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The study focused on the extraction of valuable lipid compounds from squid (Doryteuthis gahi) waste by a low-toxicity solvent mixture (ethanol/acetone, 50:50, v/v). The effect of the waste weight/solvent volume (WW/SV, g·mL−1) ratio and the number of extractions (NoE) on the total lipid (TL), phospholipid (PL), and tocopherol yields and on the fatty acid (FA) profile (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid contents; polyunsaturated FAs/saturated FAs and ω3/ω6 ratios) was investigated. As a result, an increased NoE led to an increased (p < 0.05) TL yield but a decreased (p < 0.05) proportion of PLs in the lipid extract. Additionally, a lower (p < 0.05) polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio was detected by increasing the NoE. Some differences (p < 0.05) could be outlined as a result of increasing the WW/SV ratio; however, a definite trend for this extraction condition could not be concluded for any of the lipid parameters measured. Yield results were compared to those obtained by the conventional chloroform/methanol procedure. In order to attain an increased yield, the NoE required would depend on the polarity degree of the lipid molecule concerned. All ethanol/acetone extracting conditions tested led to remarkable yields for lipid compounds (PLs, α-tocopherol, ω3 FAs) and FA ratios with healthy, nutritional, and preserving properties.

This analytical study focuses on loading standardized transportation, aging, and disposal canisters (STADs) at commercial reactor sites and subsequent transportation, e.g., to a consolidated interi...

The general objective of this paper is to verify how the collection and final disposal of solid domestic and/or commercial waste produced by the riverside population of the Ilha Grande, Caciri, Tem-Tem, and Vila do Juaba, in the municipality of Cametá - PA is done, geographically situated in the extend in the River Tocantins extension. This is bibliographical research, complemented by quantitative and qualitative research with data collected through a questionnaire with closed-ended questions (quantitative approach) and semi-structured survey script (qualitative approach) applied in September 2015 to forty subjects (ten for each location) residing in the four municipalities. The qualitative collection results show that 52,5% of the subjects are woman; 70% work; 62,5% work in autonomous activities; 42,5% has incomplete middle school; 92,5% reside in an unpaved place; 92,5% do not have piped water system; 100% has access to electricity; 97,5% do not have sewage system 62,5% live in a wood build house, and 65% already had the opportunity to witness acts against the preservation of the environment. In this qualitative research, the results of the four questions utilizing a semi-structured script place that a sanitary landfill should be built; selective garbage collection at least once a week; an end to disposable bags and the use of cloth bags; the environment should be protected from solid waste; and the research subjects do not agree with taking returnable waste to a collection point. In final considerations, every offender of the environment should be fined.

This study shows that the production of industrial and commercial waste should form part of normal organisational practices. When asked about waste prevention, representatives of food, textile, electronics and construction companies in Sweden have difficulties highlighting concrete waste-prevention objectives, measures and outcomes. Instead, they highlight economic, technical, and organisational barriers that prevent them from engaging in waste prevention, thereby endowing the production of waste with an economic, technical and organisational rationality. This triple rationalisation of waste production amounts to the managerial normalisation of waste that obstructs the implementation of waste prevention policies. Thus, we suggest that these policies aim to de-normalise industrial and commercial waste in similar ways to the measures used to de-normalise household waste.

Municipal solid waste has 500 tons of waste per day with a composition of 60% of domestic waste and 40% of commercial waste. The composition of domestic waste were organic waste, green waste, mixed paper, plastic, textile, ferrous, glass, rubber and leather, and others. The degradation of organic wastes by the bacterial consortia is highly significant. This results in loss of potentially valuable materials that can be processed as fertilizer, fuel and fodder. The main aim of this project was to develop some successful bacterial consortium that can concomitantly degrade different components of the organic municipal solid wastes with the help of their enzymes in less span of time under natural conditions without producing any foul odor. In addition to that, the other important aim was to characterize the bacteria and their roles in plant growth promotion activity were observed in pot experiments.

As the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta had a population of 10.2 million in 2015 that generated 6200 metric tonnes (Mt) day−1 of municipal waste in the 2017–2019 period. In the composition of the waste, as much as 9% is contributed by the commercial sector. This research focuses on five shopping areas in Jakarta (commercial areas (CAs)). The five CAs produce 110 Mt of waste per day and 79% of them are disposed of in landfills. 95% of the waste is a combustible fraction which can be used as an alternative fuel by the cement industry because the fraction has a low heating value of around 24 MJ kg−1. It is estimated that in one year, the CAs can produce about 34,500 Mt of alternative fuel with 820 TJ of energy. Approximately, the resulting energy savings are 2.6% which is equal to approximately 35,500 Mt of coal. In addition, the utilization of alternative fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.7% or 50,000 Mt.

This study was conducted to set up a new reference line for municipal solid waste quantification and characterization in the least urbanized cities of a developing nation. A survey was run to collect baseline data from 60 new municipalities of Nepal. The study covered a sample size of 3300 households, 600 institutions and 600 commercial establishments in those municipalities. The municipalities were further stratified according to geographical location, the degree of urbanization, household expenditure and population size to assess the influence on waste generation. The results indicated that the average per capita household waste generation is 115 g day-1 while the average total municipal waste generation was estimated to be 180 g day-1 per capita.The study also revealed that size of municipal population, geographic location, household expenditure and degree of urbanization were found to have a significant influence on the unit waste generation. The larger the size of municipal population the higher the per capita household waste generation, degree of urbanization and per capita waste production. Increasing household expenditure revealed an increase in the unit waste generation. The waste categories included organic waste, plastics, paper and paper products, textiles, rubber and leather, metals, glass, and others. The results indicated that organic waste dominated the characterization (62%), followed by plastics (12%) and paper/paper products (11%).

This article introduces a further development of a standard commercial waste bin. This dustbin is able to detect its current load, open-close its cover automatically, and remote access the load level using online interface. The purpose of this article is to describe the mechanical, electronics and programming side.

Waste management is one of the key challenges that is facing the world today. This global threat of solid waste disposal has affected Africa in many ways especially causing diseases and increasing thepoverty rate. These problems emerge mainly as a lack of strategic planning for effective SWM, poor governance, resource constraint, poor coordination and lack of proper management. In most rapidly growing cities in developing countries, the major concern issue is the inefficient solid waste collection and disposal. This research focuses on how municipal solid waste is managed by the public administration system which is the AMA of Ghana. The study, therefore, focused on existing pieces of literature and came out with these results. It was revealed that the types and sources of solid waste in the study area include, domestic waste, commercial waste, agricultural waste, industrial stemming from food waste, rubber, paper, glass, metal, farm etc., The study also revealed the major policies guiding SWM in the study area which include the Environmental Sanitation Policy of 1999 Act (1994), Act 464. Another policy is the Environmental Assessment Regulation LI 1650 which had legal support from the Environmental Protection Agency Act 490 which spelt out the Environmental Assessment Regulation (EAR). Finally, the study revealed that there is a strong relationship between poor SWM and the impact on the health of people and the cases that were observed in the study area consist of malaria, typhoid fever, skin infections, and cholera.

Performing experiments with mixed commercial waste, sampling is unavoidable for material analysis. Thus, the procedure of sampling needs to be defined in a way that guarantees sufficient accuracy regarding the estimation of the examined analytes. In this work, a sampling procedure for coarsely shredded mixed commercial waste, based on the Austrian Standard ÖNORM S 2127, the horizontal sampling standard DS 3077 and the theory of sampling, was established, described and examined through a replication experiment determining the relative sampling variability. The analytes are described through a matrix of nine (9) material classes and nine (9) particle size classes. It turns out that the typical threshold value of 20% can be reached for some fractions of the particle size–material matrix (for example, wood 20–40 mm and cardboard 60–80 mm) but gets as bad as 231% (wood 200–400 mm) for others. Furthermore, a decrease in the relative sampling variability with the mass share of a fraction is observed. Part of the observed variability is explainable through the fundamental sampling error, while contributions of other types of sampling errors are also evident. The results can be used for estimating confidence intervals for experimental outcomes as well as assessing required sample sizes for reaching a target precision when working with mixed commercial waste.

India is currently facing fundamental challenges in managing rising amounts of solid waste, in which the growing commercial sector accounts for a large proportion. Development and implementation of sustainable waste management systems require a profound understanding on commercial waste generation and composition characteristics. In this article, solid waste generated from three different commercial establishment areas and scales were investigated, characterised and analysed based on the number of employees in South India. Each commercial waste stream was further stratified into different waste generator types. The multi-sectoral commercial waste analysis results showed that organic waste share ranges from 4.9 to 60.4 wt% for different establishment sizes and types. A noticeable amount of 30.2–55.8 wt% sanitary and biomedical wastes were identified in IT & offices establishments. Through an analysis of 195 companies, mixed waste generation per employee (E) were obtained as 114.8, 180.4, 322.7 and 1537.0 g E−1d−1 for education facilities, IT and offices, manufacturing companies and hotels and restaurants, respectively. The chemical analysis showed that mixed waste of medium and large establishments does not comply with the existing Indian composting requirements. However, commercial waste above a particle size of d > 60 mm complies with the proposed quality guidelines for Indian refuse-derived fuel.

The problem associated inappropriate management of municipal waste to the ecosystem cannot be overemphasized. This study involved the physical characterization of municipal solid waste streams in 4 commercial dumpsites in Yenagoa Metropolis, using the quartile estimate method. Results showed that out of a total mass of 79.82kg; the individual mass composition was reported for garbage (food) waste 33.32 (39%), paper waste 14.90 kg (40.82%), plastic waste 5.12 kg (6%), nylon 11.01kg (13%), metal 4.31 kg (5%), wood 2.29 kg (3%), electronic 5.69 kg (7%), glass/ceramic 3.48 kg (4%) and unclassified waste whose mass was 4.62kg (5%). Disposal of untreated and unsegregated/uncharacterized waste adverse effect to the environment. It is hereby recommended that the populace to desist from illicit disposal of waste stream. In addition all stakeholders and Government in particular should formulate policies the reduction, reuse and recycling of waste stream.

This work was presented at the 10th Joint Symposium on Computational Intelligence (JSCI10), organized by the IEEE-CIS Thailand Chapter, that aims to support research students and young researchers, to create a place enabling participants to share and discuss on their research prior to publishing their works. The event was open to all researchers who want to broaden their knowledge in the field of computational intelligence.We assessed several state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and computer vision techniques for estimating the particle size of mixed commercial waste from images. In waste management, the first step is often coarse shredding, using the particle size to set up the shredder machine. The difficulty is separating the waste particles in an image, which can not be performed well. This work focused on estimating size by using the texture from the input image, captured at a fixed height from the camera lens to the ground. We found that EfficientNet achieved the best performance of 0.72 on F1-Score and 75.89% on accuracy.

In most developed and developing countries with increasing population, prosperity and urbanization, one of the major challenges for them is to collect, recycle, treat and dispose of increasing quantities of solid waste and wastewater. It is now well known that waste generation and management practices have increased several alarming issues on the socioeconomics, human health, aesthetics and amenity of many communities, states, and nations around the world (Meyers et al., 2006; Louis, 2004). Industrialized economies extract vast quantities of natural resources from the environment to provide modern amenities and commodities. On the other hand, pollutants associated with the production and consumption of commodities, as well as post-consuming commodities, go back into the environment as residues (Moriguchi, 1999). Although varying in degree and intensity, the solid waste problem around the world is exacerbated by limited space and dense populations (Melosi, 1981). The problem of collecting, handling and disposing of wastes is dealt with using different techniques and approaches in different regions. A waste management hierarchy based on the most environmentally sound criteria favors waste prevention/minimization, waste re-use, recycling, and composting. In many countries, a large percentage of waste cannot presently be re-used,re-cycled or composted and the main disposal methods are land filling and incineration. In addition, traditionally, managing domestic, industrial and commercial waste consisted of collection followed by disposal, usually away from urban activity, which could be waterways, Open ocean or surface areas demarcated for the purpose viz. landfills. With the increased volume and variety of hazards posed by new waste products, the situation has exceeded its saturation point at many localities (McCarthy, 2007). In 2006 the USA land filled 54% of solid wastes, incinerated 14%, and recovered, recycled or composted the remaining 32% (EPA, 2008). The percentage of solid waste disposed at landfills accounted for 3% in Japan (2003), 18% in Germany (2004), 36% in France (2005), 54% in Italy (2005) and the USA (2005), and 64% in the UK (2005). As legislation becomes more stringent and land filling becomes less cheap option. For example, there has been a significant reduction in the amount of wasteland filled in the UK and Italy. In 1995, Italy land filled 93% of solid waste, and the UK 83%. Recent studies have revealed that waste disposal processes have considerable impacts on climate change due to the

ReWaste4.0 is an innovative and cooperative K-Project in the period 2017–2021. Through ReWaste4.0 the transformation of the non-hazardous mixed municipal and commercial waste treatment industry towards a circular economy has started by investigating and applying the new approaches of the Industry 4.0. Vision of the ReWaste4.0 is, among others, the development of treatment plants for non-hazardous waste into a “Smart Waste Factory” in which a digital communication and interconnection between material quality and machine as well as plant performance is reached. After four years of research and development, various results have been gained and the present review article summarizes, links and discuss the outputs (especially from peer-reviewed papers) of seven sub-projects, in total, within the K-project and discusses the main findings and their relevance and importance for further development of the waste treatment sector. Results are allocated into three areas, namely: contaminants in mixed waste and technical possibilities for their reduction as well as removal; secondary raw and energy materials in mixed waste and digitalization in waste characterization and treatment processes for mixed waste. The research conducted in ReWaste4.0 will be continued in ReWaste F for further development towards a particle-, sensor- and data-based circular economy in the period 2021–2025.

Particle size distributions (PSDs) belong to the most critical properties of particulate materials. They influence process behavior and product qualities. Standard methods for describing them are either too detailed for straightforward interpretation (i.e., lists of individual particles), hide too much information (summary values), or are distribution-dependent, limiting their applicability to distributions produced by a small number of processes. In this work the distribution-independent approach of modeling isometric log-ratio-transformed shares of an arbitrary number of discrete particle size classes is presented. It allows using standard empirical modeling techniques, and the mathematically proper calculation of confidence and prediction regions. The method is demonstrated on coarse-shredding of mixed commercial waste from Styria in Austria, resulting in a significant model for the influence of shredding parameters on produced particle sizes (with classes: &gt, 80 mm, 30–80 mm, 0–30 mm). It identifies the cutting tool geometry as significant, with a p-value &lt, 10–5, while evaluating the gap width and shaft rotation speed as non-significant. In conclusion, the results question typically chosen operation parameters in practice, and the applied method has proven to be valuable addition to the mathematical toolbox of process engineers.

Recently, local governments experienced unprecedented challenges to their recycling programs and are looking to alternative forms to meet their sustainability goals. Traditionally, waste management policies focus on using a mass-based recycling rate to promote and measure sustainability, however that metric inadvertently promotes recycling over source reduction. Here, we present a metric which measures a community’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy use footprints for their consumed and end-of-life material streams. Using materials and waste statistics for Florida as an example, we estimated the consumed and discarded masses of 24 materials in 2018. We developed methods and used existing (i.e., WARM, literature) lifecycle assessment data to measure upstream and end-of-life environmental footprints of these materials. The total upstream footprints were approximately 12 and 10 times larger than the end-of-life GHG emissions and energy use footprints, respectively, indicating the need for sustainable materials management application. Mixed paper, cardboard, mixed construction and demolition (C&D) materials had the largest lifecycle footprints. We then use these data to illustrate a method for local governments to apply the alternative metric referred to as the lifecycle footprint reduction target. We demonstrate this target’s application in Florida using a hypothetical 20% footprint reduction and provide approaches which focus on increasing the source reduction and recycling potentials of key materials to meet the target. The approaches included a junk mail ban, food donation mandate, cardboard takeback mandate, and building deconstruction mandate and were evaluated for their feasibility in meeting the target; the building deconstruction and the food donation mandate resulted in the greatest and least progress, respectively, toward meeting the target. These approaches provide local government a baseline for continued progress toward SMM application. Implications StatementConsumer consumption of manufactured products – the packaging for our food and beverages, the products in our homes and offices, the vehicles we drive, and the buildings we live and work in – ultimately must be discarded at the end of their useful life. It is through the management of residential and commercial solid waste that local governments face the consequences of society’s materials consumption. Thus, not surprisingly, materials conservation efforts at the government level focus primarily on efforts to recycle waste and divert these materials from landfill disposal. Here we examine a concept whereby local governments – normally charged with collecting and managing residential and commercial waste, and thus setting waste recycling targets – expand their thinking to include all life cycle phases for the materials consumed and discarded in their jurisdiction. In doing so, local governments can now shift from a waste management to a lifecycle-oriented perspective and expand beyond just managing waste to managing materials. Implications Statement Consumer consumption of manufactured products – the packaging for our food and beverages, the products in our homes and offices, the vehicles we drive, and the buildings we live and work in – ultimately must be discarded at the end of their useful life. It is through the management of residential and commercial solid waste that local governments face the consequences of society’s materials consumption. Thus, not surprisingly, materials conservation efforts at the government level focus primarily on efforts to recycle waste and divert these materials from landfill disposal. Here we examine a concept whereby local governments – normally charged with collecting and managing residential and commercial waste, and thus setting waste recycling targets – expand their thinking to include all life cycle phases for the materials consumed and discarded in their jurisdiction. In doing so, local governments can now shift from a waste management to a lifecycle-oriented perspective and expand beyond just managing waste to managing materials.

Commercial waste collection activities are critical from environmental, societal, as well as economic perspectives. Logistic activities carried out in any large or small human settlement, must be efficient by passing through obstacles while optimizing rare and valuable resource usages. With the advent of the Internet of Things and smart waste management ideas, the concept of static waste collection resource optimization and more specifically vehicle routing problem are being exposed to a fortunate mutation. This study introduces a dynamic waste collection optimization model and its solution for a unique type of waste collection problem. Unlike public waste collection, which is made up of homogeneous customers, commercial waste collection has to consider other factors, relating to the quality or time of service, while considering the socio-economic characteristics of the customers. Moreover, the paper has completed a comprehensive literature review over the waste collection filed to emphasize the singularity of the problem and the proposed mathematical model. The data-driven model proposed in this paper targets the optimization of costs in the embedded solver with invoking real-time data generated by filllevel sensors integrated into waste containers. The outputs of the model are dynamic and time-wise vehicle routing chains for efficient waste collection under the field official guidelines, constraints, and priorities. In order to scrutinize the scalability, applicability and validity of the proposed model, a real-life network in Luxembourg with multiple vehicles, stops, as well as a depot and a disposal site has been considered. The partnership with a waste management company, called Polygone, benchmarking results with real data conclude the merits, excellence, and findings of the paper.

It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%–425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Deriving significant experiment-based conclusions on mechanical processing of mixed solid waste is challenging: the input material cannot be downscaled in a way that enables drawing transferable conclusions from lab-scale experiments. Hence experiments need to be conducted in industry-scale, using real waste. Besides the enormous resulting experimental efforts and costs, which economically limit the number of experimental runs, identifying and quantifying significant effects is complicated by the distortion of the data introduced by the waste's variability. The distortion is particularly high for cases where sampling is necessary and in experiments where material cannot be re-used from one run to the next. In the latter case, inter-experimental differences of the waste add to the distortion of the data. In this work, a systematic approach for deriving representative and significant results at the minimum possible effort is described and evaluated, based on the method of Design of Experiments. It is applied to a 32 runs D-optimal industry-scale coarse-shredding experiment with mixed commercial solid waste, based on a reduced cubic design model, examining the influence of the gap width, shaft rotation speed, and cutting tool geometry on the throughput behavior and energy demand. The resulting models are highly significant (model p-values 0.0001), proving the ability to extract reliable information from industry-scale waste processing experiments. Concerning commercial waste shredding, the models provide new insights into process behavior, for example, the quadratic dependence of the mass flow on the shaft rotation speed, with the highest hourly mass flows at 84% of the maximum shaft rotation speed.

Waste collection has become a major issue all over the world, especially when it is offered as a service for businesses, unlike public waste collection where the parameters are relatively homogeneous. This industry can greatly benefit from new sensing technologies and advances in artificial intelligence that have been achieved over the last few years. However, in most situations waste management systems are based on obsolete technologies, with a low level of interoperability and thus offering static processes. The most advanced solutions are generally limited to statistical, non-predictive approaches and have a limited view of reality, making them weakly effective in dealing with day-to-day business issues (overflowing containers, poor quality of service, etc.). This paper presents a case study currently being developed in Luxembourg with a company offering a business waste collection service, which has a significant amount of constraints to consider. Our main objective is to investigate the use of multiple waste data sources to derive useful indicators for improving collection processes. We start with company-owned historical data and then investigate GPS information from tracking devices positioned on collection trucks. Furthermore, we analyze data collected from ultrasonic sensors deployed on almost 50 different containers to measure fill levels. We describe the deployment steps and show that this approach, combined with anomaly detection and prediction techniques, has the potential to change the way this business operates. We also discuss the interest of the different datasets presented and multi-objective optimization issues. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first major work dedicated to the world of professional waste collection.

The Waste Framework Directive regulates the recycling of waste in Europe. The definition of waste is specified in different guidelines and regulations. Mixed Commercial Waste is waste from industry which is not collected separately. Currently there is little known about its composition. Mixed Municipal Waste, on the other hand, is household waste that cannot be attributed to any separately collected waste fraction (AdSLR, 2012). Both wastes are currently treated focussing on the generation of refuse-derived fuel rather than on the separation of recyclables (mainly performed for metals). The purpose of this paper is to characterise the amounts of various plastic types contained in different grain sizes of two-dimensional and three-dimensional plastics sorting fractions of both waste types. Nine types of plastics were identified as potential recycling materials for which recycling processes as well as a market are available. Both wastes were shredded, sampled and sieved into nine grain size classes (GSC). Fractions coarser than 20 mm were sorted, generating a ‘plastics-2D’ and a ‘plastics-3D’ fraction among others. The two plastics fractions were further characterised as plastic types using a near-infrared sensor and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. The results reveal a potential for plastic recycling through mechanical and feedstock recycling options for the examined wastes. Certain types of plastics, of certain dimensionality, tend to come in certain grain sizes, which is essential for mechanical enrichment and discharge.

Purpose: Recent UK legislation requires businesses to segregate their food waste and present metal, plastic, glass and paper waste for collection separately. Despite decades of research on household recycling, scant attention has been paid to the waste that employees personally create and dispose of within their workplaces. There is an implicit assumption that what is already known about recycling at home will simply transfer into the workplace. However emerging debates in the wider green behaviour literatures suggest that behaviours may not translate straightforwardly into other contexts. Methodology: This paper presents an exploratory study that comprehensively compares recycling at home and work for the first time. A one page questionnaire was hand delivered to 1000 households to ask them to indicate which materials they recycled at home and at work, and allowed them to comment on any differences. A total of 220 responses were received. Findings: The data show recycling in both contexts across the full range of materials. An aggregate analysis shows that people generally recycle in both contexts. However further analysis at the level of individual materials gives a different picture, demonstrating that individuals are less likely to recycle at work than they are at home, suggesting that spillover between these contexts is neither automatic nor consistent. Contribution: Since an individual's behaviour is shown to vary across materials, as well as across contexts this challenges the very notion of the 'recycler?. The findings challenge the extant research norms surrounding recycling research in a number of important ways. The outcome of this study is a set of six propositions which set out a future research agenda for the investigation of recycling behaviour in general, and workplaces in particular, in terms of unit of analysis, multiple material streams, and multiple contexts. Limitations: Although this study gives insights into new areas and provides the basis for building future research agendas in the waste management field, it is very much exploratory in nature. In particular the questionnaire used was very simplistic in order to facilitate a healthy return rate from a sampling method which was known to include a significant proportion of recipients ineligible to reply (as they did not work outside the home). Although this was a successful strategy in terms of obtaining a large enough sample, it means that the data collected are only able to be analysed in a very limited way.

This paper presents an analysis of European and Swedish national and municipal waste prevention plans to determine their capability of preventing the generation of waste. An analysis of the stated objectives in these waste prevention plans and the measures they propose to realize them exposes six problematic features: (1) These plans ignore what drives waste generation, such as consumption, and (2) rely as much on conventional waste management goals as they do on goals with the aim of preventing the generation of waste at the source. The Swedish national and local plans (3) focus on small waste streams, such as food waste, rather than large ones, such as industrial and commercial waste. Suggested waste prevention measures at all levels are (4) soft rather than constraining, for example, these plans focus on information campaigns rather than taxes and bans, and (5) not clearly connected to incentives and consequences for the actors involved. The responsibility for waste prevention has been (6) entrusted to non-governmental actors in the market such as companies that are then free to define which proposals suit them best rather than their being guided by planners. For improved waste prevention regulation, two strategies are proposed. First, focus primarily not on household-related waste, but on consumption and production of products with high environmental impact and toxicity as waste. Second, remove waste prevention from the waste hierarchy to make clear that, by definition, waste prevention is not about the management of waste. QC 20180604

This study focuses on commercial waste, which has received less attention than household waste in regards to greenhouse gas emission research. First, the global warming potential (GWP) of commercial waste management was calculated. Second, the impacts of different waste fractions and the processes of waste management were recognised. Third, the key areas on which to focus when aiming to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of commercial waste management were determined. This study was conducted on the waste generated by a real hypermarket in South-East Finland and included eight different waste fractions. The waste treatment plants were selected based on the actual situation. Three different scenarios were employed to evaluate the environmental impact of managing mixed waste: landfilling, combustion and more accurate source separation. The GaBi software and impact assessment methodology CML 2001 were used to perform a life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the waste management. The results indicated that the total GWP of commercial waste management could be reduced by 93% by directing the mixed waste to combustion instead of landfill. A further 5% GWP reduction could be achieved by more accurate source separation of the mixed waste. Utilisation of energy waste had the most significant influence (41–52%) on the total GWP (−880 to −860 kgCO2-eq./t), followed by landfilling of mixed waste (influence 15–23% on the total GWP, 430 kgCO2-eq./t), recycling polyethylene (PE) plastic (influence 18–21% on the total GWP, −1800 kgCO2-eq./t) and recycling cardboard (influence 11–13% on the total GWP, 51 kgCO2-eq./t). A key focus should be placed on treatment processes and substitutions, especially in terms of substitutions of energy waste and PE plastic. This study also clarified the importance of sorting PE plastic, even though the share of this waste fraction was not substantial. The results of this paper were compared to those of previous studies. The output of this analysis indicated that the total GWP can be significantly reduced by identifying an alternative recycling or incineration location for cardboard where it is used to substitute virgin material or replace fossil fuels respectively. In conclusion, it is essential to note that waste management companies have a notable influence on the emissions of commercial waste management because they choose the places at which the waste fractions are treated and utilised.

Bee decline is a threat worldwide. An extension project was initiated to make the general public, industry, and municipalities aware of this problem. This study demonstrated pollinator habitat suitable for Maine farms by developing cooperation between the Maine wild blueberry industry and a regional commercial waste landfill. The reason for involving the landfill industry was to demonstrate and encourage non-farm enterprises to become involved in pollinator conservation. This project arose from previous research of ours on pollinator reservoirs in the Maine (USA) wild blueberry agro-ecosystem with the objectives of: (1) comparing three seed mixes, (2) providing demonstration areas where farmers and the general public can see such gardens, and (3) encouraging others to plant for pollinators. The methods involved planting two types of gardens in 2015, one that contained three different commercially available pollinator forage seed mixes, and one that contained shrubs and some perennials that are visited by pollinators early and late in the season, but that are not readily grown in a wildflower meadow. For all three seed mixes, at least some plant species produced flowers that were visited by bees, but there were also gaps in flowering and some species on which we saw few bees. We observed more bees coming to flowers of corn poppy, tall yellow clover, oxeye daisy, black-eyed Susan, anise hyssop, and bergamot. Ox-eye daisy and black-eyed Susan were not in any of the seed mixes but were allowed to grow among the sown plants. More than 600 people came through the booth or toured the gardens at four open houses in 2015 and 2016, and many people know of the project through presentations we have given. The stakeholders and public learned about bees and floral resources. Several municipalities and farmers have planted pollinator reservoirs since this project was initiated. Key words: Pollinator reservoirs, wildflower seed mix, demonstration, landfill, wild blueberry.

At many universities, silver nitrate is used in teaching laboratories, and a resulting waste product is often silver chloride. Silver chloride is not a compound that can be discarded into a sink as it has harmful effects to the environment; however, commercial waste disposal is costly, and replacement of the silver nitrate reagent is expensive. Silver chloride may be recycled back into silver nitrate, reducing costs for universities and burdens on the environment. For this study, multiple methods were tested to convert silver chloride into silver nitrate, a useful compound. The percent recovery, percent purity, cost, time required, facilities needed, and safety of the processes were compared, and an ideal method was identified to convert silver chloride waste into a useful species. This process could be used to reduce waste and cost for a university.

For 35 years, Kyoto City has conducted detailed household waste composition surveys under the guidance of Kyoto University by dividing household waste into approximately 400 categories. In addition, the city has conducted detailed composition surveys of commercial waste generated by businesses. These surveys show that food loss accounts for approximately 40% of total waste, of which leftovers and untouched food account for about 40% in both households and business facilities. Consequently, the annual generation of household and commercial food loss is estimated at about 30,000 tons. Various efforts have been made to reduce waste, including food loss, but further reduction in environmental burden is needed. Thus, Kyoto City revised the ordinance for waste reduction, and in March 2015, formulated a new municipal waste management plan. The plan not only includes the 2Rs (reduce, reuse), but also, for the first time in Japan, sets quantitative targets for reducing food loss. Kyoto City must ensure that the necessary waste reduction measures are clearly explained to the residents and business operators. To ensure that this plan is successful, it is important to clarify concrete actions that residents and business operators should implement, along with their effects.

Phosphorus is a resource that is utilized with efficiency in most parts of the world. Farmers fertilize with increasing precision; wastewater treatment plants strip phosphorus from sewage; and industries make use of phosphorus byproducts. Why, then, do incidents of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms related to excessive phosphorus outflows continue to intensify? Incremental improvements in phosphorus use efficiency and monitoring of individual phosphorus waste streams no longer seem sufficient to dampen these environmental impacts. A radical shift in perspective is needed, one in which phosphorus is treated as a resource rather than as waste. Using substance flow analysis, we explore various types of phosphorus management scenarios for a specific system, for the urban city-state of Singapore. These scenarios are jointly framed with the urban planning agency of Singapore and takes into consideration both behavioral and infrastructural changes to the status quo. These scenarios include strategies and technologies such as composting, separated incineration of organic and non-organic waste, anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and wastewater, and dedicated anaerobic digestion of food waste and wastewater. Publicly available UN Comtrade data is used to establish temporal trends in phosphorus consumption between 1989 and 2012. Phosphorus waste outputs are verified via empirically collected data on household and commercial waste generation. The results of this paper demonstrate how the transition from a linear to a closed-loop phosphorus cycle might be possible for Singapore, an island that is an important test bed for planning the sustainable metabolism of future urban areas.

Waste management, being one of the most important aspects of urban development, is gaining importance among developing nation like Nepal where rapid population growth, unmanaged urbanization, lack of public awareness and poor management by municipalities have intensified environmental problems in towns in Nepal. In Nepal only six municipalities i.e. Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Pokhara, Dhankuta, Tansen and Ghorahi practice sanitary landfill for waste management and other municipality practices open dumping which has become major cause of environmental and human health hazards (ADB, 2013).Jeetpur Simara Sub-Metropolitan City (JSSMC) is a recently formed sub-metropolitan city. This city has not performed any study on solid waste management till date and lacks data on quantity and composition of municipal solid waste generation that facilitates effective planning of municipal solid waste management. The household survey revealed an average per capita household waste generation rate of 120 g/capita/day. The total Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation is estimated about 15 tons/day and 5475 tons/year. The analysis of household waste composition indicated that the highest waste category was organic waste with 80% followed by plastics with 10%, paper and paper products with 6% and inert with 4%. The composition analysis of institutional wastes revealed 41% paper and paper products, 33% plastics, 13% organic wastes and 13% inert. The study found that commercial waste comprised 59% paper and paper products, 21% plastics, 17% organic and 3% inert. In aggregate, MSW is composed of 56% organic waste, 21% paper and paper products, 19% plastics, and 3% inert. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue No: 22Page: 45-47Uploaded date: January 14, 2018