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Evidence suggests that firms often do not respond to competitive attacks even when they are aware of an attack and have the capability to counter it. We believe that this is because they engage in a form of nonresponse that we designate as strategic forbearance, a phenomenon that has been mostly neglected by scholars of competitive dynamics. We view such forbearance as a critical component of competitive strategy – an attempt to situate responses to attacks within a more complex and nuanced strategic, organizational and environmental context. Forbearance, we argue, represents managers’ mindful attempts to transcend reflexive responses by expanding the range of considerations a) beyond an attacker to other stakeholders and rivals, b) beyond the immediate attack to its historical setting and long-term relational implications, and c) beyond unitary tactics to those concerning global strategic coherence and adaptation. We define formally and tentatively operationalize strategic forbearance, before deriving propositions concerning its five general transcending drivers. Ultimately, we believe, the study of forbearance can bring scholars of competitive dynamics closer to the heart of the reflective competitive strategy.

В главе рассматривается важность формирования взаимосвязи при решении тактических задач с использованием механизмов успеха в процессе формирования тактического мышления для применения приемов борьбы в поединках. Общеизвестно, что в теории армрестлинга принято выделять тактики достижения успеха, в которых аккумулированы закономерности контактного взаимодействия с соперником в поединке, позволяющие целенаправленно изменять и контролировать соревновательные действия для достижения победы. Целью исследования является выявление влияния, воспитания психологических качеств рукоборцев на результаты соревнований с применением спортивных снарядов. Результатом исследования является показатель выработки спортсменами тактического мышления на соревнованиях. Выводы. Выделение в тактическом мышлении тактических умений, механизмов достижения успеха и тактических задач позволяет конкретизировать тактическое мышление рукоборца. Применяя тактические умения, рукоборец может применять приемы технических действий преднамеренно и при этом не опаздывая, а даже опережая соперника. Таким образом, выявлено, что примененные в тренировочном процессе средства и методы по выработке тактического мышления на начальном этапе подготовки положительно сказались на выступлениях. Биомеханические механизмы достижения успеха – это, прежде всего: 1) преднамеренные или ответные движения рукоборца, которые соперник использует в своих интересах; 2) взаиморасположение рукоборца (тела, рук, ног) в захватах, стойках и т. д. – это дает пространственные преимущества при проведении приемов борьбы; 3) инерционные характеристики движения, которые задают необратимый характер при выполнении действий, и, пока спортсмен сможет их изменить, он уже проиграет противоборство. К ним также относятся механизмы использования дистанционных, темповых, ритмических и других характеристик биомеханического взаимодействия рукоборцев. Психофизиологические механизмы достижения успеха базируются на использовании психомоторных, координационных и эмоциональных реагирований соперника, а также включают в себя скрытое и открытое воздействие на его психические механизмы ориентировки и управления движением., This article discusses the importance of the formation of interrelationship in solving tactical tasks using success mechanisms in the process of forming tactical thinking for the application of fighting techniques in duels. It is well known that in the theory of armwrestling, it is customary to single out tactics for achieving success, in which patterns of contact interaction with an opponent in a duel are accumulated, allowing purposefully changing and controlling competitive actions to achieve victory. The purpose of the study is to identify, influence, education of psychological qualities of hand wrestlers on the results of competitions with the use of sports equipment. The results of the study are an indicator of the development of tactical thinking by athletes at competitions. Conclusions. The allocation of tactical skills, success mechanisms and tactical tasks in tactical thinking allows you to concretize the tactical thinking of a hand wrestler. Applying tactical skills, a handyman can apply techniques of technical actions intentionally and at the same time not being late, but even ahead of the opponent. Thus, the means and methods used in the training process to develop tactical thinking at the initial stage of preparation had a positive effect on performances. Biomechanical mechanisms of success are, first of all: 1) deliberate or reciprocal movements of the wrestler, which the opponent uses to his advantage; 2) the relative positions of the wrestler (body, arms, legs) in grapples, stands, etc. – which gives spatial advantages when conducting wrestling techniques; 3) inertial characteristics of movement, which set an irreversible character when performing actions and while the athlete can change them, he will already lose the confrontation. They also include mechanisms for the use of distance, tempo, rhythmic and other characteristics of biomechanical interaction of wrestlers. Psychophysiological mechanisms of success are based on the use of psychomotor, coordination and emotional reactions of the opponent, and also include hidden and open influence on his mental mechanisms of orientation and movement control.

Food industry has seen a rise of plant-based food market in the recent years, both globally and in Finland. Alternatives for meat and dairy are attracting consumers because of health, ethical and environmental reasons. The growing numbers of vegans, vegetarians and flexitarians offer food industry firms a growth potential, thus drawing both established and new firms to enter the market of plant-based food. This thesis explores this topical phenomenon of emerging plant-based food market and the food industry firms. The study seeks answers to two research questions. First, which strategic resources and competitive actions firms have utilized when approaching the emerging market? Second, are there observable differences between incumbents and other firms? By answering these questions this study aims to build an understanding of how the plant-based food market has gained its legitimacy over the years. In the scope of this study are the food industry companies in Finland. This study focuses on years between 1995 and 2016. The theoretical framework in this study is based on three theories: signalling theory, competitive dynamics and resource-based view. Signalling theory enables this study to identify the signals of firms. Competitive dynamics and resource-based view explain how firms seek their competitive advantage and base their actions on their resources and capabilities. This study applies structured content analysis method. To secure a wide enough pool of data, the data source are four Finnish publications focusing on business, industry and economical topics: Kauppalehti, Talouselämä, Tekniikka & Talous, Arvopaperi. Firms’ signals are collected using the online archives of these publications. Altogether 241 firm-related data entries are collected in the study, which contain 451 individual activities. These activities are constructed under ten different categories. Firm size is used as a variable to compare the differences between incumbents and other firms. Turnover is used as a measure for firm size: firms with over 50 million euros in turnover are considered as incumbents. The collected data indicates that the incumbents are overrepresented in the results, as 77 % of the activities are from the incumbents but they represent only 1 % of the Finnish food industry firms. The results of the study follow earlier findings in that the behaviour and pool of resources and actions differ between incumbents and other firms. The incumbents are actively signalling their strategy changes and ongoing strategy work, contrary to the other firms which, through signals of product launches and market entries, signal more about their tangible actions in the market. The incumbents bundle strategy-related signals with information about, for instances, upcoming investments and acquisitions, future market entries, and financial and performance matters as they aim to communicate to the market, and the investors in particular, of their future potential, dexterity and strength. This study draws a timeline of the firm activities and as a result identifies three distinctive intervals, based on the firm activities: “special diet’s market” (1995–2003), “first incumbent market entry” (2004–2013), and “legitimate market” (2014–). In the first interval, smaller firms operate in the market, where each has located a niche segment to focus on. In the second interval one incumbent expands the strategic focus of plant-based food market. This is done by seeing the potential in healthiness of the plant-based food instead of focusing on the special diet perspective. This study concludes that plant-based food market gains its legitimacy through the strategic actions of the firms during the third interval. This happens as multiple incumbents begin to signal how they are embedding plant-based food in their strategy. Besides this, the incumbents complete many activities in a short time span to secure access to and foothold in the market. Kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkina on kasvanut sekä kansainvälisesti että Suomessa viime vuosina. Liha- ja maitotuotteita korvaavat vaihtoehtoiset tuotteet houkuttelevat kuluttajia erityisesti terveydellisistä, eettisistä ja ympäristösyistä. Vegaanien, vegetaristien ja joustovegaanien kasvavat määrät tarjoavat elintarviketeollisuuden yrityksille kasvupotentiaalia, ja siksi kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkina vetää puoleensa olemassa olevia ja uusia yrityksiä. Tämä diplomityö tutkii ajankohtaista ilmiötä eli kasvavaa kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkinaa ja elintarvikealan yrityksiä. Tutkimus etsii vastauksia kahteen tutkimuskysymykseen. Ensiksi, minkälaisten strategisten ja kilpailullisten toimenpiteiden avulla yritykset ovat lähestyneet kasvavaa markkinaa? Toiseksi, onko vakiintuneiden yritysten ja muiden yritysten välillä havaittavissa olevia eroavaisuuksia? Vastaamalla näihin kysymyksiin tutkimus pyrkii kasvattamaan ymmärrystä siitä, miten kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkina on saavuttanut laillisuutensa. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat elintarvikealan yritykset Suomessa. Työ tarkastelee vuosia 1995–2016. Työn teoreettisena viitekehyksenä ovat signaaliteoria, kilpailudynamiikka ja resurssipohjainen teoria. Signaaliteoria edesauttaa tunnistamaan yritysten signaalit. Kilpailudynamiikka ja resurssipohjainen teoria selittävät, miten yritykset etsivät kilpailuetua ja miten ne pohjaavat tekemänsä toimenpiteet resursseilleen ja kyvykkyyksilleen. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetään tutkimusmenetelmänä strukturoitua sisältöanalyysiä. Tarpeeksi kattavan tietokannan kokoamiseksi työn tietolähteenä käytetään neljää suomalaista liikeelämään, teollisuuteen ja talouteen keskittyvää julkaisua: Kauppalehti, Talouselämä, Tekniikka & Talous ja Arvopaperi. Yritysten signaalit kootaan näiden julkaisujen online-arkistoista. Yhteensä tiedonkeruu tuottaa 241 yrityksiin liittyvää kirjausta, jotka sisältävät 451 yksittäistä toimenpidettä. Nämä toimenpiteet luokitellaan kymmeneen eri kategoriaan. Liikevaihtoa käytetään yritykseen koon määrittäjänä: yritykset, joiden liikevaihto on yli 50 miljoonaa, ovat tässä työssä vakiintuneita yrityksiä. Kerätyn datan pohjalta voidaan olettaa vakiintuneiden yritysten olevan yliedustettuna tuloksissa, sillä 77 % toimenpiteistä on vakiintuneiden yritysten, mutta nämä yritykset edustavat vain 1 % Suomen elintarvikealan yrityksistä. Työn tulokset seuraavat aiempien tutkimusten tuloksia siinä, miten vakiintuneiden yritysten ja muiden yritysten välillä on eroja niin käyttäytymisen kuin resurssien ja toimenpiteiden valikoiman osalta. Vakiintuneet yritykset lähettävät aktiivisesti signaaleja strategisista muutoksistaan ja käynnissä olevasta strategiatyöstä, toisin kuin muut yritykset, jotka tuotelanseerausten ja markkinoilletulosignaalien avulla viestivät enemmän konkreettisista toimenpiteistään. Vakiintuneet yritykset niputtavat strategiasignaaleihinsa viestejä esimerkiksi tulevista investoinneista, yrityskaupoista ja markkinoille astumisista, sekä taloudellisesta suorituskyvystään. Näin vakiintuneet yritykset pyrkivät viestimään markkinalle, ja erityisesti sijoittajille, tulevaisuuden potentiaalistaan, taitavuudestaan ja voimastaan. Tämä tutkimus kokoaa aikajanan yritysten toimenpiteistä ja sen seurauksena tunnistettavissa on kolme erillistä aikajaksoa: erityisruokavalioiden markkina 1995–2003, ensimmäisen vakiintuneen yrityksen markkinoille tulo 2004–2013 ja laillistettu markkina 2014–. Aikajakson alussa pienemmät yritykset toimivat markkinassa, josta jokainen on tunnistanut oman markkinarakonsa. Toisella aikajaksolla yksittäinen vakiintunut yritys laajentaa strategista fokustaan kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkinaan. Tämän perustana on potentiaalin näkeminen siirtämällä näkökulmaa erityisruokavalioista kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden terveellisyyteen. Työn pohjalta on pääteltävissä, että kasvipohjaisten elintarvikkeiden markkina saavuttaa laillisuutensa yritysten tekemien strategisten toimenpiteiden kautta kolmannen aikajakson aikana. Tämä tapahtuu, kun useampi vakiintunut yritys signaloi, miten he ovat omaksumassa kasvipohjaiset tuotteet osaksi strategiaansa. Tämän lisäksi vakiintuneet yritykset suorittavat useita toimenpiteitä lyhyessä ajassa taatakseen pääsyn ja jalansijan markkinalle.

This work aimed to analyze the impacts of environmental changes on the competitive strategies of companies in the supermarket sector of Campina Grande/PB from 2013 to 2017. Using the theoretical basis of the competitive dynamics, focusing on the types of competitive actions and ways of competing in the market according to Usero & Fernández (2003), Silva & Freitas (2006) and Ferrier & Lee (2002). The research was characterized as qualitative and three cases were used for study, being the primary data obtained from interviews with the respective managers and the secondary ones in the literature and sectoral studies. The results showed that of the 10 environmental changes occurred in the sector at the national level 7 presented in the local sector with high intensity and 3 with low intensity. These changes impacted on the competitive strategies of the companies studied, leading them to adopt various innovation actions and tactics. Of the 10 innovation actions considered, 8 were used with greater intensity. In relation to the 7 tactical actions, 4 were used with greater intensity. As for the way of competing, it was verified that these companies presented aggressiveness and competitive complexity, but did not present heterogeneity and unpredictability, maintaining the same form of competition already identified in the period from 2003 to 2005 by Silva & Freitas (2006). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os impactos das mudanças ambientais nas estratégias competitivas das empresas do setor supermercadista de Campina Grande/PB no período de 2013 a 2017. Usando como base teórica a dinâmica competitiva, focando nos tipos de ações competitivas e formas de competir no mercado de acordo com Usero e Fernández (2003), Silva e Freitas (2006) e Ferrier e Lee (2002). A pesquisa caracteriza-se qualitativa e utilizou-se de três casos para estudo, sendo os dados primários obtidos a partir de entrevistas junto aos respectivos gerentes, e os secundários na literatura e estudos setoriais. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que das 10 mudanças ambientais ocorridas no setor em nível nacional, 7 se apresentaram no setor local com alta intensidade e 3 com baixa intensidade. Essas mudanças impactaram nas estratégias competitivas das empresas estudadas, levando-as a adotarem diversas ações de inovação e táticas. Das 10 ações de inovação consideradas, 8 foram usadas com maior intensidade. Em relação às 7 ações táticas, foram utilizadas 4 com maior intensidade. Quanto à forma de competir, constatou-se que tais empresas apresentaram agressividade e complexidade competitiva, porém não apresentaram heterogeneidade e imprevisibilidade, mantendo a mesma forma de competir já identificada no período de 2003 a 2005 por Silva e Freitas (2006).

Объектом исследования является ИП «Baby_Photo». Целью выпускной̆ квалификационной̆ работы является анализ конкурентоспособности предприятия ИП «Baby_Photo» для принятия решения о Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ еѐ повышению. На основе анализа рынка фотоуслуг были выделены основные конкуренты виртуальной фотостудии «Baby_Photo». Были разработаны меры для привлечения максимально большого числа Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ñ‡Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð² и выяснено, что основными конкурентными аспектами, которые требуют особого внимания, являются наличие достойного портфолио, приемлемый уровень цен и наличие Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»ÑƒÐ³. Спрогнозирована выручка и рассчитаны затраты от реализации мер по усилению ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑƒÑ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ¸Ð¼ÑƒÑ‰ÐµÑÑ‚Ð² фотостудии. Просчитана ставка дисконтирования, чистая приведенная стоимость проекта, проделан анализ чувствительности при изменении Ð´Ð²ÑƒÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð½Ð° окупаемость проекта факторов. Проведение Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ€ по увеличению ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑƒÑ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ¸Ð¼ÑƒÑ‰ÐµÑÑ‚Ð² приведет к увеличению чистой прибыли предприятия., The object of the study is the IP "Baby_Photo". The purpose of the final qualification work is to analyze the competitiveness of the enterprise IP "Baby_Photo" to decide on measures to improve it. Based on the analysis of the market of photo services, the main competitors of the virtual photo Studio "Baby_Photo"were identified. Measures were developed to attract the largest possible number of regular customers and it was found that the main competitive aspects that require special attention are the availability of a decent portfolio, an acceptable level of prices and the availability of additional services. Projected revenue and calculated costs from the implementation of measures to strengthen the competitive advantages of the photo Studio. The discount rate and the net present value of the project were calculated, and the sensitivity analysis was performed when the two most significant factors for the project's payback changed. Taking the necessary measures to increase competitive advantages will lead to an increase in the company's net profit.

We examine, in hypercompetitive environments, why some firms fail to benefit from competitive aggressiveness while others experience superior profits. We explore the relationship between competitive aggressiveness and performance in a sample of 141 firms from three hypercompetitive industries—personal computers, computer-aided software engineering, and semiconductors—from 1995 to 2006. Contrary to the predominant view within competitive dynamics research, we find that competitive aggressiveness is not a universally effective strategy. For some firms, excessive competitive aggressiveness can escalate costs and diminish performance. Using polynomial regression analysis and response surface methodology, we identify the conditions under which competitive aggressiveness enhances firm performance. Our findings reveal that firms benefit from competitive aggressiveness when they have specialized technological resources and support from a dense network of alliance partners.

Purpose: to carry out the analysis of renditions of national teams on wrestling on the World Cup of 2016. Material & Methods: the analysis of 328 fights of highly skilled wrestlers is carried out. Results: it is determined that the advantage of the strongest wrestlers consists in successful and stable use of technical-tactical actions near other factors during a duel meet and ability to impose to the rival the style of conducting a fight. Conclusions: it is established that the offensive actions prevail as a part of the competitive technique, the fight is conducted constantly at high speed, and the techniques are carried out after the previous preparation, and in case the sportsmen is sure that the technique will be executed.

Avec l’avènement de la micro-informatique dans les années 80, de l’internet dans les années 90 et de l’achèvement du séquençage du génome humain au tournant du 21e siècle, le nombre d’entreprises développant des technologies en santé a explosé. Par contre, la pratique en centre hospitalier et des interactions quotidiennes avec des professionnels de la santé œuvrant dans différents secteurs du système de santé québécois et d’autres provinces canadiennes rend compte d’une large différence entre le nombre de technologies qui apparaissent dans les conférences et blogs, et celles adoptées et utilisées sur le terrain. Mais tandis que l’évaluation des technologies et l’étude de la diffusion des innovations ont donné lieu à une littérature scientifique importante, peu d’études ont exploré jusqu’à présent l’émergence des entreprises de technologies innovantes en santé en prenant compte le point de vue de tous les acteurs impliqués. C’est donc ce manque de connaissances que notre étude désire combler, en se demandant comment une entreprise émergente et de technologie en santé peut se construire socialement en initiant certaines actions concurrentielles et pourquoi ces actions peuvent-elles différer selon le type d’entreprise, les demandes et les pressions des acteurs économiques et du système de santé. Les objectifs de recherche sont donc de définir comment les entreprises innovatrices en technologie de la santé s'établissent en utilisant l'effet de leurs actions concurrentielles tout en leur octroyant un sens, déterminer l'influence du type d'entreprise et des schèmes de construction sociale sur les actions concurrentielles, les activités de fabrication de sens et les réponses aux pressions des acteurs institutionnels, et enfin identifier quelles sont les stratégies utilisées par les entrepreneurs pour s'adresser à l'institution qu’est le système de santé. Afin de répondre aux interrogations soulevées par les observations sur le terrain, la présente recherche s’est organisée en trois volets successifs, explorant trois points de vue différents. Le premier est celui d’un observateur externe envers les startups en technologie de santé. Le deuxième volet est celui des acteurs gravitant autour de ces entreprises et le troisième est celui des entrepreneurs eux-mêmes. Le premier volet consiste en une étude de cas multiples utilisant la stratégie d’analyse de construction d’explication. L'étude s'est appuyée sur l'analyse des communiqués de presse (n = 664) et des articles des médias généraux (n = 627). L'échantillon comprend cinq entreprises canadiennes inscrites à la Bourse de Toronto sous la forme de quatre startups qui ont fait une offre d’achat initiale entre 2000 et 2003, et une entreprise bien établie. Parmi celles-ci, trois étaient dans le secteur de la santé, une dans le secteur du commerce électronique tandis que l‘entreprise bien établie était une entreprise de solutions d’infrastructures électroniques en santé. Globalement, au cours de l'émergence de l'entreprise, les actions marketing et symboliques, doublées du recours à des leaders d’opinion et des personnes de haute notoriété ont été nettement plus prononcées avec les startups de santé par rapport à l'entreprise qui n’était pas en santé. Au cours des premiers mois d’émergence, au fur et à mesure que les communications et signaux augmentaient, les startups en santé étaient les seules entreprises à utiliser la légitimité cognitive et pragmatique, s'appuyant ainsi sur la cognition plutôt que sur l'intérêt personnel ou les jugements moraux des acteurs. De plus, nous avons observé des différences dans l'utilisation des actions marketing et des actions symboliques et également dans le recours à des leaders d’opinion. Cela suggère une influence différentielle du modèle de construction sociale et du type d'entreprise sur le niveau et le mélange des actions du marché et des activités de sensibilisation entre les entreprises de santé et les entreprises de technologie non liées à la santé. Les deuxième et troisième volet consistent en deux séries d’entrevues semi-structurées, où une analyse thématique a été utilisée pour identifier et rapporter des thèmes tout en organisant et en décrivant minutieusement l'ensemble de données. Pour le deuxième volet, l'échantillon pour les entrevues semi-structurées comprend 10 médecins spécialistes, 4 professionnels de la santé impliqués dans l'acquisition des technologies de la santé, 3 membres des unités d'évaluation des technologies de la santé et 3 investisseurs en technologies de la santé. Nous avons déterminé que l'acquisition et la diffusion des technologies de santé sont de plus en plus réglementées et doivent répondre à des pressions croissantes d'un grand nombre d'acteurs qui voient inversement leur pouvoir d'agence se réduire. Nous avons également démontré que les pressions qui pousse vers l'institutionnalisation des pratiques, ainsi que le découplage des objectifs du système de santé et ceux des autres acteurs sont abordés par des stratégies "politiques"; le pouvoir des principaux influenceurs tels que les investisseurs et les spécialistes médicaux, ainsi que la méfiance à l'égard des actions de marketing sont abordés avec des stratégies “associatives”; les pressions découlant du besoin croissant de données fondées sur des données probantes sont traitées avec des stratégies “normatives”. Enfin, la faible fragmentation d'un système public de santé et l'hétérogénéité des processus d'acquisition locaux sont abordées avec des stratégies “d'identité”. Le troisième volet s’est concentré sur la manière dont les entrepreneurs saisissent les opportunités, créent leur organisation entrepreneuriale, et lui apportent de la légitimité, et a examiné les déclencheurs, contraintes et pressions impliquées dans ce processus. L'échantillon pour les entretiens a été constitué de 20 entrepreneurs et partenaires stratégiques impliqués dans le développement et la commercialisation des technologies de la santé. À chaque étape, nous avons identifié un processus institutionnel prédominant, qu'il s'agisse du découplage, de l'influence du champ organisationnel ou de la recherche de légitimation. Nous avons constaté que chaque étape de l'émergence de la start-up était déclenchée par des situations où l'entrepreneur faisait face à des barrières et contraintes sous la forme d'un désalignement des limites, de la mauvaise performance des technologies concurrentes, et de l'asymétrie des ressources. Nos résultats peuvent aider les professionnels de la santé, les décideurs et les évaluateurs à comprendre le processus d'adoption et de diffusion des technologies en santé et contribuer à l'élaboration de procédures d'acquisition grâce à des politiques ciblées et des processus révisés. Pour les investisseurs, notre étude leur permet d’identifier les obstacles qui rythment la vitesse à laquelle les nouvelles technologies font leur chemin dans la pratique clinique et le système de santé. Les résultats peuvent aussi fournir un cadre pour élaborer des données de référence pour évaluer les investissements actuels et futurs. Mieux connaître quelles sont les différences propres aux startups technologiques en santé en comparaison aux autres startups pourrait aider les entrepreneurs à prioriser les actions compétitives et à mieux cerner les intentions perçues et les besoins de santé réels lors de l’émergence sociale de l’entreprise. Pour le système de santé, les résultats peuvent servir à élaborer et enrichir des politiques et directives d’acquisition et d’évaluation qui vont améliorer l’accès à des technologies médicales qui sont sécuritaires, efficaces et de haute qualité., With the advent of micro-computing in the 1980s, the Internet in the 1990s and the completion of the sequencing of the human genome at the turn of the 21st century, the number of companies developing health technologies has exploded. Nonetheless, hospital practice and day-to-day interactions with health professionals working in different sectors of the Quebec health system and other Canadian provinces reflect a large difference between the number of technologies appearing in conferences and blogs, and those adopted and used in the field. But while the evaluation of technologies and the study of the diffusion of innovations led to an important scientific literature, few studies have so far explored the emergence of innovative health technology companies taking into account the point of view of all the actors involved. It is this lack of knowledge that our study wishes to fill, by asking how an emerging health technology company can be socially constructed by initiating certain competitive actions and why these actions may differ according to the type of company, demands and pressures from economic and healthcare system actors. The research objectives are therefore to define how innovative health technology companies establish themselves by using the effect of their competitive actions while giving them meaning, determining the influence of the type of business and the patterns of social construction activities on competitive actions, sensemaking activities and responses to the pressures of institutional actors, and finally identify the strategies used by entrepreneurs to address the institution that is the health system. In order to answer the questions raised by field observations, this research was organized in three successive parts, exploring three different points of view. The first is that of an external observer to health technology start-ups. The second part is that of the actors around these companies and the third is that of the entrepreneurs themselves. The first part consists of a multiple case study using explanation-building analysis strategy. The study was based on the analysis of press releases (n = 664) and general media articles (n = 627). The sample includes five Canadian companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange in the form of four startups that made an initial bid from 2000 to 2003 and a well-established firm. Of these, three were in the health sector, one in the e-commerce sector, while the well-established company was a health electronic infrastructure solutions company. Overall, during the emergence of the company, marketing and symbolic actions, coupled with the use of opinion leaders and high-profile people, were significantly more pronounced with the health-based startups when compared to the firm who was not in the health sector. In the early months of emergence, as communications and signals increased, health-based startups were the only firms to use cognitive and pragmatic legitimacy, relying on cognition rather than personal interest or moral judgment of the actors. In addition, we observed differences in the use of marketing and symbolic actions and also in the use of opinion leaders. This suggests a differential influence of the social construction model and firm type on the level and mix of market actions and sensegiving activities between health and non-health technology companies. The second and third components consist of two sets of semi-structured interviews, where a thematic analysis was used to identify and report themes while organizing and describing the data set thoroughly. For the second part, the sample for semi-structured interviews includes 10 medical specialists, 4 health professionals involved in health technology acquisition, 3 health technology assessment units’ members, and 3 investors in health technologies. We have determined that the acquisition and diffusion of health technologies are increasingly regulated and must respond to increasing pressures from a large number of actors who, conversely, see their agency power diminish. We also found that the pressures to institutionalize practices, as well as the decoupling of the objectives of the health system from those of other actors, are addressed by “political” strategies; the power of key influencers such as investors and medical specialists, as well as mistrust of marketing actions are addressed with “associative” strategies; the pressures arising from the growing need for evidence-based evidence are addressed through “normative” strategies. Finally, the fragmentation of a public health system and the heterogeneity of local procurement processes are approached with “identity” strategies. The third part focuses on how entrepreneurs seize opportunities, create their entrepreneurial organization, and give it legitimacy, and examined the triggers, constraints and pressures involved in this process. The sample for the interviews consisted of 20 entrepreneurs and strategic partners involved in the development and commercialization of health technologies. At each stage, we identified a predominant institutional process, whether it be the decoupling, the influence of the organizational field or the search for legitimation. We found that each stage of the start-up was triggered by situations where the entrepreneur faced barriers and constraints in the form of a misalignment of boundaries, poor performance of competing technologies, and of resource asymmetry. Our findings can help healthcare professionals, decision-makers and evaluators understand the process of adoption and diffusion of health technologies and contribute to the development of procurement procedures through targeted policies and revised processes. For investors, our study allows them to identify the barriers that pace the speed at which new technologies are making their way into clinical practice and the health care system. The results can also provide a framework for developing baseline data to evaluate current and future investments. A better understanding of the differences in health technology startups compared to other startups could help entrepreneurs prioritize competitive actions and better understand perceived intentions and real health needs during the social emergence of the company. For the healthcare system, the results can be used to develop and enrich procurement and evaluation policies and guidelines that will improve access to safe, effective and high quality medical technologies.

Данная статья посвящена изучению проблемы конкуренции на рынке труда. На основе авторского определения понятия «конкуренция на рынке труда» выделены структурные элементы данного феномена в рамках социологического аспекта. This article studies the problem of competition in the labour market. Based on the author's definition of «competition on the labour market», outlines the structural elements of the phenomenon within a sociological aspect.

Цель: провести анализ выступлений сборных команд по спортивной борьбе на Кубке мира 2016 года. Материал и методы: проведён анализ 328 схваток высококвалифицированных борцов. Результаты: определено, что наряду с другими факторами преимущество сильнейших борцов заключается в успешном и стабильном использовании технико-тактических действий во время поединка и умении навязать сопернику свой стиль ведения схватки. Выводы: установлено, что в составе соревновательной техники преобладают наступательные действия, схватка ведется постоянно в высоком темпе, приёмы выполняются после предшествующей подготовки и в том случае, если спортсмен уверен, что приём будет выполнен., Shatskykh, V., Yezan, V., Ponomaryov, V. & Klimenko, O. Purpose: to carry out the analysis of renditions of national teams on wrestling on the World Cup of 2016. Material & Methods: the analysis of 328 fights of highly skilled wrestlers is carried out. Results: it is determined that the advantage of the strongest wrestlers consists in successful and stable use of technical-tactical actions near other factors during a duel meet and ability to impose to the rival the style of conducting a fight. Conclusions: it is established that the offensive actions prevail as a part of the competitive technique, the fight is conducted constantly at high speed, and the techniques are carried out after the previous preparation, and in case the sportsmen is sure that the technique will be executed.

We advance competitive dynamics research by introducing alliance portfolio configuration as an important antecedent of competitive action frequency. We propose and test a model for developing effective alliance portfolio configurations that enhance a firm’s ability to discover, conceptualize, and carry out new competitive actions. Our model consists of three overlapping components: (a) opportunity recognition capacity as evidenced by the portfolio attribute of structural holes, (b) opportunity development capacity as indicated by R&D alliance scope, and (c) action execution capacity as exhibited by equity alliances with trusted partners. We hypothesize and find a multiplicative effect of the configuration of all three alliance portfolio attributes on the frequency of competitive actions carried out by 12 large global automobile manufacturing firms with 1,471 unique partners and 37,520 alliances formed over a 16-year period (1988 to 2003). The three-way configuration of portfolio attributes was stronger for more complex competitive actions requiring more time, expertise, and resources to develop and execute.

The objective of the study was to present the statistics of the best four teams of the World Cup of 2014. Were collected from the official website FIFA the statistical data of the best four teams. One way Anova calculated the difference of the performance of the best four teams of the World Cup of 2014, with accepted significance level of p≤0,05. Tukey post hoc detected the difference between the data, with accepted significance level of p≤0,05. The analyzed aspects were the goals scored, the opportunities of goals, the kick, the offside, the ball possession, the passes, the conceded goals, the moves with stopped ball, the balls taken by another team, the fouls, the cards and how much the athletes ran. The majority of these aspects of the match, the Germany team was the best and in many comparisons occurred significant difference (p≤0,05). In conclusion, study the statistics of the best four teams of the World Cup allows understanding the motive of a better and worse performance in this dispute. El objetivo del estudio fue presentar las estadísticas de los cuatro mejores equipos de la Copa del Mundo de 2014. Los datos estadísticos de los cuatro mejores equipos de la Copa del Mundo de 2014 se recopilaron del sitio web oficial de la FIFA. Anova calculó de una manera la diferencia en los resultados de desempeño de los cuatro mejores equipos en la Copa del Mundo 2014, con resultados aceptados con un nivel de significancia de p≤0.05. El post hoc de Tukey detectó la diferencia en las medidas al aceptar un nivel de significancia de p≤0.05. Los aspectos analizados fueron los goles marcados, las ocasiones de gol, las finalizaciones, las jugadas de balón muerto, los impedimentos, la posesión de balón, los pases, los goles encajados, las desarmas, los balones recuperados, los balones perdidos, la faltas. , las tarjetas y la distancia recorrida. En la mayoría de estos aspectos del juego, Alemania fue la mejor y en muchas comparaciones hubo una diferencia significativa (p≤0.05). En conclusión, estudiar los datos estadísticos de los cuatro mejores equipos de la Copa del Mundo nos permite entender el porqué de un mejor y peor desempeño en esta disputa. L'obiettivo dello studio era presentare le statistiche delle quattro migliori squadre della Coppa del Mondo 2014. I dati statistici delle quattro migliori squadre della Coppa del Mondo 2014 sono stati raccolti dal sito ufficiale della FIFA. Anova one way ha calcolato la differenza nei risultati delle prestazioni delle quattro migliori squadre ai Mondiali 2014, con risultati accettati con un livello di significatività di p≤0,05. Il post hoc di Tukey ha rilevato la differenza nelle misurazioni accettando un livello di significatività di p≤0,05. Gli aspetti analizzati sono stati i gol realizzati, le occasioni di gol, le finalizzazioni, i giochi di palla morta, gli impedimenti, il possesso palla, i passaggi, i gol subiti, i disarma, i palloni recuperati, i palloni persi, il falli. , le carte e la distanza percorsa. Nella maggior parte di questi aspetti del gioco, la Germania era la migliore e in molti confronti c'era una differenza significativa (p≤0,05). In conclusione, studiare i dati statistici delle quattro migliori squadre del Mondiale ci permette di capire il motivo di una prestazione sempre migliore in questa disputa. O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar a estatística das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014. Foram coletados do site oficial da FIFA os dados estatísticos das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014. A Anova one way calculou a diferença dos resultados de performance das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014, com resultados aceitos com ní­vel de significância de p≤0,05. O post hoc Tukey detectou a diferença das medidas aceitando um ní­vel de significância de p≤0,05. Os aspectos analisados foram os gols marcados, as chances de gol, as finalizações, as jogadas de bola parada, os impedimentos, a posse de bola, os passes, os gols sofridos, os desarmes, as bolas recuperadas, as bolas perdidas, as faltas, os cartões e a metragem percorrida. Na maioria desses aspectos do jogo, a Alemanha foi a melhor e em muitas comparações, ocorreram diferença significativa (p≤0,05). Em conclusão, estudar os dados estatí­sticos das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo permite entender o motivo de um melhor e pior desempenho nessa disputa. O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar a estatística das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014. Foram coletados do site oficial da FIFA os dados estatísticos das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014. A Anova one way calculou a diferença dos resultados de performance das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo de 2014, com resultados aceitos com ní­vel de significância de p≤0,05. O post hoc Tukey detectou a diferença das medidas aceitando um ní­vel de significância de p≤0,05. Os aspectos analisados foram os gols marcados, as chances de gol, as finalizações, as jogadas de bola parada, os impedimentos, a posse de bola, os passes, os gols sofridos, os desarmes, as bolas recuperadas, as bolas perdidas, as faltas, os cartões e a metragem percorrida. Na maioria desses aspectos do jogo, a Alemanha foi a melhor e em muitas comparações, ocorreram diferença significativa (p≤0,05). Em conclusão, estudar os dados estatí­sticos das quatro melhores seleções da Copa do Mundo permite entender o motivo de um melhor e pior desempenho nessa disputa.

This study aims at reviewing the literature on the analysis of play in football, bringing lessons on the technical and tactical component, research plans, thematic studies and specific control of competitive actions. From the survey, we should mention some points for this study: i) analysis of play in football has been considered a major factor in the preparation of sport and football teams, as it allows the adequate training of the specific actions Competitive ii) despite the functional logic of the game of football is tactical in nature, the analysis of technical and tactical components during the games appear to be treated with less proportionality in relation to the physical component of the sport, as distinct types of displacement, distance traveled in different intensities and patterns of biomechanical movement of players, iii) the investigation of the football match takes place at the individual, and collective sector, both quantitative and qualitative indicators of the performance of footballers, iv) at the national level, few studies have focused on analysis of play in soccer, v) is important in controlling the actions of competitive football match to be considered what action is performed, its result in terms of effectiveness, location and timing of their implementation, as well as understand the various factors that may influence the responses of any indicator studied during the games as competitive level, training and player positions, environmental conditions, methods of analysis and especially the functional dynamics of the game of football. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el análisis de partidos en el fútbol, ​​trayendo inferencias sobre el componente técnico-táctico, planes de investigación, estudios sobre el tema y particularidades del control de las acciones competitivas. De la investigación realizada se pueden destacar algunos puntos para el presente estudio: i) el análisis del juego en el fútbol ha sido considerado un factor primordial para la preparación deportiva de los futbolistas y equipos, ya que permite la adecuación del entrenamiento a la especificidad de las acciones competitivas; ii) a pesar de que la lógica funcional del juego de fútbol es de carácter táctico, el análisis de los componentes técnico-tácticos durante los partidos parece ser tratado con menor proporcionalidad en relación al componente físico de la modalidad, como los distintos tipos de desplazamientos , distancia recorrida en diferentes intensidades y patrones biomecánicos de movimiento del jugador; iii) se procesa la investigación del juego de fútbol a nivel individual, sectorial y colectivo, tanto para indicadores cuantitativos como cualitativos del desempeño de los futbolistas; iv) a nivel nacional, pocos estudios se han centrado en el análisis de los partidos de fútbol, ​​v) es importante que en el control de las acciones competitivas del juego de fútbol, ​​es importante considerar qué acción se lleva a cabo, su resultado en términos de efectividad, el lugar y momento de su realización, así como comprender los diversos factores que pueden influir en las respuestas de cualquier indicador analizado durante los partidos, tales como nivel competitivo, formación y posiciones de los jugadores, condiciones ambientales, métodos de análisis y sobre todo, la dinámica funcional del juego de fútbol. Il presente studio si propone di presentare una rassegna della letteratura sulla match analysis nel calcio, portando inferenze sulla componente tecnico-tattica, piani di indagine, studi sull'argomento e particolarità del controllo delle azioni competitive. Dalla ricerca svolta si possono evidenziare alcuni punti per il presente studio: i) l'analisi del gioco nel calcio è stata considerata un fattore primordiale per la preparazione sportiva dei calciatori e delle squadre, in quanto consente l'adeguatezza della formazione a la specificità delle azioni competitive; ii) nonostante la logica funzionale del gioco del calcio sia di natura tattica, l'analisi delle componenti tecnico-tattiche durante le partite sembra essere trattata con minore proporzionalità rispetto alla componente fisica della modalità, come diversi tipi di spostamenti , distanza percorsa con diverse intensità e modelli biomeccanici del movimento del giocatore; iii) l'indagine del gioco calcistico è elaborata a livello individuale, settoriale e collettivo, sia per indicatori quantitativi che qualitativi delle prestazioni dei calciatori; iv) a livello nazionale, pochi studi si sono concentrati sull'analisi delle partite di calcio, v) è importante che nel controllo dell'azione agonistica del gioco calcistico sia importante considerare quale azione viene svolta, il suo risultato in termini di l'efficacia, il luogo e il tempo della sua realizzazione, nonché la comprensione dei vari fattori che possono influenzare le risposte di qualsiasi indicatore analizzato durante le partite, come il livello competitivo, la formazione e le posizioni dei giocatori, le condizioni ambientali, i metodi di analisi e soprattutto, la dinamica funzionale del gioco del calcio. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão de literaturasobre a análise de jogo no futebol, trazendo ilações sobre o componente técnico-tático, planos de investigação, estudos da temática e particularidades do controle das ações competitivas. A partir da pesquisa realizada, podem ser destacados alguns pontos para o presente estudo: i) a análise de jogo no futebol tem sido considerada um fator primordial para a preparação desportiva de futebolistas e equipes, já que permite à adequação do treinamento a especificidade das ações competitivas; ii) apesar da lógica funcional do jogo de futebol ser de natureza tática, a análise dos componentes técnicos-táticos durante as partidas parecem ser tratados com menor proporcionalidade em relação ao componente físico da modalidade, como distintos tipos dedeslocamentos, distância percorrida em diferentes intensidades e padrões biomecânicos do movimento dos jogadores; iii) a investigação do jogo de futebol se processa no plano individual, setorial e coletivo, tanto para indicadores quantitativos como qualitativos do desempenho dos futebolistas; iv) no âmbito nacional, poucos estudos têm focado a análise de jogo no futebol, v) é importante que no controle das ações competitivas do jogo de futebol seja considerado qual ação é realizada, seu resultado em termosde efetividade, o local e o momento de sua realização, bem como, entender os diversos fatores que podem influenciar as respostas de qualquer indicador analisado durante as partidas, como nível competitivo, de treinamento e posições dos jogadores, condições ambientais, métodos de análise e sobretudo, a própria dinâmica funcional do jogo de futebol. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão de literaturasobre a análise de jogo no futebol, trazendo ilações sobre o componente técnico-tático, planos de investigação, estudos da temática e particularidades do controle das ações competitivas. A partir da pesquisa realizada, podem ser destacados alguns pontos para o presente estudo: i) a análise de jogo no futebol tem sido considerada um fator primordial para a preparação desportiva de futebolistas e equipes, já que permite à adequação do treinamento a especificidade das ações competitivas; ii) apesar da lógica funcional do jogo de futebol ser de natureza tática, a análise dos componentes técnicos-táticos durante as partidas parecem ser tratados com menor proporcionalidade em relação ao componente físico da modalidade, como distintos tipos dedeslocamentos, distância percorrida em diferentes intensidades e padrões biomecânicos do movimento dos jogadores; iii) a investigação do jogo de futebol se processa no plano individual, setorial e coletivo, tanto para indicadores quantitativos como qualitativos do desempenho dos futebolistas; iv) no âmbito nacional, poucos estudos têm focado a análise de jogo no futebol, v) é importante que no controle das ações competitivas do jogo de futebol seja considerado qual ação é realizada, seu resultado em termosde efetividade, o local e o momento de sua realização, bem como, entender os diversos fatores que podem influenciar as respostas de qualquer indicador analisado durante as partidas, como nível competitivo, de treinamento e posições dos jogadores, condições ambientais, métodos de análise e sobretudo, a própria dinâmica funcional do jogo de futebol.