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In this work, we introduce a line congruence as surface in the space of lines in terms of the E. Study map. This provides the ability to derive some formulae of surfaces theory into line spaces. In addition, the well known equation of the Plucker's conoid has been obtained and its kinematic-geometry are examined in details. At last, an example of application is investigated and explained in detail.

The article analyzes the working organs of combined soil-cultivating machines and gives recommendations on the construction of the layout scheme. The design of the helical working body for surface tillage of the soil is substantiated, the surface of which will differ from another well-known helical ruled surface - the helical conoid. Parametric equations of an unfolded helicoid with a horizontal axis of rotation are given. Differential equations of motion of a particle by the surface of the helicoid are compiled, and on their basis the trajectories of motion of soil particles by the surface of the helicoid are obtained. Regardless of the point of entry of the particle onto the surface, it slides along it, while approaching the inner periphery of the surface, that is, to the cylindrical shaft. With an increase in the speed of the unit, the approximation increases. The design of a working body with a lattice shaft is proposed, which will additionally perform the function of a roller.

The Acromioclavicular joint represents the link between the clavicle and scapula, which is responsible for synchronized dynamics of the shoulder girdle. Traumatic injuries to acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) are commonly sustained by contact-sports athletes in high impact collisions or falls. Rockwood classified these injuries into types I through VI. Type I to type III injuries are treated conservatively and type IV -VI injuries require surgical management. Injuries of grade III - V require reconstruction of AC and CC ligaments. We present a surgical technique involving harvesting of semintendinosus autograft from hamstrings and using it to anatomically reconstruct the conoid and trapezoid portions of the coraco-clavicular ligament and the superior acromio-clavicular ligament/capsule. This technique is beneficial because it provides both horizontal and vertical stability. The purpose of our study was to find out the functional outcome of the procedure performed in mid-term follow-up. In our study the result was good functional outcome at 5 year follow up and subsequent followups provided proper placement of clavicular and acromian tunnels at the time of surgery.

Ceramic veneers are considered viable alternatives compared to classic invasive procedures applied in restorative treatments. Adhesive bonding techniques combined with restorative materials that mimic the natural color of the tooth are part of one of the greatest achievements in modern aesthetic dentistry. Ceramic veneers structurally made with lithium disilicate materials are frequently selected to restore and stabilize the biomechanics of the tooth in cases with dental malformations, such as conoid teeth. This article explains the basic principles applied to the design of ceramic veneers, with copings in lithium disilicate and covered with feldspathic ceramic. Moreover, the long-term prognosis of ceramic veneers based on scientific evidence. Las carillas de cerámica son consideradas, alternativas viables en comparación con los procedimientos clásicos invasivos, utilizados en los tratamientos dentales. Las técnicas de unión adhesiva, combinadas con materiales similares al color natural del diente, forman parte de, los grandes logros alcanzados dentro de la odontología estética moderna. Las carillas de cerámica fabricadas estructuralmente a partir de materiales vítreos reforzados con disilicato de litio, son seleccionadas con frecuencia para restaurar y estabilizar la biomecánica del diente, sugiriéndose específicamente desde, la indicación de piezas dentales con insuficiente tejido de esmalte, hasta, la presencia de malformaciones dentales como, dientes conoides. El presente artículo explicará, los principios básicos aplicados en la tecnología avanzada para diseñar carillas de cerámica con subestructuras de soporte “coppings”, en disilicato de litio, permitiendo observar, el proceso de cobertura con cerámica feldespática en el laboratorio y el resultado final del procedimiento clínico, en la cementación. Explorará el pronóstico a largo plazo de carillas de cerámica según la información fundamentada en una serie de estudios científicos con base en evidencia científica.

The genus Dolichodorus was discovered from a natural forest in Gilan province, north Iran, in association with an oak tree. The recovered population represents a new species, and was described and illustrated based upon morphological and molecular data, as D. rex n. sp. It is characterized by 2171–3275 μm long females having offset crown-like cephalic region with well sclerotized cephalic framework, raised perioral disc apparently with a small raised oral plate, 118.5, 130.0 μm long stylet, its conus ca. 55% of the total length and three posteriorly sloping knobs, 291–316 μm long pharynx with a short overlap, secretory-excretory pore at slightly variable position (one-two annuli posterior, or four annuli anterior to metacorpus base), vulva sunken in body, at %50 of the body length, vagina heavily sclerotized with two drop-like refractive pieces close to the vulval opening, 78–104 μm long tail with proximal convex conoid, and conical distal part with pointed to blunt tip; and a 2634 μm long male with 108.5 μm long stylet, 291 μm long pharynx, 20 μm long tail and 53 μm long spicules. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of the small, and D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal DNA, the new species formed a clade with two other currently sequenced species of the genus in both phylogenies.

The phylum Apicomplexa has been defined by the presence of the apical complex, a structure composed of secretory organelles and specific cytoskeletal elements. A conspicuous feature of the apical complex in many apicomplexans is the conoid, a hollow tapered barrel structure composed of tubulin fibers. In Toxoplasma gondii, the apical complex is a central site of convergence for calcium-related and lipid-mediated signaling pathways that coordinate conoid protrusion, microneme secretion, and actin polymerization, to initiate gliding motility. Through cutting-edge technologies, great progress has recently been made in discovering the structural subcomponents and proteins implicated in the biogenesis and stability of the apical complex and, in turn, these discoveries have shed new light on the function and evolution of this definitive structure.

A novel species, Appendiculella viticis, was collected on freshly fallen leaves of Vitex canescens (Lamiaceae) in Chiang Rai, Thailand. This species is unique in having vertically striate, conoid cells, without larviform appendages and fusiform to ellipsoidal, guttulate ascospores. Morphological comparison and phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequence data provide evidence that the species is novel. Morphological comparisons of Appendiculella species are provided. The molecular data provides evidence to support the distinctness of Appendiculella.

The approach to any refractive condition of the eye with regular astigmatism is more complicated than that for myopia or hyperopia alone. It requires familiarity with the complex images collectively identified as Sturm’s conoid. Fortunately, only three of those play a critical role in the interpretation of ametropia with astigmatism. This manuscript discusses a prescription strategy for ametropias associated with regular astigmatism evolved from those three key images. RESUMO A abordagem de qualquer condição refrativa do olho com astigmatismo regular é mais complicada do que a da miopia ou hipermetropia isoladamente. Requer familiaridade com as imagens complexas coletivamente identificadas como o conóide de Sturm. Felizmente, apenas três deles desempenham um papel crítico na interpretação da ametropia com astigmatismo. Este manuscrito mostra como uma estratégia de prescrição para as ametropias associadas ao astigmatismo regular pode evoluir a partir dessas três imagens principais.

Primary cilia are important organizing centers that control diverse cellular processes. Apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii have a specialized cilium-like structure called the conoid that organizes the secretory and invasion machinery critical for the parasites' lifestyle. The proteins that initiate the biogenesis of this structure are largely unknown. We identified the Toxoplasma orthologue of the conserved kinase ERK7 as essential to conoid assembly. Parasites in which ERK7 has been depleted lose their conoids late during maturation and are immotile and thus unable to invade new host cells. This is the most severe phenotype to conoid biogenesis yet reported, and is made more striking by the fact that ERK7 is not a conoid protein, as it localizes just basal to the structure. ERK7 has been recently implicated in ciliogenesis in metazoan cells, and our data suggest that this kinase has an ancient and central role in regulating ciliogenesis throughout Eukaryota.

Summary Laimaphelenchus pannocaudus, isolated in Ningbo port from Picea gluaca, is redescribed based upon characteristic morphological details elucidated by light and scanning electron microscopy photographs. The recovered population is characterised by 907 (771-1024) μm long females with 11.2 (8.9-12.2) μm long stylet, four incisures in the lateral field, excretory pore located at the same level as, or slightly anterior to the nerve ring, vulva lacking a flap and located at 68.7 (63.9-73.4)% of the body, elongate post-vulval uterine sac 78.5 (55.6-101.1) μm long, and tail 40.6 (33.4-45.6) μm long. Males are common and characterised by 16.5 (15.7-17.8) μm long spicules (chord) with their condylus slightly recurved, squared to rounded in shape with a blunt rounded tip and rostrum triangular with a bluntly pointed tip, and six visible caudal papillae. The female tail is ventrally curved, conoid and bears a stalk-like terminus with 4-8 pedunculate projections. Phylogenetic analyses using partial 18S and 28S rDNA D2-D3 data revealed that L. pannocaudus formed a sister relationship with L. suberensis in both phylogenies.

This work develops the kinematic-geometry for ruled surfaces by using the analogy with spherical kinematics. This provides the ability to compute set of curvature functions which define the local shape of ruled surfaces. Hence, the well known equation of the Plücker’s conoid has been obtained and its kinematic-geometry are examined in details. Finally, a characterization for a line trajectory to be a constant Disteli-axis is derived, and investigated.

Hemicycliophora paraconida n. sp. from the Tilekenar forest in northern Iran, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by having female body length of 907–1197 µm, 286–341 body annuli and a 96–115 µm long stylet. Lateral fields with three longitudinal lines forming two rows of blocks with breaks and anastomosis of transverse striae; each annulus in lateral field with four subcuticular ovate markings. Tail elongated uniformly conoid, with distinct annuli and narrowly rounded to acute terminus. Male possess robust and semi-circular spicules and a well-developed penial tube. Based on molecular and morphological compari-sons, the new species comes close to seven species of the genus namely: H. conida, H. iwia, H. ovata, H. hellenica, H. poranga, H. ornamenta and H. halophila, but it differs from them by the body size, R related indices, stylet length, lateral field structure, vulva position and tail shape. Molecular analyses based on sequences of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene supported its morphological status as a new species and revealed that the new species is closest to the H. conida clade in the dendrogram inferred using 28S D2-D3 gene.

Seinura italiensis n. sp. isolated from the medium soil imported from Italy is described and illustrated using morphological and molecular data. The new species is characterized by having short body (477 (407-565) µm and 522 (469-590) µm for males and females, respectively), three lateral lines, stylet lacking swellings at the base, and excretory pore at the base or slightly anterior to base of metacorpus; females have 58.8 (51.1-69.3) µm long post-uterine sac (PUS), elongate conical tail with its anterior half conoid, dorsally convex, and ventrally slightly concave and the posterior half elongated, narrower, with finely rounded to pointed tip and males having seven caudal papillae and 14.1 (12.6-15.0) µm long spicules. Morphologically, the new species is similar to S. caverna, S. chertkovi, S. christiei, S. hyrcania, S. longicaudata, S. persica, S. steineri, and S. tenuicaudata. The differences of the new species with aforementioned species are discussed. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using near full-length small and large subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU and LSU rDNA D2-D3 expansion segments) sequences, the new species fell into a clade including three previously described/sequenced species of the genus in both SSU and LSU Bayesian phylogenetic trees. Seinura italiensis n. sp. isolated from the medium soil imported from Italy is described and illustrated using morphological and molecular data. The new species is characterized by having short body (477 (407-565) µm and 522 (469-590) µm for males and females, respectively), three lateral lines, stylet lacking swellings at the base, and excretory pore at the base or slightly anterior to base of metacorpus; females have 58.8 (51.1-69.3) µm long post-uterine sac (PUS), elongate conical tail with its anterior half conoid, dorsally convex, and ventrally slightly concave and the posterior half elongated, narrower, with finely rounded to pointed tip and males having seven caudal papillae and 14.1 (12.6-15.0) µm long spicules. Morphologically, the new species is similar to S. caverna, S. chertkovi, S. christiei, S. hyrcania, S. longicaudata, S. persica, S. steineri, and S. tenuicaudata. The differences of the new species with aforementioned species are discussed. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using near full-length small and large subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU and LSU rDNA D2-D3 expansion segments) sequences, the new species fell into a clade including three previously described/sequenced species of the genus in both SSU and LSU Bayesian phylogenetic trees.

The Apicomplexa phylum is composed of numerous intracellular parasites of human and veterinary importance. Plasmodium species responsible of malaria and Toxoplasma gondii the causative agent of toxoplasmosis are both part of the phylum. Apicomplexan parasites possess at their apical pole an arsenal of cytoskeletal components as well as secretory organelles grouped as the “apical complex” that gives its name to the phylum. Micronemes contains adhesins, proteases and perforins essential for attachment, invasion, and egress of host cells while the rhoptries contain proteins essential for invasion and the establishment of the intracellular niche in which the parasite replicates. The cytoskeletal components of the apical complex are organized around the conoid, a cone made of atypical tubulin fibers, able to extrude through the apical polar ring (APR) that presumably serves as microtubule organizing center (MTOC) for the 22 subpellicular microtubules (SPMTs). In addition to the SPMTs, the inner membrane complex (IMC), a patchwork of flattened vesicles, and a meshwork of intermediate-like filaments called alveolin network (SPN) confers its strength and shape to the parasite. We identified two proteins of the alveolin network called AC9 and AC10, essential for the stability of the whole apical complex. In their absence, the APR is fragmented, the SPMTs are disorganized and the conoid is lost, leading to lethal defects in microneme secretion and invasion. We also scrutinized a protein called ERK7 reported to be associated to AC9-10. Depletion of ERK7 phenocopied the depletion of AC9 or AC10 with a complete destruction of the apical complex and clear abrogation of microneme secretion. The conoid is topped by two small preconoidal rings (PCRs) of unknown function. Thanks to ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) we were able to localize five novel PCRs proteins (PCRPs) and essential gliding factors such as Formin 1. Using this technique, we also proved that conoid extrusion is an actomyosin dependent process powered by MyoH. The apical complex is a site of choice bringing together key gliding motility components. The machinery powering motility and invasion called glideosome lies inside the pellicle, between the plasma membrane and the IMC. To initiate motility, actin filament generated by Formin 1 at the PCRs are translocated backward by MyoH at the conoid level and MyoA at the IMC level. When this apico-basal flux of actin is linked to secreted micronemal adhesins by the glideosome associated connector (GAC), the parasite is propelled forward. Interestingly, we showed that GAC also localizes at the PCRs. Finally, two short intraconoidal microtubules (ICMTs) lie inside the conoid. In close proximity with rhoptries neck, the ICMTs are thought to be important for rhoptry discharge. Here we have identified and functionally characterized the second ICMT protein called ICMAP2, essential for the stability of the ICMTs and important rhoptry secretion. ICMAP1, previously described at the ICMTs, do not colocalize perfectly with ICMAP2, indicating that the biology and role of those short microtubules might be more complex than previously anticipated.

The aim of this article is to orient the evolution of new architectural forms offering up-to-date scientific support. Unlike the volume, the expression for the lateral area of a regular conoid has not yet been obtained by means of direct integration or a differential geometry procedure. In this type of ruled surface, the fundamental expressions I and II, for other curved figures have proved not solvable thus far. As this form is frequently used in architectural engineering, the inability to determine its surface area represents a serious hindrance to solving several problems that arise in radiative transfer, lighting and construction, to cite just a few. To address such drawback, we conceived a new approach that, in principle, consists in dividing the surface into infinitesimal elliptic strips of which the area can be obtained in an approximate fashion. The length of the ellipse is expressed with certain accuracy by means of Ramanujan’s second formula. By integrating the so-found perimeter of the differential strips for the whole span of the conoid, an unexpected solution emerges through a newly found number that we call psi (ψ). In this complex process, projected shapes have been derived from an original closed form composed of two conoids and called Antisphera for its significant parallels with the sphere. The authors try to demonstrate that the properties of the new surfaces have relevant implications for technology, especially in building science and sustainability, under domains such as structures, radiation and acoustics. Fragments of the conoid have occasionally appeared in modern and contemporary architecture but this article discusses how its use had been discontinued, mainly due to the uncertainties that its construction posed. The new knowledge provided by the authors, including their own proposals, may help to revitalize and expand such interesting configurations in the search for a revolution of forms.

Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 are described from the Western Ghats of India. Tylencholaimus macroamphidius sp. nov. has a 0.61–0.85 mm long body, angular lips, large amphid, 8.0–9.0 μm long odontostyle, odontophore with asymmetrical basal knobs, pharyngeal bulb expanding gradually, female genital system mono-prodelphic, and a rounded to conoid tail. Tylencholaimus shamimi sp. nov. has a 0.57–0.71 mm long body, 6.0–7.0 μm long odontostyle, odontophore with basal thickening, pharyngeal bulb expanding gradually, female genital system amphidelphic and a convex-conoid tail. Tylencholaimus southindicus sp. nov. has a 0.44–0.55 mm long body, lip region with distinct labial disc, 4.5–5.5 μm long odontostyle, odontophore with minute basal knobs, pharyngeal expansion abrupt, female genital system mono-prodelphic, and a rounded-conoid to rounded tail. Tylencholaimus striatus sp. nov. has a 0.30–0.34 mm long body with distinctly striated cuticle, 5.0–5.5 μm long odontostyle, odontophore with minute basal knobs, pharyngeal bulb expanding abruptly, female genital system mono-prodelphic, and a conoid tail with bluntly rounded terminus. Tylencholaimus tamiliensis sp. nov. has 0.51–0.58 mm long body, 5.5–6.0 μm long odontostyle, odontophore with minute basal knobs, pharyngeal bulb expanding gradually, female genital system mono-prodelphic and tail rounded to conoid with sunken terminus. Five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus viz. T. mirabilis, T. teres, T. micronanus, T. ibericus and T. cosmos also recorded from the region and redescribed/illustrated.

A new genus and new species of the family Cephalobidae, subfamily Cephalobinae, named Spinocephalus tessellatus n. gen., n. sp. is described from Iran. Body 0.55–0.67 mm long, cuticle with tessellations, lateral field with two tessellated longitudinal wings, lip region with six triangular lips, primary axils deep and V-shaped with two conoid-elongate guard processes that originate from each lip, secondary axils deep and U-shaped with one thorn-like process (labial probolae?) in lateral view with a small rounded protuberance fused to the oral plate having triradiate symmetry more developed at the acute margin toward each primary axil, oral opening hexagonal, amphids large and clearly rounded to slightly oval, stoma cephaloboid with cheilostom with minute and rounded rhabdia, pharynx cephaloboid with corpus subcylindrical and isthmus very long being 1.4–1.7 times corpus length, nerve ring surrounds the isthmus, excretory pore at the level of the isthmus. Female monodelphic-prodelphic, spermatheca as long as the body diam., post-vulval uterine sac 0.8–1.0 times body diameter, tail conoid with small rounded terminus. Male monorchic, spicules 24–26 µm long, gubernaculum 11–14 µm long, tail conical and ventrally curved with small rounded terminus. Morphological, including SEM observations, and molecular (based on 18S and 28S rDNA) analyses revealed its relationship with the genera Acromoldavicus and Nothacrobeles.

Toxoplasma gondii extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 (ERK7) is known to contribute to the integrity of the apical complex and to participate in the final step of conoid biogenesis. In the absence of ERK7, mature parasites lose their conoid complex and are unable to glide, invade, or egress from host cells. In contrast to a previous report, we show here that the depletion of ERK7 phenocopies the depletion of the apical cap protein AC9 or AC10. The absence of ERK7 leads to the loss of the apical polar ring (APR), the disorganization of the basket of subpellicular microtubules (SPMTs), and a severe impairment in microneme secretion. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM), coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS-ester) staining on intracellular parasites, offers an unprecedented level of resolution and highlights the disorganization of the rhoptries as well as the dilated plasma membrane at the apical pole in the absence of ERK7. Comparative proteomics analysis of wild-type and ERK7-depleted parasites confirmed the disappearance of known apical complex proteins, including markers of the apical polar ring and a new apical cap named AC11. Concomitantly, the absence of ERK7 led to an accumulation of microneme proteins, resulting from the defect in the exocytosis of the organelles. AC9-depleted parasites were included as controls and exhibited an increase in inner membrane complex proteins, with two new proteins assigned to this compartment, namely, IMC33 and IMC34. IMPORTANCE The conoid is an enigmatic, dynamic organelle positioned at the apical tip of the coccidian subgroup of the Apicomplexa, close to the apical polar ring (APR) from which the subpellicular microtubules (SPMTs) emerge and through which the secretory organelles (micronemes and rhoptries) reach the plasma membrane for exocytosis. In Toxoplasma gondii, the conoid protrudes concomitantly with microneme secretion, during egress, motility, and invasion. The conditional depletion of the apical cap structural protein AC9 or AC10 leads to a disorganization of SPMTs as well as the loss of the APR and conoid, resulting in a microneme secretion defect and a block in motility, invasion, and egress. We show here that the depletion of the kinase ERK7 phenocopies AC9 and AC10 mutants. The combination of ultrastructure expansion microscopy and NHS-ester staining revealed that ERK7-depleted parasites exhibit a dilated apical plasma membrane and an altered positioning of the rhoptries, while electron microscopy images unambiguously highlight the loss of the APR.

Unlike the volume, the expression for the lateral area of a regular conoid has not yet been obtained by means of direct integration or a differential geometry procedure. As this form is relatively used in engineering, the inability to determine its surface, represents a serious hindrance for several problems which arise in radiative transfer, lighting and construction, to cite just a few. Since this particular shape can be conceived as a set of linearly dwindling ellipses which remain parallel to a circular directrix, a typical problem appears when looking for the length of such ellipses. We conceived a new procedure which, in principle, consists in dividing the surface into infinitesimal elliptic strips to which we have subsequently applied Ramanujan’s second approximation. In this fashion, we can obtain the perimeter of any ellipse pertaining to the said form as a function of the radius of the directrix and the position of the ellipse’s center on the X-axis. Integrating the so-found perimeters of the differential strips for the whole span of the conoid, an unexpected solution emerges through the newly found number psi (ψ). As the strips are slanted in the symmetry axis, their width is not uniform and we need to perform some adjustments in order to complete the problem with sufficient precision. Relevant implications for technology, building science, radiation and structure are derived in the ensuing discussion.

Purpose Persistent acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) instability following high grade injuries causes significant symptoms. The importance of horizontal plane stability is increasingly recognised. There is little evidence of the ability of current implant methods to restore native ACJ stability in the vertical and horizontal planes. The purpose of this work was to measure the ability of three implant reconstructions to restore native ACJ stability. Methods Three groups of nine fresh-frozen shoulders each were mounted into a robotic testing system. The scapula was stationary and the robot displaced the clavicle to measure native anterior, posterior, superior and inferior (A, P, S, I) stability at 50 N force. The ACJ capsule, conoid and trapezoid ligaments were transected and the ACJ was reconstructed using one of three commercially available systems. Two systems (tape loop + screw and tape loop + button) wrapped a tape around the clavicle and coracoid, the third system (sutures + buttons) passed directly through tunnels in the clavicle and coracoid. The stabilities were remeasured. The data for A, P, S, I stability and ranges of A–P and S–I stability were analyzed by ANOVA and repeated-measures Student t tests with Bonferroni correction, to contrast each reconstruction stability versus the native ACJ data for that set of nine specimens, and examined contrasts among the reconstructions. Results All three reconstructions restored the range of A–P stability to that of the native ACJ. However, the coracoid loop devices shifted the clavicle anteriorly. For S–I stability, only the sutures + buttons reconstruction did not differ significantly from native ligament restraint. Conclusions Only the sutures + buttons reconstruction, that passed directly through tunnels in the clavicle and coracoid, restored all stability measures (A, P, S, I) to the native values, while the tape implants wrapped around the bones anteriorised the clavicle. These findings show differing abilities among reconstructions to restore native stability in horizontal and vertical planes. (300 words)

Summary A new root-knot nematode, parasitizing Robusta coffee in Dak Lak Province, Western Highlands of Vietnam, is described as Meloidogyne moensi n. sp. Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrated that this species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by a swollen body of females with a small posterior protuberance that elongated from ovoid to saccate; perineal patterns with smooth striae, continuous and low dorsal arch; lateral lines marked as a faint space or linear depression at junction of the dorsal and ventral striate; distinct phasmids; perivulval region free of striae; visible and wide tail terminus surrounding by concentric circles of striae; medial lips of females in dumbbell-shaped and slightly raised above lateral lips; female stylet is normally straight with posteriorly sloping stylet knobs; lip region of second stage juvenile (J2) is not annulated; medial lips and labial disc of J2 formed dumbbell shape; lateral lips are large and triangular; tail of J2 is conoid with rounded unstriated tail tip; distinct phasmids and hyaline; dilated rectum. Meloidogyne moensi n. sp. is most similar to M. africana, M. ottersoni by prominent posterior protuberance. Results of molecular analysis of rDNA sequences including the D2–D3 expansion regions of 28S rDNA, COI, and partial COII/16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA support for the new species status.

Summary Two new species of the genus Coomansinema Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1989 are described and illustrated. C. japonicum n. sp. is characterized by having medium size body (L= 1.40 – 1.45 mm); lip region truncate with completely amalgamated lips; amphideal fovea goblet – shaped; 16 – 20 μm long odontostyle; 23 – 25 μm long odontophore; comparatively anterior position of the second pair of pharyngeal glands; amphidelphic female genital system; longitudinal vulva; males with 48 – 54 μm long spicules; 7 – 8 spaced ventromedian supplements and tail long filiform in female and short conoid in male. C. longicaudatum n. sp. is characterized by having medium size body (L= 1.1 – 1.3 mm); lip region truncate, continuous with completely amalgamated lips; amphideal fovea cup – shaped; 16 – 17 μm long odontostyle; 19 – 20 μm long odontophore; comparatively anterior position of the second pair of pharyngeal glands; amphidelphic female genital system; transverse vulva, intestinal – prerectum junction with a tongue – like structure and 210 – 269 μm long filiform tail. A key to its seven valid species is provided.

This study analyzes the influence of bonded and unbonded interface conditions on the anti-penetration performance of a ceramic/metal composite target and determines the associated mechanism. The 3D finite element and 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation results revealed that a bonded ceramic/metal target exhibited better anti-penetration performance than an unbonded target, and the associated mechanism was determined. Notably, the bond strength between the ceramic and metal backplate plays an important role in the formation of the ceramic conoid, and the ceramic conoid that formed in the bonded target effectively consumed the kinetic energy of the projectile, thereby improving the anti-penetration performance of ceramic composite armor. To verify this conclusion, we also compare and analyze the anti-penetration performance of interface bonded and unbonded metal/metal composite targets. The results show that due to the absence of the ceramic conoid, the interfacial bonding conditions have little influence on the anti-penetration performance of a metal/metal composite target.

A beautiful smile is often considered to have an important role on people’s lives, since it contributes to self-confidence and social relationships. Therefore, dental discrepancies such as conoid teeth could affect negatively one’s life and, as long as the patient desires, intervention should take place. Conoid teeth have significant alterations of basic anatomy, size and shape, which lead to a non-proportional smile. This case report regards to a reshape of a conoid lateral incisor, using direct composites, in order to help the orthodontic work. The chosen technique to provide this reshape was developed by the Styleitaliano® group, in order to simplify the restorative steps, using only three composite shades (one for dentin, one for enamel and one for optical effect). This case report emphasizes that different dentistry areas, such as Cosmetic Dentistry and Orthodontics must perform together in order to achieve good results, especially in cases that require shape changes.

Summary Chitwoodius coffeae sp. n. is described, including SEM observations and molecular (D2-D3 expansion segment of the rDNA 28S) analysis, from a coffee plantation in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The new species is characterised by its 1.69-2.01 mm long body in females and 1.29-1.51 mm in males, lip region offset by deep constriction and 15-17 μm broad, odontostyle 27-30 μm long, neck 340-473 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 52-54% of total neck length, uterus a simple tube-like structure 68-106 μm long, vulva longitudinal (V = 54-59), tail short and rounded conoid (20-28 μm, c = 54-88, c′ = 0.6-0.8) with a nearly terminal projection of inner cuticle layer, spicules 60-64 μm long, and 7-10 spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. SEM pictures, available for the first time for a representative of the genus, show a hexagonal (nearly hexastellate) oral field divided into six sectors by the existence of six deep incisures. Molecular analyses, also presented for the first time for a representative of the genus, results in a narrow evolutionary relationship among Chitwoodius and Tylencholaimus, and supports the monophyly of the Tylencholaimidae. This is the first record of Chitwoodius in Asian Far East territories. Chitwoodius ahmadi sp. n. is proposed for a misattributed population of C. seshadrii.

The apical complex of apicomplexan parasites is essential for host cell invasion and intracellular survival and as the site of regulated exocytosis from specialised secretory organelles called rhoptries and micronemes. Despite its importance, there is little data on the three-dimensional organisation and quantification of these organelles within the apical complex or how they are trafficked to this specialised region of plasma membrane for exocytosis. In coccidian apicomplexans there is an additional tubulin-containing hollow barrel structure, the conoid, which provides a structural gateway for this specialised secretion. Using a combination of cellular electron tomography and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) we have reconstructed the entire apical end of Eimeria tenella sporozoites. We discovered that conoid fibre number varied, but there was a fixed spacing between fibres, leading to conoids of different sizes. Associated apical structures varied in size to accommodate a larger or smaller conoid diameter. However, the number of subpellicular microtubules on the apical polar ring surrounding the conoid did not vary, suggesting a control of apical complex size. We quantified the number and location of rhoptries and micronemes within cells and show a highly organised gateway for trafficking and docking of rhoptries, micronemes and vesicles within the conoid around a set of intra-conoidal microtubules. Finally, we provide ultrastructural evidence for fusion of rhoptries directly through the parasite plasma membrane early in infection and the presence of a pore in the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, providing a structural explanation for how rhoptry proteins (ROPs) may be trafficked between the parasite and the host cytoplasm.SignificanceApicomplexan parasites cause a wide range of human and animal diseases. The apical complex is essential for motility, host cell invasion and intracellular survival within a specialised vacuole called the parasitophorous vacuole. We know that molecules important for all of these processes are secreted from the apical complex via a set of secretory organelles and there is even evidence that some parasite molecules can enter the host cell from the parasitohorous vacuole, but there is little understanding of exactly how this occurs. Here we have used three dimensional electron microscopy to reconstruct the entire apical end of the parasite and whole individual parasites. Our results provide important insights into the structural organisation and mechanisms for delivery of parasite molecules via this important area of the cell.