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3. UAV lidar: from volcanoes to forests

Author

Rodgers, Mel, primary, Van Alphen, Robert, additional, Bakowski, Rachel, additional, Berkey, Troy, additional, Sadeghi Chorsi, Taha, additional, Malservisi, Rocco, additional, Connor, Charles. B., additional, and Dixon, Timothy. H., additional

Published
2024
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15. Contributors

Author

Acocella, Valerio, primary, Andrews, Graham D.M., additional, Andrews, Benjamin, additional, Angelis, Silvio De, additional, Arnórsson, Stefán, additional, Aspinall, Willy, additional, Aubele, Jayne C., additional, Barclay, Jenni, additional, Baxter, Peter J., additional, Bebbington, Mark, additional, Belousov, Alexander, additional, Bernard, Alain, additional, Bernstein, Marc, additional, Bleacher, Jacob Elvin, additional, Blong, Russell, additional, Bonadonna, Costanza, additional, Branney, Michael, additional, Brown, Richard J., additional, Browne, Brandon, additional, Burgisser, Alain, additional, Bursik, Marcus, additional, Büttner, Ralf, additional, Calder, Eliza S., additional, Carey, Steven, additional, Carey, Rebecca J., additional, Carn, Simon A., additional, Cas, Ray, additional, Cashman, Katharine V., additional, Chiodini, Giovanni, additional, Cioni, Raffaello, additional, Clarke, Amanda Bachtell, additional, Clarkson, Bruce D., additional, Coffin, Millard F., additional, Cole, Paul D., additional, Connor, Chuck, additional, Connor, Charles B., additional, Cornelis, Jean-Thomas, additional, Costa, Antonio, additional, Cottrell, Elizabeth, additional, Crisafulli, Charles M., additional, Crown, David A., additional, Crumpler, Larry S., additional, Daines, Martha J., additional, Davies, Tim, additional, Day, Simon J., additional, Degruyter, Wim, additional, Dehn, Jonathan, additional, de la Cruz, Servando, additional, Deligne, Natalia Irma, additional, Dellino, Pierfrancesco, additional, Delmelle, Pierre, additional, de Ronde, Cornel E.J., additional, de Silva, Shan, additional, Dufek, Josef, additional, Edmonds, Marie, additional, Edwards, Benjamin R., additional, Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia, additional, Esposti Ongaro, Tomaso, additional, Ewert, John W., additional, Fee, David, additional, Fischer, Tobias P., additional, Folch, Arnau, additional, Freymueller, Jeffrey T., additional, Garry, William Brent, additional, Geissler, Paul, additional, Ghiorso, Mark S., additional, Goff, Fraser, additional, Goff, Cathy J., additional, Gonnermann, Helge, additional, Gregg, Chris E., additional, Grove, Timothy L., additional, Gualda, Guilherme A.R., additional, Gudmundsson, Magnús T., additional, Halvorson, Jonathan J., additional, Harris, Andrew J.L., additional, Hauri, Erik H., additional, Haynes, Katharine, additional, Head, James W., additional, Henley, Richard W., additional, Horwell, Claire J., additional, Houghton, Bruce, additional, Ian Schipper, C., additional, Ivanov, Mikhail A., additional, Iverson, Richard M., additional, James, Michael R., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey, additional, Johnston, David, additional, Jolly, Gill, additional, Kano, Kazuhiko, additional, Kendrick, Jackie E., additional, Kilburn, Christopher R.J., additional, Koppers, Anthony A.P., additional, Koyaguchi, Takehiro, additional, LaFemina, Peter C., additional, Lavallée, Yan, additional, Lesher, Charles E., additional, Lindsay, Jan M., additional, Locke, Corinne A., additional, Lopes, Rosaly M.C., additional, Marsh, Bruce D., additional, Marzocchi, Warner, additional, Maters, Elena, additional, McNutt, Stephen R., additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Murray, John B., additional, Neri, Augusto, additional, Opfergelt, Sophie, additional, Oppenheimer, Clive, additional, Pallister, John, additional, Pec, Matej, additional, Ping, Chien-Lu, additional, Pistolesi, Marco, additional, Plank, Terry, additional, Prata, Fred, additional, Pyle, David M., additional, Rampino, Michael R., additional, Robock, Alan, additional, Roche, Olivier, additional, Rogers, Nick, additional, Roman, Diana C., additional, Rose, Bill, additional, Rosi, Mauro, additional, Rowland, Scott K., additional, Russell, James K., additional, Rymer, Hazel, additional, Scheu, Bettina, additional, Self, Stephen, additional, Sheets, Payson, additional, Siebert, Lee, additional, Sigurdsson, Haraldur, additional, Soule, S. Adam, additional, Spera, Frank J., additional, Spudis, Paul D., additional, Staudigel, Hubert, additional, Stefánsson, Andri, additional, Stimac, James, additional, Stucker, Valerie K., additional, Swanson, Frederick J., additional, Szramek, Lindsay, additional, Taddeucci, Jacopo, additional, Taisne, Benoit, additional, Thomas, Ronald J., additional, Thompson, Glenn, additional, Thórhallsson, Sverrir, additional, Till, Christy B., additional, Valentine, Greg A., additional, Vallance, James W., additional, Van Eaton, Alexa R., additional, van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin, additional, Venzke, Edward, additional, Vergniolle, Sylvie, additional, Wallace, Paul J., additional, White, James D.L., additional, Williams-Jones, Glyn, additional, Williams, David A., additional, Wilson, Lionel, additional, Wohletz, Kenneth H., additional, Wolff, John A., additional, Zimanowski, Bernd, additional, and Zimbelman, James R., additional

Published
2015
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17. Recurrence Rate and Magma Effusion Rate for the Latest Volcanism on Arsia Mons, Mars

Author

Richardson, Jacob A, Wilson, James A, Connor, Charles B, Bleacher, Jacob E, and Kiyosugi, Koji

Subjects
Geophysics, Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

Magmatism and volcanism have evolved the Martian lithosphere, surface, and climate throughout the history of Mars. Constraining the rates of magma generation and timing of volcanism on the surface clarifies the ways in which magma and volcanic activity have shaped these Martian systems. The ages of lava flows on other planets are often estimated using impact crater counts, assuming that the number and size-distribution of impact craters per unit area reflect the time the lava flow has been on the surface and exposed to potential impacts. Here we show that impact crater age model uncertainty is reduced by adding stratigraphic information observed at locations where neighboring lavas abut each other, and demonstrate the significance of this reduction in age uncertainty for understanding the history of a volcanic field comprising 29 vents in the 110-kilometer-diameter caldera of Arsia Mons, Mars. Each vent within this caldera produced lava flows several to tens of kilometers in length; these vents are likely among the youngest on Mars, since no impact craters in their lava flows are larger than 1 kilometer in diameter. First, we modeled the age of each vent with impact crater counts performed on their corresponding lava flows and found very large age uncertainties for the ages of individual vents, often spanning the estimated age for the entire volcanic field. The age model derived from impact crater counts alone is broad and unimodal, with estimated peak activity in the field around 130Ma (megaannum, 1 million years). Next we applied our volcano event age model (VEAM), which uses a directed graph of stratigraphic relationships and random sampling of the impact crater age determinations to create alternative age models. Monte Carlo simulation was used to create 10,000 possible vent age sets. The recurrence rate of volcanism is calculated for each possible age set, and these rates are combined to calculate the median recurrence rate of all simulations. Applying this approach to the 29 volcanic vents, volcanism likely began around 200-300Ma then first peaked around 150Ma, with an average production rate of 0.4 vents per Myr (million years). The recurrence rate estimated including stratigraphic data is distinctly bimodal, with a second, lower peak in activity around 100Ma. Volcanism then waned until the final vents were produced 10-90Ma. Based on this model, volume flux is also bimodal, reached a peak rate of 1-8 cubic kilometers per million years by 150Ma and remained above half this rate until about 90Ma, after which the volume flux diminished greatly. The onset of effusive volcanism from 200-150Ma might be due to a transition of volcanic style away from explosive volcanism that emplaced tephra on the western flank of Arsia Mons, while the waning of volcanism after the 150Ma peak might represent a larger-scale diminishing of volcanic activity at Arsia Mons related to the emplacement of flank apron lavas.

Published
2016
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28. 1995 eruptions of Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua, and risk assessment for future eruptions

Author

Hill, Brittain E., Connor, Charles B., Jarzemba, Mark S., Femina, Peter C. La, Navarro, M., and Strauch, W.

Subjects
Volcanoes -- Nicaragua, Volcanic activity prediction -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua, continued a 147-yr-long duration of cinder-cone activity with a major eruption in 1995. Small, phreatically driven eruptions began in May 1995 and continued for 79 days. Following a 95 day repose, the main eruption produced 8 x [10.sup.6] [m.sup.3] of basalt from Cerro Negro over 13 days of activity and deposited 5 mm of ash in the city of Leon. Although the damage from the 1995 eruptions was fortunately minor, previous tephra falls from Cerro Negro have produced significant crop damage and multiple deaths through building collapse. In spite of its apparent longevity for a historically active cinder cone, Cerro Negro has mass-flow rates typical of arc-related basaltic cinder cone volcanoes. Volcanic hazards beyond 3 km from Cerro Negro consist of tephra falls. Few models are available to calculate tephra-fall risks from basaltic volcanoes such as Cerro Negro, and none have been applied to dispersive cinder cone eruptions. A convective-dispersive model of Suzuki is modified and evaluated using detailed data from the 1995 Cerro Negro eruption and is found to reasonably calculate tephra-fall thickness between 8 and 30 km from the vent. This model is used with detailed data from previous Cerro Negro eruptions in a tephra-fall hazard assessment. Cerro Negro also appears to have had a steady-state eruption rate since about A.D. 1900, which is used to estimate the timing of the next eruption as before A.D. 2006. The potential tephra fall from Cerro Negro in Leon, Nicaragua, is calculated as 2.2 mm/yr until 2006, with 95% confidence that deposits will be

Published
1998

29. Risk Analysis

Author

Austin, John H., Connor, Charles B., and Hill, Brittain E.

Published
1997

35. Is uplift of volcano clusters in the Tohoku Volcanic Arc, Japan, driven by magma accumulation in hot zones?: A geodynamic modeling study

Author

George, Ophelia, Malservisi, Rocco, Govers, R.M.A., Connor, Charles B., Connor, Laura J., and Tectonophysics

Abstract

In many volcanic arcs, the rate of tectonic uplift cannot be explained by lithospheric plate motion alone but may be associated with dynamic uplift. Buoyant forces associated with underplated magma bodies lift the upper crust and leads to relatively high rates of topographic change. One such region is northern Honshu, Japan, where Quaternary volcano clusters are spatially associated with uplifted crust and isostatic gravity anomalies. Axisymmetric inversion of Bouguer gravity data for the Sengan volcano cluster shows that these gravity anomalies can be modeled by 30 km radius bodies emplaced at ∼15 km depth. Axisymmetric, finite element models, generated using GTECTON, of a layered Earth representative of the Tohoku crust indicate that the deformation of these midcrustal intrusions produces elevated topography on the surface directly above the intrusion that is bounded by a shallow peripheral trough. The wavelengths of vertical deformation produced by these bodies are sensitive to the thickness of the models' elastic layer and relatively insensitive to the models' rheology. This suggests that the amplitude of the vertical deformation represents a trade-off between the size of the intrusion and the thickness of the elastic layer and is less strongly influenced by the rheology of the lithosphere into which the bodies are emplaced. Our results are consistent with hot zone and hot finger models for the arc and indicate that Tohoku Volcanic Arc features such as gravity anomalies and uplifted basement are related to crustal magma intrusions and hot zones rather than directly related to mantle processes.

Published
2016

49. Variation in sulfur dioxide emissions related to earth tides, Halemaumau crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Author

Connor, Charles B, Stoiber, Richard E, and Malinconico, Lawrence L., Jr

Subjects
Geophysics
Abstract

Variation in SO2 emissions from Halemaumau crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii is analyzed using a set of techniques known as exploratory data analysis. SO2 flux was monitored using a correlation spectrometer. A total of 302 measurements were made on 73 days over a 90-day period. The mean flux was 171 t/d with a standard deviation of 52 t/d. A significant increase in flux occurs during increased seismic activity beneath the caldera. SO2 flux prior to this change varies in a systematic way and may be related to variation in the tidal modulation envelope.

Published
1988

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