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Periodontal disease is among the most common oral conditions. However, due to the absence of patient complaints in most cases, dental clinicians often pay less attention to periodontal status. This study aimed to assess the dental clinicians' attention to periodontal therapy in the treatment planning of patients presenting to dental clinics of Isfahan city during 2016-2017. This cross-sectional study evaluated 251 patients presenting to dental clinics in Isfahan. The treatment plan suggested by dental clinicians for patients was recorded in a checklist. The suggested treatment plan concerning periodontal treatments was then compared with the actual patient needs to be determined by the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 via the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and kappa coefficient at P<0.05 level of significance. The treatment plans of 200 patients did not include any periodontal therapy; whereas, 28% of these patients required oral hygiene instruction, 51.5% required oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planing (SRP), and 3.5% required oral hygiene instruction, SRP, and periodontal surgery. According to the results, dentists' attention to periodontal disease is low and the level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of general dentists should be improved concerning periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease status and oral hygiene practices in urban and rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This epidemiological survey was carried out on 1650 participants taken from both urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram District. The study groups will belong to rural and urban areas in the ratio of 1:2, respectively. Every individual was assessed with the oral hygiene index-simplified, community periodontal index of treatment needs and periodontal disease index. In addition, the oral hygiene practices were also studied and recorded in a specially designed pro forma. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 software. Results: The study showed that 50% and 36% of the study participants have gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively, while only 14% of the study participants did not present with any form of periodontal disease. The study also showed that 16.63% of the study subjects among urban and 7.63% of them among rural do not have any type of periodontal disease. About 57.09% of the study participants among urban and 36.54% of the study participants among rural areas have gingivitis. The remaining 26.3% of the study participants in urban areas and 55.8% of the study participants in rural areas have periodontitis. It was observed that majority of participants brush once a day using Medium bristle tooth brush and toothpaste as dentifrice. Conclusion: Periodontal disease is widely spread among population of Kancheepuram District, with greater prevalence in rural population than in urban population. This could be mainly due to the lack of awareness and limited availability of resources. These estimates are vital for the future planning of dental services in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Background: Periodontitis has been referred to as the sixth complication of diabetes. A number of studies found a higher prevalence of periodontal disease among diabetes patients than among healthy controls. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the periodontal status and periodontal treatment needs (TN) of diabetes mellitus Type 2 patients attending Talaga Bodas Community Health Center, Bandung City, Indonesia. Methods: This descriptive study included 30 subjects with diabetes mellitus Type 2. The periodontal tissue status and periodontal TN were determined using the Community Periodontal Index of TN. Data on periodontal status and TN are presented in percentages based on subject, sextant, and duration of diabetes mellitus. Results: Periodontitis (53.3%) was more common than gingivitis (43.3%) among diabetes mellitus Type 2 patients. Scaling and root planing were the treatments most commonly required in the diabetes mellitus patients (n = 21.70%) and sextants (n = 81.65.9%). A longer period of diabetes mellitus was associated with a tendency toward more severe periodontal disease and more complex periodontal TN. Conclusion: The prevalence of periodontitis was higher than gingivitis among patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. The TN of diabetes mellitus Type 2 patients comprised mostly scaling and root planing.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease status and oral hygiene practices in urban and rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This epidemiological survey was carried out on 1650 participants taken from both urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram District. The study groups will belong to rural and urban areas in the ratio of 1:2, respectively. Every individual was assessed with the oral hygiene index-simplified, community periodontal index of treatment needs and periodontal disease index. In addition, the oral hygiene practices were also studied and recorded in a specially designed pro forma. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 software. Results: The study showed that 50% and 36% of the study participants have gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively, while only 14% of the study participants did not present with any form of periodontal disease. The study also showed that 16.63% of the study subjects among urban and 7.63% of them among rural do not have any type of periodontal disease. About 57.09% of the study participants among urban and 36.54% of the study participants among rural areas have gingivitis. The remaining 26.3% of the study participants in urban areas and 55.8% of the study participants in rural areas have periodontitis. It was observed that majority of participants brush once a day using Medium bristle tooth brush and toothpaste as dentifrice. Conclusion: Periodontal disease is widely spread among population of Kancheepuram District, with greater prevalence in rural population than in urban population. This could be mainly due to the lack of awareness and limited availability of resources. These estimates are vital for the future planning of dental services in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Periodontal disease is an oral disease with a quite high prevalence in the world, especially in the developing countries such as Indonesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease, periodontal health status, and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach. A total of 400 participants were selected for the proposed research work from six Community Health Centre (Puskesmas) in Bandung City. The demographic and sociodemographic data obtained from the questionnaire were recorded, including age, gender, address, occupation, and smoking habits. The oral hygiene level was measured by using the Oral Hygiene Index simplified (OHI-S) and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Data were analyzed using chi-squared test and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The oral hygiene level was found good in 16.5%, fair in 68%, and poor in 15.5% of all the samples; the oral hygiene level in male tends to be worse than women. The CPITN score of code 1 was found in 1%, code 2 in 54.25%, code 3 in 43.25%, and code 4 in 1.5% of all the samples. In total, 1% treatment needs required oral hygiene instruction, 97.5% oral hygiene instruction and oral scaling prophylaxis, and 1.5% complex treatment. The frequency of brushing teeth and age were significantly associated with OHI-S score (P< 0.05), whereas age and sex (male and female) were significantly associated with CPITN score (P < 0.05) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: In the study population, the number of patients who had gingivitis was 55.25% and who had periodontitis was 44.75%. The majority of them needs the primary and secondary levels of preventive program to reduce the initiation or progression of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral cavity is a reservoir of various respiratory pathogens, and poor oral hygiene is associated with an increase in anaerobic bacteria in oral cavity. In addition, it positively relates higher risk of developing pneumonia and increased pneumonia-related mortality. However, the association between poor oral hygiene and increase in obligate anaerobes in the lungs of pneumonia patients is unclear.Methods: A total of 39 patients with pneumonia in whom bronchoscopic examination and oral hygiene evaluation were performed were prospectively enrolled. The microbiota of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) directly obtained from the pneumonia lesion was analysed by the clone library analysis. In addition, oral hygiene evaluations were performed using oral hygiene index (OHI), tongue coating score, oral dryness, and community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). The association between the detection of oral streptococci and obligate anaerobes and oral hygiene status was evaluated.Results: Using the clone library analysis of BALF, the phylotypes of oral streptococci and obligate anaerobes were detected in 31 (79.5%) and 26 (66.7%) patients, respectively. Increased oral dryness, OHI, and CPITN, but not the tongue coating score, significantly correlated with higher rate of detection of obligate anaerobes, although no significant associations between the detection of oral streptococci in the lungs and each oral hygiene evaluation were observed. Significantly higher number of obligate anaerobes were detected in the lungs in patients with total oral hygiene score of ≥ 5 (P = 0.008).Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene is associated with increased obligate anaerobes in the lungs of patients with pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus has multiple effects on oral tissues. Oral symptoms especially periodontal disease and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections seem to vary in patients with different body mass index. The aim of this study was to investigate periodontal treatment needs Index in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and its relation with body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 150 individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2016 were studied in terms of BMI and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Patients divided in two groups: BMI of over 30 and under 30. Data obtained from each group analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and Mann-Whitney statistical test was used. Results: The mean of CPITN index was not significantly different in men and women. Also in different age groups, there were no significant differences, except 50 to 59 years range. In this age group, the mean of CPITN in patients with BMI above 30 was 1.926 and in BMI under 30 was 1.5792 (P-value:0.019). In patients with BMI above 30 the mean of CPITN reported 1.88 in comparison with 1.61 in group with BMI under 30 (P-value:0.030). Conclusion: The results indicated that diabetic patients with a BMI greater than 30 need more periodontal treatment than patient with BMI less than 30. Also indexes in the age range 50 to 59 years was more prominent which means clinicians have to consider patients with uncontrolled type2 diabetes more carefully for providing oral health when BMI and age are increasing.

Background: Role of various etiologic factors in periodontal disease has been investigated by means of epidemiologic surveys and clinical studies. The community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) provides a picture of the public health requirements in the periodontal field, which is essential for national oral health policy-making and specific interventions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 4000 individuals among rural, semi-urban, and metro population of Gurgaon District, Haryana State, to find out the oral health status and periodontal treatment needs (TNs) using CPITN index. Results: An inference was drawn from the results that among 4000 participants from all the four population groups' maximum, i.e., 63.80% of individuals needed TN2 whereas 18.20% of individuals needed TN3 and 18.10% of individuals needed TN1. Conclusion: It can be concluded with a word of hope and a word of warning. Hope lies in the fact that the measurement of periodontal diseases by epidemiological study of this condition is improving and receiving wide spread attention. The warning lies in the varied nature of the condition which goes to make up periodontal disease and perplexing ways in which these conditions blend. In addition to dental practitioner, periodontist and public health workers must devote more time and effort toward controlling periodontal disease than they seem to be devoting at present.

Background: The periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide especially in developing countries like India. The objective of this cross-sectional survey was to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases and treatment needs (TNs) in a hospital-based population. Materials and Methods: Totally, 500 men and women (15-74 years) were recruited and periodontal status of each study subject and sextant was evaluated on the basis of community periodontal index of TNs, and thereafter TN for each subject and sextant was categorized on the basis of the highest code recorded during the examination. Results: A total of 500 subjects (59% males and 41% females) was divided into seven age groups, that is, 15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years and sextants were included from the 486 subjects. Healthy periodontium, bleeding on probing, calculus, shallow pockets, and deep pockets were found in 3.9%, 6.58%, 50.61%, 20.98%, and 17.90% subjects, respectively. Males were more affected with shallow and deep pockets as compared to females. Periodontal diseases in the early stages were more prevalent in the younger age groups, whereas advanced stages were more prevalent in older age groups. 17.90% subjects and 11.48% sextants need complex treatment. About 77.98% subjects and 73.15% sextants require either oral hygiene instructions or oral hygiene instructions and oral prophylaxis. Only 3.9% subjects and 15.36% sextants were healthy and needed no treatment. Conclusions: Periodontal diseases were found to be 96.30% in the study population and the results indicate that majority of the population need primary and secondary level of preventive program to reduce the chances of initiation or progression of periodontal diseases thereby improving their systemic health overall.

Literatür, çocuklar ve adölesanların, gingival ve periodontal patolojilere karşı bağışık olmadıklarını göstermektedir. Özellikle gingivitisin, değişik coğrafik bölgeler, ülkeler, kültürler ve sosyoekonomik gruplarda yaygın görülen bir hastalık olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sosyoekonomik faktörler, periodontal hastalığın ve diğer oral hastalıkların gelişiminde predispozan faktörler olarak tanımlanmıştır. Düşük gelir düzeyi, yetersiz eğitim ve olumsuz psikososyal durum, bu problemlerin meydana gelmesinde önemli rol oynayabilir. Çalışmanın amacı, Isparta/Merkez’de, farklı sosyoekonomik seviyelerdeki SES , karma ve daimi 6-17 yaş dişlenme dönemlerindeki okul çocuklarında, periodontal sağlık durumunun ve tedavi ihtiyacının değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada, periodontal tedavi ihtiyacının belirlenmesinde; “Toplumsal Periodontal Tedavi İhtiyacı İndeksi” TPTİİ kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla; şeti kanaması”, “diş taşı”, “plak” ve “periodontal cep” değerlendirilmiştir. Çocuklar, SES bakımından “Modifiye Kuppuswamy Sosyoekonomik Durum Skalası” ’na göre “yüksek”, “orta” ve “düşük” olmak üzere 3 ayrı gruba ayrılmıştır. Veriler, Fisher’s exact testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, muayene edilen farklı gruplardaki çocuk ve adölesanların, periodontal tedavi ihtiyacı bakımından benzer bulgular gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda, tüm sosyoekonomik seviyelerde, dişeti kanaması, dental plak veya diş taşı gibi gingival veya periodontal semptomu veya hastalığı olan birey sayısının, sağlıklı birey sayısından daha fazla olduğu gözlenmiştir. Tüm sosyoekonomik gruplarda yüksek olan TPTİİ skorlarının sebebi, çocuk ve adölesanların karbonhidrat bakımından zengin gıdaları tüketmeleri ve kötü oral hijyen alışkanlıklarına sahip olmaları ile açıklanabilir

Objective: Diabetes mellitus has multiple effects on oral tissues. Oral symptoms especially periodontal disease and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections seem to vary in patients with different body mass index. The aim of this study was to investigate periodontal treatment needs Index in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and its relation with body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 150 individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2016 were studied in terms of BMI and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Patients divided in two groups: BMI of over 30 and under 30. Data obtained from each group analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and Mann-Whitney statistical test was used. Results: The mean of CPITN index was not significantly different in men and women. Also in different age groups, there were no significant differences, except 50 to 59 years range. In this age group, the mean of CPITN in patients with BMI above 30 was 1.926 and in BMI under 30 was 1.5792 (P-value:0.019). In patients with BMI above 30 the mean of CPITN reported 1.88 in comparison with 1.61 in group with BMI under 30 (P-value:0.030). Conclusion: The results indicated that diabetic patients with a BMI greater than 30 need more periodontal treatment than patient with BMI less than 30. Also indexes in the age range 50 to 59 years was more prominent which means clinicians have to consider patients with uncontrolled type2 diabetes more carefully for providing oral health when BMI and age are increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs of the intellectually disabled in Lebanon. To evaluate the periodontal condition and treatment needs of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: A total of 272 individuals (141 males and 131 females) aged 15 years and 35-44 years were examined. Periodontal health was recorded following the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and treatment need was assigned accordingly. The IBM® SPSS® statistics 20.0 and Stata/SE 11.1 statistical packages were used to carry out all statistical analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Healthy periodontium was recorded in 26.1%, bleeding on probing in 27.9%, supra-/sub-gingival calculus in 31.3%, pockets of 4-5 mm in 11% and ≥6 mm in 3.7%. The largest proportion of the sample was in need for oral hygiene instruction and calculus removal (42.3%). Age, geographical location, consumption of carbohydrate-rich meals and sweets between meals were significantly associated with CPITN score severity in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Gender, severity of disability, frequency of tooth brushing, and caretaker characteristics were not significant predictors of CPITN (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The predominantly poor periodontal health and social inequalities warrant nationwide preventive oral health programs in addition to planning the provision of treatment services to meet existing treatment needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Comparison of the prevalence of usage of tobacco products and its effect on the periodontal health parameters of the mining laborers and the general population of Udaipur city, India. Materials and methods: the cross sectional study was performed on the sample of 980 adults including 500 mining employees and 480 subjects from the general population. The presence or absence of the tobacco products usage was noted. The ADA type III examination using the community periodontal probe was done. The data obtained was subjected to chi-square and Cramer' v statistical analysis. Results: 79.40% of the mining-employees and 61.67% of the general population used different tobacco products, the difference noted was statistically significant (p=0.000). The most common periodontal condition amongst the mining employees and the general population was the presence of calculus (39% and 35.63% respectively) followed by the 4-5mm periodontal probing depth (29.20% and 26.04% respectively). The difference spotted was significant (p=0.018). There was statistically significant difference between the tobacco users and non- users for the different periodontal conditions (p=0.000). Conclusion: the tobacco product usage was high in mining employees group. There was a positive correlation between the usage of tobacco products and the periodontal health parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper presents the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a given population of West Bengal and its relationship with their age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational background, and dietary habits. Also, the treatment needs on the basis of Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), which might be helpful for future planning of dental services. Materials and Methods: A sample of 22,452 individuals aged 15 years and above was selected using a random cluster sampling from the population. All the subjects sampled were weighed by age, sex, community, income group, educational level, diet pattern, and habitation. The WHO CPITN was used to assess the levels of periodontal condition and treatment needs. Results: Score 2 was most prevalent in all the groups. Periodontal disease is widespread in West Bengal and a positive relation appears to exist between age, sex, socio-economic status, education level, and dietary habits with periodontal status. Comprehensive oral hygiene instruction and dental prophylaxis need to be initiated. Conclusion: The data on periodontal conditions presented in this study are similar to data available from WHO on global oral health. These estimates are important for the future planning of dental services in the state.

Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs among dental fluorosis subjects residing in Ennore, Chennai, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Materials and Methods: All the subjects with dental fluorosis above 15 years of age, permanent residents of Ennore, were included in the study. Subjects with known systemic diseases and subjects with other intrinsic dental stains were excluded from the study. Periodontal status was estimated using CPITN and Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean′s Dental Fluorosis Index. Results: The total number of study subjects was 1075, of which 489 were males and 586 were females. Males were predominantly affected with periodontal disease than females. This was found to be statistically significant (P=0.000). The association between Degree of Fluorosis and Periodontal Status is statistically significant (P=0.000). There was statistically significant difference in mean number of sextants between the degree of fluorosis in each of the periodontal status (P=0.000). Conclusion: The finding that the lower prevalence of shallow pockets in the study area, where the fluoride level in the drinking water ranges from 1.83 to 2.01 ppm, indicates that the use of fluoride in water is beneficial to the periodontal tissues.

Apart from the more or less distinctive forms of periodontal disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome there remains considerable uncertainty as to whether or not conventional destructive periodontitis is exacerbated in HIV positive individuals. This is especially so in developing countries, from which few studies have been reported. The present study compared the severity and extent of periodontal breakdown in 136 HIV positive individuals from Chennai, South India, with 136 age-matched controls from the same low socio-economic and ethnic group. All surfaces of all teeth were scored for the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSSTM package. The results of the present study show that CPITN is a simple, useful technique to assess periodontal status in immunosuppressed patients and that periodontitis is associated with immunosuppression and oral candidiasis. The assessment of periodontal status could thus be a useful tool in minimally invasive screening of populations for HIV disease, especially in those parts of the world, like India and Africa, with high prevalence and rising incidence.

Background: Periodontitis is multifactorial in nature. The various determinants of periodontal disease are age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and risk factors including tobacco usage and oral hygiene status. However, there is inconsistent epidemiological data on the periodontal status of subjects living in high-fluoride areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dental fluorosis on the periodontal status using community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), as a clinical study. The purpose of this study is to determine the periodontal status using CPITN index in a population aged between 15 and 74 years residing in the high-fluoride areas of Davangere district. The possible reasons for the susceptibility of this population to periodontal disease are discussed. Materials and Methods: 1029 subjects, aged between 15 and 74 years suffering from dental fluorosis were assessed for their periodontal status. Clinical parameters recorded were OHI-S to assess the oral hygiene status, Jackson′s fluorosis index to assess the degree of fluorosis and CPITN index to assess the periodontal status where treatment need was excluded. Results: Gingivitis and periodontitis were more common in females (65.9% and 32.8%, respectively) than in males (75.1% and 24.2%, respectively). Periodontitis was significantly more common in females. As the age advanced from 15 to 55 years and above, gingivitis reduced from 81.0 to 42.9% and periodontitis increased steadily from 18.0 to 57.1%, which was significant. Periodontitis was high in subjects with poor oral hygiene (81.3%), compared to those with good oral hygiene (14.5%), which was significant. As the degree of fluorosis increased, severity of gingivitis reduced and periodontitis increased, i.e., with A degree fluorosis, gingivitis was 89.4% and periodontitis 8.5%, but with F degree fluorosis the former was 64% and the latter 35.8%, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a strong association of occurrence of periodontal disease in high-fluoride areas. The role of plaque is well understood in contrast to the effect of fluorides on periodontal tissues. It goes a long way to reason out fluoride as an important etiological agent in periodontal disease.

Objective: India suffers lot of disparities in terms of oral health care and 95% of the Indian population suffers from periodontal disease. The aim of this review is to estimate the risk factors responsible for periodontal diseases as well as prevalence for the same in the last decade to make an attempt to develop a strategy to improve formulation of an effective oral health care policy in India. Materials and Methods: Keywords such as "prevalence of periodontal diseases," "epidemiology," "periodontitis in India," and "oral hygiene status in India" were searched for appropriate studies to obtain a bibliographic database. The references of selected articles and relevant reviews were searched for any missed publications that included studies conducted in India estimating periodontal diseases with adequate sample size. Clinical parameters, sample size, and findings for each study were tabulated from 2006 to 2015 (till September 15, 2015) in chronological order to observe the prevalence as well as epidemiology of periodontal disease in India. Results: The projection of periodontal disease is disturbing. In addition, the majority of studies done have used the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) as its epidemiological tool that can grossly underestimate the presence of deep pockets. Conclusion: Current knowledge has shown that periodontitis does not present a linear progression and is not age-dependent. Moreover, its distribution and severity are strongly influenced by host susceptibility and risk factors. A structured all-inclusive survey of all districts of the states is a prerequisite for the constitution of an apt and cogent health care policy in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Role of various etiologic factors in periodontal disease has been investigated by means of epidemiologic surveys and clinical studies. The community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) provides a picture of the public health requirements in the periodontal field, which is essential for national oral health policy-making and specific interventions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 4000 individuals among rural, semi-urban, and metro population of Gurgaon District, Haryana State, to find out the oral health status and periodontal treatment needs (TNs) using CPITN index. Results: An inference was drawn from the results that among 4000 participants from all the four population groups' maximum, i.e., 63.80% of individuals needed TN2 whereas 18.20% of individuals needed TN3 and 18.10% of individuals needed TN1. Conclusion: It can be concluded with a word of hope and a word of warning. Hope lies in the fact that the measurement of periodontal diseases by epidemiological study of this condition is improving and receiving wide spread attention. The warning lies in the varied nature of the condition which goes to make up periodontal disease and perplexing ways in which these conditions blend. In addition to dental practitioner, periodontist and public health workers must devote more time and effort toward controlling periodontal disease than they seem to be devoting at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate dental problems of diabetic adult patients in Mosul City center, to find if there is any variation between age and sex groups and to determine the periodontal treatment needs of the patients. A sample of 194 adult diabetic patients (90 males, 104 females) divided into 6 age groups were examined using plaque and gingival indices by Löe and Silness (1967), Ramfjord calculus index (1959) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) (1997). The results showed that the mean plaque and gingival indices for the total sample were increasing with age with highly statistically significant difference with no sex variation. Concerning Ramf-jord calculus index, calculus became the most prevalent with very high means for 20–29 years old and above for both sexes, CPITN revealed that healthy sextants exhibited a very low mean of 0.8 for the youngest age group, bleeding on probing was highest in this age group with a mean of 3.4, pockets of 4–5 mm appeared at age 20–29 years and it increases with increasing age. The results revealed that the total sample needed oral hygiene instruction (100%), while prophylaxis was needed in 55.56–100%, surgical intervention and complex care were needed for old ages.

Background: Little evidence is available regarding the dental health of victims of chemical warfare in Iran. Therefore, in this study, we examined the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and saliva secretion rate of chemical warfare victims living in the province of Isfahan in Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 300 chemical warfare victims as the treatment group and 300 age-matched individuals without exposure to chemical warfare as the control group. DMFT and CPITN indices and saliva secretion rate were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Chemical warfare victims had significantly higher scores than the control group for decayed teeth (4.25±3.88 vs 3.52±2.81; P=0.009), missing teeth (8.79±9.3 vs 6.15±8.43; P

Objectives This study aimed to assess the relationship between socio-economic factors and community periodontal treatment needs in Korea. Methods Data were obtained from the year 2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Our analysis included 7510 survey participants over the age of 19 years. To assess the relationship between socio-economic factors and the need for periodontal scaling, we performed multivariate logistic regression analyses for data with a complex sampling structure. PASW statistics 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform the statistical analyses, and the results were expressed as odds ratios ( OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals ( CIs). Results A very high percentage of Korean adults required periodontal scaling (71.5%). After adjusting for sex, age, and socio-economic factors, the need for periodontal scaling was associated with low levels of education ( OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.93), low incomes ( OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.60), employment as a service and sales worker ( OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.10-1.77), and employment as a manual worker ( OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02-1.69). Conclusions In South Korea, the need for periodontal scaling was associated with socio-economic factors, such as low levels of education, low incomes, employment as a service and sales worker and employment as a manual worker. Consequently, clinical and community dental hygienists should consider adults with these risk factors as belonging to high-priority subgroups to whom they should respond first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide especially in developing countries like India. The objective of this cross-sectional survey was to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases and treatment needs (TNs) in a hospital-based population. Materials and Methods: Totally, 500 men and women (15-74 years) were recruited and periodontal status of each study subject and sextant was evaluated on the basis of community periodontal index of TNs, and thereafter TN for each subject and sextant was categorized on the basis of the highest code recorded during the examination. Results: A total of 500 subjects (59% males and 41% females) was divided into seven age groups, that is, 15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years and sextants were included from the 486 subjects. Healthy periodontium, bleeding on probing, calculus, shallow pockets, and deep pockets were found in 3.9%, 6.58%, 50.61%, 20.98%, and 17.90% subjects, respectively. Males were more affected with shallow and deep pockets as compared to females. Periodontal diseases in the early stages were more prevalent in the younger age groups, whereas advanced stages were more prevalent in older age groups. 17.90% subjects and 11.48% sextants need complex treatment. About 77.98% subjects and 73.15% sextants require either oral hygiene instructions or oral hygiene instructions and oral prophylaxis. Only 3.9% subjects and 15.36% sextants were healthy and needed no treatment. Conclusions: Periodontal diseases were found to be 96.30% in the study population and the results indicate that majority of the population need primary and secondary level of preventive program to reduce the chances of initiation or progression of periodontal diseases thereby improving their systemic health overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) index is commonly used to measure periodontal disease. It′s uniqueness, apart from assessing the periodontal status, also gives the treatment needs for the underlying condition. Benzoyl-DL-arginine napthylamide (BANA) test is a chair side diagnostic test used to detect the presence of putative periodontal pathogens. We correlated the CPITN scores of patients with BANA test results to assess the validity of CPITN as an indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Objectives : The present study was aimed to correlate the CPITN scores with the BANA activity of subgingival plaque. The objective was to assess the validity of CPITN index as indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Patients and Methods : A total of 80 sites were selected from 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. After measuring the probing depth with CPITN C probe, the highest score from each sextant was selected according to the CPITN criteria and subgingival plaque samples were collected using a sterile curette and the BANA test was performed. Results : Kendall′s tau-b and Chi- square test were used to assess the correlation between the BANA test results and CPITN scores. Results indicated sensitivity (92.86%), specificity (80%) and agreement (91.25%); indicating the validity of CPITN in assessing anaerobic infection. Conclusion : There was a significant correlation between BANA test results and scores 3 and score 4 of CPITN index (P < 0.001) clearly indicating the presence of anaerobic periodontal infection.

Dentist and oral health screening may be the latest weapon in identifying persons at risk of cardiovascular disease. Oral infections, specifically periodontitis, may confer independent risks for different systemic conditions. The risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases also suggest that the relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes works in both ways. The aim of this study was to support and strengthen the association and relationship between oral hygiene status of individuals with cardiovascular diseases and its associated risk factors. A simple random sampling was carried out in 200 inhabitants of Western Utter Pradesh, India. An oral health visit and examination was made for an equal number of males and females of different age groups with cardiovascular diseases. Evaluation of the oral status was made by means of an oral hygiene index, community periodontal index of treatment needs and loss of attachment. Evaluation of oral status in patients with cardiovascular diseases and in the control group has shown a statistically significant low level of oral health in patients with cardiovascular diseases as compared to control. Prevalence of systemic diseases in different age groups significantly correlated with the prevalence of severe periodontal diseases. Treating gum disease may reduce the risk of heart disease and improve health outcomes for patients with periodontal disease and vascular heart problems.

Background: This paper presents the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a given population of West Bengal and its relationship with their age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational background, and dietary habits. Also, the treatment needs on the basis of Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), which might be helpful for future planning of dental services. Materials and Methods: A sample of 22,452 individuals aged 15 years and above was selected using a random cluster sampling from the population. All the subjects sampled were weighed by age, sex, community, income group, educational level, diet pattern, and habitation. The WHO CPITN was used to assess the levels of periodontal condition and treatment needs. Results: Score 2 was most prevalent in all the groups. Periodontal disease is widespread in West Bengal and a positive relation appears to exist between age, sex, socio-economic status, education level, and dietary habits with periodontal status. Comprehensive oral hygiene instruction and dental prophylaxis need to be initiated. Conclusion: The data on periodontal conditions presented in this study are similar to data available from WHO on global oral health. These estimates are important for the future planning of dental services in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs among dental fluorosis subjects residing in Encore, Chennai, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Materials and Methods: All the subjects with dental fluorosis above 15 years of age, permanent residents of Encore, were included in the study. Subjects with known systemic diseases and subjects with other intrinsic dental stains were excluded from the study. Periodontal status was estimated using CPITN and Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean’s Dental Fluorosis Index. Results: The total number of study subjects was 1075, of which 489 were males and 586 were females. Males were predominantly affected with periodontal disease than females. This was found to be statistically significant (P=0.000). The association between Degree of Fluorosis and Periodontal Status is statistically significant (P=0.000). There was statistically significant difference in mean number of sextants between the degree of fluorosis in each of the periodontal status (P=0.000). Conclusion: The finding that the lower prevalence of shallow pockets in the study area, where the fluoride level in the drinking water ranges from 1.83 to 2.01 ppm, indicates that the use of fluoride in water is beneficial to the periodontal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since periodontitis is a chronic and inflammatory disease, a number of hypotheses have proposed that it has an etiological or modulating role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to ascertain the changes in the plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and protein C (PC), a natural anticoagulant also having an anti-inflammatory effect, in patients who have mild-to-severe periodontitis with or without CVD. The test group consisted of 26 patients with CVD and chronic periodontitis and the control group consisted of 26 patients with chronic periodontitis and no systemic disease. In both groups Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs scores were recorded and blood samples were collected. CRP levels were significantly high and PC activity was significantly low in the test group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between tooth loss and PC and between CRP and PC. How PC is affected by the inflammatory events and its association with CRP is an active area of investigation. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontitis is multifactorial in nature. The various determinants of periodontal disease are age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and risk factors including tobacco usage and oral hygiene status. However, there is inconsistent epidemiological data on the periodontal status of subjects living in high-fluoride areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dental fluorosis on the periodontal status using community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), as a clinical study. The purpose of this study is to determine the periodontal status using CPITN index in a population aged between 15 and 74 years residing in the high-fluoride areas of Davangere district. The possible reasons for the susceptibility of this population to periodontal disease are discussed. Materials and Methods: 1029 subjects, aged between 15 and 74 years suffering from dental fluorosis were assessed for their periodontal status. Clinical parameters recorded were OHI-S to assess the oral hygiene status, Jackson's fluorosis index to assess the degree of fluorosis and CPITN index to assess the periodontal status where treatment need was excluded. Results: Gingivitis and periodontitis were more common in females (65.9% and 32.8%, respectively) than in males (75.1% and 24.2%, respectively). Periodontitis was significantly more common in females. As the age advanced from 15 to 55 years and above, gingivitis reduced from 81.0 to 42.9% and periodontitis increased steadily from 18.0 to 57.1%, which was significant. Periodontitis was high in subjects with poor oral hygiene (81.3%), compared to those with good oral hygiene (14.5%), which was significant. As the degree of fluorosis increased, severity of gingivitis reduced and periodontitis increased, i.e., with A degree fluorosis, gingivitis was 89.4% and periodontitis 8.5%, but with F degree fluorosis the former was 64% and the latter 35.8%, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a strong association of occurrence of periodontal disease in high-fluoride areas. The role of plaque is well understood in contrast to the effect of fluorides on periodontal tissues. It goes a long way to reason out fluoride as an important etiological agent in periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the more or less distinctive forms of periodontal disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome there remains considerable uncertainty as to whether or not conventional destructive periodontitis is exacerbated in HIV positive individuals. This is especially so in developing countries, from which few studies have been reported. The present study compared the severity and extent of periodontal breakdown in 136 HIV positive individuals from Chennai, South India, with 136 age-matched controls from the same low socio-economic and ethnic group. All surfaces of all teeth were scored for the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS™ package. The results of the present study show that CPITN is a simple, useful technique to assess periodontal status in immunosuppressed patients and that periodontitis is associated with immunosuppression and oral candidiasis. The assessment of periodontal status could thus be a useful tool in minimally invasive screening of populations for HIV disease, especially in those parts of the world, like India and Africa, with high prevalence and rising incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess periodontal knowledge and periodontal status in 20–60-year-old adult population in northern Jordan. A convenient sample consisting of 722 adults was included in this study. A questionnaire incorporating items related to socio-demographic and periodontal knowledge questions was completed before clinical examination, using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The results showed that the proportions of subjects who reported bleeding gums, gums’ irritation, rough tooth surface and gum disease decreased steadily with age, there is an evident linear trend with high statistical significant difference among various age groups ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, the proportions of subjects who answered correctly the periodontal knowledge questions related to plaque definition and its role in disease aetiology and prevention, decreased with age, with a high significant difference for all knowledge questions ( P < 0.001). The prevalence of subjects with healthy periodontium (score 0) decreased with age, being 41.1% among 20–29-year-old group and 11.1% in 50–60-year-old group. Similar trend was seen for bleeding on probing (score 1) whilst calculus deposit (score 2) was the major problem in all age groups over 29 years. The prevalence of periodontal pockets was relatively low, with a range of 4.5–18.6% for shallow pockets (score 3) and 2.9–11.1% for deep pockets in younger and older age groups, respectively. Younger age group had more healthy sextants than older age groups. In addition, sextants with bleeding on probing were highest in 20–29-year-old age group (1.8) compared with that in 50–60-year-old age group (0.60) whilst those with calculus deposits varied slightly among different age groups (1.50–1.65). Sextants affected by shallow or deep pockets increased steadily with age. Such a finding was also noted in excluded sextants, with an increase from 0.15 at 20–29 year-old group to 0.94 at the age of 50–60 years. It is concluded that health knowledge and status related to periodontal disease is still poor in northern Jordan. Therefore, dental health education provision is necessary to improve oral health knowledge and conditions among population in general and among older population in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to describe the periodontal conditions in 372 35-44-yr-old and 537 noninstitutionalized 65-74-yr-old Hong Kong Chinese who were examined clinically for loss of attachment, recession, probing depth, calculus, and bleeding after probing. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) data and treatment need indications were compiled from index teeth or their substitutes. The prevalence of loss of attachment varied considerably in both cohorts according to the definition of the threshold (≥6, ≥9, and ≥12 mm, respectively). The mean numbers of teeth with loss of attachment at the ≥6-mm threshold and at higher thresholds were small. In both age cohorts, about one-fifth of subjects had probing depths ≥6-mm, while at the ≥9-mm threshold only 2-3% were so affected. Although recession was an important component of loss of attachment in the younger cohort, in the older cohort the prevalence and extent of recession were greater than for probing depths at thresholds ≥4 mm. All subjects had one or more teeth with calculus, bleeding, or both, most teeth being so affected. Eighty-four of the 537 65-74-yr-old subjects were excluded either because of edentulousness or because extractions indicated for the remaining teeth would have rendered the subjects edentulous. The distribution of subjects according to their highest CPI score was remarkably similar for the two cohorts. No subjects in either age group were assessed as "healthy" (CPI code 0) or had "bleeding only" (code 1) as their highest score. While most subjects scored CPI code 2 or 3 as their highest score, only 17% of the younger and 15% of the older cohort scored Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) code 4. Differences in the mean number of sextants affected by CPI codes between the two cohorts were mainly due to a greater number of excluded sextants in the older cohort. CPI findings for 35-44-yr-olds differed little from those reported in 1984. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

692 dental adults in the age ranges, 15-19, 20-29, and 35-44 yr, were assessed for their periodontal conditions and treatment needs using the Periodontal Index (PI) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The relative advantages and disadvantages of the two indices were evaluated as epidemiological screening procedures. The CPITN (which calls for examination of only 10 selected teeth) identified higher proportions of adults and teeth with a healthy periodontal condition and also those with periodontitis than the PT (which requires examination of all teeth). The proportion of adults and teeth with gingivitis as the worst condition was greater than when assessed by the PI. Evaluation of individual adult scores by PI and CPITN suggested that the CPITN, despite being a partial recording index only, is more sensitive in identifying existing periodontal conditions and treatment needs than the PI. This is explained by the clinical criteria and periodontal probe utilized in the CPITN. Although the original purposes of the PI and CPITN differ, it is proposed that as a epidemiological screening procedure for assessing periodontal treatment needs the CPITN is to be preferred to the PI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to assess the periodontal status of 45-54-year-old patients and to evaluate their treatment needs. Probing depths, bleeding on probing and retentional elements (calculus and overhanging restorations) were determined according to the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Additionally, loss of attachment was measured. Results indicated that none of the subjects had a completely healthy periodontium; only 14.7% presented with single sextants which were healthy or needed only improved oral hygiene. Slightly less than half (46.1%) of the subjects were classified as treatment need (TN) category 2 and the remainder (53.9%) as TN3. Of the subjects classed as TN category 3, 14% had the requisite code 4 in one sextant, 18.2% in 2 sextants, 21.7% in half or more of the sextants and 4.2% in all sextants. With a mean of 5.55 sextants per patient. 0.2 sextants per person were scored as code 0 or 1, 1.33 sextants as code 2, 2.79 sextants as code 3 and 1.24 sextants as code 4. The mean loss of attachment was 3.8 mm. Anterior teeth showed less loss of attachment than posterior teeth and buccal and lingual surfaces showed less loss of attachment than mesial and distal surfaces. The data indicate that although this group of 45 54-year-old subjects had high CPITN scores in total TN categories, the codes for complex Treatment Needs (TN3) were recorded only in localities areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal disease as a predictor of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage in older adults., Methods: A total of 1159 adults aged 65 to 80 years and diagnosed with periodontal disease and CKD (stages 1, 2, and 3) were randomly selected for a cross-sectional study. Periodontal status was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and CKD was staged using the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-KDOQI) guidelines., Results: In patients with stage 1 CKD, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for CPITN-1, CPITN-2, CPITN-3, and CPITN-4 were 1.13 (0.83-1.55), 1.47 (1.13-1.81), 1, and 1, respectively. In patients with stage 2 CKD, the ORs (95% CIs) for CPITN-1, CPITN-2, CPITN-3, and CPITN-4 were 1.49 (1.14-1.93), 1.37 (1.02-1.78), 3.07 (2.81-3.25), and 3.65 (3.49-3.71), respectively. In patients with stage 3 CKD, the ORs (95% CIs) for CPITN-1, CPITN-2, CPITN-3, and CPITN-4 were 1, 1, 4.61 (4.47-5.21), and 5.23 (5.14-5.47), respectively., Conclusion: The highest CPITN values (CPITN-3 and CPITN-4) were associated with CKD stages 2 and 3. Thus, periodontal disease may be associated with progression of CKD.

Background: Little evidence is available regarding the dental health of victims of chemical warfare in Iran. Therefore, in this study, we examined the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and saliva secretion rate of chemical warfare victims living in the province of Isfahan in Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 300 chemical warfare victims as the treatment group and 300 age-matched individuals without exposure to chemical warfare as the control group. DMFT and CPITN indices and saliva secretion rate were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Chemical warfare victims had significantly higher scores than the control group for decayed teeth (4.25±3.88 vs 3.52±2.81; P=0.009), missing teeth (8.79±9.3 vs 6.15±8.43; P<0.001), total DMFT index (17.00±6.72 vs 13.20±6.89; P<0.001), and CPTIN (2.81±0.81 vs 1.71±1.04; P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in filled teeth (4.00±4.2 vs 3.59±2.48; P=0.148). The level of saliva secretion in warfare victims was significantly lower than that in the control group (1.71±0.05 vs 3.85±1.95 cc/5 min; P<0.001). Conclusion: Chemical warfare victims have relatively poor dental/oral health. Chemical injury might cause a dysfunction in saliva secretion, with decrease in saliva secretion increasing the risk for tooth decay and periodontal disorders. Further research is required to find out the exact underlying mechanisms and the factors associated with poor dental/oral health in chemical warfare victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]