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The effect of the QTL involved in climacteric ripening ETHQB3.5 on the fruit VOC composition was studied using a set of Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs) containing overlapping introgressions from the Korean accession PI 16375 on the chromosome 3 in the climacteric ‘Piel de Sapo’ (PS) genetic background. ETHQB3.5 was mapped in an interval of 1.24 Mb that contained a NAC transcription factor. NIL fruits also showed differences in VOC composition belonging to acetate esters, non-acetate esters, and sulfur-derived families. Cosegregation of VOC composition (23 out of 48 total QTLs were mapped) and climacteric ripening was observed, suggesting a pleiotropic effect of ETHQB3.5. On the other hand, other VOCs (mainly alkanes, aldehydes, and ketones) showed a pattern of variation independent of ETHQB3.5 effects, indicating the presence of other genes controlling non-climacteric ripening VOCs. Network correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering found groups of highly correlated compounds and confirmed the involvement of the climacteric differences in compound classes and VOC differences. The modification of melon VOCs may be achieved with or without interfering with its physiological behavior, but it is likely that high relative concentrations of some type of ethylene-dependent esters could be achieved in climacteric cultivars.

El ejercicio de las denominadas profesiones liberales a través de fórmulas societarias permite adoptar conforme a su normativa reguladora cualquiera de los tipos sociales previstos en el ordenamiento jurídico. Si la forma elegida para desarrollar la actividad profesional es la de sociedad laboral estaremos ante una sociedad profesional laboral o laboral profesional (según se ponga el acento en el objeto social o en la forma jurídica escogida) que tendrá que cumplir con los requisitos previstos en su normativa específica, sin perjuicio de los indicados por la norma correspondiente a la forma social que adopten, rigiéndose en consecuencia por la normativa de uno y otro tipo . La sociedad laboral profesional es, desde un punto de vista fiscal, una sociedad mercantil que se sujetará, en principio, y como cualquier otra sociedad a los gravámenes derivados de la actividad desarrollada y por las actuaciones o titularidades que en cada caso realicen u ostenten. Con independencia de esta afirmación, debemos precisar no obstante que este tipo societario reviste, tanto por la forma adoptada (la sociedad laboral) como por el objeto social elegido (las actividades profesionales), un especial interés que justifica un estudio más detallado de su fiscalidad. En efecto, elegir la naturaleza de sociedad laboral para llevar a cabo actividades económicas supone actuar en el mercado como sociedad de capital sujeta a los tributos que gravarán a cualquier persona jurídica que realicen los hechos, actos o negocios susceptibles de gravamen, pero en la que concurren además ciertas circunstancias que las caracterizan como entidad de economía social, y que las hacen merecedoras de un trato fiscal específico. Y es que la sociedad laboral constituye una figura societaria peculiar que refleja en un solo modelo económico dos realidades diferentes, lo que condiciona su constitución y funcionamiento y, en principio, las políticas públicas de actuación y fomento. Estamos así ante una sociedad de capi

Nitrate (NO3−) pollution of surface and groundwater bodies is a global problem of increasing concern, which has stimulated significant research interest. Nitrogen is crucial for life as a macronutrient for living organisms on Earth, but the global nitrogen cycle has been seriously altered by intensification of human activities, leading to eutrophication and hypoxic conditions of aquatic ecosystems. Due to nitrogen overfertilization, intensive agricultural practices generate huge nitrate fluxes that inadvertently deteriorate water quality. Different industrial processes also contribute to NO3− pollution in the environment. There are multiple technologies capable of achieving effective denitrification of waterbodies to ensure safe NO3− levels. Either separation-based or transformation-based denitrification technologies must address the challenges of by-product generation, increased energy demand, and reduced environmental footprint. This paper highlights the most used approaches, along with some promising alternatives for remediation of nitrate-polluted waters.

In times of COVID-19, trust in safety and security measures in the hospitality industry has become a key variable for destination management and recovery; but what are the main measures that should be applied to ensure visitors’ confidence? This paper seeks to understand and identify the main tools proving efficient in ensuring the return of visitors. With this aim, the perception of tourists visiting the Region of Murcia (Spain) during 2021 is analyzed. Main results state that the adoption of anti-COVID measures by establishments positively influences user’s satisfaction and their intention to repeat. Moreover, disinfection and hygienic measures along with capacity restrictions are identified as the preferred measures. Visitors were also asked about how new technology measures recently developed by the industry could influence their intention to return. Results show that those aimed at monitoring air quality and cleaning and disinfection of spaces are crucial. These findings contribute relevant recommendations for the hospitality industry and destination managers in a post-COVID horizon.

La obra contiene las 21 comunicaciones seleccionadas por el Comité científico del Congreso Internacional «Retos interdisciplinares en el entorno de la Industria 4.0», celebrado en Cartagena, los días 22 y 23 de marzo de 2021 para ser publicadas en la editorial de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Evento en el que se ha presentado los primeros resultados del proyecto 20976/PI/18: El impacto de la Industria 4.0 en el trabajo: Una visión interdisciplinar, financiado por la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia a través de la convocatoria de Ayudas a proyectos para el desarrollo de investigación científica y técnica por grupos competitivos, incluida en el Programa Regional de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica (Plan de Actuación 2019) de la Fundación Séneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia. Toda la información del proyecto, así como las ponencias y comunicaciones presentadas pueden visionarse en la siguiente página: www.lanuevaeralaboral.es

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the periodical UV-B radiation hormesis during kale seeds germination in their main content of secondary metabolite compounds (phenols; glucosinolates; total antioxidant capacity –TAC–) and their changes during a refrigerated shelf-life. The total UV-B doses received were 0, 5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 (CTRL, UVB5, UVB10, and UVB15) in where the 25% was applied on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th sprouting day. UV radiation did not affect the morphological development of the sprouts. UVB10 and UVB15 treatments increased their phenolic content (>30%). Likewise, TAC was increased by UV-B lighting ~10% (DPPH) and ~20% (FRAP). The hydroxycinnamic acid content in UVB15-treated sprouts increased by 52%, while UVB5 reported an increase of 34% in the kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside concentration, compared to CTRL. After 10 d at 4 °C of shelf-life, content of gallic acid hexoside I and gallic acid increased by 55 and 78% compared to UV-untreated kale sprouts, respectively. Glucoraphanin was the main glucosinolate found in kale sprouts and seeds, followed by 4-hydroxy-glucobrassicin, whose biosynthesis was enhanced by UVB10 (~24 and ~27%) and UVB15 (~36 and ~30%), respectively, compared to CTRL. In conclusion, periodical low UV-B illumination represents a useful tool to stimulate phytochemicals biosynthesis in kale sprouts as an important source of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.

[EN] Agriculture is a major source of diffuse pollution, where nitrogen and sediment pollution of water bodies are its main associated environmental impacts. Best management practices are effective tools for preventing and minimizing water pollution. Water quality models and model-based scenario analyses are useful tools for assessing impacts of best management practices and to identify appropriate strategies on the watershed scale. This study was conducted in the southernmost Mar Menor basin, one of the largest saltwater coastal lagoons in Europe and threatened by diffuse nutrient and sediment export from the agricultural landscape. This study evaluates the impact of several management practices on nitrogen and sediment loads, and horticultural crop yield, to identify an appropriate management strategy on the watershed scale. Both structural and nonstructural management practices scenarios were evaluated: three scenarios representing field operations, two coastal line buffers, a new fertilizer management strategy and a change in the productive cultivation system from three-crop rotation to two-crop rotation. Each management practice reduced a certain type of diffuse pollution and, therefore, a combined set of changed management practices is necessary to cope with all agricultural pollution types. Contour farming, combined with hedgerow field borders, was effective in sediment yield and surface organic nitrogen export reduction terms, while improved fertilizer management reduced surface nitrate export and leaching with minimal impacts on crop yields

The growing global need for social cohesion and sustainable development gives visibility to cooperatives because their principles help to achieve these objectives and the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Among them, gender equality policies are in the forefront. This paper explains how cooperatives contribute to women’s professional opportunities and to balancing the presence of women in management positions. It analyzes the predominant leadership styles and gender differences in cooperatives with a sample of 114 cooperative firms. The results show that: a) both transformational and transactional leadership styles are widely used; b) no significant differences in leadership styles between men and women exist; and c) the composition of management teams results in significant leadership style differences. The transformational style is less often used in mixed teams with a male majority and a woman president, and most often used in homogeneous teams (made up of only men or only women). Transactional leadership is more frequently implemented in teams made up only of women than in mixed masculine teams with a female president. These findings identify women’s leadership styles in cooperatives, pointing out their difficulties and introducing innovative proposals for contributing to their success and the achievement of SDGs in cooperatives.

Air quality management is underpinned by continuous measurements of concentrations of target air pollutants in monitoring stations. Although many approaches for optimizing the number and location of air quality monitoring stations are described in the literature, these are usually focused on dense networks. However, there are small and medium-size urban areas that only require one monitoring station but also suffer from severe air pollution. Given that target pollutants are usually measured at the same sampling points; it is necessary to develop a methodology to determine the optimal location of the single station. In this paper, such a methodology is proposed based on maximizing an objective function, that balances between different pollutants measured in the network. The methodology is applied to a set of data available for the city of Cartagena, in southeast Spain. A sensitivity analysis reveals that 2 small areas of the studied city account for 80% of the optimal potential locations, which makes them ideal candidates for setting up the monitoring station. The methodology is easy to implement, robust and supports the decision-making process regarding the siting of fixed sampling sites.

The European Union requires that benzene in the air is continuously measured due to its toxicity and widespread presence in the population nuclei, mainly motivated by vehicle emissions. The reference measuring technique is gas chromatography (GC). Automatic chromatographs used in monitoring stations must verify the operating conditions established in Standard EN 14662 part 3, which includes a type approval section with a number of tests that analysers must pass. Among these tests, the potential interference of a number of compounds is evaluated. The 2005 version of the mentioned standard requires the evaluation of the potential interference of tetrachloromethane (TCM). The 2015 version eliminates TCM as a potential interferent. Although most consumer uses of TCM have been banned, recent studies have measured significant concentrations of TCM in the air. In this paper, the potential interference of TCM in benzene measurements obtained with gas chromatography coupled to a photoionisation detector (GC-PID) has been investigated. Our study shows that the simultaneous presence of benzene and TCM causes a significant decrease in benzene readings. For TCM concentrations of 0.7 µg m−3 (typical of urban areas) and 4.5 µg m−3 (detected in the vicinity of landfills), the relative errors in benzene measurements were 34 % and 70 %, respectively, which are far too high compared to the maximum overall uncertainty allowed for benzene measurements (25 %). Possible mechanisms to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the behaviour of the PID when measuring benzene with and without TCM have been proposed.

[EN] Several hypotheses regarding hand and mechanical harvesting have been analysed, in order to estimate the economic possibilities for the mechanical harvesting of lemons taking into account the current availability of technology. We considered several detachment options under experimental conditions; only yellow detachment has been considered for mechanical harvesting, because the sensitivity to the impacts is lower and mechanical detachment was high (80%). Price changes throughout the season were also considered. Total harvest cost is an average of the cost of mechanical harvesting (80%) and the cost of manually harvesting remaining fruit (20%), plus the cost of handling the mechanical harvested fraction. This cost ranges between 0.031 and 0.058 € kg-1 for outputs between 20 and 60 t ha-1, respectively, which is always lower than harvesting by hand (0.065 € kg-1). A Monte Carlo approach was used to study the sensitivity of the results, and Value at Risk (VaR) calculated. The analysis showed that the mechanical harvesting margin is c0.020 € kg-1 higher than the hand harvesting margin, and the output dispersion is higher in March. The VaR analysis showed that at 10% there was no risk that the hand margin is higher than the mechanical margin; at 5% the risk is very low and only for March harvesting. Mechanical harvesting represents a good economic option compared to hand harvesting, since it can increase farmer income by between 400 and 1200 € ha-1.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Hydrological Sciences Journal on 2018, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/02626667.2017.1414384, [EN] This study focuses on the spatial variations in vegetative roughness associated with morphological channel adjustments due to the presence of check dams in Mediterranean torrential streams. Manning's n values were estimated using methods established by previous studies of submerged and non-submerged vegetation in laboratory flume experiments and field work. The results showed a linear decrease in shrub density and rate of variation of the roughness coefficient versus degree of submergence with increasing distance upstream from the check dam, while downstream, the filling of the check dam and the bed incision had the most influence. A regression analysis was applied by fitting the data to different models: relationships between Manning's n and the flow velocity were found to be of the power type for shrubs in all upstream sections, while relationships of flow velocity versus hydraulic radius in the sections closest to check dams showed a good fit to second-order polynomial equations.

The Coastal Ocean Observation System of Murcia Region (OOCMUR) was established in 2008 as a major scientific and technological infrastructure in Spain with the main objective of studying the impact of global climate change in the Mediterranean. The coastal lagoon of Mar Menor in southeast Spain was chosen as the first region to be monitored because it is one of the most hypersaline coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean, with a limited exchange of water with the open sea, and it is the largest in Europe. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an efficient and innovative solution for oceanographic monitoring, allowing a higher density sensor deployment, at a lower cost. This paper presents the design of an ad hoc WSN system and a control software for Mar Menor monitoring using a buoy structure with sensors, energy harvesting, and communications platform. The study focuses on the oceanographic interest of the selected marine area, details of network deployment, the custom-designed sensor nodes, and the results of system operation.

[SPA] La economía colaborativa, en la heterogeneidad de las actividades que la conforman, plantea un doble reto para las administraciones tributarias: lograr la adecuada tributación de los sujetos intervinientes, combatiendo la evasión fiscal y evitando disparidades perjudiciales entre las prácticas fiscales de los distintos países; y conseguir ajustar la normativa tributaria a las exigencias de estos modelos de intervención en el mercado, a través si fuera necesario del correspondiente estímulo fiscal. Estas cuestiones se abordan en el presente trabajo desde la óptica general de los problemas detectados, y el de las correspondientes propuestas de la Unión Europea para solventarlos, así como desde la revisión de tales cuestiones desde nuestro propio ordenamiento interno., [ENG] The collaborative economy implies a double challenge for tax administrations: to achie-ve the proper taxation of the subjects who participate, to combat tax evasion effectively, and avoiding harmful disparities between the fiscal practices of the different countries; and, adjust the tax regulations to the requirements of these intervention models in the market, through the necessary tax benefits. These issues are addressed in the present work from the general perspective of the problems detected and the corresponding Eu-ropean Union proposals, as well as from the revision of our internal law.

"© 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permissíon from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertisíng or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.", [EN] Recent proposals are based on classifying memory accesses into private or shared in order to process private accesses more efficiently and reduce coherence overhead. The classification mechanisms previously proposed are either not able to adapt to the dynamic sharing behavior of the applications or require frequent broadcast messages. Additionally, most of these classification approaches assume single-level translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). However, deeper and more efficient TLB hierarchies, such as the ones implemented in current commodity processors, have not been appropriately explored. This paper analyzes accurate classification mechanisms in multilevel TLB hierarchies. In particular, we propose an efficient data classification strategy for systems with distributed shared last-level TLBs. Our approach classifies data accounting for temporal private accesses and constrains TLB-related traffic by issuing unicast messages on first-level TLB misses. When our classification is employed to deactivate coherence for private data in directory-based protocols, it improves the directory efficiency and, consequently, reduces coherence traffic to merely 53.0%, on average. Additionally, it avoids some of the overheads of previous classification approaches for purely private TLBs, improving average execution time by nearly 9% for large-scale systems.

[SPA] Las sociedades cooperativas, como entidades de economía social, gozan en nuestro ordenamiento de un régimen tributario específico justificado por la naturaleza de la función que desempeñan. Las medidas tributarias previstas en la normativa como instrumentos de fomento del cooperativismo no han logrado sin embargo el objetivo propuesto, entre otros motivos, por su modo de articulación en el tributo. En este trabajo se analizan los problemas generados por el actual sistema de configuración de incentivos fiscales a las sociedades cooperativas, basado en la forma y naturaleza jurídica de la entidad beneficiaria, efectuando las oportunas propuestas de modificación para establecer un sistema tributario que en su vertiente de beneficio se articule sobre la base de la consecución de objetivos concretos, con independencia del tipo social que los alcance., [ENG] Cooperatives as social economy organizations enjoy in our system for a specific taxation, justified by the nature of the role. The tax measures provided for in the regulations as instruments to promote cooperatives, have not achieved objectives, among other reasons by the way they have articulated. In this paper we review the problems generated by the current system for setting tax incentives to cooperatives, based on the legal form of the beneficiary organization, proposing modification to a system of achieving objectives.

[EN] A new set of temporal features derived from codispersion and cross-semivariogram geostatistical functions is proposed, described, extracted, and evaluated for object-based land-use/land-cover change detection using high resolution images. Five features were extracted from the codispersion function and another six from the cross-semivariogram. The set of features describes the temporal behaviour of the internal structure of the image objects defined in a cadastral database. The set of extracted features was combined with spectral information and a feature selection study was performed using forward stepwise discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, as well as correlation and feature interpretation analysis. The temporal feature set was validated using high resolution aerial images from an agricultural area located in south-east Spain, in order to solve a tree crop change detection problem. Direct classification using decision tree classifier was used as change detection method. Different classifications were performed comparing various feature group combinations in order to obtain the most suitable features for this study. Results showed that the new sets of cross-semivariogram and codispersion features provided high global accuracy classification results (83.55% and 85.71% respectively), showing high potential for detecting changes related to the internal structure of agricultural tree crop parcels. A significant increase in accuracy value was obtained when combining features from both groups with spectral information (94.59%).

Se presenta una solución para la gestión de la prevención que consiste en un conjunto software-hardware que permite gestionar los permisos de trabajo para el uso de equipos, máquinas, vehículos y los accesos a los lugares en diferentes formas, incluidas las tareas especiales. El citado software está vinculado con el elemento de hardware asociado a cada uno de los entes que integre el sistema de gestión, mediante comunicación entre ambos. El trabajador dispone de una tarjeta que le permite interaccionar con aquellos equipos y lugares para los que dispone de permiso y le impide el uso, arranque o acceso al resto. El técnico de prevención puede programar la actividad, visualizarla, desde un ordenador, en tiempo real y conceder y denegar permisos. Los permisos de uso se vinculan con la existencia de formación, así como con la caducidad y la actualización de la misma. El software es muy intuitivo y puede ser utilizado por cualquier persona con mínimos conocimientos de informática. El elemento hardware, que se enclava a cada equipo, máquina o vehículo no altera su funcionamiento. El desenclavamiento del elemento deja rastro. Mediante la herramienta diseñada se podrá disponer de los datos acumulados de usos y accesos. Los intentos de uso no autorizados por parte de un trabajador se registran como incidencias. La solución desarrollada se está ensayando como experiencia piloto en tres empresas con diferente actividad. Se trata de una herramienta que facilita la integración de la prevención en la organización de la empresa.

La mayoría de riesgos mecánicos se relaciona con la posibilidad de contacto entre una extremidad del operario con la parte móvil de una máquina cuyas consecuencias pueden ser variadas pero en cualquier caso nocivas para el trabajador. Esas partes móviles a las que no debe acceder la extremidad pueden tener que ser accesibles al material con el que se trabaja, de modo que, en ocasiones, cuando se produce un descuido del operario es posible que se permita el acceso casi siempre de las manos a esos lugares pudiéndose producir accidentes (cortes, atrapamientos, aplastamientos…) Para reducir la siniestralidad en estos entornos industriales donde se trabaja con máquinas-herramientas se desarrolló y se publicó en el pasado ORP 2014 un proyecto piloto basado en el uso de una cámara termográfica capaz de discernir por diferencia de temperatura entre la citada extremidad o el material. Sin embargo, el excesivo coste de este tipo de cámaras respecto al de la propia máquina herramienta haría poco viable su utilización en multitud de situaciones. Para salvar esta dificultad y con el fin de hacer una propuesta fácilmente asimilable en cualquier industria, se ha desarrollado un dispositivo de seguridad adaptable a cada situación al que se le ha dado el nombre de ventana de infrarrojos. La citada ventana cubre el perímetro necesario en cada situación que se corresponde con los lugares por los que se podría tener acceso a la parte móvil de la máquina, se basa en el empleo simultáneo de varios sensores de termografía infrarroja de muy bajo coste que se sitúan como vigilantes en el perímetro de la ventana y que permiten comprobar constantemente que nos se produzca el paso de la extremidad del operario a través de la misma. El número de sensores es el suficiente para cubrir el área que se quiere vigilar. Existe un algoritmo que permite tomar las decisiones en función de la lectura de todos los sensores para activar el protocolo de seguridad. Obviamente, el paso a través de la misma del

El importante desarrollo que han tenido en las últimas décadas las técnicas asociadas al diseño y más concretamente de paquetes informáticos de diseño como Solidworks o Catia permite desarrollar desde su origen máquinas y equipos de trabajo en los que incorporar dispositivos de seguridad y someter al conjunto a simulaciones de comportamiento mecánico en las que, modificando determinadas variables, observar la respuesta de todo el sistema con el fin de comprobar su eficacia, lo cual supone un importante avance en muchos casos en los que ensayar la utilidad de un nuevo dispositivo de seguridad en caso de accidente podría conllevar riesgos innecesarios y costes muy elevados. Por otra parte, una vez hecho el desarrollo del trabajo, las escenas creadas en las que se reproduce un determinado accidente pueden ser utilizadas mediante la técnica de inmersión en realidad virtual como herramientas para formar e informar a los trabajadores. En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de varias escenas asociadas a dos tipos de accidentes que bien por frecuencia bien por gravedad son considerados muy importantes dentro del ámbito de la seguridad. Concretamente se trata de una serie de escenas en las que se ha provocado el vuelco de un tractor y de las que se ha conseguido obtener información del comportamiento del mismo cuando es sometido a distintas variables (velocidad, inclinación, aceleración o combinaciones de cualquiera de las anteriores). También se presenta otra serie de escenas asociadas con un accidente en el que se produce atrapamiento (riesgo mecánico) como consecuencia del excesivo acercamiento de una extremidad a una curvadora de rodillos. En ambos casos se muestra la utilidad de la realidad virtual inmersiva que se presenta de un modo hiperrealista y en la que hay una implicación sensorial por parte del individuo y que permite al operador experimentar de un modo controlado un supuesto accidente.

[EN] Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) explore different habitats with a view to protecting and managing them. They are developed to overcome scientific challenges and the engineering problems caused by the unstructured and hazardous underwater environment in which they operate. Their development bears the same difficulties as the rest of service robots (hardware heterogeneity, sensor uncertainty, software complexity, etc.) as well as other particular from the domain, like the underwater environment, energy constraints, and autonomy. This article describes the AEGIR UUV, used as a test bed for implementation of control strategies and oceanographic mission in the Mar Menor area in Spain, which is one of the largest coastal lagoons in Europe. It also describes the development of a tool chain that follows a model-driven approach, which has been used in the design of the vehicle control software as well as a component-based framework that provides the runtime support of the application and enables its flexible deployment in nodes, processes and threads and pre-verification of concurrent behavior., [ES] Los vehículos submarinos no tripulados (Unmanned Underwater Vehicles, UUVs) se diseñan para misiones de monitorización, inspección e intervención. En estudios oceanográficos y de monitorización ambiental son cada vez más demandados por las innumerables ventajas que presentan con respecto a las tecnologías tradicionales. Estos vehículos son desarrollados para superar los retos científicos y los problemas de ingeniería que aparecen en el entorno no estructurado y hostil del fondo marino en el que operan. Su desarrollo no solo conlleva las mismas dificultades que el resto de los robots de servicio (heterogeneidad en el hardware, incertidumbre de los sistemas de medida, complejidad del software, etc.), sino que además se les unen las propias del dominio de aplicación, la robótica submarina: condiciones de iluminación, incertidumbre en cuanto a posición y velocidad, restricciones energéticas, etc. Este artículo describe el UUV AEGIR, un vehículo utilizado como banco de pruebas para la implementación de estrategias de control y misiones oceanográficas. También describe el desarrollo de una cadena de herramientas que sigue un enfoque dirigido por modelos, utilizada en el diseño del software de control del vehículo, así como un framework basado en componentes que proporciona el soporte de ejecución de la aplicación y permite su despliegue flexible en nodos, procesos e hilos y pre-verificación del comportamiento concurrente. Su diseño ha permitido desarrollar, comprobar y añadir los componentes que proporcionan el comportamiento necesario para que el UUV AEGIR pudiera completar con éxito distintos tipos de misiones oceanográficas.

[EN] Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) explore different habitats with a view to protecting and managing them. They are developed to overcome scientific challenges and the engineering problems caused by the unstructured and hazardous underwater environment in which they operate. Their development bears the same difficulties as the rest of service robots (hardware heterogeneity, sensor uncertainty, software complexity, etc.) as well as other particular from the domain, like the underwater environment, energy constraints, and autonomy. This article describes the AEGIR UUV, used as a test bed for implementation of control strategies and oceanographic mission in the Mar Menor area in Spain, which is one of the largest coastal lagoons in Europe. It also describes the development of a tool chain that follows a model-driven approach, which has been used in the design of the vehicle control software as well as a component-based framework that provides the runtime support of the application and enables its flexible deployment in nodes, processes and threads and pre-verification of concurrent behavior., [ES] Los vehículos submarinos no tripulados (Unmanned Underwater Vehicles, UUVs) se diseñan para misiones de monitorización, inspección e intervención. En estudios oceanográficos y de monitorización ambiental son cada vez más demandados por las innumerables ventajas que presentan con respecto a las tecnologías tradicionales. Estos vehículos son desarrollados para superar los retos científicos y los problemas de ingeniería que aparecen en el entorno no estructurado y hostil del fondo marino en el que operan. Su desarrollo no solo conlleva las mismas dificultades que el resto de los robots de servicio (heterogeneidad en el hardware, incertidumbre de los sistemas de medida, complejidad del software, etc.), sino que además se les unen las propias del dominio de aplicación, la robótica submarina: condiciones de iluminación, incertidumbre en cuanto a posición y velocidad, restricciones energéticas, etc. Este artículo describe el UUV AEGIR, un vehículo utilizado como banco de pruebas para la implementación de estrategias de control y misiones oceanográficas. También describe el desarrollo de una cadena de herramientas que sigue un enfoque dirigido por modelos, utilizada en el diseño del software de control del vehículo, así como un framework basado en componentes que proporciona el soporte de ejecución de la aplicación y permite su despliegue flexible en nodos, procesos e hilos y pre-verificación del comportamiento concurrente. Su diseño ha permitido desarrollar, comprobar y añadir los componentes que proporcionan el comportamiento necesario para que el UUV AEGIR pudiera completar con éxito distintos tipos de misiones oceanográficas.

The presence of the phthalates di-n-dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate, the alkylphenols nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates, and 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (DEGME) was determined and quanti ed in 26 detergents and cleaning products for domestic use. These chemicals are subject to authorization and restriction (REACH Regulation). Chromatography was used for separation (reverse-phase liquid chromatography for phthalates and alkylphenols, and gas chromatography for glycol ethers), and mass spectrometry for detection. Phthalates were detected in all samples. Phthalate concentrations were below the authorization limit for mixtures. Nonylphenol was present in a concentration that was relatively lower than those of nonylphenol ethoxylates. Alkylphenol concentrations were below the restriction level on the sale and use of domestic cleaning products. DEGME concentrations were below the restriction level on the sale of cleaning products to the general public. In sum, the concentrations of the di erent analyzed substances were below the concentration levels requiring authorization or restriction under the REACH Regulation., Se ha determinado y cuanti cado los ftalatos di-n-butilftalato, bis(2-etilhexil)ftalato, y bencilbutilftalato, los alquilfenoles nonilfenol y etoxilatos de nonilfenol, y el 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethanol (DEGME), por estar sujetos a autorización o restricción en el Reglamento REACH, en 26 detergentes y limpiadores de uso doméstico, utilizando cromatografía para la separación (cromatografía líquida en fase reversa para los ftalatos y los alquilfenoles, y cromatografía de gases para los éteres glicólicos) y espectrometría de masas para la detección. En todas las muestras se detectaron ftalatos. Las concentraciones de ftalatos fueron inferiores al límite al que están obligadas a autorización en mezclas. Nonilfenol en concentraciones relativamente más bajas que los etoxilatos de nonilfenol. Las concentraciones de alquilfenoles fueron inferiores al límite de restricción a la comercialización y uso en limpiadores domésticos. Las concentraciones de DEGME fueron inferiores al límite de restricción a la comercialización en limpiadores de venta al público. En conclusión, las concentraciones de las sustancias analizadas están por debajo de los límites de concentración que obligan a autorización o restricción., Foram determinados e quanti cados os seguintes ftalatos: di-n-butilftalato, bis (2-etilhexil) ftalato e benzilbutilftalato, os alquilfenóisnonilfenol e 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethanol (DEGME), por estarem sujeitos a autorização ou restrição no Regulamento REACH, em 26 detergentes e produtos de limpeza de uso doméstico, utilizando cromatogra a para a separação (cromatogra a líquida em fase revertida para os ftalatos e alquilfenóis, e cromatogra a de gases para os éteres glicólicos) e espectrometria de massa para a deteção. Foram detectados ftalatos em todas as amostras. As concentrações de ftalatos foram inferiores ao limite a que estão obrigadas a autorização em misturas. Nonilfenol em concentrações relativamente mais baixas que os etoxilados de nonilfenol. As concentrações de alquilfenóis foram inferiores ao limite de restrição para a comercialização e uso em produtos de limpeza doméstica. Concentrações de DEGME foram inferiores ao limite de restrição para a comercialização em produtos de limpeza de venda ao público. Em conclusão, as concentrações das substâncias analisadas estão abaixo dos limites de concentração que obrigam a autorização ou a restrição.

[EN] The aim of this experimental work was to study shrinkage evolution with age in self-compacting concretes (SCC) in which part of the fine aggregate was replaced by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as sand. Seven types of SCC were made with a w/c ratio of 0.55 and different slag contents. The results show that replacing sand by GBFS gives rise to mixes with higher pore volume but with slightly finer porous structure (smaller median pore and threshold diameters). At early ages slag SCCs have similar compressive strength to that of the reference concrete, although in the long term their strength increases as a result of slag reactivity. We also observed that the higher the slag content, the higher were both autogenous and drying shrinkage and consequently also total shrinkage. In comparison with the reference concrete, the increase in total shrinkage was found to be of the order of 4% and 44% when 10% and 60%, respectively, of the sand was replaced by slag.

[ES] La poda mecánica en cítricos comenzó a realizarse de forma experimental en los años 50 en USA. En España se realizaron los primeros ensayos en los 80 y actualmente este tipo de poda, utilizada bien sola o bien combinada con poda manual, se emplea de manera habitual en algunas explotaciones, pero es una técnica que no está ampliamente aceptada entre los agricultores, entre otros motivos, por la falta de estudios rigurosos que justifiquen sus posibles ventajas. En este trabajo se ha evaluado el potencial de la poda mecánica combinada con poda manual en un campo de mandarinos Fortune situado en Cartagena (Murcia), en un ensayo de dos años de duración en el que se han controlado la producción y el calibre de la fruta como principales variables de estudio.

This work compares mechanical pruning followed up by hand pruning versus manual pruning in the case of Fortune mandarins. Yield and fruit quality were measured over a three-year period. Two mechanical pruning intensities were tested, these intensities being measured as the width of the row middles left free after mechanical pruning. Although there were differences in biomass and diameter of the branches that were cut, no differences were observed between the two mechanical pruning intensities in terms of yield or fruit quality. In all pruning treatments, fruit size reached the highest category. The pruning treatments consisted in: (i) hand pruning every year, (ii) mechanical pruning followed up by hand pruning every year, and (iii) alternating the two previous methods over the years studied. On analysing the accumulated fruit production of the three years, it can be observed that there were no significant differences in yield when mechanical pruning was alternated with hand pruning over the years. When only mechanical pruning was used for the three years, however, a 22% reduction in yield was observed with respect to the treatment involving hand pruning alone. From the economic point of view, mechanical pruning shortened the time needed to complete the followup hand pruning by 13% with respect to just hand pruning, but this reduction in labour does not offset the cost of the mechanical equipment.

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10766-013-0249-6, The introduction of auto-tuning techniques in linear algebra shared-memory routines is analyzed. Information obtained in the installation of the routines is used at running time to take some decisions to reduce the total execution time. The study is carried out with routines at different levels (matrix multiplication, LU and Cholesky factorizations and linear systems symmetric or general routines) and with calls to routines in the LAPACK and PLASMA libraries with multithread implementations. Medium NUMA and large cc-NUMA systems are used in the experiments. This variety of routines, libraries and systems allows us to obtain general conclusions about the methodology to use for linear algebra shared-memory routines auto-tuning. Satisfactory execution times are obtained with the proposed methodology.

Los Premios de Desarrollo Sostenible tienen como finalidad reconocer públicamente el esfuerzo realizado por las empresas e instituciones en gestión ambiental. Contribuyen a difundir aquellas experiencias de éxito e ideas que pueden ser referentes para la sociedad. La Consejería de Presidencia de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia ha premiado a la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UCPT) y a su Spin-off Widhoc en la sexta edición de los Premios de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Viscosity-modifying admixtures (VMAs) are often used to increase the robustness of self-compacting concretes (SCCs); however, concretes produced in this way require a higher cement or additions content than those made with additional limestone filler and thus are less attractive from the point of view of economics and sustainability. In light of this, the objective of this paper was to study the robustness of a SCC made with VMAs and low filler content and to determine whether it was comparable to a commercial SCC, with high limestone filler content and less cement. Three types of SCCs with water/cement (w/c) = 0.6 were produced with water contents varying between and . A linear regression model was constructed from the experimental data for each of the properties analyzed so as to provide an easy method of calculating the acceptable percentage of water-content variation in concrete that satisfies certain robustness requirements. This model provides a comparison of the different types of SCCs and thus assists the concrete producer to select the appropriate mixes. The results show that variations in flowability and compressive strength due to changes in water content were very similar in the three concrete types considered in this study. However, when filler was replaced by VMA, the material¿s cohesive properties (viscosity and segregation resistance) showed improvement. In the SCC made with additional limestone fines, slump flow spread time and V-funnel time were the properties that contributed the most to reducing the material robustness. It was also observed that segregation resistance and compressive strength do not play a significant role in the robustness of SCCs under consideration.

[EN] Real-Time Systems have some characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to architectural decisions. The use of Frameworks and Components has proven effective in improving productivity and software quality, especially when combined with Software Product Line approaches. However, the results in terms of software reuse and standardization make the lack of portability of both the design and componentbased implementations clear. This article, based on the Model- Driven Software Development paradigm, presents an approach that separates the component-based description of real-time applications from their possible implementations on different platforms. This separation is supported by the automatic integration of the code obtained from the input models into object-oriented frameworks. The article also details the architectural decisions taken in the implementation of one of such frameworks, which is used as a case study to illustrate the proposed approach. Finally, a comparison with other alternative approaches is made in terms of development cost., [ES] Los Sistemas de Tiempo-Real poseen características que los hacen particularmente sensibles a las decisiones arquitectónicas que se adopten. El uso de Frameworks y Componentes ha demostrado ser eficaz en la mejora de la productividad y calidad del software, sobre todo si se combina con enfoques de Líneas de Productos. Sin embargo, los resultados en cuanto a reutilización y estandarización dejan patente la ausencia de portabilidad tanto de los diseños como las implementaciones basadas en componentes. Este artículo, fundamentado en el Desarrollo de Software Dirigido por Modelos, presenta un enfoque que separa la descripción de aplicaciones de tiempo–real basadas en componentes de sus posibles implementaciones para distintas plataformas. Esta separación viene soportada por la integración automática del código obtenido a partir de los modelos de entrada en frameworks implementados usando tecnología orientada a objetos. Asimismo, se detallan las decisiones arquitectónicas adoptadas en la implementación de uno de estos frameworks, que se utilizará como caso de estudio para ilustrar los beneficios derivados del enfoque propuesto. Por último, se realiza una comparativa en términos de coste de desarrollo con otros enfoques alternativos.

The aim of this experimental work is to study shrinkage evolution with age in self-compacting concretes (SCC) made with w/c = 0.6 and different limestone filler and viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) contents. The results show that limestone fillers speed up hydration reactions and provide a finer porous structure. As a result, when specimens are hardened under water, SCC made with limestone fillers tends to shrink, since the water only penetrates the outer layers of the specimen, while the interior is subject to self-desiccation. If the concrete contains substantial air content (3.2%) the water finds it easier to penetrate and the concrete swells. When hardening takes place in the open air, autogenous shrinkage in SCC is lower than in normally-vibrated concretes (NVC) and the higher the fines content, the lower the shrinkage. This is more than likely due to the use of limestone filler as addition, finer porous structure and higher amount of absorbed water from the aggregate which compensates for the auto-desiccation of the concrete. On the whole, drying shrinkage in SCC is greater than in NVC. However, when filler is replaced by VMA the porous structure is coarser and shrinkage is reduced by 33%, thanks to the lower capillary pressure. This means that due to the reduction in autogenous and drying shrinkage, SCC made solely with VMA presents 7.7% lower total shrinkage than NVC. In SCC made with limestone filler, total shrinkage is only slightly higher than in NVC, the differences being under 9.2%.

[EN] Hand thinning is a necessary but costly practice in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) production. A hand-held mechanical device has been tested to thin peach trees, trained in " free Italian vase" , 50-62days after full bloom. Hand thinning (HT); mechanical thinning (MT); mechanical and hand thinning (MHT); and un-thinned (UT) were tested from 2008 to 2011 in Murcia, south-eastern Spain. After thinning, the distance between the remaining fruits was measured: the shortest distance was 5.2cm for MT, with no significant differences between MHT and HT at 8.6 and 8.8cm, respectively. The differences in distances did not affect the yield and size of the fruit at harvesting in any of the cases. There were no significant differences between HT, MT and MHT treatments in fruit per tree, mean fruit weight and yield efficiency in the 4years the test lasted. Farmers considered the hand-held mechanical device positively because it increased field efficiency. Moreover, with HT the operating time was 291hha -1, with MHT it was 87hha -1 and with MT, 27hha -1. The most expensive system was HT (2442€ha -1) as opposed to 824€ha -1 for MHT. The lowest cost was for MT with 296€ha -1. The net value of fruit (€ha -1) showed no significant differences between HT, MT, and MHT. Based on our study, MT appears to be a promising technique for thinning peach trees for the canning industry, because although the reduction of production costs is not high in comparison with the total cost of the crop, the increase in work speed is of great interest to thin the trees on the most appropriate dates. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Surface and charge ratios between the two electrodes of an electrochromic cell have been shown to be variables that affect their optical and electrochemical performance. By changing the charge ratio, at fixed applied potentials, one of the electrodes decreases its oxidation state variation, therefore lowering its electrochromic response. If the ratio is increased to high enough values the electrode will act as an ion storage layer. Surface ratio also varies the charge ratio, but offers the possibility to use increasingly transparent ion storage layers, which in turn translate into better contrast of the corresponding device. The results obtained suggest a new configuration for electrochromic devices, in which optoelectrochemical performance can be optimized without the use of complementary materials.

[EN] This study demonstrates that Anthemis chrysantha, a 'Critically Endangered' annual plant, produces two morphs of achenes: white and dark achenes, which differ in size, mass, anatomy and germination behaviour. Fresh white achenes germinated at all temperatures assayed from 10 to 25 degrees C in both continuous darkness and 12-h photoperiod, ranging between 24% at 25 degrees C in darkness and 89% at 12/20 degrees C in light, whereas fresh dark achenes did not germinate under any temperature or light conditions. To identify differences in dormancy type between the two morphs, germination of dry-stored achenes, and achenes stratified at 5 or 25 degrees C for 2 months were tested in both darkness and light at 5, 15 and 12/20 degrees C for dry-stored and warm-stratified (25 degrees C) achenes; and at 15, 25 and 12/20 degrees C for cold-stratified (5 degrees C) achenes. Of the white achenes, 90% germinated during the cold stratification period. In general, dry storage and warm stratification did not increase germination compared to fresh achenes. However, dark achenes did not germinate under any conditions. Dark achene dormancy was only broken by mechanical scarification or by excising the embryo (germination reached 71%). An anatomical study showed that the mesocarp of dark achenes had no intercellular spaces and was much thicker and stronger than that of white achenes, making the entry of water difficult, and also preventing germination by mechanical restriction. This study demonstrated that dormancy in the dark achenes is likely caused by the thickness of their pericarp, physically impeding germination and hampering imbibition of water.

[EN] The use of hand-held mechanical devices to thin blooms of peach trees trained into the " free Italian vase" form was studied. Three devices were tested, and no differences were found among them in terms of thinning time and number of fruits per cm 2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) at harvesting. Thinning, by hand or mechanically, reduced the yield per tree by 26-33% with respect to not thinning; however, thinning increased the fruit size. In both years, the yields of fruit >67mm in the thinned trees ranged from 40.4 to 53.4kgtree -1, respectively, whereas in the un-thinned trees, it was 25.1 and 18.2kgtree -1 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Hand thinning took 385hha -1, and mechanical thinning reduced this time by 89%. The cost of hand thinning was 4.8z€tree -1, whereas the cost of mechanical thinning ranged from 0.4 to 1.1z€tree -1. The economic study showed that the total yield value was similar with hand and mechanical thinning, but the cost of mechanical thinning was only 10-18% that of hand thinning. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Publicación que recoge el V Ciclo de Conferencias Personajes de la Región de Murcia

[EN] Let X be a separable superreflexive Banach space with a Schauder basis. We prove the existence of an equivalent uniformly smooth (resp. uniformly rotund) renorming under which the given basis is monotone.

[EN] It is known that, given a Banach space (X, parallel to center dot parallel to), the modulus of convexity associated to this space delta X is a non-negative function, nondecreasing, bounded above by the modulus of convexity of any Hilbert space and satisfies the equation delta x(epsilon)/epsilon(2) <= 4L delta x(mu)/mu(2) for every 0 < epsilon <= mu <= 2, where L > 0 is a constant. We show that, given a function f satisfying these properties then, there exists a Banach space in such a way its modulus of convexity is equivalent to f, in Figiel's sense. Moreover this Banach space can be taken to be two-dimensional.