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1. Overview of the CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2021

Author

Rishabh Upadhyay, Nicola Brew-Sam, Jorge Vivaldi, Marco Viviani, Viviana Cotik, Hanna Suominen, Elias Bassani, Roland Roller, Chenchen Xu, Gabriela Nicole González-Sáez, Darío Filippo, Philippe Mulhem, Liadh Kelly, Gabriella Pasi, Lorraine Goeuriot, Franco M. Luque, Laura Alonso Alemany, Sandaru Seneviratne, Candan, KS, Ionescu, B, Goeuriot, L, Larsen, B, Müller, H, Joly, A, Maistro, M, Piroi, F, Faggioli, G, Ferro, N, Suominen, H, Kelly, L, Alemany, L, Bassani, E, Brew-Sam, N, Cotik, V, Filippo, D, González-Sáez, G, Luque, F, Mulhem, P, Pasi, G, Roller, R, Seneviratne, S, Upadhyay, R, Vivaldi, J, Viviani, M, Xu, C, Australian National University (ANU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Turku, Modélisation et Recherche d’Information Multimédia [Grenoble] (MRIM ), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Consorzio per il Trasferimento Tecnologico (C2T), Departamento de Computación [Buenos Aires], Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), CONICET / IICE-UBA, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Computación [Buenos Aires] (ICC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Modélisation et Recherche d’Information Multimédia [Grenoble] (MRIM), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH = German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), and ANR-19-CE23-0029,Kodicare,Variations de l'environnement d'évaluation : caractérisation du delta et impact sur l'évolution continue des systèmes de recherche d'information(2019)

Subjects
Ninth, Text segmentation, Information extraction, Computer science, Self-diagnosi, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Health informatics, Task (project management), World Wide Web, Health record, Entity linking, Resource (project management), 020204 information systems, Health care, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, Information retrieval, Test-set generation, Medical informatic, Evaluation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, business.industry, Clef, 3. Good health, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], Text classification, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, business, computer
Abstract

In this paper, we provide an overview of the ninth annual edition of the CLEF eHealth evaluation lab. CLEF eHealth 2021 continues our evaluation resource building efforts around the easing and support of patients, their next-of-kins, health care professionals, and health scientists in understanding, accessing, and authoring electronic health information in a multilingual setting. The 2021 lab offered two tasks: Task 1 on multilingual Information Extraction (IE), this year extending to a corpus of Spanish radiology reports; and Task 2 on Consumer Health Search (CHS) that builds on the previous year’s Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. In total, 11 teams took part in these tasks (7 in Task 1 on IE and 4 in Task 2 on IR). Herein, we describe the resources created for these tasks and the evaluation methodology adopted, and we provide a brief summary of the participants of this year’s challenges as well as the results obtained. As in previous years, the organizers have made data, tools, and more specific overview papers associated with the lab tasks available for future research and development.

Published
2021
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2. Overview of the CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2020

Author

Zhengyang Liu, Lorraine Goeuriot, Antonio Miranda-Escalada, Liadh Kelly, Marco Viviani, Martin Krallinger, Hanna Suominen, Gabriela Gonzalez Saez, Chenchen Xu, Gabriella Pasi, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Australian National University (ANU), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Turku, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Goeuriot, L, Suominen, H, Kelly, L, Miranda-Escalada, A, Krallinger, M, Liu, Z, Pasi, G, Gonzalez Saez, G, Viviani, M, and Xu, C

Subjects
Information extraction, Computer science, 0206 medical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Speech recognition, computer.software_genre, Health informatics, World Wide Web, Health record, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, eHealth, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Test-set generation, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical informatic, Evaluation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, business.industry, Consumer health, Information storage and retrieval, Clef, 3. Good health, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], Health information, business, Relevant information, computer, 020602 bioinformatics
Abstract

In this paper, we provide an overview of the eight annual edition of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) eHealth evaluation lab. The Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) eHealth 2020 continues our development of evaluation tasks and resources since 2012 to address laypeople’s difficulties to retrieve and digest valid and relevant information in their preferred language to make health-centred decisions. This year’s lab advertised two tasks. Task 1 on Information Extraction (IE) was new and focused on automatic clinical coding of diagnosis and procedure the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD10) codes as well as finding the corresponding evidence text snippets for clinical case documents in Spanish. Task 2 on Information Retrieval (IR) was a novel extension of the most popular and established task in the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) eHealth on Consumer Health Search (CHS). In total 55 submissions were made to these tasks. Herein, we describe the resources created for the two tasks and evaluation methodology adopted. We also summarize lab submissions and results. As in previous years, the organizers have made data and tools associated with the lab tasks available for future research anddevelopment. The ongoing substantial community interest in the tasks and their resources has led to the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) eHealth maturing as a primary venue for all interdisciplinary actors of the ecosystem for producing, processing, and consuming electronic healthinformation.

Published
2020
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3. CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2020

Author

Martin Krallinger, Lorraine Goeuriot, Liadh Kelly, Hanna Suominen, Australian National University (ANU), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Turku, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS)

Subjects
Information retrieval, 020205 medical informatics, business.industry, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Health informatics, Clef, Task (project management), Term (time), 03 medical and health sciences, Information extraction, 0302 clinical medicine, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, Quality (business), 030212 general & internal medicine, business, computer, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Coding (social sciences)
Abstract

Laypeople’s increasing difficulties to retrieve and digest valid and relevant information in their preferred language to make health-centred decisions has motivated CLEF eHealth to organize yearly labs since 2012. These 20 evaluation tasks on Information Extraction (IE), management, and Information Retrieval (IR) in 2013–2019 have been popular—as demonstrated by the large number of team registrations, submissions, papers, their included authors, and citations (748, 177, 184, 741, and 1299, respectively, up to and including 2018)—and achieved statistically significant improvements in the processing quality. In 2020, CLEF eHealth is calling for participants to contribute to the following two tasks: The 2020 Task 1 on IE focuses on term coding for clinical textual data in Spanish. The terms considered are extracted from clinical case records and they are mapped onto the Spanish version of the International Classification of Diseases, the 10th Revision, including also textual evidence spans for the clinical codes. The 2020 Task 2 is a novel extension of the most popular and established task in CLEF eHealth on CHS. This IR task uses the representative web corpus used in the 2018 challenge, but now also spoken queries, as well as textual transcripts of these queries, are offered to the participants. The task is structured into a number of optional subtasks, covering ad-hoc search using the spoken queries, textual transcripts of the spoken queries, or provided automatic speech-to-text conversions of the spoken queries. In this paper we describe the evolution of CLEF eHealth and this year’s tasks. The substantial community interest in the tasks and their resources has led to CLEF eHealth maturing as a primary venue for all interdisciplinary actors of the ecosystem for producing, processing, and consuming electronic health information.

Published
2020
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4. The Potential Role of Internet of Musical Things in Therapeutic Applications

Author

Timoney, Joseph, Azeema Yaseen, McEvoy, Damien, Messina, Marcello, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], and National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University)

Subjects
[SHS.MUSIQ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Musicology and performing arts, [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, [SHS.MUSIQ]Humanities and Social Sciences/Musicology and performing arts, [SHS.HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs]
Abstract

International audience; The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) specific to Music technologies is referred to as Internet of Musical Things (IoMusT). This field is in its infancy but potential applications include wide network interactive music performances, smart and wearable instruments, and multi-person virtual music systems. There is no framework as of yet, but a number of technical hurdles have yet to be overcome. These obstacles reflect the fact that many devices will be wearable which means they must be lightweight, energy efficient, and possibly low cost, but must also be powerful. Music therapy is yet untouched by these new technologies of IoMusT. However, it offers great potential for devices that could be applied in assistive living scenarios that provide a non-invasive, individually attuned, form of treatment that is always available. For example, wearable devices that are driven by low cost computing could offer interactive music therapies that are delivered outside of the clinical setting. These could be used to enhance a patient's wellbeing in between instruction and practice sessions with a therapist. The usefulness of ubiquitous music technologies will be further extended with the development of machine learning algorithms that are designed specifically to have a low computational footprint. These could be used to analyze and predict user behavior and thus tailor the therapy exactly on each occasion. This paper will develop a review of what has been achieved in this domain so far. It will then look ahead to see which trajectories are most likely for the future, particular within the guiding framework of ubiquitous music and computing. It will close with a discussion on the key technological enablers and risks that could hamper their progress.

Published
2020

5. Overview of the CLEF eHealth 2020 task 2: Consumer health search with ad hoc and spoken queries

Author

Goeuriot, Lorraine, Suominen, Hanna, Kelly, Liadh, Liu, Zhengyang, Pasi, Gabriella, Gonzalez Saez, Gabriela, Viviani, Marco, Xu, Chenchen, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Australian National University (ANU), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Turku, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), and Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

6. The Scholarly Impact and Strategic Intent of CLEF eHealth Labs from 2012 to 2017

Author

Lorraine Goeuriot, Liadh Kelly, Hanna Suominen, Australian National University (ANU), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Canberra, Department of Future Technologies [Turku], University of Turku, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
020205 medical informatics, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, Public relations, Clef, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Healthcare policy, Political science, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, Clinical staff, 030212 general & internal medicine, Health information, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Since 2012, the CLEF eHealth initiative has aimed to gather researchers working on health text analytics and to provide them with annual shared tasks. This chapter reports on measuring its scholarly impact in 2012–2017 and describing its future objectives. The large number of submissions and citations demonstrate the substantial community interest in the tasks and their resources. Consequently, the initiative continues to run in 2018 and 2019 with its goal to support patients, their family, clinical staff, health scientists, and healthcare policy makers in accessing and authoring health information in a multilingual setting.

Published
2019
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7. Overview of the CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2019

Author

Kelly, L., Suominen, H., Goeuriot, L., Neves, M., Kanoulas, E., Li, D., Azzopardi, L., Spijker, R., Zuccon, G., Scells, H., Palotti, J., Crestani, F., Braschler, M., Savoy, J., Rauber, A., Müller, H., Losada, D.E., Heinatz Bürki, G., Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU), University of Turku, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Informatics Institute [Amsterdam], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Computer and Information Sciences [Univ Strathclyde], University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], Cochrane Netherlands and UMC Utrecht, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Qatar Computing Research Institute [Doha, Qatar] (QCRI), Information and Language Processing Syst (IVI, FNWI), and IVI (FNWI)

Subjects
0303 health sciences, 020205 medical informatics, Computer science, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Health informatics, Clef, 3. Good health, Task (project management), World Wide Web, 03 medical and health sciences, Information extraction, Entity linking, Resource (project management), Systematic review, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, business, computer, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

In this paper, we provide an overview of the seventh annual edition of the CLEF eHealth evaluation lab. CLEF eHealth 2019 continues our evaluation resource building efforts around the easing and support of patients, their next-of-kins, clinical staff, and health scientists in understanding, accessing, and authoring electronic health information in a multilingual setting. This year’s lab advertised three tasks: Task 1 on indexing non-technical summaries of German animal experiments with International Classification of Diseases, Version 10 codes; Task 2 on technology assisted reviews in empirical medicine building on 2017 and 2018 tasks in English; and Task 3 on consumer health search in mono- and multilingual settings that builds on the 2013–18 Information Retrieval tasks. In total nine teams took part in these tasks (six in Task 1 and three in Task 2). Herein, we describe the resources created for these tasks and evaluation methodology adopted. We also provide a brief summary of participants of this year’s challenges and results obtained. As in previous years, the organizers have made data and tools associated with the lab tasks available for future research and development.

Published
2019
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8. Overview of the CLEF 2019 Personalised Information Retrieval Lab (PIR-CLEF 2019)

Author

Liadh Kelly, Camilla Sanvitto, Lorraine Goeuriot, Gareth J. F. Jones, Gabriella Pasi, Stefania Marrara, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Dublin City University (DCU), Ireland's university of Enterprise, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Consorzio per il Trasferimento Tecnologico (C2T), Crestani, F, Braschler, M, Savoy, J, Rauber, A, Muller, H, Losada, DE, Burki, GH, Cappellato, L, Ferro, N, Pasi, G, Jones, G, Goeuriot, L, Kelly, L, Marrara, S, and Sanvitto, C

Subjects
Medical search, Information retrieval, Computer science, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, 02 engineering and technology, Personalized search, Clef, Task (project management), Personalization, 020204 information systems, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The Personalised Information Retrieval Lab (PIR-CLEF 2019) lab is an initiative aimed at both providing and critically analysing the evaluation of Personalization in Information Retrieval (PIR) applications. PIR-CLEF 2019 is the second edition of the Lab after the successful Pilot lab organised at CLEF 2017 and the first edition of the Lab at CLEF 2018. PIR-CLEF 2019 provided registered participants with two tracks: the Web Search Task and the Medical Search Task. The Web Search Task continues the activities introduced in the previous editions of the PIR-CLEF Lab, while the Medical Search Track focuses on personalisation within an ad hoc search task introduced in previous editions of the CLEF eHealth Lab.

Published
2019
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9. CLEF eHealth 2019 Evaluation Lab

Author

Kelly, Liadh, Goeuriot, Lorraine, Suominen, Hanna, Neves, Mariana, Kanoulas, Evangelos, Spijker, Rene, Azzopardi, Leif, Li, Dan, Jimmy, Palotti, João, Zuccon, Guido, Hauff, Claudia, Fuhr, Norbert, Hiemstra, Djoerd, Mayr, Philipp, Stein, Benno, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Australian National University (ANU), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Research School of Computer Science [Canberra], University of Turku, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment [Berlin] (BfR), Informatics Institute [Amsterdam], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Cochrane Netherlands and UMC Utrecht, Department of Computer and Information Sciences [Univ Strathclyde], University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], University of Queensland [Brisbane], Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Methodology, Information and Language Processing Syst (IVI, FNWI), and IVI (FNWI)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Information management, QA75, Computer science, business.industry, computer.software_genre, Health informatics, Clef, 3. Good health, Task (project management), World Wide Web, 03 medical and health sciences, Information extraction, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Resource (project management), Systematic review, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], eHealth, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Since 2012 CLEF eHealth has focused on evaluation resource building efforts around the easing and support of patients, their next-of- kins, clinical staff, and health scientists in understanding, accessing, and authoring eHealth information in a multilingual setting. This year’s lab offers three tasks: Task 1 on multilingual information extraction; Task 2 on technology assisted reviews in empirical medicine; and Task 3 on consumer health search in mono- and multilingual settings. Herein, we describe the CLEF eHealth evaluation series to-date and then present the 2019 tasks, evaluation methodology, and resources.

Published
2019
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10. Transforming Event B Models into Verified C# Implementations

Author

Rosemary Monahan, Dominique Méry, Proof-oriented development of computer-based systems (MOSEL), Department of Formal Methods (LORIA - FM), Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Modeling and Verification of Distributed Algorithms and Systems (VERIDIS), Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik (MPII), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Department of Formal Methods (LORIA - FM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Alexei Lisitsa and Andrei Nemytykh, Project PHC France Ireland 29863WG : Building Reliable Systems: Software Refinement meets Software Verification., Méry, Dominique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik (MPII), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Subjects
ACM: F.: Theory of Computation/F.4: MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES, [INFO.INFO-LO] Computer Science [cs]/Logic in Computer Science [cs.LO], Correctness, Theoretical computer science, Computer science, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], Spec#, [INFO.INFO-DS] Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], 0102 computer and information sciences, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, ACM: F.: Theory of Computation/F.3: LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Consistency (database systems), Software, Refinement calculus, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, refinement, correct-by-construction, Software system, implementation, Implementation, computer.programming_language, algorithm, business.industry, Programming language, transformation, [INFO.INFO-LO]Computer Science [cs]/Logic in Computer Science [cs.LO], computer.file_format, 010201 computation theory & mathematics, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Executable, verification, business, computer
Abstract

The refinement-based approach to developing software is based on thecorrect-by-construction paradigm were software systems are constructed via the step-by-step refinement of an initial high-level specification into a final concrete specification. Proof obligations, generated during this process are discharged to ensure the consistency between refinement levels and hence the system's overall correctness.Here, we are concerned with the refinement of specifications using the Event B modelling language and its associated toolset, the Rodin platform. In particular, we focus on the final steps of the process where the final concrete specification is transformed into an executable algorithm. The transformations involved are (a) the transformation from an Event B specification into a concrete recursive algorithm and (b) the transformation from the recursive algorithm into its equivalent iterative version. We prove both transformations correct and verify the correctness of the final code in a static programme verification environment for C# programs, namely the Spec# programming system.

Published
2018
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11. On the Use of Dynamic GP Fitness Cases in Static and Dynamic Optimisation Problems

Author

Marc Schoenauer, Leonardo Trujillo, Lucia Vázquez-Mendoza, Edgar Galván-López, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Trinity College Dublin, TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana [Tijuana], Evelyne Lutton, Schoenauer, Marc, and Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana = Tijuana Institute of Technology [Tijuana]

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Theoretical computer science, Degree (graph theory), Computer science, Structural diversity, Genetic programming, 0102 computer and information sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Small set, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Set (abstract data type), 010201 computation theory & mathematics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Kendall tau distance, Pairwise comparison, Symbolic regression
Abstract

International audience; In Genetic Programming (GP), the fitness of individuals is normally computed by using a set of fitness cases (FCs). Research on the use of FCs in GP has primarily focused on how to reduce the size of these sets. However, often, only a small set of FCs is available and there is no need to reduce it. In this work, we are interested in using the whole FCs set, but rather than adopting the commonly used GP approach of presenting the entire set of FCs to the system from the beginning of the search, referred as static FCs, we allow the GP system to build it by aggregation over time, named as dynamic FCs, with the hope to make the search more amenable. Moreover, there is no study on the use of FCs in Dynamic Optimisation Problems (DOPs). To this end, we also use the Kendall Tau Distance (KTD) approach, which quantifies pairwise dissimilarities among two lists of fitness values. KTD aims to capture the degree of a change in DOPs and we use this to promote structural diversity. Results on eight symbolic regression functions indicate that both approaches are highly beneficial in GP.

Published
2017

12. On two Friends for getting Correct ProgramsAutomatically Translating Event B Specifications to Recursive Algorithms in Rodin

Author

Méry, Dominique, Monahan, Rosemary, Zheng, Cheng, TELECOM Nancy, Université de Lorraine (UL), Modeling and Verification of Distributed Algorithms and Systems (VERIDIS), Department of Formal Methods (LORIA - FM), Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik (MPII), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Proof-oriented development of computer-based systems (MOSEL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), We acknowledge the Irish Research Council and Campus France for the joint funding of this research collaboration via the Ulysses scheme 2013. This work was supported by grant ANR-13-INSE-0001 (The IMPEX Project http://impex.gforge.inria.fr) from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)., Bernhard Steffen and Tiziana Margaria, ANR-13-INSE-0001,IMPEX,Intégration des sémantiques implicite et explicite dans les développements de systèmes discrets fondés sur la preuve.(2013), Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik (MPII), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Department of Formal Methods (LORIA - FM), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
call-as-event, Formal IDE, [INFO.INFO-FL]Computer Science [cs]/Formal Languages and Automata Theory [cs.FL], reefinement, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], Event-B, [INFO.INFO-LO]Computer Science [cs]/Logic in Computer Science [cs.LO], correct-by-construction, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Spec#, sequential programs, abstrcation
Abstract

International audience; We report on our progress-to-date in implementing a software de- velopment environment which integrates the efforts of two formal software engineering techniques: program refinement as supported by Event B and program verification as supported by the Spec# programming system. Our objective is to improve the usability of formal verification tools by providing a general framework for integrating these two approaches to software veri- fication. We show how the two approaches Correctness-by-Construction and Post-hoc Verification can be used in a productive way. Here, we focus on the final steps in this process where the final concrete specification is transformed into an executable algorithm. We present EB2RC,a plug-in for the Rodin platform, that reads in an Event B model and uses the control framework introduced during its refinement to generate a graphical representation of the executable algorithm. EB2RC also generates a recursive algorithm that is eas- ily translated into executable code. We illustrate our technique through case studies and their analysis.

Published
2016
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13. Refinement: A Constructive Approach to Formal Software Design for a Secure e-voting Interface

Author

Dominique Méry, Dominique Cansell, J. Paul Gibson, Proof-oriented development of computer-based systems (MOSEL), INRIA Lorraine, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP)-Université Nancy 2-Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP)-Université Nancy 2-Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], and National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University)

Subjects
Correctness, Theoretical computer science, General Computer Science, Computer science, Interface (Java), Electronic voting, media_common.quotation_subject, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], 02 engineering and technology, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Theoretical Computer Science, 020204 information systems, Voting, Formal specification, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, refinement, e-government, Formal verification, Formal Verification, media_common, formal specification, 020207 software engineering, Formal methods, Single transferable vote, computer, interface design, Computer Science(all)
Abstract

International audience; Electronic voting machines have complex requirements. These machines should be developed following best practice with regards to the engineering of critical systems. The correctness and security of these systems is critical because an insecure system could be open to attack, potentially leading to an election returning an incorrect result or an election not being able to return any result. In the worst case scenario an incorrect result is returned -- perhaps due to malicious intent -- and this is not detected. We demonstrate that an incorrect interface is a major security threat and show the use of the formal method B in guaranteeing simple safety properties of the voting interface of a voting machine implementing a common variation of the single transferable vote (STV) election process. The interface properties we examine are concerned with the collection of only valid votes. Using the B-method, we apply an incremental refinement approach to verifying a sequence of designs of the interface for the collection and storage of votes, which we prove to be correct with respect to the simple requirement that only valid votes can be collected.

Published
2007
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14. The COST IC0701 Verification Competition 2011

Author

Bormer, Thorsten, Brockschmidt, Marc, Distefano, Dino, Ernst, Gidon, Filliâtre, Jean-Christophe, Grigore, Radu, Huisman, Marieke, Klebanov, Vladimir, Marché, Claude, Monahan, Rosemary, Mostowski, Wojciech, Poiikarpova, Nadia, Scheben, Christoph, Schellhorn, Gerhard, Tofan, Bogdan, Tschannen, Julian, Ulbrich, Mattias, Beckert, Bernhard, Damiani, Ferruccio, Gurov, Dilian, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Computer Science [Aachen], Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Department of Computer Science (Queen Mary University of London), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Institute of Computer Science - University of Augsburg (ICS), Universität Augsburg [Augsburg], Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Formally Verified Programs, Certified Tools and Numerical Computations (TOCCATA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Formal Methods and Tools (FMT group), University of Twente [Netherlands], Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Department of Computer Science [ETH Zürich] (D-INFK), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), University of Twente, and Marché, Claude

Subjects
Engineering, Model checking, [INFO.INFO-LO] Computer Science [cs]/Logic in Computer Science [cs.LO], Operations research, Modeling language, business.industry, Formal methods, [INFO.INFO-LO]Computer Science [cs]/Logic in Computer Science [cs.LO], 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Symbolic execution, Distributed systems, Competition (economics), Proof tree, Engineering management, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Programs, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Modeling languages, business
Abstract

International audience; This paper reports on the experiences with the program veri fication competition held during the FoVeOOS conference in October 2011. There were 6 teams participating in this competition. We discuss the three di fferent challenges that were posed and the solutions developed by the teams. We conclude with a discussion about the value of such competitions and lessons learned from them.

Published
2011

15. Verification and maintenance of e-voting systems and standards

Author

Gibson, John Paul, Mcgaley, Margaret, Département Logiciels et Réseaux (LOR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), and Télécom SudParis & Institut Mines-Télécom Business School, Médiathèque

Subjects
Standards, Certification, Electronic voting, Maintenance, [INFO.INFO-SE] Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Testing, [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

International audience; E-voting systems should be verified to be fit-for-purpose before being deployed, but there is a serious lack of provision for verification and maintenance in existing standards and recommendations for e-voting. A change to requirements, or to the system, usually results in the previously established fitness-for-purpose being compromised. Therefore change must be managed, and standards documents must make provision for their own maintenance. Verification is a process of establishing a relationship between what is required of the system and properties of the actual system. It is good practice that an independent authority be responsible for verification of systems against requirements. It must be possible to determine whether a given authority can be trusted to fulfil this task competently. Thus, requirements documents must not only say what standards are to be met, but must also state the minimum capabilities expected of any testing authority. The whole e-voting system development process is prone to human-error. This applies to the requirements, standards and the systems they describe. We must introduce suitable procedures for dealing with these errors, including the identification of responsible parties. We must also ensure that there is adequate incentive for the correction of errors. If maintenance of systems requires expensive recertification, there is a risk that vendors will not make necessary changes to their systems (to avoid recertification) or will make changes without having the systems recertified. Error discovery is not the only agent of change for requirements and systems. For example, the introduction of new legislation, new election types, or new technology will have direct consequences. This requires careful co-ordination between all concerned parties. Whenever a system changes, whatever the surrounding circumstances, it must be tested and re-certified. However, if the system under evaluation has been well-engineered, it may not be necessary to begin again with every modification. In this paper we examine what it means for a system to be well-engineered and propose maintenance procedures specific to the problem of e-voting

Published
2008

16. Review: T.L. Taylor, Play between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. 264. pp. ISBN-10: 0262201631 (hbk) £19.95; ISBN-13: 9780262201636 (hbk) £19.95

Author

Aphra Kerr, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], and National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University)

Subjects
Cultural Studies, 0508 media and communications, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), 05 social sciences, 050602 political science & public administration, Media studies, 050801 communication & media studies, Sociology, Social Sciences & Humanities, Humanities, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0506 political science, Education
Abstract

International audience

Published
2008
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17. Three-dimensional imaging, compression, and reconstruction of digital holograms

Author

Naughton, Thomas J., Frauel, Yann, Matoba, Osamu, Bertaux, Nicolas, Tajahuerce, E., Javidi, Bahram, Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM), Instituto de Investigaciones en Matema ticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut (UCONN), National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department [University of Connecticut] (ECE), and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR]
Published
2002

18. Three-dimensional object reconstruction using phase-only information from a digital hologram

Author

Matoba, Osamu, Naughton, Thomas J., Frauel, Yann, Bertaux, Nicolas, Javidi, Bahram, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department [University of Connecticut] (ECE), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Roche, Muriel, The University of Tokyo, National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], [INFO.INFO-IR] Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract

We present the initial results of a novel technique that uses only phase information from a digital hologram for the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) objects. Our holograms are created using phase-shift digital holography. Perspectives of the 3D object are usually reconstructed numerically on a computer. For large holograms this can be a computationally intensive task. We believe that the proposed reconstruction technique is promising for 3D display because the phase-encoded digital holograms admit optical, and therefore realtime, reconstructions that use commercially available display devices such as liquid crystal spatial light modulators. Numerical evaluation of the reconstructed 3D object and an experimental demonstration are presented.

Published
2002

19. Real-time three-dimensional object reconstruction by use of a phase-encoded digital hologram

Author

Thomas J. Naughton, Bahram Javidi, Osamu Matoba, Yann Frauel, Nicolas Bertaux, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Computer Science Department [Maynooth], National University of Ireland Maynooth (Maynooth University), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department [University of Connecticut] (ECE), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The University of Tokyo, National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM), and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Subjects
Computer science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Holography, Physics::Optics, Image processing, Optical power, 02 engineering and technology, Iterative reconstruction, Optical field, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Digital image processing, Business and International Management, Image sensor, Spatial light modulator, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [INFO.INFO-IR]Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR], Digital holographic microscopy, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) object reconstruction technique that uses only phase information of a phase-shifting digital hologram and a phase-only spatial-light modulator is proposed. It is well known that a digital hologram can store both amplitude and phase information of an optical electric field and can reconstruct the original 3D object in a computer. We demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct optically 3D objects using only phase information of the optical field calculated from phase-shifting digital holograms. The use of phase-only information enables us to reduce the amount of data in the digital hologram and reconstruct optically the 3D objects using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator without optical power loss. Numerical evaluation of the reconstructed 3D object is presented.

Published
2002
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20. On the dynamic reconfigurable implementations of MISTY1 and KASUMI block ciphers.

Author

Jiexian H, Khizar Y, Ali ZA, Hasan R, and Pathan MS

Subjects
Computer Security, Algorithms
Abstract

Novel hardware architectures for dynamic reconfigurable implementation of 64-bit MISTY1 and KASUMI block ciphers are proposed to enhance the performance of cryptographic chips for secure IoT applications. The SRL32 primitive (Reconfigurable Look up Tables-RLUTs) and DPR (Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration) are employed to reconfigure single round MISTY1 / KASUMI algorithms on the run-time. The RLUT based architecture attains dynamic logic functionality without extra hardware resources by internally modifying the LUT contents. The proposed adaptive reconfiguration can be adopted as a productive countermeasure against malicious attacks with the added advantage of less reconfiguration time (RT). On the other hand, the block architecture reconfigures the core hardware by externally uploading the partial bit stream and has significant advantages in terms of low area implementation and power reduction. Implementation was carried out on FPGA, Xilinx Virtex 7. The results showed remarkable results with very low area of 668 / 514 CLB slices consuming 460 / 354 mW for RLUT and DPR architectures respectively. Moreover, the throughput obtained for RLUT architecture was found as 364 Mbps with very less RT of 445 nsec while DPR architecture achieved speed of 176 Mbps with RT of 1.1 msec. The novel architectures outperform the stand-alone existing hardware designs of MISTY1 and KASUMI implementations by adding the dynamic reconfigurability while at the same achieving high performance in terms of area and throughput. Design details of proposed unified architectures and comprehensive analysis is described., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Jiexian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Published
2023
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