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8. Associations between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and early childhood development in Johannesburg, South Africa

Author

Conradie, C., Smuts, C.M., Baumgartner, J., Faber, W.M., 20924445 - Smuts, Cornelius Mattheus (Supervisor), 24054909 - Baumgartner, Jeannine (Supervisor), and 21880972 - Faber, Willemina Maria (Supervisor)

Subjects
infant growth, nutrition, infant neurodevelopment, pregnancy, Dietary patterns, fetal growth
Abstract

PhD (Nutrition), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Background and rationale. Pregnancy presents a unique period during which the health and well-being of the offspring can be influenced. Maternal nutrition is known as an important modifiable factor for both fetal and infant growth and development. Dietary pattern analysis allows for the assessment of the diet as a whole. The use of nutrients as variables for dietary pattern analysis rather than foods or food groups are advised as it is universal in consumption and allows for easier comparison between study populations. Studies investigating the associations of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with fetal and infant growth and development are limited, with most studies conducted in high-income countries. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the associations of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with fetal and infant growth and development up to the age of 12 months in Johannesburg, South Africa. Study design and methodology. Generally, healthy women pregnant with a singleton

Published
2021

9. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Author

Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, Kastelein JJP, Cornel JH, Pais P, Pella D, Genest J, Cifkova R, Lorenzatti A, Forster T, Kobalava Z, Vida-Simiti L, Flather M, Shimokawa H, Ogawa H, Dellborg M, Rossi PRF, Troquay RPT, Libby P, Glynn RJ, Novo S, Krum H, Varigos J, Siostrzonek P, Sinnaeve P, Gotcheva N, Yong H, Urina-Triana M, Milicic D, Vettus R, Manolis AJ, Wyss F, Sigurdsson A, Fucili A, Veze I, Petrauskiene B, Salvador L, Klemsdal TO, Medina F, Budaj A, Otasevic P, Lainscak M, Seung KB, Commerford P, Donath M, Hwang JJ, Kultursay H, Bilazarian S, East C, Forgosh L, Harris B, Ligueros M, Bohula E, Charmarthi B, Cheng S, Chou S, Danik J, McMahon G, Maron B, Ning M, Olenchock B, Pande R, Perlstein T, Pradhan A, Rost N, Singhal A, Taqueti V, Wei N, Burris H, Cioffi A, Dalseg AM, Ghosh N, Gralow J, Mayer T, Rugo H, Fowler V, Limaye AP, Cosgrove S, Levine D, Lopes R, Scott J, Hilkert R, Tamesby G, Mickel C, Manning B, Woelcke J, Tan M, Manfreda S, Ponce T, Kam J, Saini R, Banker K, Salko T, Nandy P, Tawfik R, O’Neil G, Manne S, Jirvankar P, Lal S, Nema D, Jose J, Collins R, Bailey K, Blumenthal R, Colhoun H, Gersh B, Abreu M, Actis MV, Aiub J, Aiub F, Albisu J, Alvarisqueta A, Avalos V, Barreto M, Berli MA, Blumberg C, Bocanera M, Botta C, Bowen L, Budassi N, Buhlman S, Westberg JC, Carabajal T, Caruso G, Casala J, Cendali G, Coloma G, Berra FC, Cuneo C, Degennaro N, Dellasa M, Diaz M, Dos Santos P, Espinosa V, Facello A, Facello M, Farias E, Fernandez AA, Ferrari V, Pacora FF, Flores GS, Franco M, Gabito A, Viola HG, Garcia F, Garcia Duran R, Garcia Pinna J, Glenny J, Godoy Sanchez M, Grosse A, Guzman P, Hasbani E, Hominal M, Ibañez J, Jure H, Jure D, Vico ML, Liniado G, Luciardi H, Luquez H, Maehara G, Maffei L, Majul C, Mallagray M, Marinaro S, Martinez J, Massaccesi R, De Los Milagros Had M, Azize GM, Montana O, Montenegro E, Morell Y, Muntaner J, Navarrete S, Olmedo M, Paganini M, Paz S, Perez Manghi F, Piskorz D, Polato C, Recoaro R, Romano A, Salinger M, Sanchez A, Saravia MA, Sarjanovich R, Scaro G, Schiavi LB, Soler J, Tinnirello V, Tomassi A, Valle M, Vallejo MA, Venturini C, Marcela Wenetz LM, Yossen M, Zaidman C, Zalazar L, Zangroniz P, Amerena J, Brady L, Colquhoun D, Eccleston D, Ferreira-Jardim A, French J, Jayasinghe R, Mcintosh C, Ord M, Plotz M, Purnell P, Roberts-Thomson P, Schultz C, Shanahan T, Tan R, Taverner P, Turner F, Vibert J, Vorster M, William M, Youssef G, Bergler-Klein J, Brath H, Brodmann M, Fliesser-Goerzer E, Haider K, Heeren G, Hiden C, Mandic L, Paulweber B, Ploechl A, Prenner A, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Strohner-Kaestenbauer H, Barbato E, Bouvy C, Briké C, Charlier F, Cools F, De Knijf K, De Wolf L, Delforge M, Deweerdt N, Gits F, Goffinet C, Hermans K, Hollanders G, Mestdagh I, Pirenne B, Servaes V, Simons N, Tahon S, Theunissen E, Van Genechten G, Vervoort G, Vissers C, Vranckx P, Vrolix M, Abib E Jr, Abrantes J, Araujo Fonseca M, Barbosa E, Barroso W, Barroso A, Bodanese L, Botelho R, Costa Amorim R, Da Costa F, Da Silva A, Da Silva O Jr, Da Silva D Jr, Ferreira Dos Santos T, Dos Santos F, Dos Santos A, Duda N, Feitosa G, Felario Junior GA, Ferraz R, Filho P, Fonseca A, Wanderley FF, Freitas E, Fucci F, Marengo Garcia De Carvalho L, Hernandez M, Hettwer Magedanz E, Julião K, Kormann A, Lameira A, Lima F, Lino E, Maia L, Manenti E, Marchi AL, Fischer SM, Michalaros Y, Moraes J Jr, Moreira L, Pagnan M, Pesce F, Pinheiro L, Rassi S, Reis G, Reis H, Resende I, Roel A, Ruschel K, Saporito W, Saraiva JF, Seroqui M, Silva R, Unterkircher B, Vicente C, Vieira N, Xavier JP, Zucchetti C, Angelova I, Dimitrov G, Genova D, Gospodinov K, Goudev A, Grigorova V, Hristova K, Makedonska JJ, Katova T, Kostov K, Lazov P, Manov E, Manukov I, Manukov D, Milanova M, Kabakchieva VM, Petrov D, Petrusheva T, Pramatarova I, Raev D, Runev N, Sirakova-Taseva A, Tisheva-Gospodinova S, Todorova A, Tzekova M, Yakovova S, Yanev T, Abulencia K, Arora S, Baker A, Bata IR, Beaudry M, Belle Isle J, Bilodeau N, Boivin MC, Bolduc H, Bourgeois S, Brons S, Cantor W, Chaussé I, Chhabra A, Chouinard G, Cleveland T, Dattani D, Deslongchamps F, Diodati J, Drouin K, Duchesne L, Fontaine S, d'Amours DG, Gervais B, Gosselin G, Graham J, Grover A, Gupta A, Haldane H, Hartleib M, Hickey L, Huynh T, Johnston J, Julien VE, Lachance P, Lake J, Lamontagne C, Lauzon C, Lepage S, Maheux K, Manyari D, Martin E, McPherson C, Mehta S, Michaud N, Kouz SM, Murphy G, OKeefe D, Otis R, Ouimet F, Pandey S, Peck C, Perkins L, Richert L, Robbins K, Robinson S, Cabau JR, Ross B, Roy C, Roy M, Roy A, Rupka D, Affaki GS, Saunders K, Savard D, Soucy D, St Amour E, Thiessen S, Vertes G, Vezina M, Vincelli G, Weisnagel SJ, Zadra R, Chen J, Chen Y, Dong X, Feng Y, Feng Z, Fu G, Han B, Hao Y, He Y, He Z, Hong T, Jia Z, Jiang T, Jiang J, Jiang X, Ke Y, Li Y, Li Z, Li W, Li X, Liu P, Liu Y, Liu B, Liu S, Liu L, Lu Z, Lv Y, Ma C, Ma G, Peng L, Qing L, Ren L, Sang X, Song M, Sun Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei J, Wu W, Wu J, Xu H, Yan J, Yang P, Yang K, Yao Z, Yaoqing H, Yuan Z, Zhai Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Zhou H, Accini Mendoza JL, Aparicio CV, Castillo T, Chaverra I, Conrado Y, Coronel J, Cotes C, Cuentas I, Cuervo A, Dussan MA, Echeverria L, Hernandez E, Ibarra J, Isaza D, Jimenez D, Lopez P, Manzur F, Mejia I, Mendoza Y, Molina DI, Patino JM, Rodriguez D, Rodriguez LM, Rodriguez SM, Sanchez Vallejo G, Luz Serrano H, Sotomayor A, Urina M, Vesga B, Yupanqui H, Akrap B, Busic N, Ciglenecki N, Cmrecnjak J, Fucak E, Gabor M, Jeric M, Jutrisa N, Kordic K, Planinc I, Popovic Z, Radeljic V, Sesto I, Sutalo K, Tusek S, Belohlavek J, Budkova J, Busak L, Capova L, Cech V, Cermak O, Coufalova Z, Cyprian R, Dedek V, Dedkova S, Ferkl R, Hanak P, Hanustiakova A, Homza M, Horackova K, Houra M, Iveta H, Kaiserova L, Kala P, Karel I, Kellnerova I, Koleckar P, Kreckova M, Krupicka J, Lorenc Z, Machova V, Malik J, Masarikova L, Matyasek I, Mikus M, Mikusova T, Ondrasik J, Otava M, Palubova L, Pavlickova L, Peterka M, Petrova I, Pokorna B, Povolny P, Radvan M, Reznakova S, Rickova Z, Roszkowska P, Rotreklova M, Samkova D, Skalicka H, Slechticka A, Sternthal P, Telekes P, Tesak M, Vesely P, Vesely J, Vins P, Vitovec M, Vodnansky P, Zidova M, Keba E, Laane E, Pool T, Randvee L, Ratnik E, Reimand M, Reinmets S, Rivis L, Siemann M, Stern M, Toom M, Vahula V, Apel T, Axthelm C, Ayasse D, Ayasse M, Baar M, Baeumer A, Bagi ES, Becker B, Binder A, Blankenberg S, Braun P, Johansen BB, Contzen C, Delfonso F, Denecke C, Dengler T, Donaubauer T, Eichinger G, Englmann E, Erhard M, Faghih M, Foerster A, Frankenstein L, Fuchs R, Furch G, Gaeb-Strasas B, Germann H, Giese C, Goette A, Gravenhorst-Muenter U, Haege R, Haenel T, Hagemann D, Hagenow A, Hanefeld M, Heider J, Heisters J, Hennig D, Hielscher S, Himpel-Boenninghoff A, Holscher A, Hornig M, Jeserich M, Kaczmarek N, Kanitz S, Kara YD, Khariouzov A, Kiefer R, Kiroglu K, Klamm M, Klein C, Korth-Wiemann B, Krapivsky A, Kuenzler J, Kuntzsch A, Landers B, Lappo M, Laube S, Leggewie S, Lehmann D, Lepp H, Lierse T, Lindner C, Luecke-Uzar M, Luedemann J, Marschke T, Maruzzo S, Mauersberger K, Maus O, Meinrich M, Meissner A, Moehring B, Muehlhaus J, Mueller S, Muenter KC, Muenzel T, Naumann R, Nebel J, Neumann J, Nuding S, Overhoff U, Papke B, Pencz I, Peter Y, Peukert AM, Radde I, Rau T, Regner S, Reichenbach D, Reimer D, Rinke A, Roettges R, Romanski A, Rummel R, Samer H, Sanuri M, Sarnighausen HE, Schäfer B, Scheibner T, Schermaul KH, Schindler A, Schlundt C, Schmidt E, Schmidt K, Schnabel A, Schoen N, Schorn K, Schroeder T, Schulenburg D, Schulz M, Schulze U, Schulze J, Schumacher M, Schwerin G, Schwerin M, Stadelmeier S, Stahl HD, Stahl A, Stockhausen J, Stockhausen G, Stoessel J, Stolze K, Stratmann M, Szymanowski N, Teschner AB, Teske A, Uecker C, Veit S, Voeller H, Walter I, Walter J, Walther I, Weber HG, Weimer J, Wichterich K, Wiebusch A, Willmerdinger M, Willner C, Winkelmann B, Winkler J, Wistuba T, Woehrle J, Wohnlich T, Wolf S, Woyczak D, Wrage P, Zirlik A, Anadiotis A, Chachalis G, Dermitzakis A, Kafarakis P, Kaldara E, Kolokathis F, Kostakou P, Lekakis J, Manolis A, Mantas I, Megalou A, Milkas A, Nanas J, Olympios CD, Patsilinakos S, Perperis A, Poulimenos L, Saloustros I, Tsioufis K, Tsorbatzoglou K, Vardas P, Zarifis I, Aguilar M, Arango JL, Borrayo NA, Corona V, Guerrero A, Guzman I, Haase F, De Krumbach L, Montenegro P, Munoz R, Munoz N, Paniagua A, Solares A, Vogel M, Anita S, Blazsek Z, Decsi K, Fulop T, Hangyal T, Hegedus V, Kalina A, Karakai H, Katona A, Kiss RG, Kovacs A, Laszlo Z, Lupkovics G, Medvegy M, Merkely B, Mihaly N, Nagy AC, Dékány JN, Nikoletta P, Noori E, Penzes J, Poor F, Sarszegi Z, Simay A, Simon J, Szakal I, Szatmarine V, Szocs A, Zilahi Z, Karsai XZ, Andersen K, Sigurdadottir E, Skuladottir F, Abdullakutty J, Abhaichand R, Abhyankar A, Agarwal DK, Aggarwal RK, Ahire N, Awasthi AK, Babu R, Bai A, Bali HK, Banker D, Bhadade S, Bisne V, Bohra P, Raghu C, Chauhan D, Chauhan H, Chavada J, Chaware G, Chella S, Chintala P, Dash D, Desai D, Devasia T, Dhanak R, Dobariya H, Dudhatra N, Duhan S, Fulwani M, Ghondale N, Ghosh S, Gohel P, Govindaraj D, Goyal B, Goyal S, Gundala AK, Gupta M, Hardas S, Iby M, Jagtap P, Jain A, Joshi U, Karpuram M, Kaur H, Khan A, Khan R, Kodem DR, Koeitti P, Kulkarni L, Kullal P, Kumar KS, Kumbla M, Latheef K, Lohkare M, Santosh MJ, Makhe B, Mandati M, Mehta A, Minocha G, Mittal A, Modi R, Mohan K, Oomman A, Pai R, Pai V, Palaniswami N, Pansheriya A, Parekh N, Patel J, Patel R, Patole T, Praveen M, Radhakrishnan V, Rajan B A, Rajasekhar D, Rao M, Rao MB, Rao NM, Rathnavel S, Rathore A, Rathore SRS, Rawat S, Reddy NC, Sarma R, Sathe S, Shah J, Shaikh P, Sharma K, Sharma S, Sharma T, Shetty P, Sidhu G, Singh V, Sohi GS, Srinath VS, Raju SS, Taran A, Thakkar B, Velusamy K, Vijan V, Vora V, Vuriya AK, Agosta GF, Antonicelli R, Ardissino D, Argiolas G, Baldin MG, Benedetti G, Berti S, Bevilacqua MT, Bolognesi MG, Dessalvi CC, Calabrese A, Campanale EG, Candusso R, Caso P, Cosmi F, Crea F, Crocamo A, De Caterina R, De Rosa S, Destro M, Di Biase M, Dognini GP, Eleuteri E, Fedele F, Ferrario M, Gabrielli D, Gamba C, Ganau A, Gravellone M, Iannopollo G, Indolfi C, Infusino F, Invitti C, Landolfi A, Lembo G, Liberato NL, Mannucci E, Marino P, Mariottoni B, Marziali A, Mercuro G, Monti L, Mos L, Mureddu V, Musumeci MB, Panzarino C, Parente A, Perotti M, Filardi PP, Petrillo C, Piatti P, Priori S, Racca V, Ragghianti B, Renda G, Righini V, Sarcone M, Senni M, Soro E, Tamburrini P, Vallone L, Villani GQ, Volpe M, Ajioka M, Akai Y, Ashino K, Baden M, Doi M, Eki Y, Endo T, Fukuike C, Hagiwara Y, Hasegawa K, Higuchi Y, Higuchi T, Hioki M, Hirayama A, Hiroma J, Hosokawa S, Ichisawa M, Iijima T, Inada T, Inagaki M, Ito K, Kaigawa K, Kajihara S, Kamiya H, Kamiya J, Kaneno Y, Katahira K, Kataoka M, Kawai M, Kawasaki T, Kojima E, Komura Y, Kuramochi T, Kuruma T, Kyo E, Mani H, Miyamoto T, Morii I, Morinaga Y, Morisawa T, Nagai Y, Naka T, Nakamura Y, Nakamura S, Nakayoshi K, Nishibe A, Ogawa M, Okada Y, Okawa M, Sakamoto Y, Sakurada M, Sasaki S, Seki S, Shimomura H, Shinozaki T, Sugimoto N, Suzuki A, Taguchi S, Takahashi J, Takase S, Tanabe K, Tanaka A, Tani S, Tomioka J, Tsuboi H, Tsuji M, Tsujita K, Tsujiyama S, Umesu A, Yamada T, Yamaguchi E, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto T, Yamane M, Yanase T, Yasuoka S, Yasutake M, Yokoyama M, Yoshida M, Yoshimoto E, Yunoki C, Balode A, Dormidontova G, Flaksa I, Nagele-Luse I, Rancane G, Sime I, Bartuseviciene S, Cepinskiene L, Dobilas V, Grigaraviciene I, Marcinkeviciene J, Mazutavicius R, Miliuniene R, Motiejuniene R, Norkiene S, Norkute-Macijauske U, Rudys A, Slapikas R, Stonkute K, Strazdiene D, Tijuneliene E, Urbonas G, Vanagiene S, Viezelis M, Arenas Leon JL, Bayram E, Carrillo J, Davalos C, De Los Rios M, Delgadillo T, Hernández N, Leon S, Mendoza N, Muñoz W, Ramos G, Anneveldt A, Bakker H, Brouwer M, Bunschoten P, De Boer P, De Jong C, De Vos A, Den Hartog F, Doesborg L, Dommerholt R, Drost I, Ellenbroek D, Engelen W, Folkeringa RJ, Hamer BJB, Herrman JP, Hoogslag PAM, Jansen M, Jerzewski A, Joosten C, Kalkman C, Kietselaer B, Kok M, Kooiman E, Kose V, Lardinois R, Lenderink T, Lok DJA, Lousberg A, Meijlis P, Mulder R, Singerling M, Smeele F, Stroes E, Swart HP, Ten Holt W, Van Der Wal M, Van Der Zwaan C, Van Kempen WW, Van Maarseveen M, Van Stein I, Viergever EP, Visseren FLJ, Voors C, Nugteren SKZ, Ata B, Berulfsen A, Rønnevik TD, Dickstein K, Furuseth B, Grundtvig M, Hansen H, Hofsoey K, Høivik HO, Bøen RH, Hurtig U, Pettersen KI, Johansen E, Kleve R, Kolleroy C, Moen S, Nilsen V, Norin V, Otterstad JE, Risberg K, Rønnevik P, Sirnes PA, Skjelvan G, Strand S, Szacinski G, Vegsundvåg J, Alcalde JM, Gomez Sanchez J, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez A, Zena N, Baszak J, Cymerman K, Czerski T, Fratczak M, Jaguszewska G, Kawka-Urbanek T, Koba M, Kopaczewski J, Kopczyńska M, Laniec M, Lysek R, Sciborski R, Szpajer M, Torun A, Wujkowski M, Zielinski M, Ahn Y, Baek C, Bang SA, Chang K, Choi AJ, Han S, Hyun K, Kim M, Kim KS, Kim B, Lee SH, Lee J, Lee HN, Lee JH, Lee KR, Moon K, Park B, Park C, Tahk S, Yim KH, Yim S, Tase T, Andor M, Aron G, Badea C, Casoinic F, Clocotan M, Coman S, Emil B, Imre BS, Istratoaie O, Liviu C, Maximov D, Militaru C, Minescu B, Istvan KP, Parepa I, Petrescu L, Podoleanu C, Pop CF, Popa V, Popescu E, Radoi M, Sarbu I, Socoteanu E, Socoteanu G, Sorodoc L, Spiridon M, Stanciulescu G, Stefanescu M, Tanaseanu C, Tudoran M, Zdrenghea D, Agafina A, Akatova E, Avdonina N, Balukova E, Barbarash OL, Bartosh L, Boyarkin M, Bulashova O, Burova N, Churina S, Demidova M, Dorogova I, Dovgalevskiy Y, Dovgolis S, Dudarev M, Fitilev S, Gapon L, Gazizianova V, Gordeev I, Ivanov I, Izmozherova N, Kazanskay E, Khirmanov V, Khromtsova O, Konradi A, Kosmacheva E, Kozlova S, Kulibaba E, Kuzin A, Libov I, Lipchenko A, Lozhkina N, Malchikova S, Morozov E, Myslyaeva L, Onuchina E, Palatkina T, Panov A, Parmon E, Petelina T, Repin A, Reznik I, Sazonova E, Sergienko T, Shaposhnik I, Shapovalova Y, Shustov S, Shvarts Y, Skopets I, Skuratova M, Smolenskaya O, Solovev O, Trofimov V, Vasiliev M, Vezikova N, Vozzhaev A, Yakushin S, Zadionchenko V, Apostolovic S, Adjic NC, Ilic I, Ilic S, Nikolic L, Pupic L, Stokuca-Korac N, Antalik L, Bugan V, Csala L, Dokupilova A, Dzupina A, Forgon T, Fulop P, Gonsorcik J, Gyorgyova E, Holoubek D, Horvat P, Kamensky G, Kolikova V, Krupciakova B, Lenner E, Lennerova J, Lukac J, Majercak I, Mancikova I, Micko K, Nociar J, Pales J, Palka J Jr, Poliacik P, Ruffini L, Sabo L, Skubova K, Slanina M, Smik R, Srdos V, Stitova M, Stofkova D, Strbova J, Such S, Toth P, Urgeova L, Vinanska D, Zareczky P, Flezar M, Kovacic D, Marcun R, Zagozen P, Bolsmann C, Conradie C, Dawood SY, Decsi KL, Ebrahim I, Henley L, Horak A, Kapp I, Komati S, Lock E, Maboyi S, Makotoko E, Manga P, Page A, Ramdas S, Ranjith N, Roos J, Talliard C, Ajax K, Al-Khalili F, Assarsson E, Bergholtz T, Blom KB, Boman K, Boström PÅ, Curiac D, Jensen ED, Dahlen G, Davidsson K, Duckert A, Hansson A, Härstedt N, Henriksson A, Olsson GH, Johansson K, Jonsson JE, Knutsson A, Lindholm CJ, Lönnberg I, Lundqvist M, Mellberg L, Moodh J, Mooe T, Olofsson M, Risenfors M, Rönndahl M, Sundelin R, Suorra I, Torgersruud M, Torstensson I, Chang KC, Chen CP, Chen ZC, Chen MH, Cheng SM, Cheng JJ, Fang CY, Ho CJ, Hsieh IC, Huang PH, Huang A, Kuo JY, Lai WT, Lee SC, Li YH, Lin T, Liu HM, Tsai MC, Tsao HM, Tzong L, Ueng KC, Wang YL, Wang HC, Wang CP, Yang CC, Abaci F, Birdane A, Yilmaz MB, Asim Oktay AO, Kan G, Koldas N, Ozcan IT, Sahin M, Sahin T, Saka B, Tekten T, Ucar N, Uresin S, Yigit Z, Arif I, Bakhai A, Baksi A, Blagdon M, Brickman T, Brown N, Burton M, Burton J, Chaggar S, Chung A, Collier D, Covell W, Crawford G, Davies N, Davies M, Dayer M, Doughty A, Duff J, Dwenger E, Fisher J, Fitzpatrick L, Garner K, Glover J, Haughton G, Ilsley M, Ivan P, Voyzey EJ, Keenan S, Kelt T, Knight J, 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Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, c-reactive protein, Randomized controlled trial, law, Cardiovascular Disease, middle aged, double-blind method, antibodies, Myocardial infarction, humans, Stroke, interleukin-1beta, biology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, drug, General Medicine, Lipid, Aged, anti-inflammatory agents, monoclonal, humanized, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, dose-response relationship, female, incidence, infections, lipids, male, myocardial infarction, neutropenia, secondary prevention, stroke, Anti-Inflammatory Agent, aged, Editorial, Atherosclerosi, Monoclonal, Human, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Neutropenia, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Infections, Placebo, antibodies, monoclonal, dose-response relationship, drug, infection, medicine (all), 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Antiinflammatory Therapy, Canakinumab, for Atherosclerotic Disease, C-reactive protein, medicine.disease, Surgery, Canakinumab, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, business
Abstract

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.)

Published
2017

24. Mortality in relation to profiles of clinical features in Ghanaian severely undernourished children aged 0–59 months: an observational study.

Author

Asare, H., Carboo, J., Nel, E. D., Dolman, R. C., Conradie, C., Lombard, M. J., and Ricci, C.

Subjects
SCIENTIFIC observation, MALNUTRITION, NUTRITION disorders in children, LONGITUDINAL method, DISEASE risk factors, CHILDREN
Abstract

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is associated with a complex pattern of various clinical conditions. We investigated how risk factors cluster in children with SAM, the relationship between clusters of risk factors and mortality as well as length of stay in children with SAM. A prospective observational study design was used. Data were extracted from medical records of 601 infants and children aged 0–59 months admitted and treated for SAM in three Ghanaian referral hospital between June 2013 and June 2018. Among the 601 medical records extracted, ninety-nine died. Three clusters of medical features clearly emerged from data analyses. Firstly, an association was defined by eye signs, pallor, diarrhoea and vomiting with gastrointestinal infections and malaria. In this cluster, pallor and eye signs were related to 2- to 5-fold increased mortality risk. Secondly, HIV, oedema, fast pulse, respiratory infections and tuberculosis; among those features, HIV increased child mortality risk by 2-fold. Thirdly, shock, convulsions, dermatitis, cold hands and feet, weak pulse, urinary tract infections and irritability were clustered. Among those features, cold hands and feet, dermatitis, convulsions and shock increased child mortality risk in a range of 2- to 9-fold. Medical conditions and clinical signs in children diagnosed with SAM associate in patterns and are related to clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
Full Text
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25. Taalverandering in die Afrikaanse vertalings van die Evangelie van Markus.

Author

CONRADIE, C. JAC

Abstract

Seven Afrikaans translations of the Gospel according to Mark are compared in order to determine to what extent they reflect the development of Afrikaans during the past century or more. The method employed is to identify sections of the text that seem amenable to comparison in the various translations, with due regard to the fact that the translations are not representations of one another and that there are underlying diverse theoretical approaches and implicit ideals. The following translations are compared: (i) Die Evangelie volgens die beskrywing van Markus (the Gospel according to Mark) (CP Hoogenhout) (V1878); (ii) Di Evangeli follens Markus (the Gospel according to Mark) (SJ du Toit and collaborators) (V1908); (iii) Die Vier Evangelië en die Psalme (The Four Gospels and the Psalms)(V1922); (iv) the 1933 translation of the Bible (the first official translation of the entire Bible) (V1933); (v) the revised edition of the last-mentioned (V1953); (vi) the Nuwe Vertaling (New Translation)(V1983), and (vii) Die Nuwe Testament en Psalms, 'n Direkte Vertaling (The New Testament and Psalms, a Direct Translation) (V2014) The phenomena that are subject to change are discussed under the following headings: (1) Adjectival and nominal morphology, (2) Pronominal forms of address, (3) Verbal morphology, (4) Selected verbal constructions, (5) Selected non-verbal constructions and (6) Selected lexical items. (1) Adjectival and nominal morphology The -e ending of a number of attributive adjectives is dropped from one translation to another, but the change does not occur at the same time in all adjectives nor does the change occur in every adjective. On the one hand, for instance, the -e of ou(w)e "old" is dropped from V1922 onwards, but on the other hand that of dowe "deaf" is maintained in all translations (as it is in present-day language). Derived nominals such as skrifgeleerde "scribe(s)", which also served as plural in the earliest translations, had the plural -s added from V1922 onwards. (2) Pronominal forms of address The old form gy "you" (singular or plural), which was used in the Cape until the late 18th century (Ponelis 1993:207), occurs only in V1878 and V1922. In all translations but V1908 and V1922 both the familiar forms of address, e.g. the 2nd person pronominals jy "you" (subject form, singular), jou "you/your" (object/possessive form, singular) and julle "you/your" (personal/possessive form, plural), and formal u "you" (singular, plural and possessive) are used. V1908 uses informal jy/jou in all contexts, and V1922 uses formal u in all contexts. (3) Verbal morphology In verbs such as sterf/sterwe "to die" the -we variant is generally replaced by the -f variant from one translation to another, the latter becoming the dominant form in V2014. V1983, however, shows preference for the -we variant. The early translators seem to have employed the -we forms, such as sterwe, as infinitives, e.g. hy sal sterwe "he will die", and the -f forms as finite forms, e.g. hy sterf "he is dying". It also seems as though Hoogenhout (V1878), in his use of verbs such as gaan "to go", staan "to stand" and doen "to do", reserved the -t ending for finite forms (singular as well as plural) and the imperative (e.g. hy/hulle gaat "he/they are going"; gaat heen "go forth") and the -n ending for infinitival usage (e.g. kan gaan "can go" and om te gaan "to go"). Het "to have" is used as imperative of the main verb hê "to have" in the oldest translations, but is later on replaced by jy/julle plus the modal verb moet, e.g. Het sout in julle self" ("Have salt in yourselves", V1908) is replaced by "Julle moet sout in julle hê" ("You must have salt in you") from V1933 onwards. While in Dutch the negative imperative, which expresses a prohibition, consists of the imperative form and negation, a contracted form moenie (from moet "must" and nie "not") is used in present-day Afrikaans, e.g. "Gaan nie in die dorp nie" ("Go not into the village") in V1922 is replaced by "Moenie in die dorp gaan ... nie" ("Mustnot into the village go") in V1933. In the early translations, V1878 in particular, the strong or ablaut forms of the past participle, e.g. bewoge "moved", are used in verbal function before being supplanted by regularised forms such as beweeg. (4) Selected verbal constructions In a constructional change involving inter alia the expression of tense and modality, a structure such as gelaster sal hê "will have slandered" changed to sal gelaster het, with the bare infinitive hê "to have" being replaced by the finite auxiliary het "have". This change is reflected in translations from V1922 onwards. Counter-factuality is expressed in "kon ... aan die armes gegee gewees het" ("could have been given to the poor", V1933). A construction employed to express wishes has evolved from the modal verb wil "to want/wish to" plus a dat ("that") clause, to wil hê "to want to have" followed by an independent clause. The difference is reflected by "ons wil dat U aan ons sal doen, wat ons ook mag begeer" ("we want that You will do to us whatever we may desire") in V1922 and "ons wil graag hê U moet vir ons doen wat ons U gaan vra" (literally, "we want to have You must do to us what we are going to ask (from) You") in V1983. After far-reaching preterite loss in the course of the 19th century (cf. Conradie 1998), Afrikaans has only retained was "was, were", dag/dog "thought" and a small set of modal auxiliaries in current usage. Werd "became, was", mog "could, might", wis "knew" and had "had" are among the last preterites to fall into disuse. The passive auxiliary and copula werd was only used in V1908. The preterite of weet "to know", viz. wis, was still used in V1933 but was replaced by the perfect het geweet "have known" in the revision, V1953. Mog, last used in V1908 in mog aanraak "could/would be permitted to touch", was replaced by its present tense form mag aanraak, or by the near synonym kon "could" in V2014: "dat die siekes selfs net die soom ... kon aanraak" ("that the sick could only touch the seam"). Another change that is reflected in the translations since V1922 is the replacement of the "be" auxiliary by "have" with unaccusative verbs, e.g. "Ek is nie gekom om ..." ("I am not come to ..."), by "Ek het nie gekom om ..." ("I have not come to ..."). Owing to the demise of the auxiliary had, the preterite of het "to have", Afrikaans lost an explicit pluperfect in the active voice. The had construction is replaced by the het perfect from V1922 onwards, occasionally supported by the adverb vroeër "earlier". In earlier texts, as in the spoken language generally, the historical present is often used for narrating a series of events, e.g. "en die koors verlaat haar en sy bedien hulle" (Mark 1:31) ("the fever left her and she waited upon them", NEB 70). In later translations the historical present is replaced by the perfect to an ever-increasing extent, for example (in V2014): "die koors het haar verlaat en sy het hulle bedien". (5) Selected non-verbal constructions The preposition van "from", which had formed part of the passive agent, was replaced in older Dutch and Cape Dutch documents by deur "by" (literally "through"). Van was already replaced by deur in V1908. A typical characteristic of Afrikaans is the use of the preposition vir "for" before a direct object, as in "Hy roep vir hom", literally "He calls for him". Even though it is present in all the translations it is used excessively in V1908, particularly before personal pronouns, as in "Wi het fer My angeraak?" ("Who touched me?") of V1908. Nominals such as oorkant "the opposite side" and anderkant "the other side" have changed their category to become prepositions. This is already in evidence in V1878, e.g. "van owerkant die Jordaan" ("from the other side of the Jordan"). The clause-final negative particle of Afrikaans, also nie like the negative proper, is not employed in V1878, but is used consistently in all subsequent translations. Reduplication, which reached Afrikaans through the Malay of the slaves (cf. Raidt 1994b), was already gaining a footing in V1908: "begin fer hulle uit te stuur twe twe" ("begins to send them out in groups of two"). The merging of the non-main verb laat "to let" with the complementiser dat "that" is already in evidence in a phrase such as the following: "breng My een penning laat Ik hom sien" of V1878 (literally, "bring me a coin let me see it"). (6) Selected lexical items The expression om iets kwalik te neem "to take something badly" was amended to om iemand iets kwalik te neem, "to hold something against someone" in the revision of V1953, indicating that the two expressions were probably confused. A number of modal particles, such as tog "surely", miskien "perhaps", mos "as you know" and darem "still", contribute to the pragmatics of the Afrikaans translations. In conclusion, a few types of language change in Afrikaans that are reflected in the translations are singled out, and it is suggested that if language usage in a particular translation is not in line with that in other translations it may be due to faulty observation of general usage, and that in some translations attempts were made at grammar development and even standardisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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26. Die gebruik van Afrikaanse modale partikels deur voormalige Khoisprekers1

Author

Conradie, C Jac

Abstract

Die doel van die ondersoek is om te bepaal watter bydrae sprekers of voormalige sprekers van Khoi wat Afrikaans as taal aangeneem het tot die ontwikkeling of gebruik van modale partikels in Afrikaans gelewer het. Bronne wat vir hierdie doel ondersoek is, sluit in aangehaalde uitsprake van Khoi-Khoin uit die laat 17de en vroeg-18de eeu, twee briewe van Khoi-Khoin, ‘n onderhoud met ‘n Khoi-Khoi soos vryelik weergegee deur C.E. Boniface, koerantbriewe deur persone wat hulle as Khoi-Khoin voorgedoen het, ‘n kort drama, die novelle Benigna van Groenekloof of Mamre en ander geskrifte met ‘n Genadendal-agtergrond, ‘n uittreksel uit die dagboek van Hendrik Witbooi, transkripsies van onderhoude wat in die 1980s met Griekwas gevoer is en enkele onderhoude wat in Namakwaland gevoer is. As kontrolekorpus is transkripsies van spontane gesprekke gebruik wat ook in die 1980s in Johannesburg opgeneem is en die standaardtaal verteenwoordig, asook Adam Small se drama Kanna hy ko’ hystoe om die variëteit Kaapse Afrikaans te verteenwoordig. As ons na die grootste bronne kyk, dan blyk dit dat mos verreweg die meeste voorgekom het in tekste met spreektaalkenmerke, met name almal in die onderhoudregister, en dat tog veral sterk staan in oorredende tekste met sterk Nederlandse invloed of konteks. Sommer, maar en darem is ander partikels wat geredelik gebruik is. Die Kanna-drama wyk van die Khoi-Khoinbronne en die kontrolekorpus af deur ‘n relatief hoë voorkoms van darem. As ons onderskei tussen Nederlandsverwante partikels soos eintlik, maar en tog, enersyds, en tipies Afrikaanse partikels soos darem, mos en rêrig, dan blyk dit dat eersgenoemdes oorwegend voorkom in Benigna en die kontrolekorpus, en laasgenoemdes oorwegend in die ander Khoi-Khoinbronne en Kanna. Die Griekwakorpus verskil van die kontrolekorpus deur die hoë frekwensie van die kollokasie mos nou by eersgenoemde teenoor die hoë frekwensie van maar net en nou maar in laasgenoemde. ‘n Aantal partikels is ook individueel of in samehang met mekaar ondersoek. Die partikel ja kom byvoorbeeld in ‘n hele aantal vroeë aanhalings van Khoi-Khoin-uitings voor, en kan moontlik ‘n funksionele voorloper van immers, mos of tog wees, wat ongeveer in dieselfde semantiese veld val. In Benigna en ander bronne uit dieselfde sfeer, wil dit voorkom asof darem nog nie ten volle van daarom gedifferensieer is nie. Daar is aanduidings dat sommer verder van Nederlands zo maar ontwikkel het as fokuspartikel en in emotiewe rigting. Ander partikels wat bespreek word, is maskie, reg(t), juist, kamma, hoeka en netnou. Samevattend kan gestel word dat voormalige Khoisprekers te oordeel na gebruiksfrekwensie en die gebruik van tipies Afrikaanse partikels, ‘n deurslaggewende rol gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van Afrikaanse modale partikels. Sleutelwoorde: modale partikels, Afrikaans, Kaapse Afrikaans, Nederlands, Duits, Khoi, Khoi-Khoin, kollokasies, spreektaal The use of Afrikaans modal particles by former Khoi speakersThe purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the contribution made by previous speakers of Khoi who adopted Afrikaans as language to the development or use of modal particles in Afrikaans. Sources studied for this purpose include quoted utterances by Khoikhoin from the late 17th and early 18th century, two letters by Khoikhoin, an interview with a Khoikhoi freely rendered by C.E. Boniface, letters written to newspapers by persons professing to be Khoikhoin, a short play, the novella Benigna van Groenekloof of Mamre and other writings with a Genadendal background, an excerpt from the diary of Hendrik Witbooi, transcriptions of interviews conducted with Griqua in the 1980s and a small number of interviews conducted in Namaqualand. Transcriptions of spontaneous conversations representing the standard language recorded in Johannesburg in the 1980s served as a control, while Adam Small‘s drama Kanna hy ko’ hystoe was added to represent the variety of ―Kaapse Afrikaans‖. If we look at the major texts, it would seem that mos was by far the most frequent particle in sources representing colloquial language, viz. in the interview register, while tog was particularly well represented in persuasive texts with marked Dutch influence or context. Sommer, maar and darem are particles which were also frequently used. The Kanna source departs from the Khoikhoin sources and the control corpus by a having a relatively high occurrence of darem. If we draw a distinction between Dutch related particles such as eintlik, maar and tog, on the one hand, and typically Afrikaans particles such as darem, mos and rêrig, then it appears that particles of the first kind are predominant in Benigna and the control corpus, while particles of the latter kind predominate in the other Khoikhoin sources and Kanna. The Griqua corpus differs from the control corpus in having a particularly high frequency of the collocation mos nou as opposed to the high frequencies of maar nou and nou maar in the latter. A number of particles were studied individually or in relation to one another. The particle ja occurs in a substantial number of the early quotations of Khoikhoin utterances, and may be a functional precursor of immers, mos or tog, which fall roughly in the same semantic field. In Benigna and other sources from the same background it would seem that darem has not been fully differentiated from daarom. There are indications that sommer has extended its scope from Dutch zo maar towards becoming a focus particle and in an emotive direction. Other particles to be discussed are maskie, reg(t), juist, kamma, hoeka and netnou.In sum, it seems clear the former Khoi speakers, judging by frequency of usage and the use of typically Afrikaans particles, have played a crucial part in the development of Afrikaans modal particles.Keywords: modal particles, Afrikaans, Kaapse Afrikaans, Dutch, German, Khoi, Khoi-Khoin, collocations, colloquial language

Published
2016

27. Willens en wetens: Perspektiewe op die Afrikaanse werkwoord wil

Author

Conradie, C. Jac

Subjects
wilsaksie, taalhandeling, projection, continuum, grammatikalisering, buiteperspektief, speech act, will, wil, modale werkwoord, dubbelverplasing, observational perspective, internal perspective, reduplication, grammaticalization, modal verb, projeksie, passive, waarnemingsperspektief, external perspective, volitive action, passief, epistemic, binneperspektief, double displacement, epistemies, reduplikasie, kontinuum
Abstract

Die Afrikaanse modale werkwoord wil (en sy imperfekvorm wou), wat meestal as hulpwerkwoord gebruik word, kan verskillende betekenisskakerings aanneem, onder meer "begeer", "onderneem", "wens", "bereid wees", "neig", "dreig" en "op die punt wees"; dit maak ook deel uit van taalhandelinge, byvoorbeeld om wense uit te druk en is die enigste modale werkwoord wat reduplikasie kan ondergaan (wil-wil, wou-wou). Die meeste van hierdie betekenisse en gebruike word ondervang deur aan te neem dat wil in wese 'n handelingswerkwoord is wat op "voorbereidende aksie" dui en waarop die spreker 'n interne of eksterne perspektief kan hê. Die interne perspektief (wat ons wil¹ kan noem) gaan uit van taalgebruikers se vermeende vertroudheid met wil as psigiese of mentale handeling, wat egter op nie-menslike lewensvorme en selfs nie-lewende entiteite geprojekteer kan word. 'n Tipiese gebruik is byvoorbeeld Ek wil wen, waar die uitspreek van 'n begeerte om te wen (die wilsaksie) deur 'n persoon geïnisieer word, met My kar wil nie vat nie as moontlike projeksie. Die eksterne perspektief (wil²) berus op die waarneming van byvoorbeeld natuurkragte, waar die aksie weens die taalgebruiker se onvermoë om die onderliggende kragte regstreeks waar te neem slegs gekonstateer kan word as dit op die punt is om te gebeur, byvoorbeeld Dit wil reën, as dit "dreig" om te reën. Omdat reduplikasie in Afrikaans onder meer kan dui op herhaalde - maar ongeslaagde - pogings om 'n doel te bereik, kan dit in Dit wil-wil reën aangewend word om die onmiddellike moontlikheid van 'n reënbui te beklemtoon. Sodoende kan die modale hulpwerkwoord wil(-wil) vanuit die eksterne perspektief deur 'n verdere proses van grammatikalisasie die aspektuele funksie van anterioriteit aanneem, wat dan selfs op menslike gemoedsaandoeninge van toepassing gemaak kan word. Omdat die interpretasie van 'n uiting deur 'n perspektiefwisseling verstel kan word van interne wilsaksie na anterioriteit en omgekeerd, kan aangeneem word dat daar 'n kontinuum tussen die twee perspektiefpole bestaan. Grammatikale kenmerke wat met die twee perspektiewe korreleer, is dat die interne wilsaksie ontken kan word (behalwe in taalhandelinge) en reduplikasie uitgesluit is, terwyl die ekstern waargenome aksie vanweë sy onmiddellike konstatering nie ontken kan word nie, maar dan juis deur reduplikasie beklemtoon kan word. The Afrikaans verb wíl, a cognate of English will but closer in meaning to "want to", is usually employed as an auxiliary rather than a main verb and is defined, inter alia, as "to wish, desire, intend, be able, resolve, be prepared, be willing, be on the verge of, and is used to express wishes and as a reduplication form (wil-wil). This paper endeavours to show that most of these nuances of meaning and usages are derivable from a core meaning of "preparatory action" and two perspectives on this. If"wíl is compared to other modal verbs, it appears that though it has certain syntactic and semantic features in common with them, it nevertheless differs greatly from them in many other respects. Historically, wíl differs from most other modal verbs in being semantically stable. Afrikaans wíl differs from other Afrikaans modals in several respects. (a) Wíl is not used epistemically. (b) Wíl can be used as a transitive verb and is the only modal to have a past participle, viz. gewíl. (c) Only wíl has a derivation resembling a present participle, viz. welwíllende "benevolent". (d) In passive sentences, wíl remains subject oriented, i.e. retains the grammatical subject as its agent - for example Sy wíl gesíen word "She wants to be seen". (e) Wees doubles with word as a passive auxiliary in a construction such as Sy wíl gesíen wees deur díe mense "She wants to be seen by the people". (f) Only wíl (and its preterite form wou) reduplicates, as in wíl-wíl and wou-wou. It is argued that wíl primarily expresses preparatory action - "preparatory" to distinguish it from a distinctly different action resulting from wíl or an ensuing state of affairs, as in Hy wíl wen "He wants to win", or Sy wíl ryk wees "She wants to be rich". "Action" is considered a suitable common denominator, as it could refer to anything from mental action to forces of nature. "Action" is taken to contrast with concepts such as "knowledge, attitude, obligation, ability, permission", etc. not expressing an activity as such. Most of the semantic nuances of wíl are derivable from two perspectives on wíl, an internal and external one, to be distinguished as wíl¹and wíl². The action character of wíl is supported by grammatical factors such as the following: (i) In the series Ek kan/moet wen (" can/must win"); ek wil wen ("I want to win"); ek gaan/ sal wen ("I am going to/will win"); ek het gewen ("I won"), where each proposition implies the previous, it seems as though the action culminating in "I won" commences with "I want to win". (ii)The fact that wíl, unlike other modal verbs, retains the sentential subject as agentive even in passive sentences, as in Hy wíl bederf word "He wants to be spoilt", is another indication that that wíl expresses an action. (iii)The sentences Ek wens jy wil weggaan! "I wish you will go away" and Ek wens jy gaan weg! "I wish you go away" are virtually synonymous, whereas substituting moet "must" for wíl, as in Ek wens jy moet weggaan "I wish you have to go away", changes the objective of the wish to a particular state of affairs. If we accept that a wish containing wíl (first sentence) has the same illocutionary force as one not supplemented by a modal verb (second sentence), and both presuppose that a certain action be taken by the addressee, then it follows that wíl is closely associated to action. One way to look at wíl is through an "inner" perspective. It is claimed that one only has access to one's own mental states - which would include the "meaning" of wíl - in a direct and noninferential way. To this may be added the role of language in creating an intersubjective awareness of the meaning of wíl. Though the meaning of wíl may seem absolutely clear to the user of the word and between language users, in reality this may not be the case at all. While a projection of wíl on another person in a request such as Wil jy (nie) asseblief die deur toemaak (nie)? "Will/won't you please close the door?" still remains within the bounds ofwhat is understood under wil, projections on non-humans as in Daardie muskiet wil my byt! "That mosquito wants to bite me!" and even onto a vehicle, as in My kar wil nie vat nie! "My car doesn t want to start!," may be far from intentional wil in the "human" sense of "desiring to" or "intending to". Quite another use of wil is found when wil is reduplicated, as in My kar wil-wil vat "My car is about to start", where anterior aspect is indicated. In sum, the "internal"perspective on what will be referred to as wil¹may be characterised in two ways. Firstly, negation is possible, as in Hy wil nie nog drank hê nie "He doesn t want any more liquor", though generally not in speech acts. A second characteristic is that reduplication is excluded, viz. *Ek wil-wil eendag Everest beklim, to mean "I want to climb Everest one day". Next we may consider an "external" perspective on wil, to be referred to as wil². In a proposition such as Dit wil reën "'Rain is imminent", wil is used in the sense of "to be on the verge/point of or "to be threatening". Wil here refers to a force of nature. An internally motivated action in nature only becomes obvious when some kind of change is observed. Thus we can only say "Rain is imminent" when dark rain clouds and chilly gusts of wind, etc. are in evidence. As the initiator is not observable, it is of necessity identical to that of the force itself. Thus, in Dit wil reën, literally "It wants to rain", the volitive force of wil and the action of raining - though distinct as forces or actions - are assumed to have the same origin or source. In its association with "imminence", the modal auxiliary wil is further grammaticalised to express anterior aspect. The ability of the speaker to handle two perspectives on the same action at the same time by "dividing" him-/herself into two persons, is referred to by Leiss (2012: 45-46) as "double displacement". An action characterised as being "on the verge of" cannot be negated, as it is not possible for an action to be on the verge of taking place and not taking place at the same time. While wil¹, as was noted above, can be projected onto non-humans and even objects, wil², as an auxiliary expressing anterior aspect, can be applied to propositions with human subjects, such as Sy wil huil "She is about to cry, is on the verge of crying". In sum, wil², unlike wil¹, cannot be negated. However, wil²can be reduplicated, e.g. Dit wil-wil reën "It is threatening to rain". This has the effect of emphasizing the imminence of the rain. Reduplication in Afrikaans has the function, inter alia, of highlighting various kinds of repetition, one of which is repetition as part of an effort to achieve a goal, for example Hy hap-hap na sy aanvaller, literally "He snaps-snaps at his attacker", i.e. keeps snapping at his attacker. If we assume a pragmatic link between an effort that is not completely successful and an action that is on the verge of being realised, the previous example may be seen to bear a semantic resemblance to Hy wil-wil sy aanvaller byt, "He is on the verge of biting his attacker". Finally, the difference between wil¹, meaning "to want to, wish, intend, desire", etc., and wil², meaning "being on the point/verge of" and expressing anterior aspect, is related to the difference between an interior ("inner") and exterior ("outer") perspective on "will", conceived of as an action, whether mental or physical in nature. The two perspectives are, however, not in absolute contrast with each other but may merge into each other so that a continuum between the two may be assumed. For example, the following sentence may be taken to describe a man recovering from a coma: Soms lyk dit asof hy sy oë wil-wil oopmaak, sometimes seem it as-if he his eyes want-to REDUP open-make maar of die inspanning te groot is. (I. Winterbach) but if the effort too great is "Sometimes it seems as though he is about to open his eyes, but it is too great an effort." As he is getting closer to regaining consciousness (i.e. from being "on the verge of), the gradual opening of his eyes is transformed to an act of will (cf. inspanning "effort") until he consciously strives to open his eyes.

Published
2016

28. Case Study: Nutritional management of a patient at high risk of developing refeeding syndrome

Author

Dolman, RC, Conradie, C, Lombard, MJ, Nienaber, A, and Wicks, M

Subjects
refeeding syndrome, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, malnutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Abstract

The following case study was discussed during the fourth-year dietetics evaluation process at North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. It is a reflection of the opinion of the dietitians, students and lecturers involved, describes the actions taken during the nutritional management of the case, and is based on current literature and guidelines relevant to the topic.

Published
2015

29. Long-Term Use of Ticagrelor in Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction

Author

Bonaca, MP, Bhatt, DL, Cohen, M, Steg, PG, Storey, RF, Jensen, EC, Magnani, G, Bansilal, S, Fish, MP, Im, K, Bengtsson, O, Ophuis, TO, Budaj, A, Theroux, P, Ruda, M, Hamm, C, Goto, S, Spinar, J, Nicolau, JC, Kiss, RG, Murphy, SA, Wiviott, SD, Held, P, Braunwald, E, Sabatine, MS, Morin, S, Dantzer, E, Acquilano, D, McGuire, RL, Gannon, JB, Gershman, E, Ahlbom, AM, Boberg, B, Abola, MT, Ardissino, D, Aylward, P, Corbalan, R, Dalby, A, Diaz, R, Hu, DY, Isaza, D, Kamensky, G, Kiss, R, Kontny, F, Lopez-Sendon, J, Medina, F, Montalescot, G, Nicolau, J, Paolasso, E, Parkhomenko, A, Van De Werf, F, Anderson, JL, White, HD, Verheugt, FWA, Pedersen, TR, DeMets, DL, Lowe, C, Arevalo, C, Awtry, E, Berger, C, Croce, K, Desai, A, Gelfand, E, Ho, C, Leeman, D, Link, M, Norden, A, Pande, A, Rost, N, Ruberg, F, Silverman, S, Singhal, A, Vita, J, Alvarisqueta, A, De Gennaro, N, Berli, M, Roude, AE, Di Gennaro, JA, Albisu, JF, Caccavo, A, Torres, M, Cuadrado, J, Bordoni, P, Cuello, J, Aviles, A, Glenny, A, Recoaro, R, Fernandez, R, Strada, BN, Fuentealba, V, Gallo, C, Duran, RG, Garcia, C, Hominal, M, Castoldi, M, Jure, H, Pacora, FF, Lorenzatti, A, Martinez, JM, Macin, S, Cocco, N, MacKinnon, I, Bagnato, MB, Marino, J, Cusimano, S, Arias, V, Focaccia, M, Muntaner, J, Mansilla, V, Poy, C, Prado, A, Paterlini, G, Montana, O, Camino, A, Sala, J, Luciani, C, Vico, M, Morell, Y, Dumont, C, Vottero, E, Zangroniz, P, Lescano, A, Morara, P, Marquez, LL, Patron, FR, Labarta, GB, Sivila, CD, Quiroga, AR, Maffei, L, Sassone, S, Rolandi, F, Vesentini, N, Carnero, G, Del Verme, S, Hershson, A, Figal, JC, Viso, ME, Hii, C, Smith, K, Singh, B, Acampo, M, Rogers, J, ODonoghue, M, Amerena, J, Long, A, Dart, A, Kay, S, Worthley, M, Nimmo, J, Lehman, R, Morrison, H, Dick, R, Savage, C, van Gaal, W, Park, M, Blombery, P, McCarthy, C, Oqueli, E, Hill, D, Sader, M, Vrachas, D, Purnell, P, Vibert, J, Collins, N, Gordon, A, Arstall, M, Rose, J, Aroney, C, Cleave, P, Fitzpatrick, M, Mackenzie, M, Garrahy, P, Hall, C, Nelson, G, Reid, E, Lee, A, Gibbs, J, Thompson, P, Crittenden, J, Hammett, C, Hindom, L, Antonis, P, Manzoney, A, Cross, D, Pollard, C, Brieger, D, Wu, J, Whelan, A, Tulloch, G, Taylor, A, Smith, B, Horowitz, J, Black, M, Boland, J, Malmendier, D, Celen, H, Wendelen, E, Claeys, M, Pieter, M, Cools, F, Simons, N, De Maeseneire, S, De Wolf, L, Brike, C, Dubois, P, Bolado, ACY, Foading-Deffo, B, Tahon, S, Friart, A, Arend, C, Gevaert, S, Verdegem, P, Marechal, P, Gits, F, Pierard, L, Celentano, C, Pirenne, B, Bouvy, C, Renkin, J, Huyberechts, D, Sinnaeve, P, De Velder, L, Stammen, F, Casier, T, Striekwold, H, Van den Broeck, D, Thoeng, J, Goris, R, Timmermans, P, Collard, SJ, Van De Borne, P, De Clippel, M, Wollaert, B, Jacobs, C, Vankelecom, B, Daelemans, Y, Vervoort, G, Drieghe, S, Vranckx, P, Janssen, A, Vrolix, M, Simenon, I, Wijns, W, Delacroix, H, Denie, D, Schoors, D, Lemoine, I, Cornelis, K, Willems, AM, Schroder, E, Domange, J, Greque, G, Machado, H, Armaganijan, D, Del 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Juanatey, JRG, Acuna, JMG, Al-Khalili, F, Lof, P, Bandh, S, Myllyla, L, Christensen, K, Johansson, K, Dellborg, M, Hultsberg-Olsson, G, Alstrom, P, Damm, TL, Erlinge, D, Brolin, G, Ravn-Fischer, PA, Johansson, P, Andreen, S, Linderfalk, C, Ram, B, Lindholm, CJ, Assarsson, E, Mooe, T, Lindberg, A, Paren, P, Moodh, J, Svensson, P, Andersson, I, Wodlin, P, Raschperger, A, Skogvard, P, Koch, A, Lind, N, Osberg, L, Nilsson, C, Svensson, K, Bengtsson, M, Samad, B, Nilsson, M, Berglund, E, Lundgren, C, Lindmark, K, Sundholm, C, Aladellie, L, Welin-Berger, B, Guneri, S, Dogan, NB, Ersanli, M, Coskun, U, Cayli, M, Seker, T, Camsari, A, Ozcan, T, Ongen, Z, Karadag, B, Boyaci, B, Sezenoz, B, Pekdemir, H, Hidayet, S, Erol, M, Yalcin, A, Sezer, M, Emet, S, Bozkurt, E, Ozen, MB, Lutay, Y, Dyadyk, O, Kholopov, L, Rudyk, I, Shaposhnikova, Y, Chopey, I, Ternuschak, T, Reshotko, D, Popova, G, Batushkin, V, Gema, A, Vizir, V, Berezyn, O, Lutai, M, Tovstukha, V, Shumakov, V, Pogurelska, O, Sirenko, Y, Rekovets, O, Kraiz, I, Kamenska, E, Tseluyko, V, Yakovleva, L, Yena, L, Artemenko, V, Koval, O, Kaplan, P, Karpenko, O, Nevolina, I, Bazilevych, A, Harbar, M, Rudenko, L, Beregova, O, Mostovyi, Y, Rasputina, L, Vatutin, M, Shevelok, A, Kovalenko, V, Polenova, N, Amosova, K, Tkachenko, L, Volkov, V, Zaprovalna, O, Storey, R, Thomas, M, Pell, A, Moriarty, A, Kinnin, M, Ahsan, A, Burton, J, ORourke, B, Young, J, Lang, C, Forbes, J, Rowlands, D, Hamill, S, Sprigings, D, Cadd, A, de Belder, M, Atkinson, B, Ramsey, M, Fagan, JC, Pye, M, Wright, L, Keeling, P, Hughes, D, Fraser, D, Phillips, H, Muthusamy, R, Lawan, M, Levy, T, Kennard, S, Bodalia, B, Mottram, J, Calvert, J, Brodie, K, Gunstone, A, Douglas, C, Trouton, T, Hunter, B, Gerber, R, Pepper, H, Mathur, A, Andiapen, M, Baumbach, A, Bowles, R, Hildick-Smith, D, McGregor, A, Loh, I, Plocky, J, Adams, K, Clemmer, K, Aggarwal, K, Burkhardt, V, Costa, M, Lemmertz, K, Anderson, J, York, T, Angiolillo, D, Green, E, Sperling, M, Vasquez, E, Aycock, G, Tatum, D, Amin, J, Davidson, A, Hendrix, E, Shepard, L, Strain, J, Michel, K, Talano, J, Szalanski, N, Berk, M, Ibarra, M, Bhagwat, R, Winterrowd, D, Bilazarian, S, Marsters, M, Blonder, R, Graf, L, Brilakis, E, Roesle, M, Byrd, L, Sullivan, A, Longo, J, Pennella, A, Westerhausen, D, Weil, R, Carr, K, Piazza, J, Carr, KW, Castello, R, Hawks, M, Chandna, H, Holly, D, Chandrashekhar, YS, Molinaro, N, Carter, M, Antonino, M, Kosmicki, D, Kelley, M, Richwine, R, Pazier, P, Glasgow, B, Bresee, S, Alexander, J, Concha, M, Martinez, E, Connelly, T, Schenks, R, Cooper, M, Garman, V, Condit, J, White, A, Fialkow, J, Mckercher, M, Luna, M, Soto, G, Prodafikas, J, Rambaud, B, Donovan, J, Mudd, D, Doty, W, Parsons, T, D'Urso, M, Bies, J, Han, J, Treadwell, M, Erickson, B, Dahl, P, Fattal, P, Braem, J, Felten, W, Prior, J, French, W, Barillas, O, Berger, R, Genova, E, Gelernt, M, Cockrell, D, Miller, G, Dumka, K, Gill, S, Elliot, S, Goldberg, R, Barrett, M, Gordon, P, Stern, L, Ayres, T, Rhule, V, Gupta, D, Holton, T, Haddad, T, Jain, J, Hakas, J, McSorley, J, Hamroff, G, Hollenweger, L, Wainwright, W, Jones, S, Casagrande, M, Casagrande, MG, Effat, M, Mardis, R, Henderson, D, Millard, D, Hermany, P, Meissner-Dengler, S, Hinchman, D, Luck, K, Hodson, R, Severson, L, Horwitz, P, Miller, K, Isserman, S, Moore, C, Jan, M, Bilyk, O, Kersh, R, DaCosta, A, Kim, E, Gonzales, C, Kmetzo, J, Taylor, D, Knutson, T, Belanger, B, Hage-Korban, E, Harrington, A, Murdock, D, Heiman, M, Dandekar, U, Khan, M, Khan, G, Lui, H, Holman, L, MacDonald, L, Derbyshire, S, Watkins, K, Mayer, N, Mitchell, B, McCullum, K, Delio-Cox, B, Mckay, R, Cloutier, J, McKenzie, M, Rodkey, K, McLaurin, B, Lack, A, Minisi, A, Jeter, D, Mitchell, R, Keane-Richmond, P, Stine, R, Bullivant, M, Morford, R, White, J, Oberoi, M, Geraldo-Abache, A, O'Dea, D, Mehta, R, Tang, N, Ong, S, Edwards, M, Osborne, J, Alonzo, C, Lev, V, Monroe, J, Popeil, L, Sorrentino, N, Portelli, J, Landi, T, Potu, R, Smith, N, Prashad, R, McDonough, C, Qureshi, M, Howe, A, Raikhel, M, Arsate, M, Rogers, W, Saag, L, Sangrigoli, R, Schwarz, L, Abu-Fadel, M, Hagee, A, Kinnaman, S, McDaniel, V, Wilson, V, Purcell, T, Roberts, J, Riofrio, K, Shah, U, Narang, S, Gredler, F, Knap, P, Shanes, J, Hansen, C, Sharma, M, Gibson, T, Sheldon, W, Bohn, A, Siegel, C, Tibbits, L, Singh, V, Nelson, M, Singh, N, Logwood, D, Randhawa, P, Vargas, B, Stegemoller, R, Cole, B, Aggarwal, R, Johnson, M, Steinhoff, J, Dunaway, B, Patel, K, Boomer, L, Taheri, H, Morgan, K, Tahirkheli, N, Santos, A, Thadani, U, Alexander, D, Bennett, W, Kelley, E, Thomas, J, Macnicholas, D, Varma, S, Evans, S, Vlastaris, A, Bittel, B, Voyce, S, Mack, B, Weiss, R, Fournier, T, Whitney, R, Orosco, C, Willis, J, VonGerichten, S, Wiseman, A, Sharrow, A, Wohns, D, Schuitema, J, Amin, M, Ramus, A, Wilson, W, Moeller, C, Newell, M, Tindell, L, Rivera, W, Kwierant, J, Bretton, E, Corbin, B, Labroo, A, Lopez, C, Brown, C, Craig, M, Lucca, M, Keinanen, T, Eisenberg, S, Fielding, M, Doorey, A, Squire, A, Suresh, D, Frost, J, Teklinski, A, Stone, B, Waksman, R, Griffin, S, Wharton, W, Blakely, J, Fishbein, G, Weller, C, Camp, A, Fisher, S, Meholick, A, Hejna, E, Anderson, R, Long, S, Parikh, S, Norton, N, Vijay, N, Washam, M, Smith, S, and Stepanov, N

Abstract

BACKGROUND The potential benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after a myocardial infarction has not been established. We investigated the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor, a P2Y(12) receptor antagonist with established efficacy after an acute coronary syndrome, in this context. METHODS We randomly assigned, in a double-blind 1: 1: 1 fashion, 21,162 patients who had had a myocardial infarction 1 to 3 years earlier to ticagrelor at a dose of 90 mg twice daily, ticagrelor at a dose of 60 mg twice daily, or placebo. All the patients were to receive low-dose aspirin and were followed for a median of 33 months. The primary efficacy end point was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The primary safety end point was Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding. RESULTS The two ticagrelor doses each reduced, as compared with placebo, the rate of the primary efficacy end point, with Kaplan-Meier rates at 3 years of 7.85% in the group that received 90 mg of ticagrelor twice daily, 7.77% in the group that received 60 mg of ticagrelor twice daily, and 9.04% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for 90 mg of ticagrelor vs. placebo, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.96; P = 0.008; hazard ratio for 60 mg of ticagrelor vs. placebo, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95; P = 0.004). Rates of TIMI major bleeding were higher with ticagrelor (2.60% with 90 mg and 2.30% with 60 mg) than with placebo (1.06%) (P < 0.001 for each dose vs. placebo); the rates of intracranial hemorrhage or fatal bleeding in the three groups were 0.63%, 0.71%, and 0.60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a myocardial infarction more than 1 year previously, treatment with ticagrelor significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke and increased the risk of major bleeding. (Funded by AstraZeneca; PEGASUS-TIMI 54 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01225562.)

Published
2015

31. Nutritional management of a patient at high risk of developing refeeding syndrome

Author

25872273 - Conradie, Cornelia, 10676287 - Dolman, Robin Claire, 25719815 - Lombard, Martani Johanni, 20268866 - Nienaber, Arista, 13009494 - Wicks, Mariaan, Dolman, R.C., Conradie, C., Lombard, M.J., Nienaber, A., Wicks, M., 25872273 - Conradie, Cornelia, 10676287 - Dolman, Robin Claire, 25719815 - Lombard, Martani Johanni, 20268866 - Nienaber, Arista, 13009494 - Wicks, Mariaan, Dolman, R.C., Conradie, C., Lombard, M.J., Nienaber, A., and Wicks, M.

Abstract

The following case study was discussed during the fourth-year dietetics evaluation process at North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. It is a reflection of the opinion of the dietitians, students and lecturers involved, describes the actions taken during the nutritional management of the case, and is based on current literature and guidelines relevant to the topic.

Published
2015

32. Modale kettings in Afrikaans.

Author

CONRADIE, C. JAC

Abstract

Modal chains in Afrikaans Sequences of two or more modal auxiliaries in one clause are found in most Germanic languages and varieties, as in Danish, for instance (example and gloss by Brandt 1999:126): Nar jeg kommer i skole vil jeg ikke gide skulle kunne laese latin. When I get to school will I not bother should could read Latin An Afrikaans example would be: Jy sal vinniger moet kan werk. You. SG will quicker must can work "You will have to be able to work more quickly." The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the ordering of Afrikaans modals adhere to a general principle or is constrained in some way. The sequencing of a modal such as kan "can", on the one hand, and of modals with an epistemic (or evidential) function, on the other, may be indicative of such a principle. So is the fact that the modal sal "will" - and similarly Dutch zullen "will" - conventionally occupies the first position. Cognates of the modal kan "can" typically occupy the last position in the chain in various Germanic languages. This modal ascribes a fixed attribute, expressed by the predicate, to the sentential subject. A modal used in epistemic function, e.g. kan "can" in Ben kan 'n Boeing moet vlieg om die werk te kry. Ben can a Boeing must fly to the work to get "Ben may be required to fly a Boeing if he is to get the job." evaluates the probability of the entire proposition and therefore has no special relationship to the sentential subject. This also goes for certain usages of sal "will" and its preterite sou "would", such as prediction, hypotheticals, future tense, and evidentiality as expressed by sou "would": Ben sou 'n vlieënier wees. Ben would a pilot be "Ben is said to be a pilot." There is a sharp functional contrast between epistemic moet "must, should", where a relationship with the sentential subject is completely lacking, and kan "can" when expressing a subject-internal ability, as in Ben moet Boeings kan vlieg. Ben must Boeings be.able.to fly "Ben is expected to have the ability to fly Boeings." While in the case of kan the modal source derives from the sentential subject itself, the modal source related to moet typically has an external nature. In the course of the utterance, i.e. from a discursive point of view, the role assigned to the subject changes: while Ben at first only has a thematic role in relation to moet, it comes to assume a more agentive role in relation to kan. If wil "want to" + kan "can" were to constitute the chain, the modal source remains internal to the subject: it is not fully implemented in the case of wil (i.e. is inchoative), but forms a fixed attribute in the case of kan (i.e. is perfective). In a moet "must" + kan "can" sequence there is both a progression from external to internal source of modality and from inchoative to perfective aspect. In regard to possible orders of modals in chains, it is hypothesized that the position of a particular modal in a chain is a function of the strength of the link forged between the sentential subject and its predicate by the modal in question, where "strength" is defined by the extent to which the source of modality is identical with or internal to the subject and the extent to which the realisation of the source of modality is in the process of coming into effect (inchoative) or has been realised (perfective). While the default assumption in the case of Ben vlieg "Ben is flying" would be factual, the addition of kan, as in Ben kan vlieg "Ben can fly" renders the act of flying counterfactual, and the further addition of moet, as in Ben moet kan vlieg "Ben should be able to fly" in turn renders the ability expressed by kan counterfactual. The factuality expressed by the rightmost verb is therefore cancelled (relativised) by every modal added to the left. A combination of the functional and aspectual relationship of the subject to the modal verb it controls would give rise to the order in Table 1. The actual occurrence of the predicted chains was empirically checked with reference to the Taalkommissiekorpus 1.1 and other sources. The search was restricted to non-negative sequences with two root3 modals, with no clause boundaries between them. Out of 15 predicted orders, such as sal moet, moet wil and behoort te kan, eight were attested. However, only one example was found of non-predicted (or converse) root orders such as kan moet and wil mag. The hypothesis is therefore confirmed in general. However, a number of non-occurrences of predicted orders still require an explanation, e.g. the fact that behoort (te) "ought to" was only followed by kan/kon "can, could", and mag "may" only preceded by sal/sou "will, would". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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33. 'Is regtig rêrig Duits richtig?

Author

Conradie, C. Jac

Subjects
versterking, reinforcement, modal particle, convergence, ontkenningsversagting, Maleis, German, Duits, interjection, Khoi, negative mitigation, konvergensie, tussenwerpsel, Nederlands, Afrikaans, reduplikasie, Dutch, reduplication, modale partikel, Malay
Abstract

Die Afrikaanse modale partikels rêrig en regtig in die betekenis "waar(-lik), eg, werklik" is wisselvorme. Rêrig is afkomstig van die reduplikasievorm reg-reg, met antesedente in Maleis en Khoi. Die oorgang van reg-reg na rêrig is moontlik bemiddel deur 'n bry-uitspraak van eersgenoemde. Ofskoon die element reg afkomstig is van Nederlands recht, is 'n vorm soos rechtig feitlik onbekend in Nederlands. Hoogduits richtig, wat hoofsaaklik 'n bloot referensièle betekenis ("reg, nie verkeerd nie") het, het egter ook lank reeds die modale betekenis van Afrikaans regtig. Bowendien kan sowel Duits richtig as Afrikaans regtig versterkend/graadaanduidend, as ontkenningsversagter en as tussenwerpsel of uitroep optree. In die lig van die feit dat Duitsers in die vorrningsjare van Afrikaans 'n betreklik groot deel van die Europese bevolking aan die Kaap uitgemaak het, lyk dit waarskynlik dat die vorm rêrig, met 'n grotendeels nie-Europese herkoms, en regtig, gesteun deur Duits richtig, gekonvergeer het in wat vandag as één leksikale item beskou kan word, met rêrig moontlik enigsins informeler as regtig. Afrikaans, Dutch and High German (henceforth A, D and G, respectively) have several modal particles in common. In the case of A regtig/rêrig there is a correspondence with G richtig, but not with D, as rechtig is virtually absent in D. A rêrig, from the reduplication form reg-reg, nevertheless derives from A reg and ultimately from D recht "right". The provenance of A regtig, however, is still in need of an explanation. Regtig/rêrig, a modal particle meaning "true/truly, real(-ly), actual(-ly) ", also functions as a reinforcing or scalar particle or as an interjection. As speakers of German settled at the Cape of Good Hope in large numbers from the 17th century onwards, the poss ibility is explored that the A form regtig developed under the influence of G richtig, in a process of convergence with its slightly more informal synonym rêrig. As A reg-reg is morphologically based on reg/recht, the functions of A reg(te) and D recht(e) will be delineated to begin with, followed by a discussion of the origins of the reduplicatedform reg-reg and its development towards rêrig, and the relationship between rêrig(e) and regtig(e). Finally, it will be shown that the modal functions of rêrig(e)/regtig(e) are also encountered in G richtig(e-), so that it seems likely that A regtig(e), as far as its form is concerned, arose at the Cape under German influence. Semantically, a distinction is first of all made between the referential sense of "right" in contrast to "wrong". In the three syntactic contexts to be distinguished, viz. attributive and predicative adjective and adverb, D employs recht(e), A reg(te) and G richtig(e-). In the modal sense of "true/truly, real(-ly), actual(-ly) " D has obsolete recht(e); D echt(e), which seems to be the general "replacement" of recht(e), is not discussed further. In this sense, A has regte in attributive function, while reg is not encounteredpredicatively and is obsolete in adverbial function. Besides attributive A regte, the forms regtige and rêrige have become common, matched predicatively by regtig and rêrig. The latter forms are the forms used par excellence in adverbial function, i.e. as modal particles, and G richtig is often encountered in this function. Though the distinction between the modal and reinforcing uses is not clear-cut, both A regtig/rêrig and G richtig are employed as reinforcers, as well as being employed as negation mitigators (A nie regtig/rêrig, G nicht richtig) and as interjections. A conspicuous difference between D and A, therefore, is that A regte, unlike D rechte, may occur in attributive function in a modal sense. In the other modal and reinforcing (or mitigating) functions D recht and A reg have no role to play. The reduplicated form reg-reg is well attested in earlier A. Reduplication as a productive morphological device in A is said to derive from Malay, inter alia. G. S. Nienaber, however, claims that modal reg-reg, as a semantic entity, derives from Khoi - a language which also makes use of reduplication. The Khoi equivalent of A reg-reg "really" is said to form a contrastive pair in Khoi with the equivalent of A glo "allegedly ". Reg-reg was therefore imported into A by Khoi LI speakers transferring to A. Regarding the problem of how reg-reg, phonetically [rsxrsx], changed to rêrig, [rersx], I would like to hypothesize that the change was mediated by the uvular pronunciation of r, which is common in areas in the vicinity of Cape Town. A pronunciation [ReyRex] would readily be assimilated to [REREX], which would be converted to [rerexj by speakers with an apical r. Given that regtig [rextsxj was already present as a variant and the tendency of vowel reduction, the schwa in current rêrig [rersx] is readily explained. This raises the question of the relationship between regtig and rêrig. While on the one hand rêrig is the result ofa reduplicative process, regtig, on the other, could have been formed according to a familiar pattern for A, viz. the productive -ig suffix affixed to an underlying stem regt-, as in regte (plural and attributive form), regtens, tc. Modal regte in adverbial function was attested in earlier A, and could even have been a "veiled" representation of regtig. It is therefore neither possible to conclude that regtig was derived from rêrig, nor rêrig from regtig. The relationship between regtig(e)/rêrig(e), on the one hand, and reg(te) on the other, also merits our attention. It seems that regtig and rêrig are both used as modal particles, function as negative mitigators (hie regtig/rêrig) and as interjections. In referential sense these forms are found neither in adjectival, nor in adverbial function. This semantic field belongs to reg(te) exclusively. Modal usage and adjectival function may be looked upon as a border area. Predicatively we only encounter regtig/rêrig; reg is excluded. Attributively regtige/rêrige compete with reg as slightly less formal or more emotive variants. In conclusion one might say that regtig/rêrig typically have a modal and adverbial origin. From there they spread to an adjectival context where they compete with regte, while retaining their modal sense. G richtig(e-) is encountered in both referential and modal functions (including reinforcing and mitigating functions and as interjection) and as adjective as well as adverb. It therefore covers the fields not only of A regtig(e)/rêrig(e) but also of A reg(te), D recht(e) and D echt(e). Though its modal usages are overshadowed by its referential usage, at least in written texts, it seems likely that its presence in spoken G at the Cape during the 17th and 18th centuries facilitated the convergence of a form regtig(e) as variant of rêrig(e) - regtig(e) being similar in meaning to rêrig(e) and moreover in keeping with A derivation.

Published
2011

34. 'Hanghen ende thoeft af slaen': Vorme van geweld in enkele Middelnederlandse tekste

Author

Conradie, C. Jac

Subjects
devil, courtly love, knights, animal epic, Middle Dutch literature, sea monsters
Abstract

After a consideration of what is meant by ‘violence’ (Afrikaans/Dutch geweld) in the current sense of the word, a number of instances of violence from the Middle Dutch literature are described with a view to singling out salient aspects of violence. Violence in nature and human reactions to it are looked at with reference to some monsters of the sea described by Adriaen Coenen. Aspects of violence in knights’ tales are considered with Karel en Elegast as a model. Beatrijs provides some insight into what may count as violence in the courtly sphere. The devil is a source, directly or indirectly, of widespread violence in the miracle play Mariken van Nieumeghen. Aspects of the ‘right’ to violence are dealt with in a discussion of acts of violence in the animal epic Van den vos Reynaerde.

Published
2011

36. Signergy.

Author

CONRADIE, C. Jac, Ronél JOHL, Marthinus BEUKES, Olga FISCHER and Christina LJUNGBERG (eds.) and CONRADIE, C. Jac, Ronél JOHL, Marthinus BEUKES, Olga FISCHER and Christina LJUNGBERG (eds.)

Subjects
Poetics, Iconicity (Linguistics)
Abstract

Description based on print version record.

Published
2010

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