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BACKGROUND: To decide whether a person with certain characteristics should be given any kind of intervention to prevent a cardiovascular event, it would be helpful to classify subjects in low, medium and high risk categories. The study evaluated which well known cerebrovascular and cardiovascular correlates, in particular fibrinogen level and ECG characteristics, are able to predict the occurrence of stroke in men of the general population using data from three European cohorts participating in EUROSTROKE. METHODS: EUROSTROKE is a collaborative project among ongoing European population based cohort studies and designed as a prospective nested case-control study. For each stroke case two controls were sampled. Strokes were classified according to MONICA criteria or reviewed by a panel of four neurologists. Complete data were available of 698 men (219 stroke events) from cohorts in Cardiff (84 cases/200 controls), Kuopio (74/148) and Rotterdam (61/131). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate which information from history, physical examination (for example, blood pressure), blood lipids, and fibrinogen and ECG measurements independently contributed to the prediction of stroke. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC area) was used to estimate the predictive ability of models. RESULTS: Independent predictors from medical history and physical examination were age, stroke history, medically treated hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and diastolic blood pressure. The ROC area of this model was 0.69. After validating and transforming this model to an easy applicable rule, 40% of all future stroke cases could be predicted. Adding pulse rate, body mass index, blood lipids, fibrinogen level and ECG parameters did not improve the classification of subjects in low, medium and high risk. Results were similar when fibrinogen was dichotomised at the upper tertile or quintile. CONCLUSION: In the general male population the future occurrence of stroke may be predicted using easy obtainable information from medical history and physical examination. Measurement of pulse rate, body mass index, blood lipids, fibrinogen level and ECG characteristics do not contribute to the risk stratification of stroke and have no value in the screening for stroke in the general male population.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption has been implicated in the aetiology of stroke. As data on alcohol consumption obtained by questionnaire are susceptible to missclassification, this study evaluated the assocation between γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), as a marker for alcohol consumption, and fatal, non-fatal, haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in three European cohort studies, participating in EUROSTROKE. METHODS: EUROSTROKE is a collaborative project among ongoing European cohort studies on incidence and risk factors of stroke. EUROSTROKE is designed as a nested case-control study. For each stroke case, two controls were sampled. Strokes were classified according to MONICA criteria or reviewed by a panel of four neurologists. At present, data on stroke and γ-GT were available from cohorts in Cardiff (57 cases), Kuopio (66 cases), and Rotterdam (108 cases). RESULTS: An increase in γ-GT of one standard deviation (28.7 IU/ml) was associated with an age and sex adjusted 26% (95% CI 5 to 53) increase in risk of stroke. Adjustment for confounding variables such as drug use, history of myocardial infarction, total cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus did not materially attenuate the association. The risk of haemorrhagic stroke increased linearly with increase in γ-GT. The association for cerebral infarction was not graded: the risk increased beyond the first quartile, and remained increased. The association of γ-GT with stroke was significantly stronger among subjects without diabetes mellitus compared with subjects with diabetes mellitus (no association observed). CONCLUSION: This EUROSTROKE analysis showed that an increased γ-GT, as a marker of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased risk of stroke, in particular haemorrhagic stroke.

Background: Controversy remains on the relation between serum lipids levels and stroke risk. This paper investigated the association of total and HDL cholesterol level to fatal and non-fatal, and haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in four European cohorts participating in EUROSTROKE. Methods: EUROSTROKE is a collaborative project among ongoing European cohort studies on incidence and risk factors of stroke. EUROSTROKE is designed as a nested case-control study. For each stroke case, two controls were sampled. Strokes were classified according to MONICA criteria or reviewed by a panel of four neurologists. At present, data on stroke and risk factors were available from cohorts in Cardiff (84 cases), Kuopio (74 cases), Rotterdam (157 cases), and Novosibirsk (79 cases). Results: Pooled analyses showed no significant association between total cholesterol and risk of stroke (odds ratio for increase of 1 mmol/l in cholesterol of 0.98 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.09)). Analyses for haemorrhagic stroke and cerebral infarction revealed odds ratios of 0.80 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.05) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.19), respectively. The association of HDL cholesterol to stroke was different in men compared with women. In men, there was a general trend towards a lower risk of stroke with an increase in HDL (odds ratio per 1 mmol/l increase in HDL cholesterol 0.68 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.16)). In women, however, an increase in HDL was associated with a significant increased risk of non-fatal stroke and of cerebral infarction (odds ratios of 2.46 (95% 0.1.20 to 5.04) and 2.52 (95% CI 1.15 to 5.50), respectively. The difference between men and women in the association of HDL with stroke seemed to differ mainly in smokers and never smokers, but not among ex smokers. Conclusion: This analysis of the EUROSTROKE project could not disclose an association of total cholesterol with fatal, non-fatal, haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke. HDL cholesterol however, seemed to be related to stroke differently in men than in women.

Background: It is well established that raised levels of fibrinogen increase the risk of coronary heart disease. For stroke, however, data are much more limited and restricted to overall stroke. This study investigated the association between fibrinogen and fatal, non-fatal, haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in three European cohorts participating in EUROSTROKE. Methods: EUROSTROKE is a collaborative project among ongoing European cohort studies on incidence and risk factors of stroke. EUROSTROKE is designed as a nested case-control study. For each stroke case, two controls were sampled. Strokes were classified according to MONICA criteria or reviewed by a panel of four neurologists. Recently, data on stroke and fibrinogen became available from cohorts in Cardiff (79 cases/194 controls), Kuopio (74/124), and Rotterdam (62/203). Results were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and systolic blood pressure. Results: The risk of stroke gradually increased with increasing fibrinogen levels: the odds ratios per quartile increase were 1.08 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.84), 1.91 (1.12 to 3.26) and 2.78 (1.64 to 4.72), respectively. This association was similar for ischaemic (n=138) and haemorrhagic stroke (n=25). Associations between fibrinogen and stroke were similar across strata of smoking, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, and HDL cholesterol. The odds ratio, however, tended to increase with increasing systolic blood pressure: from 1.21 among those with a systolic pressure <120 mm Hg to 1.99 among subjects with a systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg or above. Conclusion: This analysis of the EUROSTROKE project indicates that fibrinogen is a powerful predictor of stroke. Results did not disclose a differential in this relation of fibrinogen and fatal or non-fatal stroke, or with type of stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic).

Background: This study investigated the association between electrocardiographically assessed left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and fatal, non-fatal, haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in four European cohorts participating in EUROSTROKE. Methods: EUROSTROKE is a collaborative project among ongoing European cohort studies to investigate differences in incidence of, and risk factors for, stroke between countries. EUROSTROKE is designed as a nested case-control study. For each stroke case, two controls were sampled. Strokes were classified according to MONICA criteria or reviewed by a panel of four neurologists. LVH was assessed according to the Minnesota code or the automated diagnostic MEANS classification system. For this analysis, data on LVH and stroke were available from cohorts in Cardiff (84 cases/200 controls), Kuopio (60/116), Rotterdam (114/334), and Novosibirsk (62/168). Results are adjusted for age and sex. Results: LVH was associated with a twofold increased risk of stroke (odds ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.5). The risk was particularly pronounced for fatal stroke (4.0 (95% CI 2.1 to 7.9)), whereas the risk was non-significantly increased for non-fatal stroke (1.5 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.7)). The increased risk was more pronounced in smokers: for total stroke 3.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 8.1) versus 1.6 (95% CI 0.8 to 3.1) in non-smokers. Adjustment for systolic blood pressure and body mass index attenuated the associations. LVH was not preferentially associated with a particular type of stroke, although the association with cerebral infarction was stronger. Conclusion: This analysis of the EUROSTROKE project indicates that LVH assessed by electrocardiogram is a predictor of stroke. The association seems to be stronger for fatal stroke than for non-fatal stroke and is more pronounced in smokers.

This paper describes the design and methodology of the participating cohorts in the EUROSTROKE project. Information is given about the cohort sampling, its size, the follow up procedures and event classification. Information is also given about the measurement of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors in each of the cohorts separately. The cohorts described are the Caerphilly study in Cardiff, United Kingdom; the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart disease study in Kuopio, Finland; the Portugal study in Coimbra, Portugal; the EPIC cohort in Athens, Greece; the Ilsa study from Firenze, Italy; the Rotterdam Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and the Novosibirsk cohort in Novosibirsk, Russia.

In this note we give a result for the operator p -Laplacian complementing a theorem by Brézis and Kamin concerning a necessary and sufficient condition for the equation −Δu=h(x)uq in ℝN , where 0

ABSTRACTAY 9944 [AY;trans-1,4-bis(chlorobenzylaminomethyl)-cyclohexane dihydrochloride], an inhibitor of sterol synthesis, was found to help restore the normal mitogenic responses and cytokine profiles of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AIDS patients in vitro. Compared to untreated cells, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected PBMCs precultured in the presence of AY exhibited a normal rate of either mitogen-induced or recall- and superantigen-induced proliferation. After 2 weeks in the presence of the drug, the percentage of dead CD4+cells in HIV-1-infected cultures was comparable to that observed in uninfected cultures, while over the same time interval it increased by three- to fivefold in HIV-1-infected cultures maintained in the absence of AY. AY also stimulated by 2- to 12-fold interleukin-12 (IL-12) and (gamma interferon production. For IL-12, this effect appears to be related to an increase in corresponding IL-12 p35 and IL-12 p40 mRNA levels. Moreover, AY restored the expression of the IL-2 receptor, which was severely impaired in HIV-1-infected PBMCs. Although the drug has no direct antiviral effect (it does not significantly inhibit reverse transcriptase activity measured in vitro), it might be considered a potential therapeutic agent for HIV-infected patients, in that it may correct viral infection-related immune system defects by indirectly enhancing the level of resistance to HIV and opportunistic infections.

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

In this note we give a result for the operator p-Laplacian complementing a theorem by Brézis and Kamin concerning a necessary and sufficient condition for the equation −Δu=h(x)uq in ℝN, where 0