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This is the eighth chapter of the first volume of the series, Liberating Sociology: From Newtonian to Quantum Imaginations, subtitled Unriddling the Quantum Enigma, by Mohammad H. Tamdgidi. In this chapter titled "Describing the Elephant in the Room as a Whole: Cohering the Many Interpretations of the Quantum Enigma," Tamdgidi revisits the interpretations of the quantum enigma he had introduced and surveyed in the Chapter 5 of this volume: The Incomplete Knowledge Interpretation, the Copenhagen Interpretation, the Pilot-Wave Interpretation, the Many Worlds and the Many Minds Interpretations, the Decoherence Interpretation, the Consciousness Cause Interpretation, and the Ithaca, Transactional, and Quantum Logic, Interpretations. Tamdgidi begins by recalling the basic findings from previous chapters that while the "two levels of reality" enigma has arisen from ways of approaching the so-called "measurement problem," the latter--as manifested in the enigmas encountered across various experiments conducted to demonstrate and interpret the so-called quantum enigma--is itself rooted in the enigma of the "wave-particle duality of light." Furthermore, his analysis has indicated that the still-at-core-dualistic notion "wave-particle duality of light" has itself also been a false narrative engendering yet another false "Complementarity Principle" narrative involving a need to "collapse" and "uncollapse" between a wave and a (supposedly nonwave) particle "duality" of light, a notion arising from a lack of relativistic consideration for the location of the observer when observing what otherwise is a simultaneity of localized/spread-out folds of light that always remains throughout an electromagnetic wave. Tamdgidi argues that Einstein was correct in suggesting that the quantum enigma is a result of the incomplete theorization of the quantum world. However, paradoxically, on one hand, he himself imaginally caused such incompleteness, while, on the other hand, he also conceptually provided the key for completing the theory. Einstein was correct in believing that splitting reality into a macroscopic and a microscopic world such that two completely different sets of laws would apply to them is a problematic proposition. He sought to find a way of subsuming the laws of the below to the laws of the above. Bohr, in contrast, sharply distinguished the two "levels" from one another, so much unlike one another that the difference led him to suggest that the real macroscopic world seems to arise from a microscopic world comprised of seemingly unreal, probabilistic objects. The opposition of the two viewpoints can be reconciled and cohered, however, by arguing that quantum theory offers a valid vision for both microscopic and macroscopic worlds, provided that the relativistic interpretation extends to considering them as folds of one another dependent on the reference frame location of the observer making such a distinction. In Tamdgidi's view, while the basic vocabulary of the Pilot-Wave Interpretation is still dualistic and ultimately fails in unriddling the enigma, it implicitly offers clues toward a successful relativistic explanation. One of the key contributions of the Pilot-Wave Interpretation has been the problematization of the "collapse" as a necessary feature of the quantum world. Since in its definition the two attributes of corpuscularity and spread-out waviness are not deemed to be complementary (as assumed in the Copenhagen Interpretation) but an interlocked feature of objects, the problem of "switching" from one to the other does not arise as an interpretive issue even in that interpretation. The object, interlocked with its pilot-wave, interacts with other objects through their pilot-waves, without having to collapse from one mode to another in terms of a problem of losing and regaining waviness. Entangled objects join to form unified, entangled pilot-waves involving more complex motion patterns. Therefore, the problem of dualism gripping the notion of pilot-wave should not prevent us from noting the contribution it makes to envisioning the universe in terms of an undivided reality, considering the macroscopic and microscopic worlds as folds of one another. It is in this sense that the Pilot-Wave Interpretation offers its way out of the problem of "collapsing" that are shared by both the (reluctant) Einsteinian and (embracing) Bohrian visions of the quantum world. The Many Minds variation of the Many Worlds interpretation seeks to do away with the science-fictional aspects of the latter interpretation, by suggesting that reality is not a predetermined, predictable, medium in its microscopic or macroscopic folds, but can also coexist in superposed states of alternative reality visions, imaginations, and projects in the mind. In this sense, the Many Minds and the Many Worlds interpretations, when the latter is conceived as being possible as coexistential variants in the same universe we live in, can creatively cohere with one another as well and provide further conceptual frameworks for developing the relativistic interpretation as developed in this volume. According to Tamdgidi, an important contribution of Decoherence Interpretations has been to challenge the one-sided and narrower, consciousness-only, mechanisms for what they perceived to be a "collapsing" or "decohering" process by means of which infinite possibilities become actual realities. Finding accidental, evolutionary, or natural-historical explanations for why the macroscopic world we live in has come about and taken the shape it has in the past leading to the rise of human species as an intelligent life-form, aside from the role we ourselves have subsequently and increasingly played in that process, are not irrelevant, but especially contributive, to a fuller and deeper development of our proposed relativistic perspective. The Consciousness Cause Interpretation as found in John Archibald Wheeler both coherently contributes as well as incoherently limits our ability to explain and unriddle the so-called quantum enigma. It contributes, because consciousness does play a definite and inescapable role in any scientific activity, microscopic or macroscopic, such that it is always participatory in terms of how the observing subject must include himself or herself in the experiment being conducted. It is limiting, in the sense that such a role by consciousness comes at times with the muddy bathwater of dualistic thinking, during which the relativistic considerations for understanding the so-called "wave-particle duality of light" are ignored, and objects are split into separable chunks that then call for fantastic explanations that at times invite spooky solutions. Aside from the apparent dualism in the way he wishes to advance both a Monist and an Idealist interpretation of the quantum enigma, Amit Goswami's key contribution to the Consciousness Cause conversations on the quantum enigma, as part of his bringing in the Eastern traditions into that conversation, is his emphasis on the role played by meditation in understanding and unriddling the quantum enigma. However, the way he goes about doing so is not without its problems, at times spent on proving propositions of spooky communication at a distance type, that, provable or not, distract from a more fruitful and undeniable way one can consider meditation to play a key part in providing the inner experiential conditions necessary for understanding and unriddling the quantum enigma. The basic aim of the Ithaca Interpretation is to find a way of shedding light on the objective determinism that one may still attribute to what is usually regarded as a microscopic quantum world of infinite possibilities. Tamdgidi argues that the aim and contributions of the effort undertaken by the Ithaca Interpretation can be fruitful for the relativistic interpretation as introduced in this volume, since the latter does not necessarily rule out the possibility that there is some pre-cognitive order among apparent chaos in reality, microscopic or macroscopic. The relativistic interpretation does not require human consciousness for the alleged collapsing requirement of objects since the collapse itself is regarded as a conceptual error arising from the "dualistic," behaviorally separable, notion of objects being considered as either corpuscular or spread-out. According to the Transactional Interpretation, the wave function should not be regarded as only a temporally forward-moving function but one that depends on and allows for reverse motion, since the process of the so-called "collapse" is not a one-way street, so to speak, but a transactional, two-way street. Bringing the Ithaca and Transactional interpretations into one another's fold requires a rethinking and reimagining of the very logical tools we use to understand reality. And this is why Tamdgidi also included the Quantum Logic Interpretation as another important interpretive contribution toward describing our elephant in the room. What appears to us dualistically as atomistic, separable, subjectlessly "objective," deterministic, locally continuous, and knowable only through disciplinarity and ethnocentric scientism are so manifested falsely because they are frozen, falsely universalized, cross-sectional expressions in longer-term, larger-scale manner in our own reference frame of a fuller process that is much more rapidly enacted in microscopic world--characterized by simultaneity, superpositionality, inseparability, relativity (subject-included objectivity), probability, and transcontinuity, understandable through transdisciplinary and transcultural points of view, best described in terms of the nonreductive dialectics of wholes and parts involving a simultaneity, of unity in diversity, of identity and difference of opposites. Quantum world appears "Quantum Newtonian" (what Tamdgidi coins as a completely relativistic, quantum science-accommodating Newtonianism) in the reference frame of any observer, whether or not he or she goes up or down the escalator of reference frames. Completely relativistic Newtonianism or Quantum Newtonianism is a seemingly slowed down and larger scale expression of the quantum world in one's own reference frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometrical structures of the isolated benzene and naphthalene molecules have been accurately determined by using ultrahigh-resolution laser spectroscopy and ab initio calculation in a complementary manner. The benzene molecule has been identified to be planar and hexagonal (D6h) and the structure has been determined with accuracies of 2 × 10-14 m (0.2 mÅ; 1 Å = 1 × 10-10 m) for the C-C bond length and 1.0 × 10-13 m (1.0 mÅ) for the C-H bond length. The naphthalene molecule has been identified to be symmetric with respect to three coordinate axes (D2h) and the structure has been determined with comparable accuracies. We discuss the effect of vibrational averaging that is a consequence of zero-point motions on the uncertainty in determining the bond lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A place-aware social matching model for predicting serendipitous interaction willingness between two persons in a certain place is proposed under the Korean cultural context. • We design and conduct 2 experiments (Web-based online and real-world offline) based on a bogus stranger paradigm. • We investigate the proposed model in the perspective of the predictability and interpretability. Abstract In the era of perpetual digital connectedness, information and communication technology has significantly altered the way people communicate and interact with each other. Nonetheless, the computer-mediated communication should only complement offline communication rather than substituting it, as the resultant online ties are not as strong as face-to-face ties. In an effort to understand the motives in making offline social interactions real and ultimately to predict willingness to engage in serendipitous interactions with people encountered in a public place, we propose a place-aware social matching model driven by interpersonal factors (i.e., similarity, complementarity, and intimacy) and socio-spatial factors (i.e., place sociability, information acquisition expectancy, and perceived personal space in a place). Through a web-based social matching survey experiment (N = 1139 matches from 99 participants in Korea) based on a bogus stranger paradigm, we examine the interrelationship between those factors and the interaction willingness using a series of multiple regression analyses and build a prediction model by devising predictive features based on several machine learning models. From this, we find that both factors have statistically significant influence on interaction willingness, yet interpersonal factors have a higher relative importance than the socio-spatial factors. The interesting point is that the predictive power of these factors varies according to the place characteristics and the level of interaction willingness. We also empirically test the predictability of the model built from the controlled lab experiment through real-world experiments. The results reveal that the proposed model predicts interaction willingness in a real world with under 21% error rate within the Korean cultural context. Findings have implications for the design of mobile social networking systems that endeavor to facilitate serendipitous interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge flow of multimedia information can trigger the formation of alliances and clusters. Our study focuses on the conditions when alliances or clusters emerge subsequent to the perception of knowledge flow. Based on several fundamental assumptions, we build an evolutionary game model for quantitative calculation and further conclude several propositions via geometrical analysis. The findings show that when originators participate in games without perception to the outflowing of knowledge via multimedia, the similarity, complementarity and spillage of knowledge all facilitate alliances formation after spillovers, and when originators participate in games with perception to the outflowing information, alliance formation is still positively related to the similarity and complementarity of knowledge, while the effect of spillage depends on initial conditions. This study not only analyzes the multimedia information from knowledge spillover perspective, but also introduces the evolutionary game model into the exploration of multimedia information flow, thus it provides novel guidance for the further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Earth and planetary sciences, the chemical composition of chondritic meteorites provides an essential reference to constrain the composition and differentiation history of planetary reservoirs. Yet, for many trace elements, and in particular for volatile trace elements the composition of chondrites is not well constrained. Here we present new compositional data for carbonaceous chondrites with an emphasis on the origin of the volatile element depletion pattern. Our database includes 25 carbonaceous chondrites from 6 different groups (CI, CM, CR, CV, CO, CK), two ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites and Murchison powder samples heated up to 1000 °C in O 2 or Ar gas streams, respectively. A total of 51 major and trace elements were analyzed by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS), using chondrite-matched calibration solutions. Our results confirm that parent body alteration and terrestrial weathering only have minor effects on the bulk chondrite compositions. Thermal metamorphism can lead to the loss of some volatile elements, as best observed in the heating experiments and two thermally overprinted chondrites Y-980115 (CI) and EET 96026 (CV4/5 or CK4/5). The effects of aqueous alteration and terrestrial weathering on the Antarctic samples are difficult to discriminate. Both processes may redistribute fluid mobile elements such as K, Na, Rb, U and the light rare earth elements (LREE) within the meteorite. In hot desert finds, the typical weathering effects are enrichments of Sr, Ba and U and a depletion of S. In general, moderately volatile elements with 50% condensation temperatures (T C) ranging from 1250 K to 800 K show an increasing depletion, whereas 11 moderately volatile elements with 50% T C between 800 K and 500 K are unfractionated from each other in most samples. Their extent of depletion is characteristic for the different chondrite groups. Because of this well-defined “hockey stick” pattern, we propose to divide the moderately volatile elements into two subgroups, the ‘slope volatile elements’ and the unfractionated ‘plateau volatile elements’ with lower T C. Notably, the abundances of plateau volatile elements exhibit a co-variation with the matrix abundances of the respective host meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrite matrices are likely mixes of: (i) CI-like material and (ii) chondrule-related matrix. Chondrule-related matrix is expected to be depleted in volatile elements relative to CI and likely formed contemporaneously with chondrules, leading to chondrule-matrix complementarity. The addition of CI-like material only changed the absolute elemental concentrations of bulk matrix and bulk chondrite, while refractory and main component element ratios such as Mg/Si remain unaffected. Such a model can also account for the co-existence of low temperature CI-like material and high temperature chondrule and chondrule-related matrix. However, elevated volatile element abundances observed in chondrules still provide a challenge for the model as proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two classical pivoting algorithms, due to Lemke and Cottle–Dantzig, are studied on linear complementarity problems (LCPs) and their generalizations that arise from infinite duration two-person mean payoff games (MPGs) under zero-mean partition problem. Lemke's algorithm was studied in solving MPGs via reduction to discounted payoff games or to simple stochastic games. We provide an alternative and efficient approach for studying the LCPs arising from the MPGs without any reduction. A binary MPG can easily be formulated as an LCP which has always terminated in a complementary solution in numerical experiments, but has not yet been proven either the processability of MPG's by Lemke's algorithm or a counter example that it will not terminate with a solution. Till now, the processability of MPG's by Lemke's algorithm remains open. A general MPG (with arbitrary outgoing arcs) naturally reduces to a generalized linear complementarity problem (GLCP) involving a rectangular matrix where the vertices are represented by the columns and the outgoing arcs from each vertex are represented by rows in a particular block. The noteworthy result in this paper is that the GLCP obtained from an MPG is processable by Cottle–Dantzig principal pivoting algorithm which terminates with a solution. Several properties of the matrix which arise in this context are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated energy systems (IESs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the high energy efficiency and low emission of carbon dioxide. To deal with the limitation of single IES, distributed energy networks consisting of multi-IESs are proposed to improve the complementarity of both the energy supply and the demand. This paper mainly focuses on the day-ahead energy management of the whole energy network for the economic operation of the system, following which, a cooperative game is formulated to determine the optimal strategy of each IES to minimize the coalition daily cost. Meanwhile, an allocation mechanism is designed from the perspective of probability to allocate coalition cost to each IES. According to the results of the numerical study, the proposed approach can improve the economic performance of both the energy network and the individual IES by interchanging electrical and thermal energies in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementarity in light use might increase light exploitation and could be an important mechanism explaining the coexistence of multiple species in plant communities of increasing diversity. We measured vertical light profiles and leaf traits related to light acquisition and light use in 40 mixtures of varying species richness (SR, 2, 4, 8 and 16) and functional group richness (FR, 1‐4) in a large grassland biodiversity experiment at five different times during the growing season. Light attenuation within the canopy differed significantly among mixtures of varying SR at peak biomass, with 40% in 2‐species mixtures and up to 80% in 16‐species mixtures. In contrast, increasing SR did not affect light attenuation at the beginning of the growing season or during regrowth after mowing, when large fractions of incoming radiation reached the ground level. These patterns suggested the presence of highly variable light niches over space and time. Trait expression differed among functional groups (except specific leaf area (SLA)) and varied within the growing season. However, we found no direct effect of increased SR or FR on the expression of leaf traits, except for positive species richness‐effects on SLA at peak biomass time. SLA and stomatal conductance increased and leaf dry matter content decreased at lower light at leaf height, while leaf greenness was independent of relative light availability. Dissimilarity of leaf traits (except SLA) at the community level increased with increasing SR. Thus, our results suggest that after accounting for light availability, which was driven by SR and time of year, variations in leaf trait expression within the grassland canopies did not depend on SR, but rather on functional group identity and time of year. Consequently, increased complementarity in light use at higher plant diversity is due to presence of more species with different leaf trait expression and trait variation in response to the actual light environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project explores whether tattoos possess, according to those who sport them, the characteristics of a document and, if yes, to what extent. Eighty-eight tattoos, which were described in eighteen in-depth interviews with tattooed adults, are used as units of analysis and analysed following a conceptual framework that focuses on the complementarity of the material, mental and social aspects of documents. The analysis of the mental (or informational) aspect of tattoos indicates that participants distinctly distinguish between tattoos carrying a meaning from those that are purely aesthetic, and that the two types of tattoos can easily cohabit on the same person. The analysis of the social (or communicational) aspect of tattoos is divided into two sub-aspects: the choice of localization on the body and the choice of visual elements. Both, among the participants, were considered thoughtfully and, united, they often become a well-considered communication strategy. Results indicate that, while all tattoos carry material and social aspects, only those that carry a meaning for the individual sporting them appear to possess a clear mental aspect that would make them documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the cell-based smoothed finite element using quadrilateral elements (CS-FEM) is used for 2D contact problems which are converted into linear complementarity problems (LCPs), which can be solved efficiently using the Lemke method. The modified Coulomb friction contact model with tangential strength and normal adhesion is considered, which models sticking-slipping, contacting-departing, and bonding-debonding processes, in a unified formulation. Smoothed Galerkin weak-form with contact boundary is deduced, in which the stiffness is implemented using the CS-FEM with 1 smoothing domain (1SD), 2SD, 3SD, 4SD, 8SD, and 16SD for each element. Contact interface equations are discretized through contact point-pairs that are constructed using a master-slave surface algorithm. Intensive numerical examples are given to investigate the effects of contact parameters on contact behaviors and examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The numerical results of CS-FEM models are compared with that of FEM-Q4 model, which demonstrates that all CS-FEM models are softer than FEM-Q4 model. The strain energy solutions, obtained using several CS-FEM models, are monotonically decreasing with the number of the SDs for each element increasing. The upper bound solutions in strain energy can be obtained using a CS-FEM-1SD model in our examples, while the lower bound solutions are obtained using CS-FEM-16SD model or FEM-Q4, with FEM-Q4 solution being the lowest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a new notion of second-order complementarity with respect to the tangent subspace related to second-order necessary optimality conditions by the introduction of so-called tangent multipliers. We prove that around a local minimizer, a second-order stationarity residual can be driven to zero while controlling the growth of Lagrange multipliers and tangent multipliers, which gives a new second-order optimality condition without constraint qualifications stronger than previous ones associated with global convergence of algorithms. We prove that second-order variants of augmented Lagrangian (under an additional smoothness assumption based on the Lojasiewicz inequality) and interior point methods generate sequences satisfying our optimality condition. We present also a companion minimal constraint qualification, weaker than the ones known for second-order methods, that ensures usual global convergence results to a classical second-order stationary point. Finally, our optimality condition naturally suggests a definition of second-order stationarity suitable for the computation of iteration complexity bounds and for the definition of stopping criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We developed novel size‐complementary molecular and macromolecular rotaxanes using a 2,6‐dimethylphenyl terminal group as the axle‐end‐cap group in dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8‐ether (DB24C8)‐based rotaxanes, where the 2,6‐dimethylphenyl group was found to be less bulky than the 3,5‐dimethylphenyl group. A series of molecular and macromolecular [2]rotaxanes that bear a 2,6‐dimethylphenyl group as the axle‐end‐cap were synthesized using unsubstituted and fluorine‐substituted DB24C8. Base‐induced decomposition into their constituent components confirmed the occurrence of deslipping, which supports the size‐complementarity of these rotaxanes. The deslipping rate was independent of the axle length but dependent on the DB24C8 substituents. A kinetic study indicated the rate‐determining step was that in which the wheel is getting over the end‐cap group, and deslipping proceeded via a hopping‐over mechanism. Finally, the present deslipping behavior was applied to a stimulus‐degradable polymer as an example for the versatile utility of this concept in the context of stimulus‐responsive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently introducedpolynomial complementarity problem(PCP) is an interesting generalization of thetensor complementarity problem(TCP) studied extensively in the literature. In this paper, we make a contribution to analysing the error bounds of PCPs with structured tensors. Specifically, we first show that the solution set of PCPs with a leadingER-tensor is nonempty and compact. Then, we analyse lower bounds of solutions of PCPs under the strict semicopositiveness, thereby gainfully establishing error bounds of PCPs, which, to the best of our knowledge, are not studied in the current PCPs and TCPs literature. Moreover, it is noteworthy that, due to the special structure of PCPs, our error bounds are better than the direct results obtained by applying the theory ofnon-linear complementarity problemsto PCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Bohr’s principle of complementarity, in the context of a two-slit interference experiment, is understood as the quantitative measures of wave and particle natures following a duality relation D 2 + V 2 ≤ 1 . Here D is a measure of distinguishability of the two paths, and V is the visibility of interference. It is shown that such a relation can be formulated for N –slit or N -path interference too, with the proviso that the wave nature is characterized by a measure of coherence ( C ). This new relation, D 2 + C 2 ≤ 1 is shown to be tight, and reduces to the known duality relation for the case N = 2 . A recently introduced similar relation (Bagan et al., 2016) is shown to be inadequate for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the application of squeeze film damper (SFD) in aero-engine, a cavitation model is evaluated by means of linear complementarity problem (LCP) method. Different from the conventional SFD study that employs circular-center orbits (CCOs), a realistic condition is explored where the shaft whirling center and bearing center are misaligned. Taking into account the fluid as incompressible and compressible, the governing equations, including film cavitation, are respectively solved by developing an algorithm using the LCP method. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and the effectiveness of the model is verified. The proposed model can provide some references to investigate the competency of this cavitation method in SFDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]