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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The illegal trade in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is causing adverse social, ecological, and economic impacts. This illegal activity is accelerating the overexploitation of totoaba and pushing the critically endangered vaquita (Phocoena sinus) closer to extinction. Despite extensive efforts to recover vaquita populations, scant attention has been given to the totoaba trade as an independent issue. As a result, data on the totoaba trade are limited, which hampers robust analyses and development of effective interventions to reduce illegal harvesting. We used a previously developed framework specifically designed to examine dynamics of illegal markets and guide measures to mitigate illegal use of totoaba. This framework separates markets into 3 analytical levels: characterization of participating actors (e.g., fishers, intermediaries); examination of how actors interact within the market (e.g., organization of supply chains); and assessment of the overall market dynamics that result from these interactions (e.g., factors determining price and quantity). We reviewed existing literature (108 initial articles) and interviewed key market actors, academics, and nongovernmental organization experts (14) to obtain data for this framework. Our findings offer an overview of the totoaba illegal market operation, highlighting intervention points (e.g., customs agents) and areas where additional information is required to decrease information gaps (e.g., US local market). We describe the structure and complexity of this market, emphasizing the influential role of organized crime in shaping its dynamics (e.g., controlling prices paid to fishers and stockpiling). By providing a systematic and in‐depth understanding of the market operation, we aimed to establish a benchmark for effective interventions and future research aimed at reducing uncertainties. Our results provide a crucial step toward addressing this critical issue and can help facilitate development of effective strategies to combat the illegal totoaba trade and promote biodiversity conservation more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Por medio de la observación participante, la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, la elaboración de una cartografía y el análisis de datos con base en un marco teórico, este artículo pretende demostrar que en las tiendas ubicadas alrededor del Chorro de Quevedo, en el barrio La Candelaria de Bogotá, los productos que imitan el arte prehispánico o hacen referencia a este son vendidos con el objetivo del beneficio económico o de la promoción de la identidad “ancestral”. Quienes compran estos productos, según los vendedores, buscan lo exótico y los ven como un souvenir o se sienten identificados con la historia prehispánica. La relación entre la venta de estos productos y el Chorro de Quevedo se basa en la identidad, la historia, el comercio y el turismo.

El objetivo de este artículo, es describir una propuesta de innovación comercial para garantizar la sostenibilidad de una asociación de mujeres rurales - ASOMMUC - localizada en una zona rural alejada de los principales centros urbanos del suroccidente de Colombia. La metodología empleada es la ruta de innovación social del PCIS (Parque Científico de Innovación Social de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios), donde se construyó junto a la asociación, una propuesta de innovación comercial para aumentar las ventas de sus productos. Esta propuesta fue validada en el mercado con un PMV (Producto Mínimo Viable) instalado en un corredor comercial perteneciente a una nueva ruta gastronómica de la región, con el fin de realizar ventas directas, evitar la intermediación y respaldar una mayor rentabilidad en las ventas de la asociación. El PMV resultó con ingresos superiores en un 67% respecto a experiencias de ventas similares en la asociación. Finalmente, con la sistematización de esta experiencia, se propone un modelo conceptual para dinamizar la comercialización de los productos de asociaciones rurales, el cual puede ser escalable a otras organizaciones latinoamericanas, con los respectivos ajustes a sus propios contextos territoriales.

El conocimiento que tenemos sobre el entorno marítimo de la ciudad de Gadir/Gades durante la Antigüedad se ha visto incrementado exponencialmente en los últimos años gracias a diversos trabajos de investigación desarrollados en la bahía, destacando entre ellos las prospecciones y sondeos arqueológicos realizados en La Caleta y los bajos adyacentes (2008-2010), zonas en las que no se habían obtenido resultados con las aplicaciones de nuevas tecnologías. El resultado fue la localización e identificación de una serie de yacimientos evidenciados por concentraciones de material, mayoritariamente de época fenicio-púnica, republicana y altoimperial. En este trabajo se presenta una panorámica de las evidencias cerámicas recuperadas en este proyecto, en concreto aquellas correspondientes a la etapa republicana de Gades. Esto permitirá estudiar la dinámica de emisión y recepción de productos a partir de los nuevos datos aquí aportados.

Reseña del libro: ORTEGA DEL CERRO, Pablo, La Escuadra de Asia. Guerra, comercio e información en el ocaso de la primera edad global (1795-1803), Madrid, CSIC, 2023, 211 pp.

One of the most significant challenges facing society is the development of effective mechanisms that can ensure the security of citizens while facilitating comprehensive economic and social advancement. This study identifies the commercial areas of Bogotá, Colombia, which are critical points in terms of security, and proposes a strategic allocation of police resources in order to optimise their coverage and response times. The methodological process was executed in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining. Geospatial analysis techniques were employed, including the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to identify commercial zones and the graph theory to model the security network. Additionally, data from the Special Administrative Unit of Land Registry and the locations of National Police stations and precincts were utilised. The results demonstrate the identification of 241 commercial zones in Bogotá and propose a strategic allocation of police resources based on degree centrality and a stable matching algorithm. The integration of related techniques allowed for the generation of an innovative approach that combines the accurate identification of critical commercial zones with a data-driven optimisation of police resources. This not only increases the understanding of security dynamics in urban commercial areas, but also provides a robust public safety decision-making tool for the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We are witnessing a new space race. In the past few years, the number of successful launches to low Earth orbit has been higher than at any time since Sputnik. Commercial space companies, led by SpaceX and Blue Origin, have developed reusable rockets that are fundamentally changing the economics of spaceflight and opening new markets for recreation and tourism. Large numbers of small satellites are being deployed to monitor Earth resources and deliver high speed Internet to developing countries. Meanwhile, a growing number of countries have built space programs, and a superpower rivalry between China and America has replaced the traditional competition between Russia and America. All this activity raises legal and ethical issues. Space debris is accumulating at a rapid rate, creating a hazard for humans and hardware in low Earth orbit. Currently, there is no real incentive for companies or governments to mitigate this threat. The ownership of space resources is not covered by international law and in most countries, spaceflight is subject to very little regulation. Another concern is the potential militarization of space by the major powers. As we explore space, exploitation may be taking precedence over conservation. Hopefully, the economic benefits of space will be realized while the activity grows ethically and sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Medieval is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVII se hizo cada vez más evidente el distanciamiento entre la legislación real que giraba en torno a la Carrera de Indias y la actividad asociada al comercio y a la navegación que en esta se practicaba. Esto hizo que la Corona se viera en la situación de servirse de un instrumento que permitiera recuperar cierta posición en cuanto al beneficio obtenido por la fiscalidad regia: el indulto. Esta adaptación de la fiscalidad al funcionamiento de la Carrera de Indias no fue desconocida para el Galeón de Manila, una travesía para la que también fue propuesto como acuerdo entre las partes. En este proceso intervinieron tanto el rey como los vecinos y comerciantes indianos quienes, como interesados principales, contaron con la participación necesaria e imprescindible de las autoridades virreinales entre las décadas de 1670 y 1680 en un nuevo marco reformador de la Carrera del Pacífico.

El comercio transfronterizo es una actividad realizada mayoritariamente por mujeres, e involucra desplazamientos y articulaciones de amplias redes para la circulación (formal o no) de productos. Desde el diálogo con las perspectivas de movilidad y género en los estudios fronterizos, este artículo analiza la configuración de circuitos transfronterizos de mujeres comerciantes. El artículo demuestra cómo se articulan las actividades comerciales y el cuidado en estos circuitos, y se discute esta relación a partir de cuatro arreglos socioespaciales: hogar, lugares de venta, cruce de frontera y lugar de abastecimiento. La investigación partió desde dos ciudades peruanas con condiciones fronterizas —Tacna (frontera con Chile) y Puno (frontera con Bolivia)—, se realizaron 62 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres vinculadas con distintas actividades de comercio entre 2022-2023, principalmente de ropa de segundo uso y abarrotes, lo que forma parte de una cadena global de circulación de mercaderías que vincula estrechamente los tres países (Bolivia, Chile y Perú).

Este trabajo pretende incluir a Filipinas en la historia de la vidriería en la Edad Moderna. Al centrar el foco en esta zona del Imperio español se propuso identificar el origen de los vidrios usados allí e indagar sobres la posibilidad de que se desarrollaran iniciativas de producción local. Para ello, analizó algunas crónicas y fundamentalmente los registros de la administración de las islas conservados en España y en México. Puntualmente se han consultado también los Archivos de Protocolo de Ciudad de México y de Lima para rescatar los vestigios del comercio de vidrios en Filipinas y que tenía como destino final los virreinatos americanos. Este trabajo exploratorio ha logrado ofrecer una visión más equilibrada acerca de la circulación y manufactura de vidrio en los territorios dominados por la Corona, destacando la presencia puntual de vidrieros europeos y chinos que apuntan a la necesidad de seguir profundizando en el tema.

Este artículo examina elementos fundamentales del suministro y distribución del arroz en la ciudad de Cartagena durante la segunda mitad del siglo xviii. Al final del período colonial, la ciudad atravesó por momentos de intensa especulación, en los que actividades ilícitas como el acaparamiento y la reventa desempeñaron un papel crucial en las dinámicas de oferta y demanda de este importante grano. Además, los fenómenos naturales y la ineficiencia del cabildo influyeron significativamente en estos procesos, afectando la producción y disponibilidad del arroz.

El moldeado y vaciado de rostros, manos y pies formó parte de las diversas estrategias de conocimiento de los antropólogos desde el siglo XIX. Este estudio se centra en una colección de máscaras faciales obtenidas por el antropólogo alemán Otto Finsch a partir de sujetos vivos de pueblos nativos de Oceanía y conservadas en el Museo de La Plata, Argentina. Analizamos los materiales, archivos y catálogos; también, testimonios orales de trabajadores del museo que estuvieron en contacto con esta colección. En primer lugar, revisamos cómo surgieron estas máscaras, cómo fueron adquiridas por este museo, cómo fueron exhibidas y qué sucedió con ellas después de que fueron retiradas de la exposición. En segundo lugar, comentamos algunos puntos de discusión en torno a esta colección partiendo del supuesto de que estos materiales representan un patrimonio científico que no sólo da cuenta de la historia de la antropología y el contexto en el que se constituyó, sino que también es factible de ser reactivado en nuevas narrativas.

En el presente artículo se estudian las bases económicas del clero secular en el reino de Sevilla y más concretamente en la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera desde el punto de vista de su patrimonio personal. A partir del análisis de la documentación conservada en el Archivo Histórico de Protocolos Notariales de Jerez de la Frontera (AHPNJF), se profundizará en la intervención de la clerecía jerezana en el mercado inmobiliario, las actividades financieras y el comercio de esclavos y otros productos. Todos estos aspectos constituyeron vías fundamentales de ingresos para este colectivo gracias a las cuales complementaron los beneficios y rentas derivados de su adscripción institucional a la jurisdicción diocesana.

El artículo busca visibilizar la existencia de la población esclava que se ubicó en la jurisdicción de Ibagué y la parroquia de Chaparral durante los años 1738-1809 y la dinámica del mercado con relación a la oferta y demanda interna local; además, realiza una aproximación a la composición de las familias esclavas. Por otra parte, pretende dar a conocer el promedio de precios de los cautivos a razón de valores intrínsecos como procedencia, sexo, edad y algunos factores de depreciación como tachas físicas y morales. Lo anterior es resultado de la recopilación y análisis de información capturada principalmente del fondo Notarías del Archivo Histórico de Ibagué.

Existe una distribución muy desigual en la bibliografía referente al artesanado medieval, mientras que en sectores como el textil abundan los trabajos y las comparaciones entre observatorios, en otros como el armero se desconoce completamente su forma de trabajar. El presente artículo pretende reconstruir las principales rutinas productivas y modelos de negocio de la manufactura valenciana de armas. Para ello se compararán las actividades artesanales de los diferentes oficios que operaban en esta ciudad para ver similitudes y diferencias entre ellos. Los dos principales medidores serán la relación del armero con el proceso de fabricación y con el mercado. Al final del trabajo pretendemos conocer mejor el funcionamiento de los oficios de la armería, pero también el papel que jugaba el observatorio Valenciano en el contexto internacional.

A raíz de la covid-19 se dieron nuevas dinámicas en muchos sistemas urbanos entre las que destaca la de adquisición y distribución de alimentos. La pandemia mostró la vulnerabilidad en el funcionamiento de equipamientos e intensificó problemáticas como la informalidad, la inseguridad y la inmigración. Con el objetivo de aportar a la identificación y caracterización de estas dinámicas dentro de los mercados de alimentos, para el presente artículo se adoptó una metodología de caso de estudio con técnicas mixtas: cuantitativas por medio de una encuesta y cualitativas a partir de un grupo focal. Ambas técnicas se aplicaron en el mercado San Roque en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, equipamiento icónico en cuanto a la comercialización y distribución de alimentos. En los resultados sobresalen las nuevas dinámicas y preferencias comerciales, ya que en los últimos años han proliferado el comercio informal y la presencia de cadenas de supermercados, se han creado nuevos medios logísticos y se ha intensificado el comercio mayorista. Además, la pandemia acentuó la vulnerabilidad del mercado a nivel administrativo y la precarización de algunos trabajos informales, a su vez, aceleró un cambio entre el grupo de comerciantes. Se concluye que estas dinámicas ameritan nuevas aproximaciones conceptuales, organizativas y espaciales a escala arquitectónica y urbana, y también distintas políticas que favorezcan la gestión sostenible de los mercados.

We employed the Bayesian method to investigate the impact of government spending, financial development (measured by bank credit), and trade on income inequality reduction in 66 low‐income countries (LICs) across Africa, Asia, America, and Europe from 2000 to 2018. Controlling inflation and unemployment, our results indicate that trade and inflation exacerbate income inequality in LICs, while financial development and government spending have no impact on reducing income inequality in these countries. Furthermore, the findings show that real GDP per capita reduces income inequality in LICs. To ensure the robustness of our results, we also conducted frequentist quantile regression, which yielded consistent findings that financial development, government spending, and trade do not reduce income inequality in LICs. We further discuss the potential channels through which trade, financial development, inflation, and government spending contribute to income inequality in LICs, and provide policy implications based on the empirical evidence. Related Articles: Adegboye, Alex, Kofo Adegboye, Uwalomwa Uwuigbe, Stephen Ojeka, and Eyitemi Fasanu. 2023. "Taxation, Democracy, and Inequality in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Relevant Linkages for Sustainable Development Goals." Politics & Policy 51(4): 696–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12547. Asongu, Simplice, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. 2023. "The Effect of Inequality on Poverty and Severity of Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Role of Financial Development Institutions." Politics & Policy 51(5): 898–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12558. Polacko, Matthew. 2023. "Turning Off the Base: Social Democracy's Neoliberal Turn, Income Inequality, and Turnout." Politics & Policy 51(4): 538–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rumours, hearsay and gossip are a constitutive part of societies and play a fundamental role in coercing, controlling and disciplining individuals in the search for social cohesion. They tend to emerge at times of social tension and civilisational conflict, in order to provide answers and solutions to the resulting events. In this sense, the aim of this article is to understand the role of rumours produced and shared by Cape Verdean shopkeepers about the presence of Chinese immigrants in the country. To do this, I analyse two ethnographic and commercial contexts that are deeply marked by the presence of Cape Verdean women and competition from the Chinese commercial diaspora: the transnational trade in industrialised products in Mindelo, on the island of São Vicente, and the production and sale of "genuine" Cape Verdean handicrafts in the souvenir market on the island of Santiago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of COVID-19, new dynamics emerged in many urban systems, including the acquisition and distribution of food. The pandemic revealed vulnerabilities in the functioning of facilities and intensified problems such as informality, insecurity, and immigration. In order to contribute to the identification and characterization of these dynamics within food markets, a case study methodology was adopted for this article using mixed techniques-a quantitative approach using a survey and a qualitative approach featuring a focus group. Both methods were applied in the San Roque market in the Metropolitan District of Quito, an iconic food market and distribution facility. The results highlight new commercial dynamics and preferences, as in recent years informal trade and the presence of supermarket chains have proliferated; new logistic means have been created; and wholesale trade has intensified. In addition, the pandemic accentuated the vulnerability of the market at the administrative level and the precariousness of some informal jobs, in turn, accelerated changes among traders. It is concluded that these dynamics merit new conceptual, organizational, and spatial approaches in architectural and urban terms, as well as different policies that favor the sustainable management of markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Esboços: Historias em Contextos Globias is the property of Esbocos: historias em contextos globais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study addresses the economic nature of the Carrera de Campeche, a series of routes that connected southern New Spain and Guatemala through amphibious routes using rivers and land roads. The economic origin and use of different routes that were used and how they were concatenated with the alcabalatorios soils of Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Guatemalan Highlands are analyzed. It shows how trade and smuggling were two sides of the same process in which local products and transatlantic imports complemented each other during the last years of the Spanish colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo aborda la necesidad de reevaluar y mejorar la diplomacia económica entre México y Japón, especialmente en el contexto del Acuerdo de Asociación Económica México-Japón (AAEMJ), que cumple 19 años desde su implementación. Se examinan los desafíos y oportunidades que éste presenta para ambos países en un entorno global cambiante. El objetivo central del trabajo es analizar los retos y oportunidades del AAEMJ y cómo este acuerdo puede servir para generar mayor valor agregado en las exportaciones mexicanas y fomentar inversiones conjuntas entre México y Japón. La metodología empleada en el estudio incluye la correlación de bases de datos y estadísticas comerciales de ambos países, así como un análisis cuantitativo de la información recopilada. Se utiliza la teoría de la interdependencia económica y la integración en cadenas globales de valor (CGV). La conclusión es que el AAEMJ ha fortalecido significativamente las relaciones comerciales y de inversión entre ambos países, incrementando el comercio bilateral. No obstante, la coexistencia de este acuerdo con el Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico (TIPAT) ha generado confusión sobre las ventajas arancelarias y reglas de origen, limitando la plena explotación de estos acuerdos.

El propósito de este estudio es describir el impacto socioeconómico y financiero que enfrentaron los vendedores informales, estacionarios y semi-estacionarios, en los municipios de Neiva, Garzón y Pitalito, en el departamento del Huila, como consecuencia de la pandemia del COVID-19 durante 2020 y 2021. La metodología utilizada fue un enfoque mixto, recolectando datos a través de encuestas online, con un muestreo intencional para la selección de los vendedores. El estudio, de carácter descriptivo, analizó las problemáticas económicas y sociales de esta población. Entre los resultados, se destaca que la mayoría de los encuestados tienen entre 46 y 59 años, lo que sugiere una mayor presencia de adultos mayores en el comercio informal, posiblemente por dificultades para acceder a empleo formal. La tenencia de vivienda predominante es en modalidad de arriendo, lo que refleja grandes necesidades insatisfechas y una vulnerabilidad económica acentuada por la significativa disminución de ingresos debido al cese de actividades comerciales durante la pandemia. En las conclusiones, se evidencia que el género femenino predominó en el desarrollo del proyecto, mostrando mayor incidencia en los resultados. Además, se observó una alta disminución del nivel de ingresos, poca participación en la política pública y un alto nivel de endeudamiento. La población presenta un bajo nivel educativo, con pocos individuos que completaron la educación media, subrayando así la precariedad socioeconómica de los vendedores informales en este contexto.

En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar el binomio integración regional y comercio intrarregional en la región -América del Sur- en perspectiva autonomista. Para ello, se aborda la evolución del comercio -en la última década- del MERCOSUR en su conjunto con el resto de los países sudamericanos y con China. El desarrollo del artículo da cuenta del proceso de la desintegración y del aumento de la dependencia y la primarización de las economías de los países mercosureños. Aspectos que, si bien se acentuaron en los últimos años, han caracterizado las estructuras económicas de los países del continente y han condicionado el tipo de inserción internacional posible dentro del sistema internacional. Se busca analizar cómo el aumento del comercio intrarregional como dimensión central,- no única pero fundamental- es una vía para fortalecer los procesos de integración en clave de autonomía. Para su consecución, consideramos que en el actual contexto -marcado por los efectos de la pandemia y la crisis generalizada que ésta provocó, junto con la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania- es relevante reflexionar acerca del rol de Brasil en la integración regional; y de China que desde 2009 el principal socio comercial extrarregional. La pregunta problematizadora que guía este análisis es acerca de la posición que la región sudamericana y el bloque del MERCOSUR van a jugar en este nuevo esquema geopolítico.

The history of the past two decades has proved that top Korean leaders can make a real difference in terms of their previous experiences and personal engagement in securing the Republic of Korea's (ROK) vested interests in the Middle East. For decades, South Korea had handed over its day‐to‐day interactions with Middle Eastern countries to the Korean bureaucracy led by the relevant departments and subaltern officials at the foreign ministry and other state institutions. This approach, however, seems rather dysfunctional today, requiring key Korean officials, especially the president, to get involved personally in the ROK's increasingly multifaceted relationships with Middle Eastern nations. This article reappraises the new Korean orientation by highlighting some of the major developments involving both sides during the past several years. The main argument is that the ROK is facing increasingly serious difficulties in sorting out its policy behaviors toward Middle Eastern countries as Korea is striving to strike a delicate balance between its own expanding commercial interests in the region and what the United States expects from South Korea with regard to the topsy‐turvy world of politics in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning have become buzzwords lately due to technological changes and data quality testing, especially in shape and finish analysis. Lots of research has been conducted for linear regression algorithms to predict the price in different sectors for share stock, rental properties, prices of used cars etc. This study provides suitable data split ratio for optimum cost estimation based on linear regression model. In present days there is an increasing demand for having own car for every middle-class family therefore this have given opportunity to motor vehicle business to offer wide range of used vehicle for re-sale especially companies like Maruti Suzuki, Tata motors & Mahendra motors in Indian motor vehicle industries. Therefore, it is important to know the current value of your car before spending your hard-earned money on any item. Objective: the objective of this paper is finding appropriate value of cars in Metropolitans or even in state capitals. Features like model, mileage, AC, seating capacities, fuel type automatic will be taken into account when doing this. This estimate is designed to help customers find the right options to suit their needs. Method: we have used a linear regression model to estimate the value of the respective car. Results: for doing this price prediction in this paper using liner regression we have tried to find the optimum accuracy of model by varying data split ratio for training and test data set and concluded with the result that 80/20 ratio is the best ratio with optimum model accuracy for business domain analysis with labelled data set. Conclusions: the findings underscore the importance of careful consideration when selecting a data split ratio for price prediction models in the used vehicle market. The insights gleaned from this study can inform future research and contribute to the development of more accurate and reliable regression models in similar domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1960, Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been characterized by supporting its government's export promotion program, initially in Asia. In the case of Latin America, Japanese ODA with the support of the public and private sector has shown consistency in order to ensure its economic interests in the region, such as the granting of aid in the case of JICA and the export of capital in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and loans for exports and imports, especially in the strategic sectors (energy, mining, agriculture, manufacturing) in the case of the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC, formerly EXIMBANK). However, so far this century and with the arrival of China as the second largest economy in the world after the U.S., the Japanese government proposed a new initiative to ensure and promote order, prosperity, and peace in Latin America, given that the region has strategic natural resources and more than 2 million Japanese descendants. Thus, the objective of this paper is to elucidate the scope of the aid policy in the region, which, we assume, was at the service of the economic and commercial interests of that country in Latin America during the period under study. This can be seen, at first, through the trade surplus that Japan obtained with the countries of the region and the export of capital from that country in the main Latin American economies. In order to achieve this goal, the comparative method was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores social and commercial alternative practices in a city located in a Pampean region heavily influenced by the agribusiness model. Its economy revolves around agriculture and livestock, relying heavily on external agricultural inputs for primary production. Using development anthropology and a sociology approach, this work positions the territorial space of the Agroecological Four Seasons Fair in Balcarce, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, as a generator of knowledge interfaces. This approach prioritizes the actors and their creative abilities in shaping courses of action and questions the idea that capital is the driving force. The focus is on the regeneration of socio-material resources from actors' practices. Through the life stories and experiences of the actors, particularly the vendors, the aim is to understand the network of knowledge, including interactions with State institutional representatives. The consumers and the material aspects of the Four Seasons Fair represent various ways of life that are constantly evolving, undergoing processes of deterritorialization, influenced by residents from other cities. The fair is an expression of multiple ways of life that question existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological development is one of the main axes of any economy, and in China, industrialization processes together with securitization are part of its strategic development. Currently, China has kept out of any armed conflict and was even the mediating country that solved the problem between the countries of Central Asia. China's policy is based on diplomacy, staying out of any war problem. Despite the above, it has not neglected its military apparatus and much less the technological development of armaments, being the second country that invests the most in this sector after the USA. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the development and innovation of the war industry in this country and its impact on the world. The study is of a documentary type and uses the analytical-descriptive method based on specialized literature with the purpose of examining the existing projects that, despite its policy of nonintervention, continues to allocate a large part of its budget to this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the theme of communications between the province of Mato Grosso and the Atlantic through the territory of the province of Paraná, using as sources, preferably, the reports of the presidents of the two provinces, and having as a background the concerns of the Brazilian national state due to the remote and border condition of Mato Grosso. It is shown that the routes sought were initially terrestrial-fluvial and, later, rail-fluvial, and that the leaders of Paraná had a greater interest in such communications than their counterparts in Mato Grosso. In addition to envisioning the possibility of Paraná becoming the "emporium" of Mato Grosso commerce, those leaders also sought the benefits brought to their province by the central government's investments in roads to Mato Grosso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to contribute to the improvement of a more comprehensive approach to international competitiveness, from the attempt to construct a revealed comparative advantages index that considers not only the participation of economies in the world market from the perspective of exports, but also the importance of value-added of exports and, in a broader sense, decentralization of world production, for the construction and maintenance of oligopolistic positions of industries and countries. For this, we used data from the TiVA database, in the period between 1995 and 2018, focusing on two groups of developing countries: BRICS and ASEAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction among countries, companies and individuals makes it essential to find better tools for data collection, in the framework of which trade intelligence becomes relevant as a process of exploration of indicative variables of the supply, demand and prices of a product at a global level or in specific niches. The objective of this work was to design a transversal training model that allows students of the Faculty of Economics, National University of Asunción (FCE-UNA) to improve their knowledge and practices on trade intelligence. Applied research, of a mixed type, was proposed, in which 277 students from the three careers of the FCE-UNA were surveyed. The approach was qualitative, using a cross-sectional analytical-descriptive and propositional methodology. Among the main findings, it is important to mention that students are generally unaware of the concept of trade intelligence and its implications. However, 89% of those surveyed expressed their interest in being trained in the subject. Finally, a project of academic formation in trade intelligence was proposed, with an active learning methodology, to promote the competitiveness of FCE-UNA students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China has become a more important actor in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), scholars in this region have shown an increasing interest in studying the resulting challenges this poses. Most recent work has centered on economics (trade between China and LAC and finance from China), or on the consequences for environmental, social, and governance issues, although some scholars have focused on the impacts of US - China conflict in the region. In all cases, the question tends to be whether LAC countries are benefiting from the greater Chinese presence or whether problems outweigh the potential gains. We point out the leading research centers and scholars studying these questions and discuss the main debates around them. We conclude with a set of recommendations to improve the quality of research, including the need for better data and more collaboration with Chinese colleagues as well as the importance of transparency about the sources of finance and potential biases in work on this growing area of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketing of banana derivatives is of great importance because it is a source of employment and economy for local stores, businesses and pantries. Added value is attributed to the sale of banana flour because it is a food with essential nutritional contributions. such as vitamins A, B, C and D, their nutritional properties are composed of proteins, lipids, fats and ashes that are beneficial for human muscle tissues. In the country, banana cultivation is intended for foreign trade and there are a large quantity of foods that do not satisfy the needs of customers, regarding their price, convenience and benefits, therefore the investigation has been carried out with the objective of carrying out an analysis of banana flour marketing in the canton of La Maná, the techniques and Instruments used to obtain the information were surveys and questionnaires. The research population was made up of 160 stores, 10 pantries and 20 commercials. Commercials and stores sell larger quantities of banana derivatives in quantities of 200 grams, and monthly they sell around 140 to 160 kilograms of banana flour, the best-selling brand is Banasoya, the price of the product varies between 0.60 and 1.00 dollars, each sale has a profit of 0.35 dollars. Consumers mostly buy the banana flour product biweekly, to make cakes and pastries, in a quantity of 11.33 kg at a price of 0.60 to 0.80 dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the potential for resilient performance in the face of crises and adversities for companies located in the city of Santa Maria - RS (Brazil). Design/methodology/approach: We adopted a quantitative approach. The research was carried out through five sequential steps: (i) construction and validation of the research instrument; (ii) definition of the sample size and sampling procedures; (iii) data collection; (iv) data analysis and interpretation of results; and (v) elaboration of recommendations. A research instrument containing 44 questions was built and distributed among potential respondents, obtaining 87 valid answers, which corresponds to a statistically representative sample for the parameters adopted. Findings: Our sample was divided into two subsets, representing the Industrial and Commerce sectors. Resilience assessment accounted for four dimensions: the ability to respond, to anticipate, to monitor, and to learn. Results for both sectors showed scores ranging from 3.4 to 3.7 (out of 5) in the four dimensions evaluated. This reveals both sectors have been developing practices that positively contribute to the improvement of resilience, although there are opportunities for improvement. Originality/value: This research sheds light on the resilience ability of the cases surveyed, enabling managers to take action to strengthen their organizations and overcome crises and adversities. Additionally, our findings demonstrate how resilience abilities can be assessed, considering the scope of an economic sector and a geographical area. This approach can be adopted by researchers, policymakers, and development agencies to assess the resilience abilities of firms within their sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of Iraq‐South Korea relations since the late 1970s. It relies on Iraq's and South Korea's governmental platforms, local media outlets, and databases such as the Korea Statistical Information Service and the Observatory of Economic Complexity. This article argues that while in the 1970s both countries had economic rapport, bilateral economic diplomacy between both countries began in the 1980s, faced challenges in the 1990s and was revived by 2003. In the 1970s, the relationship was focused on trade and infrastructure. By the 1980s, official diplomatic and bilateral relations took shape, resulting in increased trade and South Korea energy ventures in Iraq. By the 1990s relations were dormant due to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the UN sanctions. In 2003, the diplomatic relationship was revived and further enhanced. These include energy, trade, infrastructure, and South Korea's humanitarian, military, and industrial assistance to Iraq. The post‐2003 phase shows the expansion of ties between both countries including the Kurdistan Regional Government. Bilateral economic diplomacy between South Korea and Iraq has not been without political and security challenges, particularly concerning Iraq's political stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the colonists who made up the Virginia Company of London established James Fort on the banks of the James River in 1607, they brought with them sheets of scrap copper. Based in large part on the experience of the earlier Roanoke Colony, the English knew that copper was a highly prized material among Native peoples of the Chesapeake, and they brought it with them as a trade item. Artifacts made from European smelted copper (impure copper and copper alloy) have been found at contact period sites (ca. AD 1607-1680) throughout Virginia, and James Fort has long been hypothesized to be the primary distribution point for that material. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the elemental composition of a sample of smelted copper artifacts from James Fort (1607-ca. 1625), as well as samples of copper artifacts from five Native sites in central Virginia. We also analyzed a sample of copper artifacts from another well-known European fort site--Fort San Juan (1567-1568) in North Carolina. The results suggest that although a portion of the smelted copper that circulated through Native networks in Virginia came from James Fort, the rest of it possibly came from English, French, or Dutch distribution points to the northeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]