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Purpose: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has increased worldwide in the past decade and it still remains an important global public health problem., Method: A retrospective clinicopathological study of 1,548 cases of female genital tuberculosis between 1940 and 2011 was conducted., Results: The mean age of the cases was 29.49 years. Involvement of the endometrium was noted in 1,073, fallopian tubes in 164, cervix in 157, and 154 had multiple organ involvement. Clinically, 115 cases (7.4%) were diagnosed as having primary infertility and 12 cases (0.8%) as having secondary infertility. There was a coexistent carcinoma in 1.5% of the cases. Peritoneal tuberculosis in 21 cases and tuberculous lymphadenitis in 7 cases were seen as well., Conclusion: The clinicopathological criteria of female genital tuberculosis in the different organs are described, and special attention is paid to infertility associated with tuberculous lesion, and awareness of the fact that the disease is still with us is thus particularly important.

The ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN) classification which proposes new approaches to the diagnosis, terminology and differential diagnosis of intraductal proliferative lesions of the breast was applied to a series of female patients comprising C-erbB2 oncogene expression which may serve as an adjunct to the morphology by immunohistochemistry. The study was performed using the data of 94 patients. There was no difficulty encountered in the diagnosis of intraductal hyperplasia (IDH). In patients with Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (AIDH), the diagnosis could be made by using the 2-mm rule of the DIN classification in patients who exhibited cytologic and structural characteristics of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) alone or in conjunction with classical IDH patterns. However, in lesions that mimicked classical IDH patterns despite displaying cytological features of in situ carcinomas, the experience and view point of the pathologist played a more prominent role. When the DIN classification criteria were applied to grade DCIS lesions, although the system was found to be practical, it did not provide adequate differentiation in intermediate grade (grade II-DIN 2) patients and further improvement was considered desirable. Fourty-five cases (47.8%) IDH, 19 (20.2%) AIDH, and 30 (31.9%) were DCIS. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of c-erbB2 oncogene expression between IDH, AIDH and DCIS lesions (p<0.001). In DCISs, grade, cell size, pleomorphic nuclear atypia showed statistically significant associations with c-erbB2 oncogene expression. These results suggest that c-erbB2 oncogene expression is a valuable marker in the differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with intraductal proliferative lesions.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is any association between inflammation and the expression of markers of cell cycle entry (Ki-67 and MCM-2) in dental follicle (DF) of asymptomatic impacted teeth and odontogenic cysts. The study consisted of 70 DFs and 20 odontogenic cysts (radicular cyst (RC), dentigerous cyst (DC) and keratocytic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) located at posterior mandibular region. Histological findings of inflammation for all specimen and mucous cell prosoplasia, squamous metaplasia, glandular epithelium for all DFs were stained with hematoxyline and eosin, periodic acid schiff, alcian blue, and mucin. Epithelial cell proliferation was determined by using immunohistochemical labeling for Ki-67 and MCM-2. The histologic examinations showed 16% mucous cell prosoplasia, 54% squamous metaplasia, 20% glandular epithelium, 37% inflammation. Inflammation was detected in all RCs and %62 in DF, %43 in DC and KCOT. Positive correlation was found between the inflammation of DF and odontogenic cysts (P < 0.01). The mean Ki-67 and MCM-2 expressions were found 9, 64 ± 5, 99 and 6, 34 ± 3, 81 in DF, 11, 85 ± 9, 01 and 13, 6 ± 9, 94 in odontogenic cysts, respectively. While the mean Ki-67 expressions were statistically significant in DF and KCOT (P < 0.01), MCM-2 were significant in RC and KCOT (P < 0.01). MCM-2 expresion in RCs were statistically significant than KCOT (P < 0.01). The results of this study indicated that the higher MCM-2 expressions in RC than the KCOT might be related to the inflammation and this protein might be more sensitive to inflammation.

Purpose: The pathogenesis of kidney stones remains elusive. There is some evidence that hyperoxaluria may effect vascular endothelium and many studies link renal stones to atherosclerosis. Also, renal vascular endothelial cells regulate proximal tubular epithelial cell function. We determined the effect of hyperoxaluria on plasma and tissue levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine. The secondary aim was to determine the effect of verapamil on asymmetrical dimethylarginine., Materials and Methods: A total of 42 Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study. In groups 1A, 1B and 1C hyperoxaluria was induced with ethylene glycol for 2 weeks. Groups 2A, 2B and 2C received ethylene glycol for 14 days and verapamil for 28 days. Control group 3 received no specific medication but distilled water. Blood samples were obtained at 24 hours and at study end, and kidney samples were obtained at 24 hours, and 7 and 28 days for histopathological evaluation., Results: Plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine increased early in the hyperoxaluric group (p = 0.0002). The effect was retained at the end of the study period (p = 0.01). There was no increase in asymmetrical dimethylarginine in the verapamil group on short-term and long-term followup. Hyperoxaluria induced a significantly dense staining pattern in renal tissue asymmetrical dimethylarginine vs controls (p = 0.01). Asymmetrical dimethylarginine staining did not differ in the control and verapamil groups., Conclusions: Increased systemic and local tissue asymmetrical dimethylarginine may help explain the pathogenetic mechanisms of hyperoxaluria induced disorders such as nephrolithiasis and atherosclerosis., (Copyright 2010 American Urological Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the proliferative potentials of dental follicles (DF) of radiographically asymptomatic impacted third molar teeth by using Ki-67 and mini-chromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM-2) proliferation markers, and to discuss whether there is any necessity for the removal of all impacted third molars by detecting the potential of the developing cysts and tumors of its DF., Materials and Methods: This study involved 59 DF of 54 patients referred for clinically and radiographically asymptomatic lower impacted third molars. Thirteen healthy gingiva tissues obtained during the impacted third molar operation in 13 patients served as a control group. DF widths on periapical radiographs below 2.5 mm were included in the study. The epithelial and mesenchymal components of DF were examined histologically. All specimens were stained with periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue, and mucin for the evaluation of mucous cell prosoplasia. Epithelial cell proliferation was determined by using immunohistochemical labeling., Results: The histologic examinations showed 11.9% mucous cell prosoplasia, 55.9% squamous metaplasia, 15.3% glandular epithelium, and 33.9% inflammation. Ki-67 expression was found to have higher values than MCM-2 expression in controls 6.15 (3.18) and 10.53 (5.77) and in DF 4.46 (1.39) and 5.89 (2.89), respectively. The expression of both proliferation markers in the basal epithelial cells, mucous, and squamous epithelium and inflammatory cells were statistically significant (P < .01)., Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the odontogenic epithelium in DF of asymptomatic impacted third molars might be actively proliferating and may be an indicator for the differentiation potential of DF. It would also seem that the inflammation observed in the mesenchymal components of DF up-regulate the cell turnover of odontogenic epithelium and lead to proliferation. Based on these observations, we support prophylactic removal of impacted third molars.

Clusterin is a circulating multifunctional glycoprotein produced in several kinds of epithelial and neuronal cells. Clusterin is upregulated during different physiological and pathological states, such as senescence, type-2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, and in various neoplasms. Herein, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of clusterin in non-neoplastic adenohypophysis of human autopsy subjects and pituitary adenomas. We also investigated the association of clusterin increase with age in adenohypophysis of autopsy subjects. Immunohistochemically, clusterin was found positive in the cytoplasm of all adenoma cases, and in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells, stellate cells, mixed cell follicles and in colloidal material inside of the follicles of non-neoplastic adenohypophysis as well. Clusterin expression in pituitary adenomas was found significantly higher than in non-neoplastic adenohypophyses. In addition, in non-neoplastic adenohypophysis, a significant increase in clusterin expression levels between young (or=61 years) subjects (p < 0.00001, analysis of variance [ANOVA]) was found. In addition to clusterin accumulation, presence of calcification (p < 0.045, ANOVA) and presence of large follicles with colloid accumulation (p < 0.004, ANOVA) were also statistically significant factors related to aging in non-neoplastic adenohypophysis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that clusterin expression was found in non-neoplastic adenohypophysis and in upregulated amounts in pituitary adenomas. This study also demonstrated that in non-neoplastic adenohypophyses, increase of clusterin positive cells; histopathological findings of calcification or presence colloidal material accumulation in large follicles were associated with age. To our knowledge, immunohistochemical localization of clusterin in pituitary adenomas was not reported previously.

Introduction: The toxicity of methanol is as a result of its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. Formic acid induces severe metabolic acidosis causing death, and is the primary agent responsible for ocular toxicity. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining is the most commonly used method for examining astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy after various central nervous system injuries. The antigen CD34 is expressed widely on vascular endothelium, including that of the central nervous system and high endothelial venules., Methods: In this study, GFAP and CD34 were immunohistochemically localised in the post-mortem optic nerve head, and brain tissue (basal ganglia putamen) samples were collected from methanol-exposed and non-methanol-exposed (control) subjects., Results: There was a positive correlation between the GFAP and CD34 intensity of staining scores in the methanol-exposed group (P=0.711, P=0.010). Furthermore, there was also a positive correlation between the brain putamen and optic nerve head GFAP extent of staining in the methanol-exposed group (P=0.720, P=0.008). A statistically significant difference was found between the methanol-exposed group and the control group optic nerve CD34 intensity scores (P=0.014), but no significant difference was found between optic nerve CD34 and GFAP extent scores (P=0.05)., Conclusion: The study revealed that methanol affects brain putamen and the optic nerve selectively. We detected a positive significant correlation between brain and optic nerve GFAP expression. CD34 expression was markedly decreased by the toxic effects of methanol.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign proliferative lesion of mammarian stroma that presents as a localized mass. We describe the clinical, radiologic, cytologic, and histopathologic features of a case of PASH with giant cells that presented as a rapidly growing localized mass in the breast in a 32-year-old woman. An unusual feature of our case was the presence of multinucleated giant cells lining pseudovascular spaces and dispersing in collagenous stroma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case in the English literature and PASH with predominance of multinucleated giant cells has never been described previously in a female patient.

Müllerian adenosarcoma (MS) is a rare neoplasm of uterine cervix composed of benign epithelial and malignant stromal components. An aggressive variant of adenosarcoma, müllerian adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth (MASO) is extremely rare. The difference between MS and MASO is the pure high grade sarcoma features in MASO. In this report we present a MASO case, derived from uterine cervix of a 60 year-old-female patient presenting as a cervical polypoid mass, to our knowledge the second case of the English literature. In spite of sarcomatous overgrowth, high mitotic activity and huge tumor size of 12,5 cms, it displayed no myometrial invasion, vascular invasion and heterologous elements. The patient has been clinically free of disease for 14 months of follow up after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateralsalpingo-oopherectomy. The difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of this entity will be evaluated in this report.