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Purpose: To evaluate the protective role of Laurus Nobilis eye drops on selenite-induced cataracts in suckling rabbits., Methods: Fifteen male albino suckling rabbits with no signs of ocular inflammation were randomly assigned to three groups: controls (Group A), sodium-selenite group (Group B) and sodium-selenite plus Laurus Nobilis group (Group C). By selenite treatment, cataract formation was experimentally induced and then graded. The grade of oxidative stress was defined in the lens, measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde, alpha-tocopherol, oxidized glutathione, ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and in blood samples as levels of alpha-tocopherol and malondialdehyde., Results: Mean lens concentrations of GSSG, H2O2, and MDA levels in group B were significantly higher than in both group C and control. Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in group B than in both group C and A. As plasma oxidative status markers, the level of MDA was higher in group B respected group C and A. The mean alpha-tocopherol levels in group B were significantly lower than in both group A and group C., Conclusions: In animals treated with Laurus Nobilis -based eye drops, inflammation was inhibited, and lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced. Laurus nobilis leaves extract represents a good source of antioxidant components that may contrast sodium selenite-induced cataractogenesis in suckling rabbits.

Aim: To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of T-shaped pars plana scleral incision technique in removing large intraocular foreign bodies, during 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy., Methods: Retrospective interventional case series that included patients diagnosed with a large intraocular foreign body (IOFB). Possible postoperative complications were recorded 24 h, 1 month, 3 and 6 months postoperatively., Results: Thirty eyes of 30 patients (48 ± 5 years old) were enrolled. All IOFBs were successfully removed: mean diameters of 7.8 ± 2.0 mm and 2.6 ± 0.3 mm. Silicone oil and sulfur hexafluoride were used in 27 and 3 eyes, respectively. Lensectomy was performed in 27 eyes. Intraocular lens was implanted at first attempt in 12 eyes; during a second operation in 12 eyes and 6 eyes remained aphakic. At any follow-up, no signs of postoperative complications were observed. Secondary retinal detachment occurred in 12 eyes. Mean preoperative corrected distance visual acuity was 0.04, on the Snellen scale; it increased to 0.07, at last follow-up. Mean intraocular pressure was 17.97 mmHg. All eyes were preserved., Conclusion: T-shaped scleral incision could be an effective, safe and easy-to-perform standard procedure to remove large IOFBs during pars plana vitrectomy, without increasing the risk of surgical complications and additional damage to the ocular tissues., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Toro, Nowomiejska, Concilio, Motta, Rekas, Costagliola, Avitabile, Castellino, Caputo, Choragiewicz and Rejdak.)

In this comprehensive review, we delve into the significance of multimodal imaging in diagnosing and managing complications of congenital optic disc anomalies. While the fundus examination is the gold standard tool in the diagnosis of these pathologies, spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could shed light on the pathogenesis and treatment. Moreover, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive insight into the multimodal approach of these rare congenital pathologies. In conclusion, congenital anomalies of the optic nerve represent a major challenge for ophthalmologists. Further research could be useful to clarify the pathophysiology of these diseases and define a correct and more specific treatment approach.

Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens have reached alarming levels, becoming one of the most pressing global health issues. Hence, new treatments are necessary for the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Synthetic nanoengineered antimicrobial polymers (SNAPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to antimicrobial peptides, overcoming some of their limitations while keeping their key features. Herein, a library of amphiphilic oxazoline-based SNAPs using cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) is designed. Amphipathic compounds with 70% cationic content exhibit the highest activity against clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, maintaining good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of action of the lead compounds against S. aureus is assessed using various microscopy techniques, indicating cell membrane disruption, while the cell wall remains unaffected. Furthermore, a potential interaction of the compounds with bacterial DNA is shown, with possible implications on bacterial division. Finally, one of the compounds exhibits high efficacy in vivo in an insect infection model., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Healthcare Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

One of solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)'s main weaknesses, is its relative insensitivity. J-driven Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (JDNP) was recently proposed for enhancing solution-state NMR's sensitivity, by bypassing the limitations faced by conventional Overhauser DNP (ODNP), at the high magnetic fields where most analytical research is performed. By relying on biradicals with inter-electron exchange couplings J ex on the order of the electron Larmor frequency ω E , JDNP was predicted to introduce a transient enhancement in NMR's nuclear polarization at high magnetic fields, and for a wide range of rotational correlation times of medium-sized molecules in conventional solvents. This communication revisits the JDNP proposal, including additional effects and conditions that were not considered in the original treatment. These include relaxation mechanisms arising from local vibrational modes that often dominate electron relaxation in organic radicals, as well as the possibility of using biradicals with J ex of the order of the nuclear Larmor frequency ω N as potential polarizing agents. The presence of these new relaxation effects lead to variations in the JDNP polarization mechanism originally proposed, and indicate that triplet-to-singlet cross-relaxation processes may lead to a nuclear polarization enhancement that persists even at steady states. The physics and potential limitations of the ensuing theoretical derivations, are briefly discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To assess the severity of dry eye disease (DED) in humans, its impact on quality of life (QoL) and to grade the damage incurred by the anterior ocular surface in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Patients and Methods: Forty-six patients (mean age ± SD = 63.8 ± 6.7 years) diagnosed with T2DM were enrolled in the experimental group and 26 healthy individuals constituted the control group (67.9 ± 8.9 years). The diagnosis and gradation of DED were conducted in accordance with the International Task Force severity grading scheme. Disease-specific questionnaires were used to obtain the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and assess the negative effects of the disease on the patient's QoL. The severity of conjunctival redness and corneal/conjunctival staining was assessed by Efron and Oxford scales, respectively., Results: According to OSDI scores, the entire experimental group presented symptoms of DED: 54.4% were diagnosed with mild DED and 46.6% with moderately severe DED. No cases of severe DED were diagnosed in either the experimental or control group. In the control group, 57.7% of individuals did not have the disease. A significant difference between the experimental and control groups was recorded for both OSDI scores ( p   < 0.01) and health-related QoL ( p < 0.01). It was observed that keratopathy influenced the mean OSDI values of patients. The mean OSDI value was 25.14 ± 3 in the experimental group diagnosed with keratopathy, 19.3 ± 3.5 in the subgroup with no indications of corneal injury ( p  = 0.000002), and 13.0 ± 3.0 in the control group ( p   <  0.000002). Based on the DEWS scheme, a grade I severity level was observed in 46% of control subjects and 33% of patients diagnosed with T2DM ( p  = 0.4915); grades II and III were detected in the bulk of the experimental group ( p  = 0.0051; p  = 0.1707). None of the subjects in the control or experimental groups manifested grade IV severity of DED., Conclusion: In comparison to healthy adults, DED adversely impacts the QoL of type 2 DM patients, regardless of the disease's association with keratopathy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhmud, Malachkova, Redjak, Costagliola, Concilio, Drozhzhyna, Toro Mario and Veretelnyk.)

Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) and to assess the influence of preceding treatments such as steroid administration, orbital decompression and radiotherapy., Methods: Retrospective study on a cohort of patients with TED undergoing strabismus surgery. Data collection included clinical features, smoking status, preceding steroid therapy, orbital radiation therapy and orbital decompression. Qualitative evaluation, assessing diplopia and quality of life and quantitative evaluation, assessing the eye misalignment were analysed 1 year after the last squint surgical procedure., Results: Seventy-nine patients were identified. Ninety-five surgical procedures were performed on 92 eyes. A significant overall improvement of ocular motility was registered ( p  < 0.001, paired t-test). Forty-five (57%) patients had excellent outcomes, twenty-three (29%) had good outcomes and eleven (14%) had poor outcomes. The average number of muscles operated was significantly greater in patients who underwent orbital bone decompression (1.58 ± 0.63; p  = 0.0082; 95% CI 1.413-10.214). Quantitative and qualitative outcomes were not associated with the preceding therapy: steroid ( p  = 0.75), radiotherapy ( p  = 0.95) or orbital bone decompression ( p  = 0.25). The success rate was no different between adjustable and fixed sutures ( p  = 0.8)., Conclusion: Strabismus surgery in TED patients resulted in a high success rate in reducing diplopia and improving ocular motility. The success rate was not negatively associated with previous therapies. Indeed, resolution of diplopia required more squint procedures in patients who have previously undergone to orbital decompression.

Introduction: To measure the corneal thickness (CT), corneal epithelial thickness (CET), and corneal stromal thickness (CST) in patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control and without any signs of diabetic retinopathy using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)., Methods: 60 eyes of 30 diabetic patients and 60 normal eyes of 30 healthy subjects underwent AS-OCT, evaluation of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer I test and fundus examination. The CT, CET, and CST maps generated corresponded to a 6-mm diameter area of the cornea that was divided into 17 sectors. We compared the CT, CET, and the CST of each sector obtained in the diabetic group with those obtained in the control group., Results: No significant difference in terms of age, gender, BCVA, IOP, TBUT, and Schirmer I test between the two study groups was observed. The CT, CET, and CST in the central section were significantly thickened in diabetic patients than in controls (p<0.001). Also, each paracentral and midperipheral sector was significantly increased in patients compared to controls (p<0.05)., Conclusions: The evaluation of the CT, CET, and CST by AS-OCT could be a valid and non-invasive biomarker in patients effected by diabetes mellitus, useful in early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Purpose: To quantitatively investigate the role of deep capillary plexus (DCP) in patients affected by type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV), compared to patients with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) eyes and healthy controls, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)., Methods: In this prospective observational study, a total of seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients were included. Group 1 consisted of 40 eyes of 40 patients with stage 1 of type 3 MNV (22 males, 18 females, mean age 73.7, SD ± 6.60) and group 2 included 38 eyes of 38 patients with RPD (17 males, 21 females, mean age 73.2, SD ± 4.55). The control group included 40 eyes of 40 healthy subjects (20 males, 20 females, mean age 71.4, SD ± 6.36 years). We evaluated the retinal vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) using OCTA., Results: Patients with diagnosis of type 3 MNV showed statistically lower values of VD in DCP with respect to controls and to RPD group (p < 0.001), while there were no statistical differences between RPD and control group in macular region. No significant differences in VD of SCP were detected among the three study groups., Conclusion: OCTA provides a reproducible, non-invasive detailed quantitative analysis of retinal vascular features and changing in early-stage type 3 MNV patients, which allowed to shed the light on the main role of DCP ischemia in the development of type 3 MNV., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Introduction: This study aimed to identify the changes in vessel density (VD) of the choriocapillaris (CC) and in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and to evaluate their correlation with functional response after 3 monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (loading phase [LP]) in patients affected by polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)., Methods: A total of 30 eyes of 30 PCV patients and 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects as the control group were enrolled in this prospective study. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured at baseline and after 1 month from the third intravitreal injection in each patient. The VD of CC was evaluated in the macular area by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Central macular thickness (CMT) and SFCT were analyzed by enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT., Results: The VD of CC showed statistically lower values in PCV patients at baseline with respect to after LP and normal eyes (p < 0.001). CMT and SFCT revealed a statistically significant reduction after LP (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the reduced SFCT and CMT at baseline and the improvement of BCVA after LP (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The close relationship between the thinner SFCT and better visual outcome after LP reveals the role of the EDI-OCT assessment of the choroid as a predictive biomarker of functional response to anti-VEGF therapy. This tool could provide a quantitative evaluation of structural features of the choroid avoiding mistakes of evaluation at OCTA., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction/aims: Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is an acute infarction of the prelaminar anterior optic disc, resulting from the occlusion of posterior ciliary arteries. Here, we evaluated the correlation between structural and vascular features in a case of resolved NAION., Methods: Observational case report., Results: A 50-year-old male patient was referred at an Eye clinic due to an altitudinal visual field defect in the left eye, occurred 9 months before. Fundus examination was unremarkable, while structural SD-OCT reveals retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC) thinning associated with reduction of peripapillary vascular density at OCT Angiography., Discussion: We found a precise spatial correlation among RNFL and GCC thinning, peripapillary vascular reduction and visual field defects. This case demonstrates that OCTA represents a new, valid and non-invasive imaging technique in the diagnosis and follow-up of NAION, even after the resolution of the acute phase, in the absence of clinical signs at fundus examination., (© 2021. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Blau syndrome (BS) is a rare granulomatous auto-inflammatory disease, characterized by the classic clinical triad of joints, skin and ocular involvements. Ocular manifestation usually consists in a bilateral insidious chronic anterior uveitis with a potential evolution to panuveitis. We describe the case of two siblings, an 8-years old female and a 5-years old male, with a diagnosis of BS, evaluated by Anterior Segment-Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT). In the female patient, slit-lamp examination revealed bilateral anterior granulomatous uveitis and inflammatory sequelae. AS-OCT revealed high intensity reflective layers in the anterior cornea, hyperreflective dots both in the aqueous humor and in the posterior corneal surface. In the male, no signs of inflammation were detected both on slit-lamp examination and AS-OCT scans. AS-OCT is a valuable, non-invasive tool that could improve the diagnosis of ocular involvement, better characterize and follow-up corneal alterations and anterior segment features in pediatric patients with BS., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma is a severe but rare late complication in the breast-preserving management of breast cancer through surgery and radiotherapy. Often the initial diagnosis is complex given its relatively anodyne nature and the fact that it usually presents in the form of typically multifocal reddish-purple papular skin lesions., Presentation of the Case: We describe the clinical and pathologic findings of a 79-year-old woman, who developed a radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma after around 8 years. She initially refused a mastectomy leading to an adaptation in the management of this cancer., Discussion: The average latency of secondary angiosarcoma of the breast following radiation therapy is around six years. Breast angiosarcoma is typically considered to affect the dermis, and is therefore cutaneous in origin. An incisional biopsy of the discoloured skin and underlying mass is necessary. The treatment is surgical resection. The role of chemotherapy has not been clearly defined. Most data originate from retrospective case series studies suggesting that angiosarcomas are relatively sensitive to taxanes and anthracyclines., Conclusion: The preferred treatment is always aggressive surgical removal and, as our atypical clinical case suggests, neoadjuvant chemotherapy in very high doses is also needed. A biopsy of any suspicious breast skin lesion after radiotherapy is recommended. Despite the treatment challenges, our case provides enlightening details on the management of such a rare cancer even when faced with unplanned events which do not always allow for a textbook approach., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Right heart catheterization (RHC) is usually required to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). As an invasive test, RHC may be associated with possible complications, so noninvasive parameters able to predict PAH at RHC would be extremely useful., Aim: To ascertain possible correlations between cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and hemodynamic parameters at RHC indicative of pulmonary hypertension (PH)., Methods: Thirty-six consecutive outpatients with suspect of PAH underwent CPET and RHC; the intercept of ventilation (VEint) on the VE vs carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO 2 ) and VE/VCO2 slope at CPET and diastolic pressure gradient (DPG), trans-pulmonary pressure gradient (TPG), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at RHC were assessed and compared., Results: Ventilation VCO2 slope was directly related to DPG (r: .41, P: .019), TPG (r: .45, P: .01), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP, r: .36, P: .031), PVR (r: .41, P: .029), VEint and VE/VCO 2 slope inversely related to DPG (r: -.63, P < .001), TPG (r: -.67, P < .001), mPAP (r: -.68, P < .001) and PVR (r: -.5, P < .001)., Conclusion: In patients with suspected PAH, VEint during exercise and the VE/VCO 2 slope might provide useful information to predict results of RHC. Their correlations with PVR and with DPG may be helpful in discriminating patients with isolated postcapillary PH from those with combined postcapillary and precapillary., (© 2017 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.)

Introduction: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) includes several subtypes and these can be classified according to their clinical behaviours from the least invasive to the most aggressive. Moreover, it is appropriate to analyse their clinicalpathological patterns 1. In light of its wide histopathological variability, we encountered a rare malignant cutaneous lesion: a SCC of a proliferating trichilemmal tumour (PTT) nature., Case Report: We describe the clinical and pathologic findings of an 82-year-old woman, who developed a SCC with areas of trichilemmal differentiation. It has a surprising thickness of 25 mm, which passes through the dermis, infiltrates the hypodermis and evolves quickly., Conclusion: Considering its exophytic growth and the negative results of the post operative tests (ultrasounds confirmed absence of metastasis), the tumour was eradicated thanks to the surgical approach (a 1 cm border wide excision, including the periosteum in the central part of the lesion, followed by its reconstruction using a full-thickness skin graft) and the prompt intervention, without need for further complimentary treatments. The overall aesthetic results were pleasing., Key Words: Adnexal tumour, PPT, SCC, Surgery.

The structure of protein kinases has been extensively studied by protein crystallography. Conformational movement of the kinase activation loop is thought to be crucial for regulation of activity; however, in many cases the position of the activation loop in solution is unknown. Protein kinases are an important class of therapeutic target and kinase inhibitors are classified by their effect on the activation loop. Here, we report the use of pulsed electron double resonance (PELDOR) and site-directed spin labeling to monitor conformational changes through the insertion of MTSL [S-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-3-yl)methyl methanesulfonothioate] on the dynamic activation loop and a stable site on the outer surface of the enzyme. The action of different ligands such as microtubule-associated protein (TPX2) and inhibitors could be discriminated as well as their ability to lock the activation loop in a fixed conformation. This study provides evidence for structural adaptations that could be used for drug design and a methodological approach that has potential to characterize inhibitors in development.

Clinical trials demonstrated that statin therapy is associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when used for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Several studies have shown that statins, having an important effect in the prevention of acute coronary syndromes, are also able to prevent heart failure (HF) in patients with coronary artery disease. This review summarizes the experimental and clinical evidence regarding the role of statins in the management of HF.

Background: Referral centres for pulmonary hypertension will provide care by a multiprofessional team, which should as a minimum comprise: consultant physicians with a special interest in PH, clinical nurse specialist, radiologist, cardiologist with expertise in echocardiography., Aims: this study sought to determine whether the experience of the establishment of a clinic for pulmonary arterial hypertension, initially created only for the treatment and diagnosis of heart failure, may be considered positive., Methods: From 1 July 2008 to January 1, 2012 we evaluated 80 patients in our ambulatory dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of PAH. All patients were performed to clinical evaluation, ECG, and echocardiography with estimation of the sPAP. Then we evaluated the functional capacity through cardiopulmonary exercise testing or six minute walking test (6MWT). RHC was required to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension., Results: 80 patients (mean age: 50.9 +/- 18.68 years, 31 males) were evaluated in our center; the largest groups subjected to screening were thalassemia (21 subjects), rheumatologic patients (18 patients), respirators, suspected of "out-of Proportion" (12 patients) and 4 patients with OSAS. 8 adult congenital heart patients. A diagnosis of PAH after right heart catheterization was possible in 25 cases. In particular, among patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, 8 had a rheumatic etiology (systemic sclerosis), 2 post-thromboembolic disease, 5 patients had congenital heart disease, 1 patient with HIV infection, 1 patient with thalassemia major, 1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 1 with myelodysplasia., Conclusions: The initial experience of our center and network within our hospital may be considered positive, because it permitted to patients easy access to hospital services, to undertake a comprehensive prognostic stratification and to recognize the early signs of worsening in subsequent tests.

Clinical trials demonstrated that statin therapy is associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when used for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Several studies have shown that statins, having an important effect in the prevention of acute coronary syndromes, are also able to prevent heart failure (HF) in patients with coronary artery disease. This review summarizes the experimental and clinical evidence regarding the role of statins in the management of HF.