibitors activity was lower in the cooked and HPP+C samples; however, there were no significant differences between both thermal treatments. Thus, HPP+C reduced cooking time and preserving or improving the nutritional composition of the beans and their bioactive compounds content., Thanks are given to Marca de Garantía “Judión de La Granja” (Segovia, Spain) for the bean samples provided and to Hiperbaric (Burgos, Spain) for the HPP treatment of the samples. Alejandra N. Alvarado López acknowledges CONACYT (México) for her predoctoral scholarship in Spain.

[Background]: McArdle disease is caused by myophosphorylase deficiency and results in complete inability for muscle glycogen breakdown. A hallmark of this condition is muscle oxidation impairment (e.g., low peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)), a phenomenon traditionally attributed to reduced glycolytic flux and Krebs cycle anaplerosis. Here we hypothesized an additional role for muscle mitochondrial network alterations associated with massive intracellular glycogen accumulation. [Methods]: We analyzed in depth mitochondrial characteristics-content, biogenesis, ultrastructure-and network integrity in skeletal-muscle from McArdle/control mice and two patients. We also determined VO2peak in patients (both sexes, N = 145) and healthy controls (N = 133). [Results]: Besides corroborating very poor VO2peak values in patients and impairment in muscle glycolytic flux, we found that, in McArdle muscle: (a) damaged fibers are likely those with a higher mitochondrial and glycogen content, which show major disruption of the three main cytoskeleton components-actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments-thereby contributing to mitochondrial network disruption in skeletal muscle fibers; (b) there was an altered subcellular localization of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins and of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein calsequestrin-with subsequent alteration in mitochondrial dynamics/function; impairment in mitochondrial content/biogenesis; and (c) several OXPHOS-related complex proteins/activities were also affected. [Conclusions]: In McArdle disease, severe muscle oxidative capacity impairment could also be explained by a disruption of the mitochondrial network, at least in those fibers with a higher capacity for glycogen accumulation. Our findings might pave the way for future research addressing the potential involvement of mitochondrial network alterations in the pathophysiology of other glycogenoses., The present study was funded by grants received from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS, PI17/02052, PI18/00139, PI19/01313, and PI20/00645) and cofunded by ‘Fondos FEDER’. Gisela Nogales-Gadea and Carmen Fiuza-Luces are supported by the Miguel Servet research contracts (ISCIII CD14/00032 and CP18/00034, respectively and cofounded by Fondos FEDER′). Research by Pedro L. Valenzuela is funded by a postdoctoral contract granted by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Sara Borrell, CD21/00138). Monica Villarreal Salazar is supported by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT).

Ultra-massive white dwarfs (⁠1.05M⊙≲MWD⁠) are particularly interesting objects that allow us to study extreme astrophysical phenomena such as type Ia supernovae explosions and merger events. Traditionally, ultra-massive white dwarfs are thought to harbour oxygen–neon (ONe) cores. However, recent theoretical studies and new observations suggest that some ultra-massive white dwarfs could harbour carbon–oxygen (CO) cores. Although several studies have attempted to elucidate the core composition of ultra-massive white dwarfs, to date, it has not been possible to distinguish them through their observed properties. Here, we present a new method for revealing the core-chemical composition in ultra-massive white dwarfs that is based on the study of magnetic fields generated by convective mixing induced by the crystallization process. ONe white dwarfs crystallize at higher luminosities than their CO counterparts. Therefore, the study of magnetic ultra-massive white dwarfs in the particular domain where ONe cores have reached the crystallization conditions but CO cores have not, may provide valuable support to their ONe core-chemical composition, since ONe white dwarfs would display signs of magnetic fields and CO would not. We apply our method to eight white dwarfs with magnetic field measurements and we suggest that these stars are candidate ONe white dwarfs., This work was supported by the NASA grants 80NSSC17K0008, 80NSSC20K0193, and 80NSSC21K0455, the postdoctoral fellowship programme Beatriu de Pinós agreement no. 801370, by AGENCIA through the Programa de Modernización Tecnológica BID 1728/OC-AR, by the PIP 112200801-00940 grant from CONICET, by grant G149 from National University of La Plata, by the MINECO grant PID2020-117252GB-I00, by the ESP 2017-82674-R, by grant RYC-2016-20254 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-friendly/Sustainable Approach to Polysaccharides as (nano) materials., Agave, commonly known as “maguey” is an important part of the Mexican tradition and economy, and is mainly used for the production of alcoholic beverages, such as tequila. Industrial exploitation generates by-products, including leaves, bagasse, and fibers, that can be re-valorized. Agave is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, fructans, and pectin, as well as simple carbohydrates. Regarding functional properties, fructans content makes agave a potential source of prebiotics with the capability to lower blood glucose and enhance lipid homeostasis when it is incorporated as a prebiotic ingredient in cookies and granola bars. Agave also has phytochemicals, such as saponins and flavonoids, conferring anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, among other benefits. Agave fibers are used for polymer-based composite reinforcement and elaboration, due to their thermo-mechanical properties. Agave bagasse is considered a promising biofuel feedstock, attributed to its high-water efficiency and biomass productivity, as well as its high carbohydrate content. The optimization of physical and chemical pretreatments, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation are key for biofuel production. Emerging technologies, such as ultrasound, can provide an alternative to current pretreatment processes. In conclusion, agaves are a rich source of by-products with a wide range of potential industrial applications, therefore novel processing methods are being explored for a sustainable re-valorization of these residues., This research was funded by LINKB20023 in collaboration between CSIC and Tecnologico de Monterrey. Author Jimena Álvarez-Chávez was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT)–Mexico, scholarship number 786912.

We present GTC MEGARA high-dispersion integral field spectroscopic observations of the nova remnant QU Vul, which provide a comprehensive 3D view of this nova shell. The tomographic analysis of the H α emission reveals a complex physical structure characterized by an inhomogeneous and clumpy distribution of the material within this shell. The overall structure can be described as a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 1.4 ± 0.2, a major axis inclination with the line of sight of 12° ± 6°, and polar and equatorial expansion velocities ≈560 km s−1 and 400 ± 60 km s−1, respectively. The comparison of the expansion velocity on the plane of the sky with the angular expansion implies a distance of 1.43 ± 0.23 kpc. The ionized mass is found to be ≈2 × 10−4 M⊙, noting that the information on the 3D distribution of material within the nova shell has allowed us to reduce the uncertainty on its filling factor. The nova shell is still in its free expansion phase, which can be expected as the ejecta mass is much larger than the swept-up circumstellar medium mass. The 3D distribution and radial velocity of material within the nova shell provide an interpretation of the so-called ‘castellated’ line profiles observed in early optical spectra of nova shells, which can be attributed to knots and clumps moving radially along different directions. © 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., ES acknowledges support from Universidad de Guadalajara and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for a student scholarship. MAG acknowledges support of grant PGC 2018-102184-B-I00 of the Ministerio de Educación, Innovación y Universidades cofunded with FEDER funds. GR-L acknowledges support from Universidad de Guadalajara, CONACyT grant 263373 and Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (PRODEP, Mexico). JAT acknowledges funding from the Marcos Moshinsky Foundation (Mexico) and Dirección General de Asuntos del PersonalAcadémico (DGAPA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, through grants Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT) IA101622. LS acknowledges support from PAPIIT grant IN110122. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, and provided by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA) uder a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. The GTC Science Operations team is acknowledged for scheduling the GTC MEGARA observations under the stringent conditions demanded by this program.

Trabajo presentado en el XII Simposi de Neurobiologia, Societat Catalana de Biologia, celebrado en Barcelona (España), los días 7 y 8 de junio de 2022, Physically active lifestyle has huge benefits for the health and well-being of people of all ages. However, excessive training can lead to severe cardiovascular events such as heart fibrosis and arrhythmia. In addition, strenuous exercise may impair brain plasticity. Here we investigate the presence of any deleterious effects induced by chronic exercise at the level of high intensity, although not reaching exhaustion. We analyzed cardiovascular, cognitive and cerebral molecular changes in young adult male mice submitted to treadmill running for eight weeks at moderate or high intensity regimens compared to sedentary mice. Exercised mice showed decreased weight gain that was significant for the high intensity level group. Exercised mice showed cardiac hypertrophy, but no morphological changes in the aorta. High-intensity training induced decrease in heart rate and increase in motor skills. However, it did not impair recognition or spatial memory and, accordingly, the expression of hippocampal neuroplasticity markers was maintained. Interestingly, catalase expression and proteasome enzymatic activity were increased in the cerebral cortex of the high-intensity trained group; both first-line mechanisms contributing to maintain redox homeostasis and prevent the accumulation of damaged proteins. Therefore, physical exercise at an intensity that induces adaptive cardiovascular changes in parallel increases antioxidant defenses to prevent brain damage and build resilience against neurodegeneration., MCIN/AEI (PID2019 106285RB C22); AGAUR (2017 SGR 106); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00443) and ERDF.

11 pages, 3 tables, 6 figures.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, The Mayan octopus (Octopus maya) and the American octopus (O. americanus) are the two species that support the octopus fishery on the Campeche Bank. The large-scale fleet catches both species. However, landings are recorded as American octopus in the official statistics, and this causes a problem for the management of the fishery. The large-scale octopus fishery on the Campeche Bank was studied using a model based on data from interviews with skippers. A total of 180 valid interviews were conducted in the base ports of Progreso and Yucalpeten (Yucatan), representing 51.1% of the skippers in the fleet in 2019. This information was used for the first time to estimate catch per unit effort (CPUE) and total catches for each octopus species. The mean CPUE ranged between 50 and 500 kg day-1, with minimums of 10 kg day-1. The mean estimated potential catches ranged from 5069 to 3456 t per year for O. maya and from 4113 to 2805 t per year for O. americanus. The relationship between official landings and estimated catches showed a significant correlation (rxy=0.898). The total estimated catches were on average 20% lower than the official landings of O. americanus. The origin of this discrepancy is discussed, The results of this study were obtained as part of the project “Distribución, reproducción, biomasa y patrones de movimiento del pulpo común Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 en la costa de Yucatán”, with financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (Grant number 237057)

Trabajo presentado al: XII Encontro Internacional de Fitossociologia. Castelo Branco (Portugal). 6-8 septiembre. 2022.

16 Pág., Current tissue engineering techniques frequently rely on hydrogels to support cell growth, as these materials strongly mimic the extracellular matrix. However, hydrogels often need ad hoc customization to generate specific tissue constructs. One popular strategy for hydrogel functionalization is to add nanoparticles to them. Here, we present a plant viral nanoparticle the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), as a promising additive for gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels for the engineering of mammalian tissues. TuMV is a flexuous, elongated, tubular protein nanoparticle (700-750 nm long and 12-15 nm wide) and is incapable of infecting mammalian cells. These flexuous nanoparticles spontaneously form entangled nanomeshes in aqueous environments, and we hypothesized that this nanomesh structure could serve as a nanoscaffold for cells. Human fibroblasts loaded into GelMA-TuMV hydrogels exhibited similar metabolic activity to that of cells loaded in pristine GelMA hydrogels. However, cells cultured in GelMA-TuMV formed clusters and assumed an elongated morphology in contrast to the homogeneous and confluent cultures seen on GelMA surfaces, suggesting that the nanoscaffold material per se did not favor cell adhesion. We also covalently conjugated TuMV particles with epidermal growth factor (EGF) using a straightforward reaction scheme based on a Staudinger reaction. BJ cells cultured on the functionalized scaffolds increased their confluency by approximately 30% compared to growth with unconjugated EGF. We also provide examples of the use of GelMA-TuMV hydrogels in different biofabrication scenarios, include casting, flow-based-manufacture of filaments, and bioprinting. We envision TuMV as a versatile nanobiomaterial that can be useful for tissue engineering., EV-L, AIF-S, MJ-LZ, and JAT-N acknowledge funding from scholarships provided by CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México). EV-L acknowledges the Nuevo Leon Institute for Innovation and Technology Transference for a PhD student grant (No. 459134, CVU 360539). GT-dS and MMA acknowledge the institutional funding received from Tecnológico de Monterrey (Grant 002EICIS01). MMA, GT-dS, and IG-G acknowledge funding provided by CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México) through several grants (SNI 26048, SNI 256730, and SNI 313028). FP acknowledge the funding received from RTA 2015-00017 from INIA and EU Arimnet-2 Grant Agreement No. 618127. The CBGP was granted “Severo Ochoa” Distinctions of Excellence by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SEV-2016-0672 and CEX 2020-000999-S)

Previously developed Annona cherimola specific primers based on the plant barcode gene matK were tested in 546 cherimoya accessions. Of those, 296 belong to an ex situ world reference germplasm collection maintained at the IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA in Málaga (Spain) and 250 to cherimoya samples collected in situ in three Central American countries (Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica). Results showed the existence of two different haplotypes in the samples analyzed with geographical association. A new marker that amplified all the samples was designed based on the trnL-F locus using DNA information from seven species of the Annona genus. The information generated will be useful to analyze and conserve the extant genetic diversity present in situ and ex situ and to understand de dispersion of the crop from its center of origin in Central America., This research was funded by MCIN/AEI and ERDF A way to make Europe (PID2019-109566RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Spain and the Ibero-American Program for Science, Technology and Development—CYTED (Natifrut project). The Costa Rica sampling was also support by the University of Costa Rica (VI 801-A8-530). NL was supported by an FPI scholarship from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) and a post-doctoral stay financed by CONACYT (Mexico).

Volcanoes switching from quiescence to eruption shortly after catastrophic earthquakes have raised interest for volcanic triggering and the influence of earthquakes on volcanic activity. Its influence on already active systems and especially at open-vent volcanoes is more difficult to apprehend. A number of recent observations suggest an influence of tectonic earthquakes on Popocatépetl’s activity, the importance of which remains unknown. To further investigate this, we introduce an index, based on the near-field concept, identifying the earthquakes with the highest potential to promote volcanic activity (hereafter termed “significant earthquakes”). The time series of significant earthquakes is compared with the intensity of the volcanic activity, as characterized by the number and energy of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, the number of dome extrusions, the intensity of thermal and degassing fluxes, and ash production. Three main periods with contrasting activity stand out showing that Popocatépetl presents intense activity when significant tectonic earthquakes are frequent. Enhanced extrusion apparently follows significant earthquakes quickly with pulses of dome extrusion that peak after 1.3 ± 0.3 years. Conversely, extrusive activity vanishes when significant seismicity disappears, as during the period 2003–2011, which coincides with a 12-year-long significant seismicity gap. Hence, we propose that the 1994–2022 open-vent activity at Popocatépetl is in part modulated by the repetitive occurrence of significant earthquakes that periodically promote volcanic activity., We thank three anonymous reviewers for their remarks and the editorial handling by N. Metrich and A. Harris that significantly improved the original manuscript. This manuscript also benefitted from constructive discussions with P.J. González. The earthquakes catalogue of the Servicio Sismológico Nacional (Mexico) is possible thanks to its personnel and product of the calculations made by its Analysis and Interpretation of Seismic Data Department. We thank all the personnel of the CENAPRED for realizing the reports. MIROVA is a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy). We acknowledge the LANCE-MODIS data system for providing MODIS Near Real-Time products. The manuscript was edited by G. Jones, currently funded by the Cabildo de Tenerife under the TFinnova Programme supported by MEDI and FDCAN funds. TB gratefully acknowledges the invitation of J. Solé at the Noble Gases Geochronology Laboratory of the LANGEM and their fruitful discussions there. TB and NT acknowledge the hospitality and assistance of Rancho del Castillo and D. Belmont during fieldwork campaigns. DL is funded by the PAPIIT project number # IN106019 and SV by the PAPIIT project number #IA102221 and RC by the CONACYT-SEP project number A1-S-30127.

Peru hosts extremely diverse ecosystems which can be broadly classified into the following three major ecoregions: the Pacific desert coast, the Andean highlands, and the Amazon rainforest. Since its initial peopling approximately 12,000 years ago, the populations inhabiting such ecoregions might have differentially adapted to their contrasting environmental pressures. Previous studies have described several candidate genes underlying adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia among Andean highlanders. However, the adaptive genetic diversity of coastal and rainforest populations has been less studied. Here, we gathered genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism-array data from 286 Peruvians living across the three ecoregions and analyzed signals of recent positive selection through population differentiation and haplotype-based selection scans. Among highland populations, we identify candidate genes related to cardiovascular function (TLL1, DUSP27, TBX5, PLXNA4, SGCD), to the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor pathway (TGFA, APIP), to skin pigmentation (MITF), as well as to glucose (GLIS3) and glycogen metabolism (PPP1R3C, GANC). In contrast, most signatures of adaptation in coastal and rainforest populations comprise candidate genes related to the immune system (including SIGLEC8, TRIM21, CD44, and ICAM1 in the coast; CBLB and PRDM1 in the rainforest; and BRD2, HLA-DOA, HLA-DPA1 regions in both), possibly as a result of strong pathogen-driven selection. This study identifies candidate genes related to human adaptation to the diverse environments of South America., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (PID2019-110933GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 to E.B.); the Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (DOI: 10.13039/501100011033; ref: CEX2018-000792-M to E.B. and R.C.-C.); the National Science Foundation (NSF) SBE (Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award No. 1711982 to M.A.N.-C.), NSF-BCS (BCS-0242958 to A.C.S.) and NSF-Research Experience for Undergraduates (BCS-0242958 to A.C.S.); the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) (FONCICYT/50/2016 to A.M.-E.); and the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, Italy) (CRP/MEX15-04_EC to A.M.-E.). The PEGEN-BC study was supported by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (R01CA204797 to L.F.) and the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas in Lima, Peru.

Este artículo constituye una aproximación a la filosofía de Gabriel Marcel. El objetivo general de esta reflexión es poner de manifiesto sus aportaciones al campo de la antropología fenomenológica. En la primera sección, se argumenta a favor de la superioridad de la reflexión segunda frente al pensar objetivador. En la segunda sección se reconstruyen las ideas de Marcel en torno a la relación entre el misterio del ser y de la existencia como misterio. En la tercera sección, para exhibir las implicaciones éticas de la antropología fenomenológica de Marcel, se explicita el proceso por el cual el misterio de la existencia queda reducido a mero “haz de funciones”. La tesis a demostrar es que la antropología fenomenológica de Marcel constituye una propuesta relevante porque permite dirigir una mirada esencial al ser del hombre, a través del análisis de las situaciones fundamentales en las que, inevitablemente, por el mero hecho de existir, nos vemos inmersos.

Background: Early age at menarche and tall stature are associated with increased breast cancer risk. We examined whether these associations were also positively associated with mammographic density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk. Methods: Participants were 10,681 breast-cancer-free women from 22 countries in the International Consortium of Mammographic Density, each with centrally assessed mammographic density and a common set of epidemiologic data. Study periods for the 27 studies ranged from 1987 to 2014. Multi-level linear regression models estimated changes in square-root per cent density (√PD) and dense area (√DA) associated with age at menarche and adult height in pooled analyses and population-specific meta-analyses. Models were adjusted for age at mammogram, body mass index, menopausal status, hormone therapy use, mammography view and type, mammographic density assessor, parity and height/age at menarche. Results: In pooled analyses, later age at menarche was associated with higher per cent density (β√PD = 0.023 SE = 0.008, P = 0.003) and larger dense area (β√DA = 0.032 SE = 0.010, P = 0.002). Taller women had larger dense area (β√DA = 0.069 SE = 0.028, P = 0.012) and higher per cent density (β√PD = 0.044, SE = 0.023, P = 0.054), although the observed effect on per cent density depended upon the adjustment used for body size. Similar overall effect estimates were observed in meta-analyses across population groups. Conclusions: In one of the largest international studies to date, later age at menarche was positively associated with mammographic density. This is in contrast to its association with breast cancer risk, providing little evidence of mediation. Increased height was also positively associated with mammographic density, particularly dense area. These results suggest a complex relationship between growth and development, mammographic density and breast cancer risk. Future studies should evaluate the potential mediation of the breast cancer effects of taller stature through absolute breast density. This work was supported by the US National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health [R03CA167771]; the International Agency for Research on Cancer; the University of Western Australia [Research Collaboration Award] and the Cancer Council Western Australia [Capacity Building and Collaboration Grant]. Original studies were supported, according to country by: Australia VicHealth; Cancer Council Victoria; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council [209057, 251,553 and 504711]; Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation [to JSt]; Canada the National Cancer Institute of Canada [to NFB]; Chile Fondecyt [11100238 to MLG, 1120326, 1130277, 3130532]; World Cancer Research Fund [2010/245]; Ellison Medical Foundation Grant [to AP]; Iran Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Israel The Israel Cancer Association; Republic of Korea Asan Medical Center [2010-0811]; Malaysia Sime Darby LPGA Tournament; Ministry of Education University Malaya [High Impact Research Grant UM.C/HIR/MOHE/06]; University Malaya [Research Grant UMRG RP046B-15HTM]; Mexico National Council of Science and Technology (Mexico); the American Institute for Cancer Research [10A035]; Netherlands EPIC-NL-Europe against Cancer Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Dutch Ministry of Health; Dutch Cancer Society; ZonMW the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); Poland Polish-Norwegian Research Programme [PNRF-243-AI-1/07]; Singapore National Medical Research Council [Clinician Scientist Award]; National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre grant programme from National Medical Research Council; South Africa Pink Drive; Spain Spain’s Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigacion Santiaria) [PI060386 and PS09/0790]; Spanish Federation of Breast Cancer Patients (FECMA) [EPY1169-10]; Turkey-Roche Mustahzarlari San. A.S., Istanbul, Turkey; UK UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K020439/1 to JHi]; Breast Cancer Campaign [2007MayPR23], Cancer Research UK [G186/11 and C405/A14565]; Da Costa Foundation UK; USA National Cancer Institute [R01CA85265, R37 CA54281, R01 CA97396, P50 CA116201, R01 CA177150 and R01 CA140286]; Cancer Center Support Grant [CA15083; CA131332, CA124865, UM1 CA186107 and UM1 CA176726]; the Susan G. Komen Foundation. Sí

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present the analysis of Multi-Espectrógrafo en GTC de Alta Resolución para Astronomía (MEGARA) high-dispersion integral field spectroscopic observations of the bipolar planetary nebula (PN) M 3–38. These observations unveil the presence of a fast outflow aligned with the symmetry axis of M 3–38 that expands with a velocity of up to ±225 km s−1. The deprojected space velocity of this feature can be estimated to be ≈320${}_{-60}^{+130}$ km s−1, which together with its highly collimated morphology suggests that it is one of the fastest jets detected in a PN. We have also used Kepler observations of the central star of M 3–38 to unveil variability associated with a dominant period of 17.7 days. We attribute this to the presence of a low-mass star with an orbital separation of ≈0.12–0.16 au. The fast and collimated ejection and the close binary system point toward a common envelope formation scenario for M 3–38. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., J.S.R.G. acknowledges support from the Programa de Becas posdoctorales of the Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (DGAPA, UNAM, Mexico). J.A.T. acknowledges support by the Marcos Moshinsky Foundation (Mexico), UNAM PAPIIT project IA101622 (Mexico), and the Visiting-Incoming program of the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (Spain). M.A.G. acknowledges support of grant PGC 2018-102184-B-I00 of the Ministerio de Educación, Innovación y Universidades cofunded with FEDER funds. C.R.-L. and M.A.G. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). L.S. acknowledges support from UNAM PAPIIT grant IN110122. J.A.T. and G.R.-.L. acknowledge support from CONACyT (grant 263373). This work has made extensive use of the NASA's Astrophysics Data System.