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The efficient natural transformation of Neisseria meningitidis allows the rapid construction of bacterial mutants in which the genes of interest are interrupted or replaced by antibiotic-resistance cassettes. However, this proved to be a double-edged sword, i.e., although facilitating the genetic characterization of this important human pathogen, it has limited the development of strategies for constructing markerless mutants without antibiotic-resistance markers. In addition, efficient tools for complementation or labeling are also lacking in N. meningitidis. In this study, we significantly expand the meningococcal genetic toolbox by developing new and efficient tools for the construction of markerless mutants (using a dual counterselection strategy), genetic complementation (using integrative vectors), and cell labeling (using a self-labeling protein tag). This expanded toolbox paves the way for more in-depth genetic characterization of N. meningitidis and might also be useful in other Neisseria species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues based on data from Uyghur (Turkic) that clausal complementation structures involving a special form of the verb 'say' are actually adjunct clauses headed by the verb 'say' that merge at two heights: VP or TP. I demonstrate that properties unique to 'say' as a main verb extend to 'say' in these adjunct clauses. Accusative subjects are a primary focus, where it is shown that the re-analysis of clausal complementation has implications for Case Theory in Uyghur and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite automata that traverse graphs by moving along their edges are known as graph-walking automata (GWA). This paper investigates the state complexity of Boolean operations for this model. It is proved that the union of GWA with m and n states, with m ≤ n, operating on graphs with k labels of edge end-points, is representable by a GWA with 2km + n + 1 states, and at least 2(k − 3)(m − 1) + n − 1 states are necessary in the worst case. For the intersection, the upper bound is (2k + 1)m + n and the lower bound is 2(k − 3)(m − 1) + n − 1. The upper bound for the complementation is 2kn + 1, and the lower bound is 2(k − 3)(n − 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Current methods to obtain bovine embryos of high genetic merit include approaches that require skilled techniques for low-efficiency cloning strategies. Aims: The overall goal herein was to identify the efficacy of alternative methods for producing multiple embryos through blastomere complementation while determining maintenance of cell pluripotency. Methods: Bovine oocytes were fertilised in vitro to produce 4-cell embryos from which blastomeres were isolated and cultured as 2-cell aggregates using a well-of-the-well system. Aggregates were returned to incubation up to 7 days (Passage 1). A second passage of complement embryos was achieved by splitting 4-cell Passage 1 embryos. Passaged embryos reaching the blastocyst stage were characterised for cell number and cell lineage specification in replicate with non-reconstructed zona-intact embryos. Key results: Passage 1 and 2 embryo complements yielded 29% and 25% blastocyst development, respectively. Passage 1 embryos formed blastocysts, but with a reduction in expression of SOX2 and decreased size compared to non-reconstructed zona-intact embryos. Passage 2 embryos had a complete lack of SOX2 expression and a reduction in transcript abundance of SOX2 and SOX17, suggesting loss of pluripotency markers that primarily affected inner cell mass (ICM) and hypoblast formation. Conclusions: In vitro fertilised bovine embryos can be reconstructed with multiple passaging to generate genetically identical embryos. Increased passaging drives trophectoderm cell lineage specification while compromising ICM formation. Implications: These results may provide an alternative strategy for producing genetically identical bovine embryos through blastomere complementation with applications towards the development of trophoblast and placental models of early development. Reproductive technologies that advance in vitro embryo production while directing cell lineage specification are beneficial for both agriculture and biomedical applications. Multiple passaging of bovine embryos subjected to blastomere complementation allows for the production of genetically identical embryos from a single fertilised egg while shifting cell lineage pluripotency towards trophectoderm lineage specification. These findings may be further developed as alternative strategies for producing genetically identical cattle with desirable traits and trophoblast stem cell models for embryo technologies and placental biology. Diagram by Bradford W. Daigneault and Maura S. McGraw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Italo-Greek is characterized by a general retreat of infinitival complementation, it partly preserves the infinitive in restructuring contexts: a handful of functional auxiliaries—in an overt or covert form—allow for infinitival complements, with which they enter in a monoclausal union. Such a preservation also triggers consequences for finite complementation. Indeed, those predicates that still select for infinitival complements may lack finite complementation, resulting in only the lexical embedded verb surfacing instead of the complex sentence AUX + na + finite verb: δen du ékame típote 'he could not do anything to him' (lit. 'he did not do anything to him'). I claim that such an absence—which gives rise to a semantic or even a syntactic gap—depends on the effects of the restructuring rule, which creates a high level of dependency and interlacing between the matrix and embedded verbs. When finite complements gradually replaced infinitival ones, though only sporadically, some predicates stopped selecting for finite complements, ultimately depriving the sentence of modal and other functional specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates how the Implicational Complementation Hierarchy (ICH) is manifested in Mandarin and accounts for the data with a synthesis model of complementation (Wurmbrand and Lohninger, in: Hartmann, Wöllstein (eds) Propositional arguments in cross-linguistic research: theoretical and empirical issues, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.24053/9783823394105). In line with proposals linking tense to finiteness in Mandarin (A. Li in Abstract case in Chinese, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1985, A. Li in Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1898-6; Sybesma in Linguistic Inquiry 38:580–587, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.580; T.-H. Lin in Syntax 18:320–342, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12032; He in Time in Mandarin: the fingerprints of tense and finiteness, Harvard University, Cambridge, 2020; J. Huang in: Simpson (ed) New explorations in Chinese theoretical syntax: studies in honor of Yen-Hui Audrey Li, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.272.02hua etc.), I argue that the postulation is not only reasonable given independent evidence supporting a covert tense in the language, but also productive since the distribution of future modals and overt embedded subjects can be properly addressed with little theoretical cost. The finiteness preference in Mandarin complementation also aligns with ICH: Proposition com-plements only select finite clauses while Event complements are non-finite. Situation complements mostly choose the non-finite version, but some cases can or must choose the finite form. The complements to the left on the ICH are always 'equally or more finite' than those to the right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a formal analysis of two displacement phenomena in Mandarin Chinese, namely inner topicalisation and focus fronting, capturing their correlational relationships with control and complementation. It examines a range of relevant data, including corpus examples, to derive empirical generalisations. Acceptability-judgment tasks, followed by mixed-effects statistical models, were conducted to provide additional evidence. This paper presents a constraint-based lexicalist proposal that is couched in the framework of Lexical- Functional Grammar (LFG). The lexicon plays an important role in regulating the behaviour of complementation verbs as they participate in the displacement phenomena. Unlike previous analyses that cast inner topicalisation and focus fronting as restructuring phenomena, this lexicalist proposal does not rely on hypothesised clause-size differences. It captures the empirical properties more accurately and accounts for a wider range of empirical patterns. Adopting the formally explicit framework of LFG, this proposal uses constraints that have mathematical precision. The constraints are computationally implemented using the grammar engineering tool Xerox Linguistic Environment, safeguarding their precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe Arabidopsis abc1k1/pgr6 (Activity of BC1 complex/proton regulation 6) mutant is characterized by photosynthetic and conditional developmental phenotypes triggered by stressful red as well as high light. The Arabidopsis ABC1-like kinases belong to the atypical kinase family and contain conserved ATP-binding and hydrolysis motifs, but their physiological requirement has never been investigated.MethodsBy mutation to asparagine, we demonstrate that the highly conserved active site aspartate residue within ATP-binding motif VIIb is required for the physiological functions of ABC1K1.ResultsComplementation of the abc1k1 knock out mutant with ABC1K1 D400N, failed to restore the wildtype phenotype.DiscussionThese results provide in vivo evidence for a critical role of the active site aspartate residue (D400) of ABC1K1.

The Turkish nominalizer -(y)Iş demonstrates a broad spectrum of functions ranging from a deverbal word-formation device that forms lexicalized nouns with concrete and abstract meanings to an inflectional marker used in nominal clauses, especially in clausal complementation. In some uses, the item conveys manner semantics. While the item itself has been variously investigated and forms an established part of any Turkish grammar description, there is still a lack of consensus on its functional and semantic properties. This article investigates the morphosyntactic functions and the semantic features of the nominalizer -(y)Iş in light of the claims in the linguistic literature on the one hand, which include manner, countable events, factive imperfective, single instance of an event, direct reference to the inner process of an action, etc., and of examples from primary sources on the other, and evaluates the findings from the perspective of grammaticalization. It will be argued that the range of functions of this item and the fact that it seems to resist any straightforward analysis result from its transition from a derivational marker to an inflectional marker with tasks including complementizer functions, a process in which manner semantics will be argued to play a role.

Complementation strategies in both ancient and modern Semitic languages include the use of a series of cognate complementizers typically sharing a k-element: e.g., Tigrinya käm, Modern Hebrew ki, Akkadian kī(ma) or Ge’ez kama. The sources and the developments that led to the complementizer use of these multifunctional k-subordinators are not sufficiently clear, and diverse interpretations have been proposed. The present article analyses the oldest written record of k-complement markers in Semitic, focusing on Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian. The analysis of the type and distribution of complement constructions suggest a different explanation for their development based on the grammaticalization of similative manner expressions, a process attested in Afro-Asiatic and other languages. The article also highlights the presence and potential role of nominal complementation among the earliest recorded forms of complementation in Akkadian. The data presented here provide insights into the origin of k-complementizers in Semitic languages with less ancient written evidence, from Ancient Hebrew to Ethiosemitic.

This paper proposes a formal analysis of two displacement phenomena in Mandarin Chinese, namely inner topicalisation and focus fronting, capturing their correlational relationships with control and complementation. It examines a range of relevant data, including corpus examples, to derive empirical generalisations. Acceptability-judgment tasks, followed by mixed-effects statistical models, were conducted to provide additional evidence. This paper presents a constraint-based lexicalist proposal that is couched in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). The lexicon plays an important role in regulating the behaviour of complementation verbs as they participate in the displacement phenomena. Unlike previous analyses that cast inner topicalisation and focus fronting as restructuring phenomena, this lexicalist proposal does not rely on hypothesised clause-size differences. It captures the empirical properties more accurately and accounts for a wider range of empirical patterns. Adopting the formally explicit framework of LFG, this proposal uses constraints that have mathematical precision. The constraints are computationally implemented using the grammar engineering tool Xerox Linguistic Environment, safeguarding their precision.

Abstract Background Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a destructive floral disease of different cereal crops. The Ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the main causal agents of FHB in wheat and barley. The role(s) in virulence of Fg genes include genetic studies that involve the transformation of the fungus with different expression cassettes. We have observed in several studies where Fg genes functions were characterised that integration of expression cassettes occurred randomly. Random insertion of a cassette may disrupt gene expression and/or protein functions and hence the overall conclusion of the study. Target site integration (TSI) is an approach that consists of identifying a chromosomal region where the cassette can be inserted. The identification of a suitable locus for TSI in Fg would avert the potential risks of ectopic integration. Results Here, we identified a highly conserved intergenic region on chromosome 1 suitable for TSI. We named this intergenic region TSI locus 1. We developed an efficient cloning vector system based on the Golden Gate method to clone different expression cassettes for use in combination with TSI locus 1. We present evidence that integrations in the TSI locus 1 affects neither fungal virulence nor fungal growth under different stress conditions. Integrations at the TSI locus 1 resulted in the expression of different gene fusions. In addition, the activities of Fg native promoters were not altered by integration into the TSI locus 1. We have developed a bespoke bioinformatic pipeline to analyse the existence of ectopic integrations, cassette truncations and tandem insertions of the cassette that may occurred during the transformation process. Finally, we established a protocol to study protein secretion in wheat coleoptiles using confocal microscopy and the TSI locus 1. Conclusion The TSI locus 1 can be used in Fg and potentially other cereal infecting Fusarium species for diverse studies including promoter activity analysis, protein secretion, protein localisation studies and gene complementation. The bespoke bioinformatic pipeline developed in this work together with PCR amplification of the insert could be an alternative to Southern blotting, the gold standard technique used to identify ectopic integrations, cassette truncations and tandem insertions in fungal transformation.

Abstract Background Antibiotic-based plasmid selection and maintenance is a core tool in molecular biology; however, while convenient, this strategy has numerous drawbacks for biological manufacturing. Overuse of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a growing threat to modern medicine. Antibiotics themselves are costly and therefore often omitted in fermentations, leading to plasmid loss and a corresponding loss in product yield. Furthermore, constitutive expression of a plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance gene imposes a significant metabolic burden on the cells. For many fermentation products (e.g., in nutrition and medicine), the use of antibiotic resistance genes is subject to strict regulations and should be avoided. We present a method for plasmid selection and maintenance with stringent selection pressure that is independent of antibiotics and ARG. Furthermore, it can be used without any restrictions regarding culture medium and temperature. Results The developed method involves modification of a bacterial strain such that an essential gene is expressed genomically under the control of an inducible promoter. A copy of the same essential gene with the endogenous promoter is supplied on a plasmid for selection. In the absence of the inducer for the genomic copy of the essential gene, cells rely on expression of the plasmid-encoded gene copy, leading to tight selection for plasmid maintenance. Induction of the genomic copy of the essential gene enables the engineered strain to be propagated in the absence of a plasmid. Here, we describe the genetic setup and demonstrate long-term, tight selection for plasmid maintenance with a variety of different plasmids and E. coli strains. Conclusions This method facilitates plasmid-based fermentations by eliminating the need for antibiotic selection and improving plasmid maintenance.

While the primary pathogenic potential of torque teno viruses (TTVs) is yet to be defined, TTVs are often co-detected with other pathogens and are suspected of exacerbating clinical disease in coinfections. Swine TTVs (TTSuVs) enhance clinical signs of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a gnotobiotic pig model. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. In this study, we observed that co-culture of TTSuV1 and PCV1, and specifically supplementing TTSuV1 cultures with the PCV replicase protein in trans consistently resulted in higher levels of replication of TTSuV1 when compared to TTSuV1 cultured alone. Therefore, the hypothesis that the PCV replicase (rep) protein has trans-replicase helper activity for TTSuV1 was examined. Based on EMSA and reporter gene assays, it was determined that the PCV1 rep directly interacted with the TTSuV1 UTR. The TTSuV1 rep trans-complemented a PCV rep null mutant virus, indicating that the TTSuV1 and PCV1 replicase proteins supported the replication of both viruses. In mice, the administration of plasmids encoding the PCV1 rep and a TTSuV1 infectious clone resulted in the production of higher TTSuV1 genome copies in dually exposed mice when compared to singly exposed mice. Higher sero-conversion and lymphoid hyperplasia were also observed in the dually exposed experimental mice. Thus, this study provides evidence for trans-replicase activity of PCVs and TTVs as a novel mechanism of explaining enhanced viral replication in coinfections involving both viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic-based plasmid selection and maintenance is a core tool in molecular biology; however, while convenient, this strategy has numerous drawbacks for biological manufacturing. Overuse of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a growing threat to modern medicine. Antibiotics themselves are costly and therefore often omitted in fermentations, leading to plasmid loss and a corresponding loss in product yield. Furthermore, constitutive expression of a plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance gene imposes a significant metabolic burden on the cells. For many fermentation products (e.g., in nutrition and medicine), the use of antibiotic resistance genes is subject to strict regulations and should be avoided. We present a method for plasmid selection and maintenance with stringent selection pressure that is independent of antibiotics and ARG. Furthermore, it can be used without any restrictions regarding culture medium and temperature. Results: The developed method involves modification of a bacterial strain such that an essential gene is expressed genomically under the control of an inducible promoter. A copy of the same essential gene with the endogenous promoter is supplied on a plasmid for selection. In the absence of the inducer for the genomic copy of the essential gene, cells rely on expression of the plasmid-encoded gene copy, leading to tight selection for plasmid maintenance. Induction of the genomic copy of the essential gene enables the engineered strain to be propagated in the absence of a plasmid. Here, we describe the genetic setup and demonstrate long-term, tight selection for plasmid maintenance with a variety of different plasmids and E. coli strains. Conclusions: This method facilitates plasmid-based fermentations by eliminating the need for antibiotic selection and improving plasmid maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional explanations of alternations often invoke semantic contrast between alternates. In some cases, however, new alternations may arise not to code contrast but simply because the grammar supports multiple roughly equivalent solutions to the same coding problem. Our study illustrates this by exploring the history of English prepositional phrase complements (PPCs) to mental predicates, with a special focus on about and at (as in everyone was enthusiastic about the project). It is shown that about saw a dramatic extension in its use as a PPC marker, resulting in various new alternation contexts. These developments are concomitant to changes in the general semantic structure of about that resulted in stronger grammatical sanction to its use as a PPC marker. Compared to about, at has a far more stable semantic profile overall, contributing to greater stability in its use as a PPC marker as well. In other words, distributional changes in the system of PPCs, and the new alternations that arise as a result, are a side effect of changes in the overall semantic profiles of the prepositions used to mark PPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the constructional categorization of multi-predicate sentences in Saisiyat. This type of complex sentences simultaneously involves features of serial verb construction and complementation in Saisiyat, which give rise to indeterminacy in constructional categorization. In order to solve this problem, the current study probes into the categorization between serial verb construction and complementation regarding Aarts' (2007) constructional gradience and semantic relations (Van Valin & LaPolla 1997). The investigation demonstrates a discrete boundary between the two constructions with convergence on each other, while subtypes of multi-predicate sentences are aligned on the convergence based on intra- and inter-categorical relations. Two structural dependencies are proposed to carry out a taxonomy of Saisiyat complex sentences. A theoretical implication derives from this study that Saisiyat multi-predicate sentences are manifestations of formalized morphosyntactic configurations with a pairing of particularized semantic relations instead of coinage based on analogic conventionalization (Fillmore 1997; Goldberg 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the use of the Lithuanian anteriority converb in -us in a certain type of purpose clauses whose implicit subject is coreferential with the (often also implicit) main clause subject or agent (as in kad veltui neišmetus pinigų ‘in order not to throw money away’). The article offers a historical account for its rise based on internal reconstruction. It is argued that the anteriority converb was introduced as a pseudo-conditional strategy used to avoid a factive reading in constructions with evaluative predicates (as in gerai būtų suradus... = gerai būtų, jeigu surastume... ‘it would be a good thing if we found…’). From evaluative constructions the converb then spread to optative clauses with kad tik ‘if only’ (gerai būtų suradus ‘it would be a good thing to find…’ → kad tik suradus... ‘if only one could find…’). Apart from a semantic shift (from evaluative to desiderative/deontic) this also involved a process of syntactic insubordination. In a subsequent process of resubordination, constructions with the anteriority converb finally came to function as adverbial purpose clauses. In the final part of the article it is argued that the negative view prescriptivist sources take of purpose clauses with the anteriority converb might be up for a revision.

Although Italo-Greek is characterized by a general retreat of infinitival complementation, it partly preserves the infinitive in restructuring contexts: a handful of functional auxiliaries—in an overt or covert form—allow for infinitival complements, with which they enter in a monoclausal union. Such a preservation also triggers consequences for finite complementation. Indeed, those predicates that still select for infinitival complements may lack finite complementation, resulting in only the lexical embedded verb surfacing instead of the complex sentence AUX + na + finite verb: δen du ékame típote ‘he could not do anything to him’ (lit. ‘he did not do anything to him’). I claim that such an absence—which gives rise to a semantic or even a syntactic gap—depends on the effects of the restructuring rule, which creates a high level of dependency and interlacing between the matrix and embedded verbs. When finite complements gradually replaced infinitival ones, though only sporadically, some predicates stopped selecting for finite complements, ultimately depriving the sentence of modal and other functional specifications.

This article examines the syntactic structure of long gei passives in Mandarin Chinese and argues against the prepositional analysis of gei in long passives. Refining the ditransitive verb analysis of Lin and Huang (2015), we propose that gei is an object-control verb which selects a vP complement rather than a CP or IP complement. By providing supporting evidence for the vP analysis through drawing a parallel from object preposing, we show that long gei passives behave on a par with sentences with verbs involving vP complementation like changshi ‘try’, not with those involving IP complementation like jihua ‘plan’. We also show that the ditransitive analysis is supported by syntactic parallels between long gei passives and typical ditransitive sentences in terms of transformation into pseudo-clefts and topicalization of the outer object. The result of this research suggests that two types of object-control structures should be distinguished. One of them involves an IP complement taken by verbs like qiangpo ‘force’, while the other involves a vP complement taken by gei/bei in long passives.

The comparison of light verb constructions with the verbs make and do has not received much attention. The present paper is an attempt to contribute to the study of these constructions. It aims to analyze the light verbs make and do in combination with the same deverbal nouns to identify similarities and differences between the two light verbs and examine the contribution of the light verbs and deverbal nouns to the light verb construction in terms of semantic and syntactic features. The research is corpus-based, and the data for analysis are collected from the British National Corpus (BNC). The semantic description deals with characteristics such as generality, polysemy and aspectual meaning, and the syntactic description focuses on complementation. The analysis of findings demonstrates that, despite some similarities, almost all constructions with the two light verbs show either meaning or/and complementation differences. The study also reveals that both light verbs and deverbal nouns have an impact on the semantics and syntax of the construction. Light verbs may affect light verb constructions semantically in terms of generality and polysemy, and the aspectual meaning of constructions depends on both light verbs and deverbal nouns. Likewise, both light verbs and deverbal nouns have an influence on complementation, but in their own way: light verbs on the selection of complements and deverbal nouns on complementation patterns.

Background: Processed discretionary foods and drinks (industrialised sugary drinks, sweet and savoury snacks, and grain‐based sweets) are often target of policies aimed at regulating the food environment. We aimed to understand if a lower intake of processed foods or drinks is associated with substitution or complementation patterns and overall intake. Methods: We analysed a subsample with two 24‐h dietary recalls of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (358 children, 253 adolescents and 278 adults). We compared within‐person, energy and added sugar intakes between days with and without consumption of each food group with fixed‐effects regressions. We estimated the relative change (change in intake when not consumed/average intake when consumed × 100). Results: Processed discretionary foods were not fully substituted, as total energy was 200–400 kcal/day lower when these foods were not consumed. The change in total intake was larger than the intake when consumed (i.e., complemented) for industrialised sugary drinks in adolescents (−136%) and adults (−215%), and sweet, savoury snacks for children (−141%). The change was lower (i.e., partially substituted) for grain‐based sweets among children (−78%) and adolescents (−73%). For added sugars, most processed discretionary groups were complemented. Conclusions: Days without intake of processed discretionary foods were associated with lower total energy and lower added sugar intake compared to days when those foods were consumed. This suggests that regulatory policies to reduce the intake of processed foods could have a meaningful impact on improving the overall diet. Key points: Not consuming processed discretionary food and beverages is associated with lower energy and added sugars.Substitution patterns depend on age and food groups.Industrialised beverages were generally complemented; when not consumed, the energy was lower not only from beverages but also from complementary food.Our results suggest that policies regulating processed discretionary food and beverages could reduce total energy and added sugar intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since at least Postal (1974. On raising. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press), English has been assumed to possess a class of verbs that does not syntactically tolerate an overt noun phrase in the "usual" subject position of an infinitival complement clause but will allow one if it has undergone passivization, Wh-formation, Heavy-NP Shift, etc. This class of verbs has been variously described as Derived Object Constraint (DOC) verbs (Postal, Paul. 1974. On raising. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, Postal, Paul. 1993. Some defective paradigms. Linguistic Inquiry 24(2). 347–364), ECM-with-Focus verbs (Rooryck, Johan. 2000. Configurations of sentential complementation: Perspectives from Romance languages. London & New York: Routledge), and wager-class verbs (Pesetsky, David. 2019. Exfoliation: Towards a derivational theory of clause size. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Unpublished ms., Version 2.0. http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/004440 (accessed 26 April 2022)). Based on the author's own judgments, supplemented by the results of an acceptability survey conducted at an American university, this paper makes the novel claim that an English verb class with these grammatical properties does not exist, a finding that significantly reduces the inventory of grammatical mechanisms needed to account for complementation types generally. In addition, this paper develops new accounts of two distributional characteristics of the wager verbs that certain other Raising to Object (RO)/Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) verbs do not exhibit. First, infinitival complements to wager verbs are argued to be aspectually linked to the matrix verb, while those of predict-type verbs are not. This explains a well-known stative restriction on complements to this verb class, which includes believe. Second, judgments of unacceptability previously attributed to Postal's DOC or its counterpart in other theories are argued to result from three pragmatic usage preferences involving register and atypical degree that are encoded by the selection of the marked RO option with this verb class, preferences that play out differently for believe as opposed to wager verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptive value of sexual reproduction is still debated in evolutionary theory. It has been proposed that the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is to promote genetic diversity, to prevent the accumulation of harmful mutations or to preserve heterozygosity. Since these hypothetical advantages depend on the type of asexual reproduction, understanding how selection affects the taxonomic distribution of each type could help us discriminate between existing hypotheses. Here, I argue that soft selection, competition among embryos or offspring in selection arenas prior to the hard selection of the adult phase, reduces loss of heterozygosity in certain types of asexual reproduction. Since loss of heterozygosity leads to the unmasking of recessive deleterious mutations in the progeny of asexual individuals, soft selection facilitates the evolution of these types of asexual reproduction. Using a population genetics model, I calculate how loss of heterozygosity affects fitness for different types of apomixis and automixis, and I show that soft selection significantly reduces loss of heterozygosity, hence increases fitness, in apomixis with suppression of the first meiotic division and in automixis with central fusion, the most common types of asexual reproduction. Therefore, if sexual reproduction evolved to preserve heterozygosity, soft selection should be associated with these types of asexual reproduction. I discuss the evidence for this prediction and how this and other observations on the distribution of different types of asexual reproduction in nature is consistent with the heterozygosity hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduced a new notion equitable associate symmetric n-sigraph of a symmetric n-sigraph and its properties are obtained. Further, we discuss structural characterization of equitable associate symmetric n-sigraphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An n-tuple (a1,a2,. . ., an) is symmetric if ak = an-k+1,1 ≥ k ≥ n. Let Hn = f(a1,a2,. . ., an),ak ∊ {+,-}g,ak = an-k+1,1 ≥ k ≥ ng be the set of all symmetric n-tuples. A symmetric n-sigraph (symmetric n-marked graph) is an ordered pair Sn = (G,σ) (Sn = (G,κ)), where G = (V;E) is a graph called the underlying graph of Sn and - κ Hn (κ: V - Hn) is a function. In this paper, we introduced a new notion edge Ck symmetric n-sigraph of a symmetric n-sigraph and its properties are obtained. Also, we obtained the structural characterization of edge Ck symmetric n-signed graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An n-tuple (a1, a2,. . ., an) is symmetric, if ak = an-k+1, 1 ≤ k ≤ n. Let Hn = f(a1, a2,. . ., an): ak ∊ f+, -g, ak = an-k+1, 1 ≤ k ≤ ng be the set of all symmetric n-tuples. A symmetric n-sigraph (symmetric n-marked graph) is an ordered pair Sn = (G, σ) (Sn = (G, κ)), where G = (V;E) is a graph called the underlying graph of Sn and σ: → Hn (κ: → Hn) is a function. In this paper, we introduced a new notions Gallai and anti-Gallai symmetric n-sigraph of a symmetric n-sigraph and its properties are obtained. Also we give the relation between Gallai symmetric n-sigraphs and anti-Gallai symmetric n-sigraphs. Further, we discuss structural characterizations of these notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We introduce (ℓ -)bimonoids as ordered algebras consisting of two compatible monoidal structures on a partially ordered (lattice-ordered) set. Bimonoids form an appropriate framework for the study of a general notion of complementation, which subsumes both Boolean complements in bounded distributive lattices and multiplicative inverses in monoids. The central question of the paper is whether and how bimonoids can be embedded into complemented bimonoids, generalizing the embedding of cancellative commutative monoids into their groups of fractions and of bounded distributive lattices into their free Boolean extensions. We prove that each commutative (ℓ -)bimonoid embeds into a complete complemented commutative ℓ -bimonoid in a doubly dense way reminiscent of the Dedekind–MacNeille completion. Moreover, this complemented completion, which is term equivalent to a commutative involutive residuated lattice, sometimes contains a tighter complemented envelope analogous to the group of fractions. In the case of cancellative commutative monoids this algebra of fractions is precisely the familiar group of fractions, while in the case of Brouwerian (Heyting) algebras it is a (bounded) idempotent involutive commutative residuated lattice. This construction of the algebra of fractions in fact yields a categorical equivalence between varieties of integral and of involutive residuated structures which subsumes as special cases the known equivalences between Abelian ℓ -groups and their negative cones, and between Sugihara monoids and their negative cones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest achievements of the last century is the development of vaccines against viral diseases. Vaccines are essential for battling infectious diseases and many different formulations are available, including live attenuated vaccines. However, the use of live attenuated vaccines has the potential for adverse effects, including reversion of pathogenicity, recombination, and functional complementation in the host. Marek’s disease is a serious disease in poultry controlled by live attenuated vaccines that has resulted in increased virulence over the decades. Recombination between circulating field viruses or vaccines is a proposed mechanism for the increase in virulence, however, complementation between vaccines and field strains has not been demonstrated in chickens. Here, we describe functional complementation of vaccines with virulent virus to functionally complement transmission and spread in the host. Using the natural virus-host model of Marek’s disease in chickens, our results show dual infection of target cells in chickens with vaccine and virulent virus providing the opportunity for recombination or complementation to transpire. Interestingly, our controlled results showed no evidence of recombination between vaccine and virulent virus, but functional complementation occurred in two independent experiments providing proof for complementation during natural infection in vaccinated individuals. These results suggest complementation as a potential mechanism for vaccine-mediated viral evolution and the potential for complementation should be taken into consideration when developing novel vaccines.

Synthetic plant of chemicals (SPC) consumes large amounts of hydrogen and carbon-oxides while refineries require high-purity hydrogen. Coal gasification (CG) and steam methane reforming (SMR) are common industrial hydrogen production technologies. Their gas products are essentially a mixture of H2, CO, and CO2. Therefore, such gas products can provide both syngas for SPC and concentrated hydrogen for refinery through appropriate allocation. Based on the composition complementation of gas products from CG and SMR for their efficient utilization, this paper proposed an integration methodology for refinery and SPC coupling networks to conserve both fossil fuel resources and carbon emissions. A superstructure is established as a problem illustration and a nonlinear programming model (NLP) is formulated as a mathematical solution. A case study is performed, and the results show that the coupling network integration can save 19.1% and 20.2% of coal and natural gas consumption, as well as corresponding carbon emission and operation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing concern about the impact of poor nutrition on honey bee health. With caged bee experiments and whole-colony field experiments, we examined the effects of supplementing bees with essential amino acids (EAA), or a control treatment of nonessential amino acids (NAA). Caged bees fed EAA developed significantly greater head weights than controls, weights that were similar to nurse bees. Caged bees fed EAA developed significantly greater thorax weights than controls, weights that were similar to foragers. Higher head and thorax weights may respectively reflect increased glandular development in nurse bees and higher flight muscle mass in forager bees. In our field study, 29% of the pollen collected by our honey bee colonies came from eucalyptus trees. Amino acid analyses revealed no EAA deficiencies for the bee-collected polyfloral pollen or for monofloral eucalyptus pollen. Colonies fed 29 g EAA supplement may have slightly increased individual bee growth and brood rearing, but this effect was not significant. A clear colony result was a correlation between nurse bee physiology and brood development: 17% increase in nurse bee weight corresponded to 100% more capped brood cells (R2 = 0.38). We suggest that colony supplementation should target nurse bee nutrition. Nurse bees eventually become forager bees. Hence, increased glandular development may support colony brood development and greater flight muscle mass may assist colony foraging.

We investigate the lattice $ L( V)$ of subspaces of an $m$-dimensional vector space $ V$ over a finite field ${\rm GF}(q)$ with a prime power $q=p^n$ together with the unary operation of orthogonality. It is well-known that this lattice is modular and that the orthogonality is an antitone involution. The lattice $ L( V)$ satisfies the chain condition and we determine the number of covers of its elements, especially the number of its atoms. We characterize when orthogonality is a complementation and hence when $ L( V)$ is orthomodular. For $m>1$ and $p\nmid m$ we show that $ L( V)$ contains a $(2^m+2)$-element (non-Boolean) orthomodular lattice as a subposet. Finally, for $q$ being a prime and $m=2$ we characterize orthomodularity of $ L( V)$ by a simple condition.

The historical development and change of the English complementation system has received a great deal of attention in recent years, but work remains to be done on Present-day English. Previous studies on the complement-taking predicate regret have shown that in British English the choice between a that-clause and the gerundial -ing is non-categorical or probabilistic, with the speaker being able to choose between them. This non-categorical variation is the focus of the present article, which aims to identify any existing differences in the clausal complementation profile of regret in British and American English, as well as any linguistic variables that might determine speaker choice.

Using data from Nyala East (Luhia, Bantu), I argue that both clauses and nouns are "perspectival domains." This study primarily focuses on novel cases of what I call epistemic marking on nouns, analyzed here as deriving from a perspectival operator in the DP left periphery, by analogy to well-known studies of similar effects in the clausal domain (Koopman and Sportiche 1989; Speas and Tenny 2003). This study therefore confirms the noted parallels between clauses and nouns (Rosenbaum 1967 et seq.), and introduces a new line of analogy based on transparent morphological evidence. I further situate these findings within the broader function of perspective in Nyala East, showing the three distinct morphological reflexes of perspectival information—found on nouns, clauses, and verbs—reduce to only two distinct perspectival loci in the nominal and clausal domains, again highlighting the commonalities shared across nouns and clauses, to the exclusion of the verbal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the theory of 'the subjunctive as a subordination marker' proposed by Schmitt Jensen (1970a) in light of recent advances in the study of complementation. It argues that the theory is consistent with the functional framework of Givón (2001) where event integration is said to be mirrored in syntactic integration, but that it has to be revised on two points. Firstly, instead of marking syntactic subordination, we propose that the subjunctive is used to prompt a non-referring construal of the subordinate clause in certain constructions. Secondly, we suggest that the subjunctive prompts a conceptually secondary construal of the subordinate clause in other constructions. By proposing a twofold function of the subjunctive, we can keep the main findings of Schmitt Jensen while avoiding potential circularity and shortcomings that the syntactic theory of the subjunctive faces when applied to, e.g., mood alternation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to bacterial, yeast and animal systems, topoisomerases (topo) from plants have not been well studied. In this report, we generated four truncated topoisomerase II (Topo II) cDNA fragments encoding different functional domains of Nicotiana tabacum topo II (NtTopoII). Each of these recombinant polypeptides was expressed alone or in combination in temperature-sensitive topoisomerase II yeast mutants. Recombinant NtTopoII with truncated polypeptides fails to target the yeast nuclei and does not rescue the temperature-sensitive phenotype. In contrast complementation was achieved with the full-length NtTopoII, which localized to the yeast nucleus. These observations suggested the presence of a potent nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the extreme C-terminal 314 amino acid residues of NtTopoII that functioned effectively in the heterologous yeast system. Biochemical characterization of purified recombinant full-length and the partial NtTopoII polypeptides revealed that the ATP-binding and hydrolysis region of NtTopoIIwas located at 413 amino acid N-terminal region and this ATPase domain is functional both when it is expressed as a separate polypeptide or as part of the holoenzyme. The present findings also revealed that all NtTopoII truncated polypeptides were detrimental for in vitro supercoiled DNA relaxation and/or DNA nicking and ligation activity. Further, we discuss the possible disruption of coordinated macromolecular interface movements and the dimer interactions in truncated NtTopoII that are required for functional topoisomerase activity. • TopoII evolved by the fusion of ancestral genes encoding different subunits, fully supported by the sequence homology. • In eukaryotes, TopoII enzyme require nuclear targeting sequence to functionally complement TopoII-defective phenotype. • N-terminal ATPase domain retains ATPase active whether it is a part of the holoenzyme or expressed as a separate polypeptide. • The C-terminal (314 AA) of NtTopoII variable region is essential for nuclear localization and also functional in yeast. • Reconstitution of truncated TopoII polypeptides fails to assemble for structurally stable enzyme for transient DNA cleavage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the semantic differences and patterns in the distribution of four types of complement clauses in present-day Polish: the infinitive, the gerund, indicative clauses, and subjunctive clauses. The study uses a corpus-based method to investigate the semantic properties of these constructions and discusses the implications of the findings. The text provides insights into the distributional properties and semantic structures of complement constructions in Polish, highlighting the distinctions between deontic and epistemic domains and the diverse meanings conveyed by different complement constructions. Further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of complement constructions in Polish. [Extracted from the article]

In this study I focus on the complementation patterns of commissive shell nouns in Ghanaian English (GhE). Commissive shell nouns are a type of illocutionary shell noun, i.e. a noun that encapsulates a content that is usually expressed in a complement or even separate clause or sentence thereby ascribing it an illocutionary force. I use the usage-based approach to the study of language and investigate the behavioral profile of these nouns in GhE. I apply descriptive statistics to data that have been collected from the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). The study provides evidence for the characterization of GhE usage norms, and thus contributes to the scholarly knowledge on this variety of English. It also sheds light on the contribution that the meaning-related and ultimately cognitive perspective can offer in describing the complementation patterns of illocutionary nouns in Postcolonial Englishes (PCEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of light verb constructions with the verbs make and do has not received much attention. The present paper is an attempt to contribute to the study of these constructions. It aims to analyze the light verbs make and do in combination with the same deverbal nouns to identify similarities and differences between the two light verbs and examine the contribution of the light verbs and deverbal nouns to the light verb construction in terms of semantic and syntactic features. The research is corpus-based, and the data for analysis are collected from the British National Corpus (BNC). The semantic description deals with characteristics such as generality, polysemy and aspectual meaning, and the syntactic description focuses on complementation. The analysis of findings demonstrates that, despite some similarities, almost all constructions with the two light verbs show either meaning or/and complementation differences. The study also reveals that both light verbs and deverbal nouns have an impact on the semantics and syntax of the construction. Light verbs may affect light verb constructions semantically in terms of generality and polysemy, and the aspectual meaning of constructions depends on both light verbs and deverbal nouns. Likewise, both light verbs and deverbal nouns have an influence on complementation, but in their own way: light verbs on the selection of complements and deverbal nouns on complementation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two fundamental aspects of conceptual and linguistic structure are examined in relation to one another: organization into strata, each a baseline giving rise to the next by elaboration; and the conceptions of reality implicated at successive levels of English clause structure. A clause profiles an occurrence (event or state) and grounds it by assessing its epistemic status (location vis-à-vis reality). Three levels are distinguished in which different notions of reality correlate with particular structural features. In baseline clauses, grounded by 'tense', the profiled occurrence belongs to baseline reality (the established history of occurrences). Basic clauses incorporate perspective (passive, progressive, and perfect), and since grounding includes the grammaticized modals as well as negation, basic reality is more elaborate. A basic clause expresses a proposition, comprising the grounded structure and the epistemic status specified by basic grounding. At higher strata, propositions are themselves subject to epistemic assessment, in which conceptualizers negotiate their validity; propositions accepted as valid constitute propositional reality. Propositions are assessed through interactive grounding, in the form of questioning and polarity focusing, and by complementation, in which the matrix clause indicates the status of the complement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the controversy over whether complex numerals in English are constituents. Contra the traditional view (e.g. Hurford 1975; Greenberg 1990 [1978]), the cascading structure proposed in Ionin & Matushansky (2006, 2018) maintains that cross-linguistically a complex numeral does not form a constituent to the exclusion of the NP complement. The derivation of an additive complex numeral, e.g. twenty-two people , thus involves an underlying source form with a nominal conjunction, e.g. twenty people and two people. Based on the argumentation established in He (2015) and He et al. (2017) supporting complex numerals as constituents in Chinese and minority languages in southern China, this article first demonstrates that the non-constituency analysis is not viable for English, as the underlying forms of additive complex numerals may be ill-formed and also not semantically equivalent to the surface forms. We then offer evidence to support the constituency analysis from constituency tests and behavior of post-numeral and pre-numeral modifiers. Finally, we demonstrate that the extra mechanism of grafting, proposed by Meinunger (2015), is unnecessary for English complex numerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]