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La entrada en vigor en España el 7 de octubre de 2022 de la denominada ley del solo sí es sí trajo importantes novedades en los delitos contra la libertad sexual. Estas fueron la definición del consentimiento, entendido en sentido positivo, proactivo, y una inicial indiferenciación del delito de agresión y del de abuso sexual. Ambos delitos quedaron unificados en una sola tipología y castigados con la misma pena. Esta reforma convirtió la ley en una norma más favorable que la anterior, con el indeseable efecto de la excarcelación de multitud de delincuentes sexuales o la reducción de sus condenas. Ello debió corregirse solo seis meses después, promulgándose la Ley Orgánica 4/2023, que volvió a distinguir unos medios comisivos de otros en la agresión sexual, convirtiendo en subtipo agravado la agresión sexual con violencia o intimidación, y en agravante de segundo grado la sumisión química., The entry into force in Spain on October 7, 2022 of the law of the “only yes is yes” brought important innovations in crimes against sexual freedom. These were such the definition of consent, understood in a positive, proactive sense, and an initial lack of differentiation of the crime of assault and sexual abuse. Both crimes were unified in a single typology and punished with the same penalty. This reform became the law in a more favorable norm than the previous one, with the undesirable effect of the release of a multitude of sexual offenders or the reduction of their sentences. This had to be corrected only six months later with an organic law 4/2023, which again distinguished according to the commissive means used, converting sexual assault with violence or intimidation into an aggravated subtype, and chemical submission into hyper-aggravation

En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de las circunstancias hiperagravantes del delito de agresión sexual tras las reformas llevadas a cabo en los últimos años por las leyes orgánicas 8/2021, 10/2022 y 4/2023. En la de actuación conjunta de dos o más personas se hace un repaso por las distintas posiciones de la jurisprudencia en su aplicación al autor y al cooperador, según distintos criterios y en respeto del principio non bis in idem. En las circunstancias de extrema gravedad de la violencia o intimidación y parentesco por matrimonio o afinidad se pone de manifiesto la dificultad de diferenciación de otros delitos o agravantes genéricas. Se analiza también la relativa a la vulnerabilidad de la víctima, con especial énfasis en su delimitación del abuso de trastorno mental y de la sumisión química, y los saltos penológicos experimentados con estas últimas reformas., In this article, an analysis is made of the hyper-aggravating circumstances of the crime of sexual assault after the reforms by organic laws 8/2021, 10/2022 and 4/2023. In the joint action of two or more people, a review is made of the different positions adopted by the jurisprudence in its application to the author and the cooperator respect according to different criteria and its accommodation to the non bis in idem principle. Regarding the extreme seriousness of violence or intimidation or kinship by marriage or affinity, the difficulty of delimiting them from other crimes or generic aggravating circumstances is also evident. The vulnerability of the victim is analyzed, with special emphasis on its differentiation with the abuse of mental disorders and with chemical submission, and the penological leaps made in the latest reforms.

En este trabajo se analiza la regulación en el Código Penal español de los de-litos contra la vida que subsiguen a un crimen sexual, después de la entrada en vigor de la Ley Orgánica 1/2015, que hizo de estos delitos un crimen hiperagravado castigado con la pena de prisión permanente revisable, instaurada en el derecho español en ese mismo año. Primero, se describen los supuestos aplicados por los jueces en estos primeros ocho años de vigencia de la norma. La relación del homicidio con el objetivo de evitar que se descubra otro delito anterior —que se reintrodujo en esa misma fecha como elemento del asesinato— hizo de la compatibilidad entre ambos delitos una cuestión nada pacífi-ca, sobre la que los jueces españoles también se han pronunciado, considerando que la aplicación de los dos delitos a un único supuesto quiebra el principio non bis in idem., The following pages analyze the crimes against the life (homicide and mur-der) that follow a sexual crime in the Spanish penal code, after its drafting by Organic Law 1/2015, that made the attack on life (murder) followed by a crime against the sexual freedom of the victim a hyper-aggravated crime punishable by a reviewable permanent prison sentence, established in Spanish Law in that same year. The first section of this ar-ticle describes the assumptions applied by the judges in these first eight years of validity. The relationship of this crime with the circumstance that it is a death to prevent another previous crime from being discovered, which was reintroduced on that same date as an element of murder, made the compatibility between both crimes a far from peaceful issue, on the that the Spanish judges have also ruled at this time considering that the ap-plication of the two crimes together to a single case breaks the non bis in idem principle.

Autoantibodies are critical elements in RA pathogenesis and clinical assessment. The anti-malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (anti-MAA) antibodies are potentially useful because of their claimed high sensitivity for all RA patients, including those lacking RF and anti-CCP antibodies. Therefore, we aimed to replicate these findings.

Among the multiple applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), their use as a porous platform for the support of metallic nanoparticles stands out for the possibility of integrating a good anchorage, that improves the stability of the catalyst, with the presence of a porous network that allows the diffusion of substrates and products. Here we introduce an alternative way to control the injection of Au nanoparticles at variable stages of nucleation of a titanium(iv) MOF crystal (MUV-10). This allows the analysis of the different modes of nanoparticle integration into the porous matrix as a function of the crystal formation stage and their correlation with the catalytic performance of the resulting composite. Our results reveal a direct effect of the stage at which the Au nanoparticles are integrated into MUV-10 crystals not only on their catalytic activity for the cyclotrimerization of propargyl esters and the hydrochlorination of alkynes, but also on the selectivity and recyclability of the final solid catalyst, which are far superior than those reported for the same reactions with TiO supports.

Este libro está basado en la amplia trayectoria docente e investigadora de la autora en la Universidad de Sevilla, constituyendo un material didáctico fundamental para alumnos y profesionales del Derecho en la disciplina del Derecho penal parte especial, respecto a una materia tan esencial como el Derecho penal patrimonial, así como una herramienta de aproximación, en particular, al análisis de los delitos de hurto y robo en el código penal español, a raíz de las reformas aprobadas durante la última década. Incorpora asimismo un detallado anexo jurisprudencial de sentencias dictadas por Juzgados, Audiencias y Tribunal Supremo desde los años ochenta hasta la actualidad más reciente.

Objective: Semaphorin 3B (Sema3B) decreases the migratory and invasive capacities of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and suppresses expression of matrix metalloproteinases. We undertook this study to examine the role of Sema3B in a mouse model of arthritis and its expression in RA patients. Methods: Clinical responses, histologic features, and FLS function were examined in wild-type (WT) and Sema3B−/− mice in a K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis. Protein and messenger RNA expression of Sema3B in mouse joints and murine FLS, as well as in serum and synovial tissue from patients with arthralgia and patients with RA, was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNA sequencing. FLS migration was determined using a wound closure assay. Results: The clinical severity of serum-induced arthritis was significantly higher in Sema3B−/− mice compared to WT mice. This was associated with increased expression of inflammatory mediators and increased migratory capacity of murine FLS. Administration of recombinant mouse Sema3B reduced the clinical severity of serum-induced arthritis and the expression of inflammatory mediators. Sema3B expression was significantly lower in the synovial tissue and serum of patients with established RA compared to patients with arthralgia. Serum Sema3B levels were elevated in patients with arthralgia that later progressed to RA, but not in those who did not develop RA; however, these levels drastically decreased 1 and 2 years after RA development. Conclusion: Sema3B expression plays a protective role in a mouse model of arthritis. In RA patients, expression levels of Sema3B in the serum depend on the disease stage, suggesting different regulatory roles in disease onset and progression.