1,614 results on '"Conjunctivitis etiology"'
Search Results
2. [Acute red eye].
- Author
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Eggink CA, Bartels MC, and Eizenga WH
- Subjects
- Humans, Acute Disease, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Endophthalmitis diagnosis, Referral and Consultation, Scleritis diagnosis, Scleritis drug therapy, Eye Diseases diagnosis
- Abstract
The general physician as well as the medical specialist may be confronted with a patient with one or two red eyes. To be adequately equipped we answer a series of questions on diagnosis, treatment and referral of patients with red eyes after trauma, or with conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, uveïtis, endophthalmitis or acute glaucoma. Refer to an ophthalmologist or not?
- Published
- 2024
3. Relationship between ocular manifestations, laboratory findings, echocardiographic findings, and intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki disease.
- Author
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Jari M and Esmaeili H
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Preschool, Infant, Child, Uveitis etiology, Uveitis epidemiology, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Incidence, C-Reactive Protein analysis, C-Reactive Protein metabolism, Blood Sedimentation, Leukocyte Count, Immunologic Factors therapeutic use, Platelet Count, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome epidemiology, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome drug therapy, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome blood, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome physiopathology, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous therapeutic use, Echocardiography methods, Drug Resistance
- Abstract
Background: This study investigates the incidence of ocular involvement in Kawasaki disease (KD) and evaluates the relationship between ocular manifestations, laboratory findings, echocardiographic findings, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 58 KD patients from June 2021 to March 2023. For all patients, a complete ophthalmologic examination and echocardiography were performed in the acute phase before starting the treatment. We analyzed the age, sex, mean of white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), echocardiographic findings and IVIG responses for all patients and compared the group with ocular involvement with the group without involvement., Results: The incidence of bilateral acute conjunctivitis was 70.7%, while that of acute uveitis was 30%. Patients with uveitis had significantly higher rates of Coronary artery dilatation and IVIG resistance, as well as higher mean levels of WBC, platelet, and CRP compared to those without uveitis. (P < 0.05). Additionally, the age of patients with uveitis involvement was lower than those without involvement. No significant relationships existed between ESR, AST, or ALT values and uveitis (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant correlations existed between any examined items and acute bilateral conjunctivitis., Conclusion: Uveitis in KD is significantly associated with coronary artery dilatation, IVIG resistance, higher WBC count, platelet count, and CRP level., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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4. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with mannan-conjugated birch pollen allergoids.
- Author
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Mösges R, Zeyen C, Raskopf E, Acikel C, Sahin H, Allekotte S, Cuevas M, Shamji MH, Subiza JL, and Casanovas M
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Allergoids, Allergens, Pollen, Betula, Mannans, Prospective Studies, Desensitization, Immunologic methods, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Immunoglobulin G, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal diagnosis, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis, Allergic
- Abstract
Background: There is still great need to develop new strategies to improve the efficacy of allergen immunotherapies with optimal safety standards for patients. A new promising approach is to couple allergoids to mannan. The objective of this phase IIa/IIb study was to identify the optimal dose of mannan-conjugated birch pollen allergoids for the short-course treatment of birch pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis., Methods: For this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study, 246 birch pollen-allergic adults received 0.5 mL placebo or 1000, 3000 or 10,000 mTU/mL of mannan-conjugated birch pollen allergoids at five pre-seasonal visits. Efficacy was assessed by comparing allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and use of anti-allergic medication during the peak of the birch pollen season 2020. Immunologic, tolerability and safety effects were also analysed., Results: The highest dose of mannan-conjugated birch pollen allergoids reduced the combined symptom and medication score during the peak birch pollen season by a median of 24.7% compared to placebo. The production of Bet v 1 specific IgG4 significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (3.6- and 4.5-fold) in the 3000 and 10,000 mTU/mL groups. The Bet v 1 specific IgE/IgG4 ratio was also strongly reduced (up to -70%). No fatalities nor serious adverse events were reported, and no adrenaline was used. In total, four systemic reactions occurred (two grade I and two grade II)., Conclusion: All doses of mannan-conjugated birch pollen allergoids can be considered as safe. Since the application of 10,000 mTU/mL resulted in the highest efficacy, this dose qualifies for further investigation., (© 2023 The Authors. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2024
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5. Efficacy and safety of intratonsillar immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
- Author
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Zhang J, Yang X, Chen G, Hu J, He Y, Ma J, Ma Z, Chen H, Huang Y, Wu Q, Liu Y, Yu L, Zhang H, Lai H, Zhang J, Zhai J, Huang M, Zou Z, and Tao A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Quality of Life, Pyroglyphidae, Treatment Outcome, Antigens, Dermatophagoides, Allergens, Double-Blind Method, Immunoglobulin G, Sublingual Immunotherapy methods, Rhinitis, Allergic, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Background: A lower adherence rate existed in patients receiving allergen-specific immunotherapy due to its lengthy period and adverse effects even though it is the only curative treatment for IgE-mediated allergies. Therefore, exploring innovative allergen-specific immunotherapy routes is necessary., Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of the intratonsillar injection of house dust mite (HDM) extract in patients with HDM-induced allergic rhinitis (AR)., Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 80 patients with HDM-induced AR were randomized to receive 6 intratonsillar injections with HDM extract or placebo in 3 months. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS), visual analogue scale of nasal symptoms, combined symptom and medication score, mini rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire, and serum allergen-specific IgG4 to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were all monitored at baseline and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the treatment was finished. The intent-to-treat and per-protocol set (PPS) are both analyzed., Results: The primary end points TNSS and ΔTNSS were improved significantly at 3 months after the patients with AR finished a 3-month 6-injection intratonsillar immunotherapy compared with those in the placebo treatment in both intent-to-treat and PPS. Results of visual analogue scale, combined symptom and medication score, and mini rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire were also improved significantly at 3 months after the treatment in PPS. However, the improvement effect of intratonsillar immunotherapy at 6 and 12 months was limited and uncertain based on the data. The increase of serum Der p IgG4 in the active group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group at 3, 6, and 12 months after the treatment was finished. Adverse events were monitored, and no systemic adverse reactions were observed., Conclusion: The clinical trial revealed that intratonsillar injection with HDM extract was safe and effective in patients with AR. Optimizing the protocol and allergen formulations is expected to increase and maintain the efficacy of this novel approach., Trial Registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html, identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-13003600., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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6. Ocular Gene Therapy in a Patient with Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa.
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Tovar Vetencourt A, Sayed-Ahmed I, Gomez J, Chen H, Agostini B, Carroll K, Parry T, Krishnan S, and Sabater AL
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- Humans, Blister etiology, Cicatrix etiology, Conjunctivitis etiology, Collagen Type VII genetics, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica complications, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica genetics, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica therapy, Genetic Therapy
- Abstract
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a rare genetic disease caused by damaging variants in COL7A1 , which encodes type VII collagen. Blistering and scarring of the ocular surface develop, potentially leading to blindness. Beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC) is a replication-deficient herpes simplex virus type 1-based gene therapy engineered to deliver functional human type VII collagen. Here, we report the case of a patient with cicatrizing conjunctivitis in both eyes caused by dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa who received ophthalmic administration of B-VEC, which was associated with improved visual acuity after surgery., (Copyright © 2024 Massachusetts Medical Society.)
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- 2024
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7. Subconjunctival dexamethasone-assisted conjunctival autograft harvesting versus normal saline during pterygium surgery - A randomized clinical trial.
- Author
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Meena A, Agrawal A, Parmar G, and Gurnani B
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Saline Solution, Autografts, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Conjunctiva surgery, Transplantation, Autologous adverse effects, Pain, Postoperative, Recurrence, Inflammation, Dexamethasone, Edema diagnosis, Edema etiology, Edema prevention & control, Follow-Up Studies, Pterygium complications, Conjunctivitis etiology, Foreign Bodies
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of subconjunctival dexamethasone compared to normal saline on conjunctival autograft harvesting in patients undergoing pterygium surgery., Methods: Fifty-two eyes of 52 patients who underwent pterygium excision combined with autologous conjunctival graft (CAG) using releasable suture were included in this prospective interventional study. The patients were randomized into two groups of 26 patients each. Group A consisted of patients in whom CAG was harvested using subconjunctival 0.5 ml of 0.4% dexamethasone sodium phosphate and in group B patients, normal saline was used. The patients were assessed for postoperative pain, foreign body sensation, and watering as the subjective signs of inflammation and conjunctival inflammation and lid edema as the objective signs of inflammation at 12 and 24 h postsurgery., Results: The mean age of group A and B patients was 47.69 + 13.09 and 46.00 + 10.76 years, respectively. The male:female ratio was 1.6:1 in group A and 1.1:1 in group B. The mean surgical time in group A was 243.96 ± 52.13 s and in group B was 258.08 ± 43.99 s. Postoperative pain, foreign body sensation, and watering were significantly lower in group A patients than in group B patients at both 12 and 24 h postoperatively (group A: 4.65 ± 1.33, 4.88 ± 1.73, and 3.85 ± 1.43, respectively, at 12 h; 1.89 ± 1.03, 1.69 ± 1.09, and 1.69 ± 0.97, respectively, at 24 h and group B: 6.42 ± 0.95, 6.65 ± 0.98, and 6.27 ± 1.40, respectively, at 12 h; 3.27 ± 1.43, 3.12 ± 1.25, 2.58 ± 1.14, respectively, at 24 h) ( P < 0.001). Conjunctival inflammation was significantly lower in group A at 12 h ( P < 0.05) and 24 h ( P < 0.05) after surgery compared to group B. Lid edema failed to show any significant ( P = 0.17) difference with respect to severity in both the groups at 12 and 24 h ( P = 0.699)., Conclusion: Subconjunctival dexamethasone decreased patient discomfort following pterygium surgery. The dexamethasone group had reduced conjunctival inflammatory signs without any notable complications., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)
- Published
- 2024
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8. COVID-19 and the eye.
- Author
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Gronbeck C, Grzybowski A, and Grant-Kels JM
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- Humans, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Eye, COVID-19 complications, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
There is growing literature describing the ocular manifestations of COVID-19. We have assessed published reviews, cross-sectional analyses, and clinical reports to summarize the ocular manifestations of the disease and available vaccines, identify the potential role of ocular transmission, and offer basic clinical guidance to health care providers. Ultimately, self-limiting conjunctivitis and conjunctival hyperemia are the most frequently reported ocular findings; several rarer entities may warrant targeted topical therapies. COVID-19 vaccines have been infrequently associated with the development of rare but significant side effects that may warrant ophthalmologist referral as well as specific treatments. Despite the overall low risk of ocular transmission, eye protection is advisable for health care providers in high-risk scenarios. This review should help to guide the assessment of patients with eye complaints in the setting of COVID-19 to promote appropriate diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and referral., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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9. Clinical features of 26 cases of COVID-19-associated conjunctivitis.
- Author
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Tajima A, Sassa Y, Ishio D, Yamashita S, Sadashima E, Arai R, Iwanaga K, Yoshida S, Sonoda KH, and Enaida H
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology, Hyperemia diagnosis, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Conjunctivitis etiology, Eye Infections, Viral diagnosis, Eye Infections, Viral epidemiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To explore the clinical features of COVID-19-associated conjunctivitis with the objective of preventing the spread of infection., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: From March 2020 to March 2021, we retrospectively reviewed 26 (9.8%) consecutive COVID-19 patients with conjunctivitis among 282 COVID-19 cases admitted to our hospital. Clinical symptoms, onset date of conjunctivitis, time to patient recovery, and eye drop intervention were investigated. In addition, risk factors for developing conjunctivitis were statistically examined among 206 inpatients available for within 5 days of the onset. A multivariate analysis of conjunctivitis risk factors was performed., Results: Among the 282 COVID-19 patients, 4 (1.4%) had conjunctival hyperemia as the primary symptom. The median time of onset was 4 days after the COVID-19 onset. Hyperemia was observed in all cases, but other ocular symptoms were rare. The median duration of hyperemia was 3 days. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that a young age (p=0.005) and current smoking habit (p=0.027) were independent risk factors for conjunctivitis after COVID-19., Conclusions: COVID-19-associated conjunctivitis is rare in the elderly and strongly associated with a history of smoking. It often occurs in the early stages of infection, and while hyperemia is recognized as a clinical symptom, other ocular symptoms are rare or non-existent. Many cases recover within a short time., (© 2023. Japanese Ophthalmological Society.)
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- 2024
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10. Sarcoidosis-associated Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis.
- Author
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Phylactou M
- Subjects
- Humans, Cicatrix diagnosis, Cicatrix etiology, Immunosuppressive Agents, Sarcoidosis complications, Sarcoidosis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
- Published
- 2023
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11. Acquired plasminogen deficiency and ligneous conjunctivitis associated with chronic tranexamic acid use.
- Author
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Leister JR, McEwen ST, Rashidi V, Chanbour W, and Boucher AA
- Subjects
- Humans, Plasminogen, Tranexamic Acid adverse effects, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Skin Diseases, Genetic drug therapy
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- 2023
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12. Practical management of ocular surface disease in patients with atopic dermatitis, with a focus on conjunctivitis: A review.
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Shi VY, Chamberlain W, Siegfried E, Kraff-Cooper C, Beckman K, Lio P, Paller AS, and Simpson E
- Subjects
- Humans, Quality of Life, Inflammation complications, Dermatitis, Atopic complications, Dermatitis, Atopic diagnosis, Dermatitis, Atopic drug therapy, Eye Diseases complications, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can significantly decrease quality of life. AD is commonly associated with comorbidities including ocular surface disease (OSD). Conjunctivitis is the most common OSD associated with AD and can increase in incidence with use of monoclonal antibody biologics that target the type 2 inflammatory pathway. The objective of this review is to raise awareness of comorbid OSD in AD patients that dermatologists may encounter, with a focus on conjunctivitis, and equip dermatologists to address mild ocular concerns. We provide background on the subtypes and pathogenesis of comorbid OSD in AD patients and describe OSD associated with type 2 inflammation-inhibiting AD biologics. We also discuss screening and diagnosis, recommended treatment options for dermatologists, and when to refer to an eye care specialist. This multispecialty approach aims to support the overall health of AD patients and provide optimal patient care., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Shi is on the board of directors for the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (HSF); an advisor for the National Eczema Association; is a stock shareholder of Learn Health; and has served as an advisory board member, investigator, speaker, and/or received research funding from AbbVie, Altus Lab/cQuell, Aristea Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Burt's Bees, Dermira, Ely Lilly, Galderma, GPSkin, Incyte, Kiniksa, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, MYOR, Novartis, Pfizer, Polyfins Techology, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Skin Actives Scientific, SUN Pharma, Target-PharmaSolutions, and UCB. Dr Chamberlain is a medical advisor and/or investigator for Aslan Pharmaceuticals, Beyeonics, Cambium, Kowa, LEO Pharma, Noveome, Oyster Point, Regeneron, and Trefoil Therapeutics. Dr Siegfried receives contracted research fees, consulting fees, honoraria, and/or is an investigator for AbbVie, AI Therapeutics, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novan, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB, and Verrica; and is a member of the Research Advisory Committee of the National Eczema Association. Dr Cooper has served as an advisory board member for LEO Pharma and as a speaker for Pfizer. Dr Beckman reports research grants/funding from Aerie, Alcon, Allergan, Avellino, Bausch & Lomb, BioTissue, Bruder, Dompe, Eyepoint, Eyevance, Glaukos, Glint, Johnson & Johnson, Kala, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ocular Science, Ocular Therapeutix, Sun, TearLab, Visus, and Zeiss. Dr Lio reports research grants/funding from AbbVie, AOBiome, and Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme; is on the speaker's bureau for Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, L'Oreal, Pfizer, and Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme; and reports consulting/advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Altus Labs (stock options), Amyris, AOBiome, Arbonne, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, Bodewell, Burt's Bees, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Exeltis, Galderma, IntraDerm, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, L'Oreal, Menlo Therapeutics, Micreos (stock options), Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Realm Therapeutics, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Theraplex, and Unilever. In addition, Dr Lio has a patent pending for a Theraplex product with royalties paid, and is a Board member and Scientific Advisory Committee Member of the National Eczema Association. Dr Paller is an investigator (contract to institution) for AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, KrystalBio, Regeneron, and UCB; consultant with honorarium for Abbvie, Abeona, Alcimed, Almirall, Amagma, Anaptysbio, Arena, Azitra, BiomX, Boehringer Ingeheim, Castle Biosciences, Catawba, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Exicure, Forte, Kamari, LEO Pharma, Lifemax, NAOS, Novartis, Pfizer, Phoenix, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi/Genzyme, Seanergy, Trifecta, and UCB; and is on the Data Safety Monitoring Board for AbbVie, Bausch, Galderma, and Novan. Dr Simpson reports grants and/or personal fees from AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, FortéBio, Galderma, Incyte, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Menlo Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Regeneron, Sanofi, Tioga, and Valeant., (Copyright © 2023 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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13. Randomized double-blind pilot study of universal, species abundant, multiallergen subcutaneous immunotherapy for moderate-severe allergic rhinitis.
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Tversky J, Patel P, Sowho M, Natarajan R, Chung T, Whelton A, and Azar A
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- Humans, Pilot Projects, Quality of Life, Treatment Outcome, Desensitization, Immunologic methods, Double-Blind Method, Rhinitis, Allergic, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Background: Allergic rhinitis affects approximately 10% to 20% of people living in industrialized nations leading to significant morbidity and large health care expenditures. Individualized high-dose, single-species allergen immunotherapy has been found to be effective in treating allergic rhinitis but can be associated with significant risks including anaphylaxis. Few studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of universal low-dose multiallergen immunotherapy (MAIT)., Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of a universal MAIT formula for the treatment of allergic rhinitis., Methods: Patients with moderate-severe perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion to receive a novel, subcutaneous MAIT regimen containing a unique mixture of more than 150 aeroallergens, including several cross-reactive species. All patients received the exact same universal immunotherapy formula regardless of which specific skin tests were positive. Primary outcome measures at 8 and 12 weeks of therapy included validated clinical assessments, total nasal sinus score and mini-rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire, and the use of rescue medications., Results: A total of 31 patients (n = 31) were randomized to receive MAIT vs placebo. By week 12, MAIT resulted in a -4.6 (-58%) decrease in the combined total nasal sinus score and rescue medication score (daily combined score) compared with -1.5 (-20%) for placebo (P = .04). Likewise, MAIT resulted in a decrease in the mini-rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire score of -34.9 (-68%) compared with -17 (-42%) for the placebo (P = .04). Mild adverse events were uncommon and with similar frequency among the groups., Conclusion: A novel, universal, and high-species abundant MAIT formula was well tolerated and resulted in significant improvement in symptoms of moderate-severe allergic rhinitis. The results of this pilot study should be considered preliminary, pending further randomized clinical trials., (Copyright © 2023 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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14. Life-threatening cause of a painful red eye.
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Taylor OS, Caudill GB, and Shields CL
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- Humans, Eye Pain diagnosis, Eye Pain etiology, Eye Diseases, Conjunctivitis etiology
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- 2023
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15. Management of bilateral conjunctival squamous carcinoma following ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: A case report and review of literature.
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Franco E, Salgari N, Dugo M, Franco M, Stefanelli A, and Franco F
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- Male, Humans, Conjunctiva pathology, Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane complications, Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane diagnosis, Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane drug therapy, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctival Neoplasms complications, Conjunctival Neoplasms diagnosis, Conjunctival Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell complications, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell diagnosis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology
- Abstract
The purpose of this study is to report a case of bilateral highly locally invasive conjunctival squamous neoplasia in the clinical setting of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP), and to review the available literature about this rare association. Case description: A man presented with chronic bilateral conjunctivitis and forniceal foreshortening. He had been previously diagnosed with OCP, and received proper therapy with systemic Dapsone and local steroids. After six months from treatment initiation, the patient complained of worsening symptoms and underwent two more biopsies, revealing a bilateral conjunctival squamous neoplasia. Conclusion: In rare cases, OCP can be associated with conjunctival squamous neoplasia. In case of suspected clinical modifications, it is important to make an early diagnosis by repeating several conjunctival biopsies or by performing less invasive diagnostic techniques (e.g. impression cytology of the ocular surface epithelium) to avoid unnecessary surgical damages.
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- 2023
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16. Preferred practice patterns and review on rosacea.
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Patel NV, Gupta N, and Shetty R
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- Humans, Skin, Blepharitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Corneal Neovascularization, Rosacea complications, Rosacea diagnosis, Rosacea epidemiology
- Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory facial dermatosis commonly found in fair skin tone population. Recent studies have shown the increasing prevalence in the dark skin tone population as well. Ocular involvement is very common and can occur without cutaneous features. Common ocular features are chronic blepharoconjunctivitis with eyelid margin inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction. Corneal complications include corneal vascularization, ulceration, scarring, and rarely, perforation. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical signs, although it is often delayed in the absence of cutaneous changes, particularly in children. The management ranges from local therapy to systemic treatment, depending on the severity of the disease. There is a positive association between demodicosis and rosacea; however, causality is always argued. In this review, we describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of rosacea and ocular rosacea., Competing Interests: None
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- 2023
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17. [Colonic pseudotumoral involvement as an expression of severe plasminogen deficiency].
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Ceresetto JM, López RA, Humphreys AR, Duboscq C, Rabinovich OM, Emery NC, Rausch A, Zapata Tapia L, Dezanzo P, and Young P
- Subjects
- Child, Infant, Female, Humans, Plasminogen genetics, Fibrin, Conjunctivitis etiology, Coagulation Protein Disorders complications
- Abstract
Plasminogen deficiency is a very rare multisystem entity that affects different tissues of the economy through the deposition of fibrin-rich pseudomembrane and determines a heterogeneous and diverse clinical presentation. It is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner by mutations of the PLG gene on chromosome 6 and can be divided into hypoplasminogenemia or type I and dysplasminogenemia or type II, the latter not related to clinical pathology. Severe plasminogen deficiency has a prevalence of 1.6 individuals per million inhabitants and although it can be diagnosed in adulthood, the most severe symptoms are observed in infants and children. The most common form of onset is the so-called woody conjunctivitis, characterized by fibrin membranes that are deposited on the eyelids since childhood, causing exophytic lesions that affect vision. It can also affect other mucous membranes such as the gingival, respiratory, oropharyngeal, digestive and genital mucosa, among others. We present a rare case of severe plasminogen deficiency with conjunctivitis and woody cervicitis who was admitted with clinical acute abdominal symptoms, associated with a tumor mass due to pseudomembranous deposition in the ascending colon that simulated inflammatory bowel disease and resolved spontaneously.
- Published
- 2023
18. Clinical Manifestations of Monkeypox.
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Abaza H, Agadi K, Anand A, and Elsaid M
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- Humans, Monkeypox virus genetics, Monkeypox virus isolation & purification, Monkeypox virus pathogenicity, Exanthema etiology, Exanthema virology, Lymphadenopathy etiology, Lymphadenopathy virology, Dyspnea etiology, Dyspnea virology, Encephalitis etiology, Encephalitis virology, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis virology, Keratitis etiology, Keratitis virology, Corneal Ulcer etiology, Corneal Ulcer virology, Mpox (monkeypox) complications, Mpox (monkeypox) diagnosis, Mpox (monkeypox) physiopathology, Mpox (monkeypox) therapy
- Abstract
Monkeypox is a global health issue caused by the monkeypox virus. It can spread from person to person through respiratory secretions, direct exposure to dermatological lesions of infected patients, or exposure to contaminated objects. It is more common in homosexual men, and most patients are asymptomatic. The gold standard for diagnosis is a real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the absence of testing facilities, clinicians rely upon detailed history to exclude other causes of fever with rashes. Initially, there is a prodrome phase of a few days, which is followed by the appearance of rashes. The dermatological manifestations are in the form of an exanthematous rash, which transforms through a macular, papular, and vesicular phase and disappears after crusting in approximately 3 weeks. There can be associated lymphadenopathy in these patients. Respiratory manifestations include nasal congestion and shortness of breath that may result in secondary bacterial infections. Additionally, patients can have neurological involvement in the form of encephalitis. Furthermore, ocular involvement can occur in the form of conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. Other symptoms can include diarrhea, vomiting, myalgia, and backache. Since most patients do not require hospitalization, the approach to treatment is mainly vigilant monitoring, antiviral therapy, and management of associated complications., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
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- 2023
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19. Ligneous Conjunctivitis Secondary to Viral Conjunctivitis.
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Quintero-Estades JA, Iacob CE, Donnenfeld ED, and Perry HD
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- Humans, Eye, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Skin Diseases, Genetic, Conjunctivitis, Viral diagnosis, Conjunctivitis, Viral drug therapy
- Abstract
Abstract: Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare cause of chronic conjunctivitis that may be triggered by ocular insults such as trauma or infections. We present an interesting case of ligneous conjunctivitis caused by a viral infection that responded well to conservative management. Topical cyclosporine and heparin are a good treatment regimen that caused resolution of lesions and prevented recurrences., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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20. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Associated Blepharoconjunctivitis and Erythema Multiforme-Like Rash in a Young Man.
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Fernandez KB, Sioufi K, Aker JE, and Mercer RN
- Subjects
- Male, Humans, Adult, SARS-CoV-2, Lubricant Eye Drops, COVID-19 Testing, Ointments, Erythromycin, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 diagnosis, Erythema Multiforme diagnosis, Erythema Multiforme drug therapy, Erythema Multiforme etiology, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Exanthema
- Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis and management of bilateral blepharoconjunctivitis and erythema multiforme (EM)-like illness in an otherwise healthy young man who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2., Methods: This is a case report of a 27 year-old man with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 testing who presented with fever, eye redness, oral ulcerations, cough, sore throat, and progressive rash suspicious for EM-like illness., Results: A SARS-CoV-2-positive patient presented to the emergency room with a progressing skin rash, bilateral conjunctivitis, and oropharyngeal mucosal ulcers. On initial ophthalmic examination, visual acuity was 20/25 both eyes (OU), and slit lamp examination demonstrated erythema and ulceration of the eyelid margins with fluorescein uptake at the mucocutaneous junction OU. The patient was admitted for observation and supportive treatment. During and after his hospital stay, he was treated with systemic and topical steroids, topical cyclosporine ophthalmic drops, erythromycin ophthalmic ointment, and artificial tears. At his 1-week follow-up visit after hospital discharge, the patient had complete resolution of his skin findings and improvement of his ocular and oral mucosal findings. Laboratory workup and imaging studies searching for other potential autoimmune and infectious etiologies showed negative results., Conclusions: Topical antiinflammatory drops, artificial tears, erythromycin ointment, and systemic steroids were an effective treatment for this bilateral blepharoconjunctivitis and EM-like presentation of SARS-CoV-2., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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21. Changes in tear production in a dog with keratoconjunctivitis sicca for a year after inevitable nictitating membrane gland resection due to suspicion of a malignant tumour.
- Author
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Yoon HJ and Kim JY
- Subjects
- Female, Dogs, Animals, Nictitating Membrane surgery, Inflammation veterinary, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca surgery, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca veterinary, Neoplasms veterinary, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases surgery
- Abstract
Since the removal of the NM causes KCS in dogs, it was contraindicated to remove the NM unless unavoidable such as in a malignant tumour. However, to the best of author's knowledge, there are no reports of conjunctivitis and keratitis owing to decreased tear production following removal of the NM gland. This case study demonstrates the tear production changes in a dog for a year after removal of the nictitating membrane (NM) due to suspicion of a malignant tumour. A 13-year-old spayed female English Cocker Spaniel who had suffered from severe ocular discharge, discomfort, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and NM enlargement in the right eye was brought to our hospital. The dog could not tolerate treatment with topical 0.2% cyclosporine or corticosteroids. The dog's right eye had NM gland prolapse, severe follicular conjunctivitis and a very low Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) value of 3 mm/min. Furthermore, the result of fine needle aspiration of the enlarged NM gland suggested a risk of malignancy. Despite the risk of KCS, complete NM resection was performed to diagnose the tumour. Fortunately, the final histopathological evaluation revealed chronic inflammation without any evidence of malignancy. Contrary to concerns that the STT-1 value would further decrease after the removal of the NM gland, the STT-1 value remained elevated compared to that before surgery, and the clinical symptoms improved for a year. It is generally known that NM gland resection is not recommended due to the risk of developing iatrogenic KCS unless a malignant tumour is suspected. In this case, surgical removal of the inflammatory NM gland that was not responsive to medications had a positive effect on KCS. Since the inflammatory and structural disease of the NM was strengthening KCS, the outcome was thought to be different from that when the normal third eyelid was removed., (© 2022 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2022
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22. Delayed-onset ligneous conjunctivitis as a rare association with congenital hydrocephalous: a case report and review of the literature.
- Author
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Ghassemi H, Atighehchian M, and Amoli FA
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Young Adult, Conjunctiva pathology, Plasminogen therapeutic use, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Skin Diseases, Genetic complications, Skin Diseases, Genetic drug therapy, Skin Diseases, Genetic pathology
- Abstract
Ligneous conjunctivitis is an uncommon form of chronic and recurrent conjunctivitis characterized by a thick, "woody," yellowish pseudomembranous lesion on the tarsal conjunctiva. Plasminogen deficiency plays an important role in this disease, which affects the mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva as well as other systemic organs. In rare cases, congenital hydrocephalus is associated with this disease. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman with delayed-onset bilateral ligneous conjunctivitis and a history of congenital hydrocephalous in infancy. She was treated with topical ophthalmic medication and surgical excision., (Copyright ©2022. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without expressed written permission of the Digital Journal of Ophthalmology is prohibited.)
- Published
- 2022
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23. Acquired Brown syndrome following COVID-19 infection in a child.
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Haliyur R, Firl K, Nadimpalli S, Halawa A, and Jacobson A
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, Humans, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 complications, Strabismus diagnosis, Strabismus etiology
- Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly virulent multisystem disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Symptoms of COVID-19 infection commonly include fever, malaise, cough, and shortness of breath. Numerous manifestations affecting nearly every organ system have been described. Ophthalmic manifestations, though rare, have been reported, including, most commonly, conjunctivitis in both adults and children, which often occurs as part of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. However, pediatric ocular findings of COVID-19 are poorly understood. We present a case of acquired Brown syndrome in a child following COVID-19 infection., (Copyright © 2022 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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24. Ligneous conjunctivitis associated with type I plasminogen deficiency: A rare case.
- Author
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Dimopoulos D, Zacharioudakis A, Kazamias G, Danilatou V, Katerini D, Nodarakis M, Koutentaki ME, and Koutentakis P
- Subjects
- Adult, Coagulation Protein Disorders, Conjunctiva pathology, Female, Humans, Plasminogen deficiency, Plasminogen genetics, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Skin Diseases, Genetic complications, Skin Diseases, Genetic diagnosis, Skin Diseases, Genetic pathology
- Abstract
Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare form of chronic, recurrent conjunctivitis characterized by wood-like, fibrinous pseudomembranes, which may be associated with systemic disease manifestations. It has been associated with congenital plasminogen (PLG) deficiency that is inherited with an autosomal recessive pattern due to mutations in the PLG gene and a variety of other genes, leading to disturbed wound healing. In this case report, we present the clinical, laboratory, and histopathological findings of a 36-year-old female patient who presented at the ophthalmology department with complaints of redness, irritation for the previous few weeks, and appearance of membranous lesions mainly on the tarsal conjunctivae. During biomicroscopic examination we found thick, yellowish-white pseudomembranes, and conjunctival proliferation with ligneous induration on the conjunctiva, located on the upper eyelids. Histopathological evaluations showed up ligneous conjunctivitis and laboratory evaluation confirmed a severe plasminogen deficiency (PLG < 2%). The patient was treated with topical fresh frozen plasma (FFP), topical steroids, heparin eye drops, and artificial tear drops daily, without systemic therapy.
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- 2022
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25. Reprint of: Conjunctivitis as initial presenting symptom in a COVID-19 patient.
- Author
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Eid MM and Al Khalaf BN
- Subjects
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 diagnosis, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis, Viral diagnosis, Conjunctivitis, Viral drug therapy
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest I have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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- 2022
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26. Neonatal Conjunctivitis.
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Khan A, Anders A, and Cardonell M
- Subjects
- Humans, Infant, Newborn, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis therapy, Infant, Newborn, Diseases diagnosis, Infant, Newborn, Diseases therapy
- Abstract
Neonatal conjunctivitis is an important cause of ocular morbidity with infectious and noninfectious origins. Common practice in the United States is to administer prophylactic antibiotic ointment at birth; however, prophylaxis is ineffective for some causes. Moreover, recognition of the etiologies that threaten systemic complications to the neonate is critical in providing timely and appropriate treatment. This review summarizes the clinical features, etiology, and treatment recommendations of various forms of neonatal conjunctivitis., (Copyright © 2022 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)
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- 2022
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27. Acquired ankyloblepharon post purulent membranous conjunctivitis and its novel surgical management: A case report.
- Author
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Sharma N and Nagar A
- Subjects
- Male, Humans, Young Adult, Adult, Conjunctiva surgery, Neurosurgical Procedures, Eyelids surgery, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis surgery, Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
- Abstract
Introduction: Ankyloblepharon is a partial or complete fusion of eyelids by webs of skin. It may be congenital or acquired. Herein we report a rare case of acquired bilateral ankyloblepharon that developed after purulent membranous conjunctivitis. We will also discuss its unique surgical management which has not been reported previously in the literature., Case: A 21 year old male presented with complaints of narrowing of eyes for the last six months following an attack of acute purulent membranous conjunctivitis. Surgical excision of the adhesions was done. We used conjunctival autograft to cover the raw area left after excision as a new modality of treatment. The graft was successfully taken up and no recurrence of adhesions was found at 1 year follow up., Observations: Various modalities of treatment for ankyloblepharon have been reported which includes excision of tissue and suturing and amniotic graft. Here we have used conjunctival autograft on the raw area after excision of adhesions and the result obtained was good., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first and a rare case of acquired ankyloblepharon in a young male following a single episode of purulent membranous conjunctivitis. Conjunctival autograft can be successfully used to cover the raw areas left after excision of adhesions., (© NEPjOPH.)
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- 2022
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28. Clinical course, diagnosis, and management of bilateral COVID-19 associated conjunctivitis: A case study.
- Author
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Jaiswal RK and Jhunjhunwala A
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Humans, Steroids, Visual Acuity, COVID-19, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
We present a rare case of COVID-19 associated conjunctivitis where patient presented with redness, foreign body sensation, watering, and pain. Symptoms started while patient was COVID-19 positive. On examination, severe conjunctival congestion was present along with follicles. Visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes. The patient was started on topical antibiotics and showed improvement but again presented with aggravated symptoms. Conjunctival swab was sent for culture and sensitivity, which was negative for any organisms. The patient was then started on oral and topical steroid, which showed improvement. Even though COVID-19 associated conjunctivitis is self-limiting, here it showed a progressive course and resolved only after steroid., Competing Interests: None
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- 2022
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29. Approach to conjunctivitis in newborns.
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Manasseh GSL, Amarakoon S, Photiou V, Arruti N, and Borman AD
- Subjects
- Chlamydia trachomatis, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
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- 2022
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30. Recurrent ligneous conjunctivitis after cataract surgery in a 67-year-old male patient: a case report.
- Author
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Maamri A, Zemova E, Moslemani K, Flockerzi F, and Seitz B
- Subjects
- Aged, Conjunctiva pathology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Plasminogen deficiency, Skin Diseases, Genetic, Cataract complications, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Background: Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare form of chronic pseudomembranous conjunctivitis which usually starts during infancy. We report on an unsual case of recurrent ligneous conjunctivitis after cataract surgery in a 67-year-old male patient., Methods: The equipment used for the slit-lamp images was a Haag Streit slit lamp BX900 Sn 00,406 with 16 × magnifications. The used batch number of the camera was sn00406 and the software was from the company CCS Pawlowski Merge Eye. There were no filters used. The images were saved with a resolution of 300 DPI. Neither downstream nor averaging was used to enhance the resolution of the image in the case presentation section or the figure legend. The equipment used for the cross-sectional histologic images was a Zeiss Axioskop 40 microscope with an objective lens Zeiss A-Plan × 20/0.45 (Zoom 6.3 × TV 2/3″″C). The used camera was AxioCam MRc5 and the software was ZEN 3.2. The cross-sectional histologic images were saved with a resolution of 2584 × 1936 Pixels. Neither downstream nor averaging was used to enhance the resolution of the image in the case presentation section or the figure legend., Case Presentation: This is a rare case report of ligneous conjunctivitis in a 67-year-old male patient who presented a recurrent conjunctival granuloma after five excisions following cataract surgery in his left eye. We performed a tumor excision with free conjunctival autograft. The histology showed a fibrin crust including macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and reactively altered squamous cell nests. These findings were consistent with a ″pseudomembrane in conjunctivitis lignosa″. We administered a topical combination of plasminactivator, heparin, cortisone and cyclosporine., Conclusion: This treatment with the combination of plasminactivator, heparin, cortisone and cyclosporine has proven to be effective in preventing the recurrence of ligneous conjunctivitis., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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31. A unique case of giant fornix and conjunctival cilia entrapment in conjunctival pockets after acute severe bilateral conjunctivitis.
- Author
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Lacorzana J and Ortiz-Perez S
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Conjunctiva, Humans, Cilia, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a single-centre retrospective cohort study.
- Author
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Roberts JE, Campbell JI, Gauvreau K, Lamb GS, Newburger J, Son MB, and Dionne A
- Subjects
- Abdominal Pain etiology, Adolescent, Age of Onset, Bacterial Infections diagnosis, C-Reactive Protein metabolism, COVID-19 blood, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 pathology, Child, Child, Preschool, Conjunctivitis etiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Hypotension etiology, Leukocyte Count, Lymphadenitis diagnosis, Lymphocyte Count, Male, Mouth Mucosa pathology, Neutrophils, Platelet Count, Retrospective Studies, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome blood, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome complications, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome pathology, Urinary Tract Infections diagnosis, Virus Diseases diagnosis, COVID-19 complications, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome diagnosis
- Abstract
Objective: Features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) overlap with other febrile illnesses, hindering prompt and accurate diagnosis. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory findings that distinguished MIS-C from febrile illnesses in which MIS-C was considered but ultimately excluded, and to examine the diseases that most often mimicked MIS-C in a tertiary medical centre., Study Design: We identified all children hospitalised with fever who were evaluated for MIS-C at our centre and compared clinical signs and symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 status and laboratory studies between those with and without MIS-C. Multivariable logistic LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression was used to identify the most discriminative presenting features of MIS-C., Results: We identified 50 confirmed MIS-C cases (MIS-C
+ ) and 68 children evaluated for, but ultimately not diagnosed with, MIS-C (MIS-C- ). In univariable analysis, conjunctivitis, abdominal pain, fatigue, hypoxaemia, tachypnoea and hypotension at presentation were significantly more common among MIS-C+ patients. MIS-C+ and MIS-C- patients had similar elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP), but were differentiated by thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated ferritin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, BNP and troponin. In multivariable analysis, predictors of MIS-C included age, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelets, conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension., Conclusions: Among hospitalised children undergoing evaluation for MIS-C, children with MIS-C were older, more likely to present with conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension, and had higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and lower platelet counts. These data may be helpful for discrimination of MIS-C from other febrile illnesses, including bacterial lymphadenitis and acute viral infection, with overlapping features., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)- Published
- 2022
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33. The first Moroccan case of severe type II congenital plasminogen deficiency with ligneous conjunctivitis.
- Author
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Esselmani H, Mabrouki YA, Yassine A, Akhatar B, and Lfakir A
- Subjects
- Humans, Morocco, Plasminogen deficiency, Plasminogen therapeutic use, Skin Diseases, Genetic, Coagulation Protein Disorders complications, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Ligneous conjunctivitis (LC) is a rare form of pseudomembranous chronic conjunctivitis caused by a deficiency in plasminogen activity. Due to its rarity, little is known about this disorder. We hereby report a case of ligneous conjunctivitis, describing the clinical findings, the biological diagnosis and the treatment of this rare disease.
- Published
- 2022
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34. [Viral conjunctivitis as the first sign of COVID-19 infection (clinical observation)].
- Author
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Babushkin AE, Saitova GR, and Matyukhina EN
- Subjects
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 diagnosis, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis, Viral complications, Conjunctivitis, Viral etiology, Ophthalmologists
- Abstract
The article presents a case of complicated viral conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis was the initial sign of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the patient. The disease had a fairly long course and led to symmetrical scarring in the form of partial external symblepharon and dry eye syndrome. Ophthalmologists should be aware about this disease and its complications. Early treatment with corticosteroids in combination with symptomatic therapy can contribute to prevention of the development of conjunctival scarring. In addition to conjunctival scarring, this disease can possibly potentiate the development of keratitis, optic neuritis, and uveitis.
- Published
- 2022
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35. COVID-19 and the Human Eye: Conjunctivitis, a Lone COVID-19 Finding - A Case-Control Study.
- Author
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Mocanu V, Bhagwani D, Sharma A, Borza C, Rosca CI, Stelian M, Bhagwani S, Haidar L, Kshtriya L, Kundnani NR, Horhat FR, and Horhat R
- Subjects
- Adult, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Case-Control Studies, Conjunctivitis etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Young Adult, COVID-19 diagnosis, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Eye virology, RNA, Viral analysis
- Abstract
Objectives: COVID-19 has varied clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic to severe cases, and conjunctivitis is one of them, but sometimes a lone initial symptom is found to be present. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of conjunctivitis as the first symptom in COVID-19 patients in a primary healthcare unit., Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted, analyzing the presenting complains/symptoms and results of COVID-19-confirmatory tests., Results: Out of the 672 cases that were sent for RT-PCR testing, only 121 (18%) were found to be positive. Among these, 2.67% patients had both conjunctivitis and COVID-19, 77.77% patients had unilateral eye affected, while 22.22% had bilateral conjunctivitis of varying degrees. Fifteen patients diagnosed to have both acute conjunctivitis and COVID-19 presented other symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. Three patients had only acute conjunctivitis during their entire course of COVID-19., Conclusions: Conjunctivitis is a symptom of COVID-19 and may be the first sign of the infection, until the onset of the classical manifestations; such patients may continue to be a viral reservoir. Physicians should not miss unilateral conjunctivitis as it can be the only presenting complaint of COVID-19 during the initial phase, which might worsen if undetected and can aid in the spread of the contagion., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2022
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36. COVID-19 and abdominal pain: a pediatric case report and a point of view in pediatric emergency medicine.
- Author
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Rinaldi VE, D'Alonzo R, Di Cara G, and Verrotti A
- Subjects
- Abdominal Pain diagnosis, Acute Disease, Appendectomy methods, Appendicitis diagnosis, Appendicitis surgery, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 pathology, COVID-19 therapy, COVID-19 virology, Combined Modality Therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Dyspnea diagnosis, Dyspnea therapy, Fever diagnosis, Fever etiology, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous administration & dosage, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous therapeutic use, Male, Mucositis etiology, Oxygen therapeutic use, Pediatric Emergency Medicine trends, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors therapeutic use, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Steroids therapeutic use, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome complications, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome pathology, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome therapy, Treatment Outcome, Abdominal Pain etiology, COVID-19 complications, Pediatric Emergency Medicine statistics & numerical data, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome diagnosis
- Abstract
COVID-19 is to date a global pandemic that can affect all age groups; gastrointestinal symptoms are quite common in patients with COVID-19 and a new clinical entity defined as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) has been described in children and adolescents previously affected by COVID-19. Presenting symptoms of this new disease include high fever and severe abdominal pain that can mimic more common causes of abdominal pain; patients can rapidly deteriorate presenting severe cardiac dysfunction and multiorgan failure. Some fatalities due to this serious illness have been reported. We describe the case of a ten-year-old patient presenting with persistent high fever associated with continuous and worsening abdominal pain. Various hypotheses were performed during his diagnostic workup and an initial appendectomy was performed in the suspect of acute appendicitis. As his clinical picture deteriorated, the child was subsequently diagnosed and successfully treated as a case of MIS-C. The objective of this case report and brief review of abdominal pain in children throughout the age groups is to provide the emergency pediatrician with updated suggestions in diagnosing abdominal pain in children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
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37. Periocular oedema and conjunctivitis secondary to incomplete response to canakinumab in a patient with periodic syndrome associated to TNF receptor.
- Author
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Romero-Caballero MD
- Subjects
- Edema drug therapy, Edema etiology, Humans, Interleukin-1beta, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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38. Conjunctivitis and other ocular findings in patients with COVID-19 infection.
- Author
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Layikh HA, Hashim ZA, and Kadum AA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 that might affect the eye in the form of conjunctivitis and other ocular features., Objectives: Assess the frequency and clinical profile of conjunctivitis and other ocular findings in Iraqi patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection., Design: Analytical cross-sectional study., Setting: Secondary care center., Patients and Methods: This study involved patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 viral infection of variable disease severity from June 2020 to December 2020. Ocular history and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection was assessed for all of the patients., Main Outcome Measures: Frequency of conjunctival inflammation and other ocular findings in patients with coronavirus infection., Sample Size: 186 patients., Results: The patients had a mean (standard deviation, range) age of 44.4 (18.8, 18-78) years. Conjunctivitis was present in 25 patients (13.4%). There was no significant association between prevalence of conjunctivitis and patient gender ( P =.868). However, conjunctivitis was significantly associated with the severity of the disease ( P =.018): the rate of conjunctivitis was significantly higher in cases with severe disease (28%) in comparison with those with mild to moderate clinical presentation (9.3%). The natural course of conjunctivitis seemed to be mild with no effect on visual acuity and no short-term complications., Conclusion: Conjunctivitis can occur in patients with SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, and could be a presenting sign. Conjunctivitis is more common in cases of severe COVID-19 infection and since it could be a presenting sign it might be of benefit in the early diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19., Limitation: Single-center study, safety limitations in the examination of the patients., Conflict of Interest: None.
- Published
- 2021
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39. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus arising from conjunctivitis.
- Author
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Maruyama A, Yokoi Y, and Katoh N
- Subjects
- Humans, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous diagnosis
- Published
- 2021
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40. Eye protection in the emergency department: SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the ocular surface.
- Author
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Güemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, and Martín-Sánchez FJ
- Subjects
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 analysis, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 virology, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Conjunctiva chemistry, Conjunctiva virology, Conjunctivitis virology, Cornea chemistry, Humans, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional prevention & control, RNA, Viral analysis, Receptors, Virus analysis, Serine Endopeptidases analysis, Tears virology, Viral Tropism, COVID-19 transmission, Conjunctivitis etiology, Emergency Medical Services, Eye Protective Devices, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
- Published
- 2021
41. Association between atopic dermatitis and conjunctivitis in adults: a population-based study in the United States.
- Author
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Wu KK, Borba AJ, Deng PH, and Armstrong AW
- Subjects
- Conjunctivitis etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Dermatitis, Atopic complications
- Abstract
Background: The association between atopic dermatitis (AD) and conjunctivitis in adults has not been well established., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 2002 to 2015 in order to evaluate the association between AD and conjunctivitis in U.S. adults. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic factors., Results: An estimated total [95% CI] of 8,581,098 [7,592,037-9,570,160] weighted AD visits and 12,853,199,920 [12,808,269,186-12,898,131,033] weighted non-AD visits were utilized for our analyses. When compared to adults without AD, adults with AD had a fourfold higher risk of conjunctivitis (OR = 4.38; 95% CI, 1.39-13.79; p = .012) and specifically, an eight-fold higher risk of allergic conjunctivitis (OR = 8.03; 95% CI, 1.76-36.58; p = .007). Among adults with AD, 67.6% of their visits for conjunctivitis were for allergic conjunctivitis. Among adults without AD, 35.4% of their visits for conjunctivitis were for allergic conjunctivitis., Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that adults with AD have a significantly higher risk of conjunctivitis and specifically, allergic conjunctivitis when compared to those without AD. It is important for dermatology providers to be aware of this association and learn to recognize and potentially manage conjunctivitis in AD patients.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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42. Conjunctivitis Related to not Severe COVID-19: A Case Report.
- Author
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Marquezan MC, Marquezam JP, Nascimento H, Chalita MR, de Freitas D, and Belfort R Jr
- Subjects
- COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 virology, Conjunctiva virology, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis virology, DNA, Viral analysis, Eye Infections, Viral diagnosis, Eye Infections, Viral virology, Humans, Male, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Young Adult, COVID-19 complications, Conjunctiva pathology, Conjunctivitis etiology, Eye Infections, Viral etiology
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to report a bilateral conjunctivitis case in a patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)., Case Report/observations: A 24-year-old healthy man developed severe conjunctivitis in his right eye, followed by his left eye 4 days after fever and myalgia. He reported yellowish conjunctival discharge, foreign body sensation, redness, and tearing, and those symptoms were resolved in 10 days. Analyses of nasopharyngeal secretions identified SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Conclusion: Mild COVID-19 can cause severe bilateral conjunctivitis. The ophthalmologist may be aware of conjunctival secretions, a possible path of infection, during eye checkup.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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43. Evaluation of Nasopharyngeal and Conjunctival Swab Samples of Hospitalised Patients with Confirmed COVID-19.
- Author
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Kocamış Ö, Örnek K, Aşıkgarip N, Hızmalı L, Sezgin FM, and Şahin Y
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 virology, Child, Child, Preschool, Conjunctiva pathology, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis virology, Eye Infections, Viral diagnosis, Eye Infections, Viral etiology, Eye Infections, Viral virology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nasopharyngeal Diseases diagnosis, Nasopharyngeal Diseases etiology, Nasopharyngeal Diseases virology, Nasopharynx pathology, Prospective Studies, Slit Lamp Microscopy, Specimen Handling methods, Young Adult, COVID-19 diagnosis, Conjunctiva virology, Nasopharynx virology, RNA, Viral analysis, SARS-CoV-2 genetics
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the results of conjunctival and nasopharyngeal swab tests in patients with confirmed COVID-19., Methods: This prospective study included 45 patients who were hospitalized for confirmed COVID-19. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from the patients before hospitalization. Only one eye of each patient was randomly selected for-conjunctival sampling. All participants underwent a complete slit-lamp examination. Conjunctival and nasopharyngeal swab samples were analyzed by reversetranscriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR)., Results: Twenty seven (60%) of the patients were male and 18 (40%) were female. Conjunctival swab was positive in only one (2.22%) patient. None of the COVID-19 patients showed ocular changes and symptoms. There were no abnormalities of the ocular surface, anterior chamber or posterior segment at slit-lamp examination., Conclusions: The RT-PCR was not high positive in the conjunctiva as in nasopharyngeal swabs. Ocular changes were not common in COVID-19 patients.
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- 2021
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44. An Update on COVID-19 Related Ophthalmic Manifestations.
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Jevnikar K, Jaki Mekjavic P, Vidovic Valentincic N, Petrovski G, and Globocnik Petrovic M
- Subjects
- COVID-19 virology, Conjunctiva diagnostic imaging, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Eye Infections, Viral diagnosis, Eye Infections, Viral etiology, Humans, Pandemics, COVID-19 complications, Conjunctiva virology, Conjunctivitis virology, Eye Infections, Viral virology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics
- Abstract
Purpose : To summarize ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reported in the literature thus far. Methods : The PubMed database was systematically searched through October 24, 2020, to identify relevant articles using the following search terms: ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2") AND ("eye" OR "ophthalmology" OR "retina" OR "retinal findings" OR "cornea" OR "conjunctiva"). Only articles published in English were included in this review. Results : The reported prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations is generally low, but correlates positively with the severity of the disease. Most commonly reported ocular manifestations are conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis. Retinal findings include microhemorrhages and flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, dilated veins, and tortuous vessels. Conclusion : Considering the COVID-19 cases have reached pandemic dimensions and are surging, yet again, it is of utmost importance to determine its ophthalmic manifestations and prevent their vision threatening complications. Further studies are warranted to establish whether the retinal findings appear due to the COVID-19 or are an incidental finding in patients with a preexisting diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy.
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- 2021
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45. Visual Diagnosis: High Fever, Maculopapular Rash, Perianal Desquamation, and Conjunctivitis in a 3-year-old Boy.
- Author
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Leung AKC, Sergi CM, Leong KF, Kantor PF, and Md
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- Child, Preschool, Humans, Male, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Exanthema etiology
- Published
- 2021
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46. Pro-Resolving Mediator Annexin A1 Regulates Intracellular Ca 2+ and Mucin Secretion in Cultured Goblet Cells Suggesting a New Use in Inflammatory Conjunctival Diseases.
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Lyngstadaas AV, Olsen MV, Bair JA, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, and Dartt DA
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- Animals, Annexin A1 genetics, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis pathology, Intracellular Space metabolism, Male, Phospholipases A2 metabolism, Rats, Signal Transduction, Annexin A1 metabolism, Calcium metabolism, Conjunctivitis metabolism, Goblet Cells metabolism, Mucins metabolism
- Abstract
The amount of mucin secreted by conjunctival goblet cells is regulated to ensure the optimal level for protection of the ocular surface. Under physiological conditions lipid specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis including the conjunctiva. The protein Annexin A1 (AnxA1) can act as an SPM. We used cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells to determine if AnxA1 stimulates an increase in intracellular [Ca
2+ ] ([Ca2+ ]i ) and mucin secretion and to identify the signaling pathways. The increase in [Ca2+ ]i was determined using fura2/AM and mucin secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay. AnxA1 stimulated an increase in [Ca2+ ]i and mucin secretion that was blocked by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA/AM and the ALX/FPR2 receptor inhibitor BOC2. AnxA1 increased [Ca2+ ]i to a similar extent as the SPMs lipoxin A4 and Resolvin (Rv) D1 and histamine. The AnxA1 increase in [Ca2+ ]i and mucin secretion were inhibited by blocking the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway including PLC, the IP3 receptor, the Ca2+ /ATPase that causes the intracellular Ca2+ stores to empty, and blockade of Ca2+ influx. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase also decreased the AnxA1-stimulated increase in [Ca2+ ]i and mucin secretion. In contrast inhibitors of ERK 1/2, phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), and phospholipase D (PLD) did not alter AnxA1-stimulated increase in [Ca2+ ]i , but did inhibit mucin secretion. Activation of protein kinase A did not decrease either the AnxA1-stimulated rise in [Ca2+ ]i or secretion. We conclude that in health, AnxA1 contributes to the mucin layer of the tear film and ocular surface homeostasis by activating the PLC signaling pathway to increase [Ca2+ ]i and stimulate mucin secretion and ERK1/2, PLA2 , and PLD to stimulate mucin secretion from conjunctival goblet cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Lyngstadaas, Olsen, Bair, Hodges, Utheim, Serhan and Dartt.)- Published
- 2021
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47. Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis with hand, foot and mouth disease in a pregnant woman : a case report.
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Kim YJ and Kim TG
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, China, Eye, Female, Humans, Infant, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis drug therapy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease complications, Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common systemic infection that is caused by an enterovirus, normally Coxsackie A16. Generally, it affects children or immunocompromised adults. Only a few reports have described pseudomembranous conjunctivitis associated with HFMD. We aim to describe the clinical outcomes and ocular findings of a 37-year-old female with HFMD and concurrent severe pseudomembranous conjunctivitis, who was 28 weeks pregnant., Case Presentation: A female patient who was 28-weeks pregnant was referred for an ophthalmological review due to pain and injection in both eyes. The patient was hospitalized under obstetrics and gynecology and evaluated for Behcet's disease with oral and perineal ulcers. In an ophthalmic examination, both eyes were observed to have a conjunctival injection. Behcet's disease-associated conjunctivitis was diagnosed. Topical steroids and antibiotics were administered every 6 h. Two days after her presentation, a maculopapular eruption occurred on her palms. Enterovirus type 71 was detected in a serum virus antibody test, and the patient was diagnosed with HFMD. After 7 days, severe pseudomembranous conjunctivitis and corneal epithelial defects occurred in both eyes. Topical steroids were administered every 3 h, and the pseudomembrane was removed every 2 to 3 days. The pseudomembrane did not occur after 3 weeks, but corneal erosion persisted. After 3 months, the corneal erosion had completely resolved., Conclusions: HFMD-associated conjunctivitis is a rare complication in adults, however it can appear as a severe pseudomembranous conjunctivitis. In this case, the removal of the pseudomembrane and topical steroids helped improve the symptoms.
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- 2021
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48. Ligneous conjunctivitis masquerading as a large, recurrent conjunctival tumor.
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Martel A, Nahon-Estève S, Appert Flory A, Lassalle S, Leonardo S, Tieulié N, and Caujolle JP
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- Humans, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Plasminogen deficiency, Conjunctival Neoplasms diagnosis, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis etiology, Skin Diseases, Genetic
- Published
- 2021
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49. Intra-lenticular caterpillar seta in ophthalmia nodosa.
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Singh A, Behera UC, and Agrawal H
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- Adult, Animals, Conjunctivitis diagnosis, Conjunctivitis surgery, Eye Foreign Bodies diagnosis, Eye Foreign Bodies surgery, Female, Granuloma, Foreign-Body diagnosis, Granuloma, Foreign-Body surgery, Humans, Lens Diseases diagnosis, Lens Diseases surgery, Retinal Diseases diagnosis, Retinal Diseases surgery, Retrospective Studies, Slit Lamp Microscopy, Uveitis, Posterior diagnosis, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy, Conjunctivitis etiology, Eye Foreign Bodies etiology, Granuloma, Foreign-Body etiology, Hair, Lens Diseases etiology, Lepidoptera, Retinal Diseases etiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To report the clinical course of ophthalmia nodosa with a retained lenticular seta misdiagnosed and treated as non-infectious posterior uveitis for 7 consecutive years., Methods: Meticulous clinical examination led to discovery of the caterpillar seta embedded in the crystalline lens and the intravitreal setae., Results: Lens-sparing pars plana vitrectomy and removal of free-floating vitreal seta resulted in complete resolution of vitritis and uveitis., Conclusion: Embedded seta within a clear lens may remain sequestered, and may be left untouched under close observation, precluding a clear lens extraction in such patients.
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- 2021
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50. Association between ambient temperature, particulate air pollution and emergency room visits for conjunctivitis.
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Khalaila S, Coreanu T, Vodonos A, Kloog I, Shtein A, Colwell LE, Novack V, and Tsumi E
- Subjects
- Cross-Over Studies, Emergency Service, Hospital, Humans, Temperature, Air Pollution adverse effects, Air Pollution analysis, Conjunctivitis epidemiology, Conjunctivitis etiology
- Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have confirmed the association of ambient temperature and air pollution with a higher risk of morbidities, yet few have addressed their effect on the ocular system. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between temperature, air pollution, and emergency room visits for conjunctivitis., Methods: In this case-crossover study, the records of all emergency room visits to Soroka University Medical Center (SUMC) from 2009 to 2014 were reviewed for patients with conjunctivitis. Daily exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter and temperature were determined by a hybrid model involving satellite sensors. Mean relative humidity was obtained from the Ministry of Environmental Protection meteorological monitoring station located in Beer-Sheva., Results: Six hundred one patients were diagnosed with conjunctivitis in the SUMC emergency room. We discovered a positive association between temperature increments and incidence of conjunctivitis. The strongest effect was found during summer and autumn, with an immediate (lag0) incidence increase of 8.1% for each 1 °C increase in temperature (OR = 1.088, 95%CI: 1.046-1.132) between 24 and 28 °C in the summer and 7.2% for each 1 °C increase in temperature (OR = 1.072, 95%CI: 1.036-1.108) between 13 and 23 °C in the autumn. There was no statistically significant association between fine and coarse particulate matter and conjunctivitis incidence., Conclusion: Temperature increases during summer and autumn are significantly associated with an increased risk of conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis is not associated with non-anthropogenic air pollution. These findings may help community clinics and hospital emergency rooms better predict conjunctivitis cases and will hopefully lead to improved prevention efforts that will lower the financial burden on both the individual and the public.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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