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This research investigates how product evaluations are impacted by two strategies for presenting an ingredient: with its common name or with its scientific name. We find that using the scientific name of a major ingredient enhances product evaluations when the product is perceived as utilitarian, whereas using the common name for that ingredient has a positive impact on product evaluations when the product is perceived as hedonic. The above fit effects are mediated by the consumer's enhanced sense of "feeling right." Furthermore, we find that using the scientific name for a harmful ingredient that has been removed is more likely to enhance product evaluations than referring to the removed ingredient by its common name. Our findings provide important insights that can help marketers choose the ingredient name that most effectively promotes their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the names of trading and service points, such as salon (hairdresser's salon), instytut (cosmetic institute), galeria (trade gallery), centrum (sports centre), which have been replacing older names like zakład (zakład fryzjerski), dom (dom towarowy) or ośrodek (ośrodek sportu). These new words, created as a result of neosemantisation, seem to be better because of their higher prestige. The term prestige has been used, so far, to describe people, institutions and jobs, however, in this article, it will be related to words. The aim of this paper was to find semantic and pragmatic components which indicate prestige of lexemes constituting the names of trading and service points. They are: emotional character of words, their territorial extent and relation to objects which are generally respected, because they refer to important values and higher-level needs. Choosing more prestigious names for trading and service points makes their position higher. It also increases the respect of jobs which are not prestigious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Binomial nomenclature in Latin is used to name species, allowing communication between scientists but not with the general public. We compiled popular names in Portuguese, Spanish, and English for the rodent species that occur in Brazil, revealing a large gap in Portuguese, where 11.5% of the species do not have common names, or they share a same name, as 66 of the Echimyidae (“toró”), and 57 of the Cricetidae species (“rato-do-mato”). In contrast, almost all species have common names in English, which are generally unique. To highlight the importance of ecosystem services that rodents provide to society, it is essential to provide common names in the local language where the species was described.

More than a year has passed after the 6th edition of ‘List of Plant Diseases in Korea (LPDK)’ was published in April 2022. The 6.1st edition (2023) of List of Plant Diseases in Korea was made by correcting errors found in the 6th edition of list and adding new diseases reported after the 6th edition. There were 397 corrections from the 6th edition, most of which were simple spelling errors or minor issues. However, 12 diseases were deleted due to duplication or unclear literature proof, and 2 diseases had their diseases’ common names changed. We added 158 diseases that were reported before 2021 but not included in the 6th edition, or reported after the 6th edition. After all, 146 diseases were added to the 6,534 diseases in the 6th edition, resulting in a total of 6,680 diseases in the 6.1st edition. Thirty host taxa were also added, increasing the number from 1,390 in the 6th edition to 1,420 in the 6.1st edition. Pathogens were also added to 62 taxa, from 2,400 in the 6th edition, bringing the total to 2,462 taxa in the 6.1st edition. Ultimately, the 6.1st edition (2023) of ‘The List of Plant Diseases in Korea’ contains 6,680 diseases caused by pathogens of 2,462 taxa on 1,420 hosts. The 6.1st edition is not printed as a book, but is provided through the online ‘List of Plant Diseases in Korea’ (https://genebank. rda.go.kr/kplantdisease.do).

Binomial nomenclature in Latin is used to name species, allowing communication between scientists but not with the general public. We compiled popular names in Portuguese, Spanish, and English for the rodent species that occur in Brazil, revealing a large gap in Portuguese, where 11.5% of the species do not have common names, or they share a same name, as 66 of the Echimyidae ("toró"), and 57 of the Cricetidae species ("rato-do-mato"). In contrast, almost all species have common names in English, which are generally unique. To highlight the importance of ecosystem services that rodents provide to society, it is essential to provide common names in the local language where the species was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common names allow species diversity to be acknowledged by experts and non-specialists alike; they are descriptors with both scientific and cultural implications. However, a lack of clarity when using a common name could risk altering perceptions of threatened species. This is the case for the Critically Endangered wild camel Camelus ferus, which, despite extensive evidence of its species status, is frequently referred to in English as wild Bactrian camel. However, the wild camel (Mongolian: хавтгай, khavtgai; Chinese: 野骆驼, ye luo tuo) is not a wild version of the domestic Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus but a separate species near extinction, with an estimated population of c. 950. Failure to clearly separate Bactrian and wild camels in name risks masking the plight of the few remaining wild camels with the visible abundance of the domesticated species. Here we advocate the use of the accurate English common name wild camel for C. ferus ideally alongside its Indigenous names to correctly represent its cultural and conservation importance.

The internet has expanded opportunities for wildlife traders to conduct business globally, but monitoring this activity is often challenging. As monitoring techniques frequently employ language-based searches for particular words, it is important to understand the language traders use, particularly the nomenclature used to refer to traded species. We recorded advert data from four UK websites, focusing on reptiles, which constitute a large proportion of the international pet trade. We analysed whether the language types used by advertisers to refer to individual reptiles were associated with certain trader characteristics. We found English common names were the most frequent name type used to refer to species, regardless of the geographical location of the seller and the CITES Appendix listing of the species. However, scientific names were recorded in twice as many adverts for threatened and Near Threatened species as in adverts for non-threatened species, and only scientific names were used for three families: Anguidae, Pseudaspididae and Sphaerodactylidae. These findings could inform the creation of tailored keyword detection tools, which must account for the numerous language types in use within online wildlife trade communities. Future studies should examine the nuances of language used by other online wildlife trader communities in other contexts, such as different online platforms or different languages. The ultimate aim of these language detection tools will be to track in detail trends in the online reptile trade, offering a better understanding of potentially unsustainable trade patterns and helping authorities to enforce laws against illegal online reptile trade.

Common names allow species diversity to be acknowledged by experts and non-specialists alike; they are descriptors with both scientific and cultural implications. However, a lack of clarity when using a common name could risk altering perceptions of threatened species. This is the case for the Critically Endangered wild camel Camelus ferus , which, despite extensive evidence of its species status, is frequently referred to in English as wild Bactrian camel. However, the wild camel (Mongolian: хавтгай, khavtgai ; Chinese: 野骆驼, ye luo tuo) is not a wild version of the domestic Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus but a separate species near extinction, with an estimated population of c. 950. Failure to clearly separate Bactrian and wild camels in name risks masking the plight of the few remaining wild camels with the visible abundance of the domesticated species. Here we advocate the use of the accurate English common name wild camel for C. ferus ideally alongside its Indigenous names to correctly represent its cultural and conservation importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are a potential source of income particularly for rural populations in India who rely on these medicinal plants to treat a variety of different diseases through both targeted temporary and daily use. Through this data paper we have given a reference to our collected specimen set where almost 117 (one hundred seventeen) medicinal plant species with their leaf samples are stored. We have used Mendeley platform to store the dataset and visited many medicinal plant gardens situated in Assam to collect them. The dataset consists of raw leaf samples, U-net segmented gray leaf samples and a plant name table. The table includes Botanical name, family of the species, Common name and Assamese name. For segmentation U-net model was used and the resultant U-net segmented gray image frames are uploaded to the database. These segmented samples can be directly used for deep learning model for training and classification. Researchers will be able to use those to build recognition tool for Android or PC based system.

The difficulties in classifying family names such as dad, mom, uncle, son, etc., as proper names or common names, take on a new dimension if we integrate, on the one hand, certain uses of undetermined common names such as baby (ex: If mom is okay, baby is okay), and on the other hand some uses of undetermined trademark names (ex: Stay zen, Twingo keeps the brake pressure automatically). The main objective of this article is to use these examples to bring about some changes in the theories of proper names and common names. Starting from Alan Gardiner’s proposal, which gives a central role to proper names’ signifiers, and adding the concept of «validity sphere» inspired by Benoit de Cornulier, this work lays the foundations of a unified description.

The internet has expanded opportunities for wildlife traders to conduct business globally, but monitoring this activity is often challenging. As monitoring techniques frequently employ language-based searches for particular words, it is important to understand the language traders use, particularly the nomenclature used to refer to traded species. We recorded advert data from four UK websites, focusing on reptiles, which constitute a large proportion of the international pet trade. We analysed whether the language types used by advertisers to refer to individual reptiles were associated with certain trader characteristics. We found English common names were the most frequent name type used to refer to species, regardless of the geographical location of the seller and the CITES Appendix listing of the species. However, scientific names were recorded in twice as many adverts for threatened and Near Threatened species as in adverts for non-threatened species, and only scientific names were used for three families: Anguidae, Pseudaspididae and Sphaerodactylidae. These findings could inform the creation of tailored keyword detection tools, which must account for the numerous language types in use within online wildlife trade communities. Future studies should examine the nuances of language used by other online wildlife trader communities in other contexts, such as different online platforms or different languages. The ultimate aim of these language detection tools will be to track in detail trends in the online reptile trade, offering a better understanding of potentially unsustainable trade patterns and helping authorities to enforce laws against illegal online reptile trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whom Do Primate Names Honor? Keywords: Decolonize; Taxonomy; Vernacular name; Common name; Scientific name; Representation EN Decolonize Taxonomy Vernacular name Common name Scientific name Representation 980 986 7 12/16/21 20211201 NES 211201 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00252-0. Rethinking Primate Eponyms Twenty-seven percent of species and 23% of subspecies vernacular names are eponyms and 36% of species epithets and 31% of subspecies epithets are eponyms (Fig. [Extracted from the article]

Lahugada dohertyi is one of the many lesser-known cicadas of northeastern India which has never been studied since its discovery. Recently, a century later, a population of this elusive cicada was discovered in northern West Bengal. This paper gives an account on its distribution in northern West Bengal, taxonomy, and natural history and suggests a common name based on its call and habitat preferences.

Acronyms are lexical units that have been thoroughly explored in terms of their morphology or pronun-ciation. However, their semantic value has not been entirely determined yet. The present paper aims at investigating the manner in which a semantic value of an acronym, and particularly a difference between proper and common acronyms, influences techniques applied to translating them. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, on the basis of the cognitive theory of proper names, the authors have distinguished Polish and French acronyms being ergonyms as well as acronyms belong-ing to proper names and these designating item classification. The paper concerns the analysis of both Polish and French translations of ergonyms in foreign language press and French common acronyms in the Polish press. The performed analysis allows observing a tendency towards transferring acronyms-ergonyms that play the role of a rigid designator rather than full names in the target text. By contrast, the techniques of translating common acronyms differ, depending on whether they designate phenomena typical of the source culture or universal ones.

Background: Common names are frequently used inconsistently for marine annelid species used as bait in the peer-reviewed literature, field guides and legislative material. The taxonomy of many such species based on morphology only also ignores cryptic divergences not yet detected. Such inconsistencies hamper effective management of marine annelids, especially as fishing for recreation and subsistence is increasing. This study investigates the scale of the problem by studying the use and names of bait marine annelids in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Methods: Fifteen recreational and six subsistence fishers at 12 popular fishing sites in the Western Cape Province donated 194 worms which they identified by common name. Worms were assigned scientific names according to a standard identification key for polychaetes from South Africa, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) amplified and sequenced. Results: This study identified 11 nominal species known by 10 common names, in the families Siphonosomatidae, Arenicolidae, Sabellaridae, Lumbrineridae, Eunicidae, Onuphidae and Nereididae. Cryptic diversity was investigated through employing mitochondrial COI sequences and these data will facilitate future identifications among widely distributed species. Several species (Siphonosoma dayi, Abarenicola gilchristi, Scoletoma species, Marphysa corallina, Lysidice natalensis, Heptaceras quinquedens, Perinereis latipalpa) are reported as bait for the first time, and while the names blood- and moonshineworms were consistently applied to members of Arenicolidae and Onuphidae, respectively, coralworm was applied to members of Sabellaridae and Nereididae. Analysis of COI sequences supported morphological investigations that revealed the presence of two taxonomic units each for specimens initially identified as Gunnarea gaimardi and Scoletoma tetraura according to identification keys. Similarly, sequences for Scoletoma species and Lysidice natalensis generated in this study do not match those from specimens in China and India, respectively. Further research is required to resolve the species complexes detected and also to refine the use of names by fishermen over a wider geographic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific naming rules of animals are strictly defined by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, while those for common names are vague and not well defined. Specifically, the common names of freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla have become confused among scientific papers, pictorial books, and online resources in recent years. This disordered use of common names among freshwater eels demonstrates the urgent need for the standardization of common names for these species. In addition, freshwater eel populations have drastically decreased worldwide over the past few decades, resulting in their listing as endangered species. In the present study, we defined the following five rules for the common names of freshwater eels: to (1) use a representative locality name of the geographic distribution of the species or subspecies, (2) distinguish two sympatric species or subspecies as longfin or shortfin, (3) select a name that would enable the scientific name to be easily recalled, (4) value longstanding former common names if they adhere to the above three rules, and (5) use the shortest name possible. Based on current scientific knowledge and on these rules, we proposed 22 common names for all known 19 species and subspecies of the genus. As a result, 21, 6, 13, and 3 species and subspecies were named based on Rules (1), (2), (3), and (4), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

« Chelsea (Bradley) Manning » is a public figure of singularity whose identity totals a multiplicity of membership categories, sometimes antagonistic (« man », « woman », « hero », « traitor », « soldier », etc.), as well as the transformation of the first name, face and body, and thus of the person themselves. In this respect, this case invites us to make the assumption that the specific mode of existence of public figures calls for a sociology of the proper name and its circulation in the public media sphere. This article aims to sketch such a sociology. The first part focuses on the different functions (nomination, designation, signification, representation) performed by the proper name. The second part focuses on the public media sphere as a place of production of the meaning of the proper name, and proposes to develop a pragmatic approach to recognition.

ABSTRACT Sus scrofa is both a destructive invasive species and a popular game animal in many parts of the world, but there is a lack of consistency and accuracy in how scientists and wildlife managers refer to wild‐living members of the species. The growing importance of this invasive species necessitates that scientists, managers, and policy‐makers standardize use of a common name in a taxonomically accurate manner to effectively communicate to the general public and scientific community. In this commentary, we discuss the current terminology used for S. scrofa and, based upon the history of introductions of this species, propose that these animals be referred to as wild pigs within their introduced range unless it is known that the population consists of genetically pure wild boar or domestic pigs that have recently been released and become feral. Use of the term “wild pig” should reduce the potential to misclassify populations as a result of genetic introgression and evolution following release. Furthermore, we recommend that, when appropriate, the terms “nonnative” or “invasive” be included to describe wild pigs in their introduced range to emphasize their negative impacts on natural and anthropogenic environments. The effective control of wild pig populations considered to be invasive will require informed public support and sound scientific management, necessitating clear communication about this species among the research community, wildlife managers, and the general public. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.

Acronyms are lexical units that have been thoroughly explored in terms of their morphology or pronunciation. However, their semantic value has not been entirely determined yet. The present paper aims at investigating the manner in which a semantic value of an acronym, and particularly a difference between proper and common acronyms, influences techniques applied to translating them. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, on the basis of the cognitive theory of proper names, the authors have distinguished Polish and French acronyms being ergonyms as well as acronyms belonging to proper names and these designating item classification. The paper concerns the analysis of both Polish and French translations of ergonyms in foreign language press and French common acronyms in the Polish press. The performed analysis allows observing a tendency towards transferring acronymsergonyms that play the role of a rigid designator rather than full names in the target text. By contrast, the techniques of translating common acronyms differ, depending on whether they designate phenomena typical of the source culture or universal ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the Korean plant common names recorded in Joseon singmul hyangmyeongjip, the first botanical book based on modern botanical science, published in 1937. The principles and standards of determining Korean plant common names were explained in the "Determination Principles" at the beginning of Joseon singmul hyangmyeongjip. This article also studies "The Review of Joseon's Common Names on the Plants of Joseon" written in 1937, which briefly discussed the origin of Korean plant common name focusing on the Asteraceae plant distributed in the Korean peninsula before the publication of Joseon singmul hyangmyeongjip. While the scientific name, an internationally recognized universal term, is a worldwide communication tool through which plants and species are identified, the Korean plant common name would be a summarized expression, reflecting the relationship between the Korean people and the plants distributed throughout the Korean peninsula, from the perspective of general public. Although both names are based on science, they are based on different principles. According to our research, the authors of Joseon singmul hyangmyeongjip focused on the plant names most commonly used among the Korean people, supplementing those terms with historic names recorded in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Therya is the property of Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In conservation science, assessments of trends and priorities for actions often focus on species as the management unit. Studies on species coverage in online media are commonly conducted by using species vernacular names. However, the use of species vernacular names for web-based data search is problematic due to the high risk of mismatches in results. While the use of Latin names may produce more consistent results, it is uncertain whether a search using Latin names will produce unbiased results as compared to vernacular names. We assessed the potential of Latin names to be used as an alternative to vernacular names for the data mining within the field of conservation science. By using Latin and vernacular names, we searched for species from four species groups: diurnal birds of prey, Carnivora, Primates and marine mammals. We assessed the relationship of the results obtained within different online sources, such as Internet pages, newspapers and social media networks. Results indicated that the search results based on Latin and vernacular names were highly correlated, and confirmed that one may be used as an alternative for the other. We also demonstrated the potential of the number of images posted on the Internet to be used as an indication of the public attention towards different species.

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Sus scrofa is both a destructive invasive species and a popular game animal in many parts of the world, but there is a lack of consistency and accuracy in how scientists and wildlife managers refer to wild-living members of the species. The growing importance of this invasive species necessitates that scientists, managers, and policy-makers standardize use of a common name in a taxonomically accurate manner to effectively communicate to the general public and scientific community. In this commentary, we discuss the current terminology used for S. scrofa and, based upon the history of introductions of this species, propose that these animals be referred to as wild pigs within their introduced range unless it is known that the population consists of genetically pure wild boar or domestic pigs that have recently been released and become feral. Use of the term 'wild pig' should reduce the potential to misclassify populations as a result of genetic introgression and evolution following release. Furthermore, we recommend that, when appropriate, the terms 'nonnative' or 'invasive' be included to describe wild pigs in their introduced range to emphasize their negative impacts on natural and anthropogenic environments. The effective control of wild pig populations considered to be invasive will require informed public support and sound scientific management, necessitating clear communication about this species among the research community, wildlife managers, and the general public. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]