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While students and parents are back-to-school shopping and meeting new teachers, a potential cyberattack shutting down their schools or stealing their valuable student data should not be on their minds. [...], Every day, a K-12 school in the United States falls victim to a harmful cyberattack that can cost it millions of dollars and keep its doors closed for days or weeks. Schools are desperate for funding to purchase essential cybersecurity services and products to protect their school's networks from these cyberattacks. Such funding should be available through the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) E-Rate program, which was established as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to provide discounts for connectivity services in K-12 schools across the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools and other telecommunications industry stakeholders submitted petitions asking the FCC to consider expanding the E-Rate program to include discounts for advanced firewall and network security services. While schools can currently utilize the E-Rate program to obtain discounts on telecommunications and internet services like cable modems, routers, and antennas, they are currently unable to use E-Rate program funding to purchase essential cybersecurity products and services, including advanced or next-generation firewalls, that would mitigate the impact of cyberattacks. With technological advancements, hackers are more capable than ever to devastatingly harm school networks; as such, the technological needs for achieving connectivity to schools have changed since the 1996 Act was passed. Advanced or next-generation firewalls and other network security services are now more essential than ever to obtaining safe and efficient connectivity for K-12 schools. This Note proposes that the FCC immediately expand the E-Rate program to include essential cybersecurity products and services in the program's eligible services list. The FCC has the requisite authority under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to expand the E-Rate program's eligible services list to keep up with changing technological needs. While different sectors of the federal government are working to resolve the cybersecurity problems schools are facing, what schools need most is immediate and accessible funding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 708 II. DEFINING "PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE ONLINE DATA" 714 A. On a Baseline of Public Accessibility 715 B. Public Accessibility as a Technological Construct: 718 Automating [...], The data scraping and data collection that Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) enable are ubiquitous means of automatically and instantaneously gathering large amounts of online data. Anyone can leverage the capabilities of internet infrastructure to engage in data collection, yet the subjects of the data collection are often unaware of the full extent to which this personal data harvesting occurs. The accessibility and discreetness of large-scale automated online data collection test the overall fitness of the European data protection framework, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), to provide control to individuals over their personal data while promoting innovation and ensuring legal certainty for all parties concerned. This Article explores the extent to which the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the guidance of data protection authorities have accommodated this technological transformation. Data controllers have been the apparent focal point of institutional responses. Absent further clarification, however, an approach focused on data controllers is likely both insufficient and unsustainable. This Article outlines areas for further clarification and additional focus--namely, the concept of "public accessibility" of online data, the notion of "reasonable expectations," the capacity of the "fairness" principle, and an increased emphasis on technological infrastructure and rights-respecting AI development.

CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 333 II. OVERVIEW OF VENTURE CAPITAL 336 A. What is Venture Capital? 336 B. How are Venture Capital Funds Organized? 337 C. How do Venture Capital Funds [...]

The rapid advancement of information and communication technology affects many aspects of women's lives. One aspect is social media which provides freedom of expression. However, women are vulnerable to becoming victims of online crime. This study sought to reveal the forms of gender-based cyber violence experienced by Indonesian women, its impact on victims, and strategies for protecting victims of gender-based cyber violence (GBCV). This study employed qualitative research methods. Informants in this study were 98 women students who experienced gender-based cyber violence. This study found various forms of GBCV experienced by victims, including being sent pornographic videos or links, invited to chat or video chat sex, invited to engage in online prostitution (Open Booking Online), forced to engage in pornographic content, asked to post a picture of the body, and threatened that a personal video will be shared to the public. Gender-based cyber violence is often accompanied by violence that victims directly experience in the real world, since most of the perpetrators are ex-boyfriends or current boyfriends. This study found that, in addition to experiencing GBCV, victims also experienced physical and/or verbal sexual violence or harassment including whistling, groping, teasing, non-consensual caressing or hugging, rape and forced sex, hearing comments about their appearance, being sent photos of sexual body parts via social media, being told jokes with sexual overtones, engaging in video chat sex, being abused while sleeping, threatened with death, cursed at, videotaped having sex, and forced to drink alcohol. Gender-based cyber violence has a negative impact with varying degrees of severity. For this reason, efforts involving various parties are needed to eliminate GBCV and all forms of gender-based violence. The handling and prevention efforts carried out by various state institutions in Indonesia also need to be supported by other parties, for example, NGOs, schools, communities, and families. The study concludes by discussing various models of protection strategies for victims of GBCV. Keywords: Gender-based cyber violence, Violence against women, Protection of victims of violence, Gender equality, Introduction The rapid advancement of information and communication technology affects many aspects of women's lives. One aspect is social media which allows women to express themselves freely. However, women are [...]

At the present stage of development of the state in the Russian Federation, there is a need for reliable protection of data contained in various public registers (e.g. the Unified State Register of Real Estate, the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and others) under criminal law. At the same time, the rapid digitalization of institutions for registering rights and mechanisms for committing crimes has a significant impact on the application of criminal law provisions on the protection of information in public registers. This article discusses the most significant theoretical and practical issues caused by the digitalization of circulation of data contained in public registers: the issue of characterization of electronic digital elements of the corpus delicti of crimes; the issue of the validity of new classification criteria for grouping electronic digital crimes (both in studies and in legislation); various issues regarding law enforcement (e.g. blockchain technologies in public registries, etc.). Purpose: to analyze current doctrinal and practical problems of protection of data contained in public registers under criminal law in the conditions of digital transformation of social relations protected by the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Research methodology: general scientific methods (analysis, description, comparison, etc.) and the formal legal method, which is a specific scientific special legal method. Results: the study confirms the statement about the pervasive process of rapid digitalization of legislation regulating the procedure of circulation of data contained in public registers, which ultimately allows us to draw a conclusion about the digitalization of criminal law protection, implemented through the application of blanket standards of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article formulates a number of conclusions, including the conclusion that at present there is no need for legislative separation within the framework of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of both crimes committed against the circulation of data of public registers, and the group of digital crimes in general.

INTRODUCTION 1224 I. THE PROBLEM 1226 A. Staring Down the Barrel of the Spam Cannon 1226 B. Why Is There So Much Spam ? 1230 C. Why Is There So [...], Email spam is more than just annoying. It is costly, both to the individual and to society. This Comment examines these costs through the lens of one type of spam: political fundraising emails. It also proposes two types of solutions. The first is "front-end" regulation, which could include a do-not-email registry or an outright ban on unsolicited bulk email. This type of regulation would address the spam problem by decreasing the overall amount. The second type of solution is "back-end" regulation, meaning subject-line labeling and a requirement that spammers stick to one sender name. This would tackle the problem by decreasing the costs of receiving each spam email. This Comment weighs the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, ultimately concluding that Congress should pursue back-end regulation first because it is more likely to survive First Amendment scrutiny.

INTRODUCTION 418 I. THE SCIENCE AND LEGISLATION OF BIOMETRICS 421 A. BIOMETRICS IN THE MODERN WORLD 422 B. MODERN RISKS IN THE BIOMETRICS FIELD 424 C. STATE BIOMETRIC REGULATION 427 [...]

On the Hook: Venue, Vicinage, and Double Jeopardy's Relationship with Modern Data Crimes Smith v. United States, 599 U.S. 236 (2023). I. INTRODUCTION Every fisherman has a place he holds [...]

https://b2b-contenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/3150bfac595f-Africa-coordination-meeting-2.png?w=1024 Interpol In einer konzentrierten Polizeiaktion hat Interpol zusammen mit mehreren privatwirtschaftlichen Partnern und Strafverfolgungsbehörden aus 95 Interpol-Mitgliedsländern der Cybercrime-Szene mal wieder einen großen Schlag versetzt. Wie die internationale Polizeibehörde [...]

https://b2b-contenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/shutterstock_2265793351.jpg?quality=50&strip=all&w=1024 Hacker aus China, Nord-Korea, Russland und dem Iran erhalten immer mehr Unterstützung, um ihre kriminellen Machenschaften für den Staat einzusetzen. Andy.LIU/Shutterstock.com Staatlich geförderte Bedrohungsakteure sind keine Unbekannten, wenn es [...]

State-sponsored threat actors are no strangers to false-flag operations, impersonating or relying on cybercriminal groups to hide their real objectives. But the lines between cybercrime and cyberespionage are becoming increasingly [...]

“The fight against cybercrime will be successful if criminals become convinced that the only consequence of their actions can be punishment and not profiting from crime,” reads the notice on [...]

The US Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has proposed a set of security requirements to be fulfilled by organizations running sensitive business transactions with states posing national security and foreign [...]

Internet Archive continues to be in trouble as, according to unnamed claims made on Sunday, it suffered a secondary breach days after falling prey to a security incident that exposed [...]

Cyberattacks targeting the healthcare sector have surged since the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting rush to enable remote delivery of healthcare services. Security vendors and researchers tracking the industry have [...]

IDLink, SpyCloud’s new automated digital identity correlation capability, is now core to its industry-leading Investigations solution used by CTI teams, security operations, fraud and risk prevention analysts, and law enforcement [...]

Chinese state-sponsored hackers have been found to have gained access to multiple US internet service providers (ISPs) to establish persistence and carry out cyber espionage activities. The Chinese https://www.csoonline.com/article/548564/5-signs-youve-been-hit-with-an-apt.html group, [...]

Thousands of automatic tank gauge (ATG) systems used in gas stations, power plants, airports, military bases, and other critical infrastructure facilities are exposed to the internet and using insecure legacy [...]

The German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), in cooperation with the Central Office for Combating Internet Crime (ZIT), has dealt a severe blow to the “infrastructure of digital money launderers [...]

Sensitive customer data from Star Health and Allied Insurance, India’s largest standalone health insurer, has been leaked via chatbots on the messaging platform https://www.csoonline.com/article/565412/what-is-telegram-and-is-it-secure.html, raising serious concerns about data security [...]

Australia’s Federal Police (AFB) said it hacked into a dedicated encrypted communication platform, Ghost, to dismantle global criminal operations. The action was carried out as part of “Operation Kraken,” a [...]

CISOs in Southeast Asia should be on alert after the discovery that a suspected Chinese-based cyber espionage campaign that started last year is expanding its scope. The warning today comes [...]

Many enterprises rely on the YubiKey as a major part of their identity authentication strategy. It is one of the most popular and https://www.csoonline.com/article/571433/8-top-multifactor-authentication-products-and-how-to-choose-an-mfa-solution.html FIDO (fast identity online) hardware tokens [...]

“Another day, another vulnerability” is a familiar refrain among security teams worldwide. One of the most intriguing findings from our https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/key-findings-2h-2023-fortiguard-labs-threat-report is that attackers are exploiting vulnerabilities faster than ever [...]

To counteract computer-related crimes that have affected many companies, Computer Forensics, which involves obtaining and analyzing digital information for use as evidence in civil, criminal, or administrative cases, has become a focal point of attention for top management. The objective of this study is to assess Tornatzky's TOE innovation adoption model in relation to the Information Assurance of Corporate Computer Forensics Investigation's Action Plan among 210 respondents from Malaysia's Critical Information Infrastructure agencies. The research results demonstrate a strong relationship between the TOE model and the Information Assurance of Corporate Computer Forensics Investigation, specifically in anticipatory, process, and post-incident measures, with the exception of Tornatzky's organizational factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payment cards represent a modern way of payment. In recent years, various ways of abusing payment cards have appeared and are constantly developing. With the aim of a more detailed analysis of this problem, the paper provides answers to questions regarding the method of protection of payment cards, the appearance and ways of misuse of payment cards, the criminal-legal treatment of the crime of making and using a fake payment card - Article 274- and from the Criminal Code of the Republic of North Macedonia and by applying the statistical method, the number and reported perpetrators of the same crime for the period 2019-2023 will be analyzed, where we note that crimes from this domain are increasingly present. The fight against this form of crime must certainly continue in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For Years, Experts have expressed growing concerns that critical infrastructures are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Remotely transmitted malware and viruses can compromise interconnected power systems, airports, hospitals, military systems, and any Internet-connected computers used to manage critical functions. As the world becomes more digitalized, integrating new communication technologies offers unlimited possibilities for the accumulation of information, creating a fundamental dependence on proper functioning in all areas of society. As such reliance could offer great opportunities for a smart and efficient world, it also poses significant threats to the operation of critical infrastructures and vital facilities. Specifically, safety issues from illegal acts that violate the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information in cyberspace are expected to be the central theme in the digitalized world. Exploitation of cyberspace to advance political, social, and military agendas is of particular concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Today’s Digitized world, it is strategically imperative to secure energy grids against cyberattacks, as critical infrastructures have increasingly become targets in modern warfare. As part I of this work highlighted, cyberattacks serve not just as tools of disruption but as sophisticated instruments of geopolitical strategy. To complement the discussion in , this work addresses the existing gaps in cybersecurity measures that protect energy infrastructure systems, discussing the importance of implementing rigorous preventive measures and exploring the role of standardization in enhancing the resilience of energy infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I. INTRODUCTION 473 II. CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LAW 475 A. FEDERAL LAWS RELATING TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 476 1. The Violence Against Women Act 476 a. Immigrant Women 480 [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS 61 I. INTRODUCTION 63 II. PART I: TODAY'S SOFTWARE CRISIS 66 A. The Financial Cost of Software Defects 66 B. Software Vulnerabilities [...], Warranty disclaimers, caps on damages, predispute mandatory arbitration, and anti-class action waivers constitute what I call, "no responsibility" or "rights foreclosure clauses" in computer contracts. This is the first empirical study of how the information industries, which include the 100 largest software companies and the 100 largest digital companies, deploy one-sided warranty disclaimers, caps on damages, and predispute mandatory arbitration clauses coupled with class action waivers to shift responsibility for defective software to the user communities. This gives the information industries carte blanche to release dangerously defective software without consequences. In their standard form contracts, the industries do whatever they wish by incorporating their designed terms and conditions. The software industry assert contractual rights without providing corresponding meaningful remedies for breach in their computer contracts. The net effect of these no responsibility clauses is to require users to waive their right to a judicial forum in favor of arbitration, where the stronger party is at a distinct advantage. Congress needs to enact a federal U.C.C. Article 2 reform that will invalidate no responsibility clauses, thus restoring mutuality in software license agreements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 302 II. CRYPTOCURRENCY'S REVOLUTIONARY BEGINNINGS 307 A. How It Works 307 B. How It Became Popular 310 C. How It Has Garnered Government Attention 312 [...], The advent of Bitcoin in 2009 presented a previously unfathomable possibility for the future of currency and monetary transactions. Now, cryptocurrency is ubiquitous; it is increasingly seizing media headlines, novel swathes of investors, institutional bank involvement, and most importantly of all, the attention of government regulators. Yet governments around the globe have failed to adequately keep up with the pace of cryptocurrency's evolution, particularly because of their lack of expertise in this unprecedented area. This Note discusses how cryptocurrency's truly global footprint warrants a partnership between national regulators and industry actors at the international level. Specifically, by exploring the approaches of Japan, China, the United States, and the European Union against the functions and purpose of the international financial regulatory system, this Note argues that the current approaches to global crypto regulation have overly prioritized crypto's effects on traditional financial markets while overlooking the unique role crypto exchanges can play. A common goal towards establishing a meaningful framework grounded in investor protection, reliability, and innovation has thereby been undermined, despite the alignment between the international monetary system's strengths and its capacity to create a global crypto framework. This Note proposes the creation of a specialized cryptocurrency group based on, or molded into, the successful Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, to show how a newly formed partnership between regulators and exchange leaders can establish the future of a sustainable cryptocurrency ecosystem.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. CYBER THREATS TO CIVILIANS IN ARMED CONFLICT 361 II. OLD LAW, NEW WEAPON 364 A. Offensive Cyber Operations in Armed Conflict 365 B. International Humanitarian Law, [...], Russia's use of offensive cyber operations to further its illegal war against Ukraine has prompted calls for a response to these cyber operations from the International Criminal Court. However, the International Criminal Court is an inadequate forum for adjudicating cyber conduct in armed conflict because cyber operations fit awkwardly into the traditional war crimes legal framework. Furthermore, the Rome Statute's strict substantive and procedural features provide strict limitations on the kinds of cyber conduct that might constitute a war crime against which the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court could bring an effective case. Because most cyber conduct does not produce kinetic effects, the established framework of international humanitarian law that the Rome Statute reflects does not comprehensively regulate the unique domain in which cyber operations occur. This Note argues that observers have overlooked a more promising way of addressing illegal cyber operations in armed conflict: the right to life under international human rights law. As a more malleable body of law that mutually reinforces international humanitarian law, human rights law--and the right to life, in particular--can capture more cyber conduct and hold armed actors accountable for their harmful effects on civilians. Addressing cyber operations through human rights law will also accelerate the development of the law governing cyber operations and encourage a more interdisciplinary approach to evaluating how the cyber domain is governed by complementary fields of international law.

INTRODUCTION 258 I. Circuits Are Divided Over Standing in Data Breach Cases 260 A. The Circuits That Take a More Expansive Approach to Data Breach Harms 264 B. The Circuits [...], Data breaches of companies that expose consumer information are a pervasive and growing issue. The United States Courts of Appeals are divided over whether consumers have Article III Standing to sue the hacked organizations that did not protect their personal data. This Comment draws on insights from criminal law to argue that courts should take a more expansive view of the harm to consumers when their personal data is exposed, even where the plaintiffs cannot allege that their data has been misused. This approach would give more consumers the opportunity to have a day in court to vindicate the real but hard-to-define harms of exposure.