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1. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Author

Lim, Stephen S, Vos, Theo, Flaxman, Abraham D, Danaei, Goodarz, Shibuya, Kenji, Adair-Rohani, Heather, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Amann, Markus, Anderson, H Ross, Andrews, Kathryn G, Aryee, Martin, Atkinson, Charles, Bacchus, Loraine J, Bahalim, Adil N, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balmes, John, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Baxter, Amanda, Bell, Michelle L, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona, Bonner, Carissa, Borges, Guilherme, Bourne, Rupert, Boussinesq, Michel, Brauer, Michael, Brooks, Peter, Bruce, Nigel G, Brunekreef, Bert, Bryan-Hancock, Claire, Bucello, Chiara, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bull, Fiona, Burnett, Richard T, Byers, Tim E, Calabria, Bianca, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carnahan, Emily, Chafe, Zoe, Charlson, Fiona, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Jian Shen, Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann, Child, Jennifer Christine, Cohen, Aaron, Colson, K Ellicott, Cowie, Benjamin C, Darby, Sarah, Darling, Susan, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dentener, Frank, Jarlais, Don C Des, Devries, Karen, Dherani, Mukesh, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim, Edmond, Karen, Ali, Suad Eltahir, Engell, Rebecca E, Erwin, Patricia J, Fahimi, Saman, Falder, Gail, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ferrari, Alize, Finucane, Mariel M, Flaxman, Seth, Fowkes, Francis Gerry R, Freedman, Greg, Freeman, Michael K, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Ghosh, Santu, Giovannucci, Edward, Gmel, Gerhard, Graham, Kathryn, Grainger, Rebecca, Grant, Bridget, Gunnell, David, Gutierrez, Hialy R, Hall, Wayne, Hoek, Hans W, Hogan, Anthony, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian, Hu, Howard, Hubbell, Bryan J, Hutchings, Sally J, Ibeanusi, Sydney E, Jacklyn, Gemma L, Jasrasaria, Rashmi, Jonas, Jost B, Kan, Haidong, Kanis, John A, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kawakami, Norito, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khoo, Jon-Paul, and Kok, Cindy

Subjects
Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Tobacco, Burden of Illness, Nutrition, Pediatric, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Aetiology, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Good Health and Well Being, Clean Water and Sanitation, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Young Adult, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundQuantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.MethodsWe estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010. We estimated exposure distributions for each year, region, sex, and age group, and relative risks per unit of exposure by systematically reviewing and synthesising published and unpublished data. We used these estimates, together with estimates of cause-specific deaths and DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, to calculate the burden attributable to each risk factor exposure compared with the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure. We incorporated uncertainty in disease burden, relative risks, and exposures into our estimates of attributable burden.FindingsIn 2010, the three leading risk factors for global disease burden were high blood pressure (7·0% [95% uncertainty interval 6·2-7·7] of global DALYs), tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·3% [5·5-7·0]), and alcohol use (5·5% [5·0-5·9]). In 1990, the leading risks were childhood underweight (7·9% [6·8-9·4]), household air pollution from solid fuels (HAP; 7·0% [5·6-8·3]), and tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·1% [5·4-6·8]). Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity collectively accounted for 10·0% (95% UI 9·2-10·8) of global DALYs in 2010, with the most prominent dietary risks being diets low in fruits and those high in sodium. Several risks that primarily affect childhood communicable diseases, including unimproved water and sanitation and childhood micronutrient deficiencies, fell in rank between 1990 and 2010, with unimproved water and sanitation accounting for 0·9% (0·4-1·6) of global DALYs in 2010. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa childhood underweight, HAP, and non-exclusive and discontinued breastfeeding were the leading risks in 2010, while HAP was the leading risk in south Asia. The leading risk factor in Eastern Europe, most of Latin America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 was alcohol use; in most of Asia, North Africa and Middle East, and central Europe it was high blood pressure. Despite declines, tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke remained the leading risk in high-income north America and western Europe. High body-mass index has increased globally and it is the leading risk in Australasia and southern Latin America, and also ranks high in other high-income regions, North Africa and Middle East, and Oceania.InterpretationWorldwide, the contribution of different risk factors to disease burden has changed substantially, with a shift away from risks for communicable diseases in children towards those for non-communicable diseases in adults. These changes are related to the ageing population, decreased mortality among children younger than 5 years, changes in cause-of-death composition, and changes in risk factor exposures. New evidence has led to changes in the magnitude of key risks including unimproved water and sanitation, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies, and ambient particulate matter pollution. The extent to which the epidemiological shift has occurred and what the leading risks currently are varies greatly across regions. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risks are still those associated with poverty and those that affect children.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2012

2. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Author

Vos, Theo, Flaxman, Abraham D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lozano, Rafael, Michaud, Catherine, Ezzati, Majid, Shibuya, Kenji, Salomon, Joshua A, Abdalla, Safa, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry, Ackerman, Ilana, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Ahn, Stephanie Y, Ali, Mohammed K, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Alvarado, Miriam, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Laurie M, Andrews, Kathryn G, Atkinson, Charles, Baddour, Larry M, Bahalim, Adil N, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Barrero, Lope H, Bartels, David H, Basáñez, Maria-Gloria, Baxter, Amanda, Bell, Michelle L, Benjamin, Emelia J, Bennett, Derrick, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bhalla, Kavi, Bhandari, Bishal, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Birbeck, Gretchen, Black, James A, Blencowe, Hannah, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona, Bolliger, Ian, Bonaventure, Audrey, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Boussinesq, Michel, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brayne, Carol, Bridgett, Lisa, Brooker, Simon, Brooks, Peter, Brugha, Traolach S, Bryan-Hancock, Claire, Bucello, Chiara, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey, Budke, Christine M, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter, Burstein, Roy, Calabria, Bianca, Campbell, Benjamin, Canter, Charles E, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carmona, Loreto, Cella, Claudia, Charlson, Fiona, Chen, Honglei, Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann, Chou, David, Chugh, Sumeet S, Coffeng, Luc E, Colan, Steven D, Colquhoun, Samantha, Colson, K Ellicott, Condon, John, Connor, Myles D, Cooper, Leslie T, Corriere, Matthew, Cortinovis, Monica, de Vaccaro, Karen Courville, Couser, William, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Cross, Marita, Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C, Dahiya, Manu, Dahodwala, Nabila, Damsere-Derry, James, Danaei, Goodarz, Davis, Adrian, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert, Delossantos, Allyne, Denenberg, Julie, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, and Dharmaratne, Samath D

Subjects
Epidemiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, Pain Research, Mental Health, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Rare Diseases, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundNon-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs).MethodsOf the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis.FindingsGlobal prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa.InterpretationRates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2012

4. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Author

Lozano, Rafael, Naghavi, Mohsen, Foreman, Kyle, Lim, Stephen, Shibuya, Kenji, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry, Adair, Timothy, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Ahn, Stephanie Y, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Alvarado, Miriam, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Laurie M, Andrews, Kathryn G, Atkinson, Charles, Baddour, Larry M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Bartels, David H, Bell, Michelle L, Benjamin, Emelia J, Bennett, Derrick, Bhalla, Kavi, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Birbeck, Gretchen, Blyth, Fiona, Bolliger, Ian, Boufous, Soufiane, Bucello, Chiara, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter, Carapetis, Jonathan, Chen, Honglei, Chou, David, Chugh, Sumeet S, Coffeng, Luc E, Colan, Steven D, Colquhoun, Samantha, Colson, K Ellicott, Condon, John, Connor, Myles D, Cooper, Leslie T, Corriere, Matthew, Cortinovis, Monica, de Vaccaro, Karen Courville, Couser, William, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Cross, Marita, Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C, Dahodwala, Nabila, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Delossantos, Allyne, Denenberg, Julie, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim, Duber, Herbert, Ebel, Beth, Erwin, Patricia J, Espindola, Patricia, Ezzati, Majid, Feigin, Valery, Flaxman, Abraham D, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fowkes, Francis Gerry R, Franklin, Richard, Fransen, Marlene, Freeman, Michael K, Gabriel, Sherine E, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gaspari, Flavio, Gillum, Richard F, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Halasa, Yara A, Haring, Diana, Harrison, James E, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hoen, Bruno, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, James, Spencer L, Jasrasaria, Rashmi, Jayaraman, Sudha, Johns, Nicole, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Keren, Andre, Khoo, Jon-Paul, Knowlton, Lisa Marie, Kobusingye, Olive, Koranteng, Adofo, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Lipnick, Michael, Lipshultz, Steven E, Ohno, Summer Lockett, Mabweijano, Jacqueline, MacIntyre, Michael F, Mallinger, Leslie, March, Lyn, Marks, Guy B, Marks, Robin, Matsumori, Akira, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McAnulty, John H, McDermott, Mary M, McGrath, John, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Merriman, Tony R, Michaud, Catherine, Miller, Matthew, Miller, Ted R, Mock, Charles, Mocumbi, Ana Olga, Mokdad, Ali A, Moran, Andrew, Mulholland, Kim, Nair, M Nathan, Naldi, Luigi, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nasseri, Kiumarss, Norman, Paul, O'Donnell, Martin, Omer, Saad B, Ortblad, Katrina, Osborne, Richard, Ozgediz, Doruk, Pahari, Bishnu, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Rivero, Andrea Panozo, Padilla, Rogelio Perez, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Phillips, David, Pierce, Kelsey, Pope, C Arden, III, Porrini, Esteban, Pourmalek, Farshad, Raju, Murugesan, Ranganathan, Dharani, Rehm, Jürgen T, Rein, David B, Remuzzi, Guiseppe, Rivara, Frederick P, Roberts, Thomas, De León, Felipe Rodriguez, Rosenfeld, Lisa C, Rushton, Lesley, Sacco, Ralph L, Salomon, Joshua A, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanman, Ella, Schwebel, David C, Segui-Gomez, Maria, Shepard, Donald S, Singh, David, Singleton, Jessica, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Emma, Steer, Andrew, Taylor, Jennifer A, Thomas, Bernadette, Tleyjeh, Imad M, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Truelsen, Thomas, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Gregory R, Wang, Mengru, Wang, Wenzhi, Watt, Kerrianne, Weinstock, Martin A, Weintraub, Robert, Wilkinson, James D, Woolf, Anthony D, Wulf, Sarah, Yeh, Pon-Hsiu, Yip, Paul, Zabetian, Azadeh, Zheng, Zhi-Jie, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher JL

Published
2012
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5. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Author

Murray, Christopher J L, Vos, Theo, Lozano, Rafael, Naghavi, Mohsen, Flaxman, Abraham D, Michaud, Catherine, Ezzati, Majid, Shibuya, Kenji, Salomon, Joshua A, Abdalla, Safa, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry, Ackerman, Ilana, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Ahn, Stephanie Y, Ali, Mohammed K, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Alvarado, Miriam, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Laurie M, Andrews, Kathryn G, Atkinson, Charles, Baddour, Larry M, Bahalim, Adil N, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Barrero, Lope H, Bartels, David H, Basáñez, Maria-Gloria, Baxter, Amanda, Bell, Michelle L, Benjamin, Emelia J, Bennett, Derrick, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bhalla, Kavi, Bhandari, Bishal, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Birbeck, Gretchen, Black, James A, Blencowe, Hannah, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona, Bolliger, Ian, Bonaventure, Audrey, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Boussinesq, Michel, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brayne, Carol, Bridgett, Lisa, Brooker, Simon, Brooks, Peter, Brugha, Traolach S, Bryan-Hancock, Claire, Bucello, Chiara, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey, Budke, Christine M, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter, Burstein, Roy, Calabria, Bianca, Campbell, Benjamin, Canter, Charles E, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carmona, Loreto, Cella, Claudia, Charlson, Fiona, Chen, Honglei, Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann, Chou, David, Chugh, Sumeet S, Coffeng, Luc E, Colan, Steven D, Colquhoun, Samantha, Colson, K Ellicott, Condon, John, Connor, Myles D, Cooper, Leslie T, Corriere, Matthew, Cortinovis, Monica, de Vaccaro, Karen Courville, Couser, William, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Cross, Marita, Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C, Dahiya, Manu, Dahodwala, Nabila, Damsere-Derry, James, Danaei, Goodarz, Davis, Adrian, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert, Delossantos, Allyne, Denenberg, Julie, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh, Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Dolk, Helen, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim, Duber, Herbert, Ebel, Beth, Edmond, Karen, Elbaz, Alexis, Ali, Suad Eltahir, Erskine, Holly, Erwin, Patricia J, Espindola, Patricia, Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery, Felson, David T, Ferrari, Alize, Ferri, Cleusa P, Fèvre, Eric M, Finucane, Mariel M, Flaxman, Seth, Flood, Louise, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fowkes, Francis Gerry R, Fransen, Marlene, Freeman, Michael K, Gabbe, Belinda J, Gabriel, Sherine E, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Ganatra, Hammad A, Garcia, Bianca, Gaspari, Flavio, Gillum, Richard F, Gmel, Gerhard, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard, Grainger, Rebecca, Grant, Bridget, Groeger, Justina, Guillemin, Francis, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Ramyani, Haagsma, Juanita, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A, Hall, Wayne, Haring, Diana, Haro, Josep Maria, Harrison, James E, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Higashi, Hideki, Hill, Catherine, Hoen, Bruno, Hoffman, Howard, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian, Huang, John J, Ibeanusi, Sydney E, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, James, Spencer L, Jarvis, Deborah, Jasrasaria, Rashmi, Jayaraman, Sudha, Johns, Nicole, Jonas, Jost B, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kawakami, Norito, Keren, Andre, Khoo, Jon-Paul, King, Charles H, Knowlton, Lisa Marie, Kobusingye, Olive, Koranteng, Adofo, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Laden, Francine, Lalloo, Ratilal, Laslett, Laura L, Lathlean, Tim, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Yong Yi, Leigh, James, Levinson, Daphna, Lim, Stephen S, Limb, Elizabeth, Lin, John Kent, Lipnick, Michael, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Wei, Loane, Maria, Ohno, Summer Lockett, Lyons, Ronan, Mabweijano, Jacqueline, MacIntyre, Michael F, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mallinger, Leslie, Manivannan, Sivabalan, Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn, Margolis, David J, Marks, Guy B, Marks, Robin, Matsumori, Akira, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McAnulty, John H, McDermott, Mary M, McGill, Neil, McGrath, John, Medina-Mora, Maria Elena, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Merriman, Tony R, Meyer, Ana-Claire, Miglioli, Valeria, Miller, Matthew, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles, Mocumbi, Ana Olga, Moffitt, Terrie E, Mokdad, Ali A, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Murdoch, Michele E, Mwaniki, Michael K, Naidoo, Kovin, Nair, M Nathan, Naldi, Luigi, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nelson, Paul K, Nelson, Robert G, Nevitt, Michael C, Newton, Charles R, Nolte, Sandra, Norman, Paul, Norman, Rosana, O'Donnell, Martin, O'Hanlon, Simon, Olives, Casey, Omer, Saad B, Ortblad, Katrina, Osborne, Richard, Ozgediz, Doruk, Page, Andrew, Pahari, Bishnu, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Rivero, Andrea Panozo, Patten, Scott B, Pearce, Neil, Padilla, Rogelio Perez, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Phillips, David, Phillips, Michael R, Pierce, Kelsey, Pion, Sébastien, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, III, Popova, Svetlana, Porrini, Esteban, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prince, Martin, Pullan, Rachel L, Ramaiah, Kapa D, Ranganathan, Dharani, Razavi, Homie, Regan, Mathilda, Rehm, Jürgen T, Rein, David B, Remuzzi, Guiseppe, Richardson, Kathryn, Rivara, Frederick P, Roberts, Thomas, Robinson, Carolyn, De Leòn, Felipe Rodriguez, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Rosenfeld, Lisa C, Rushton, Lesley, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sanman, Ella, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James Graham, Segui-Gomez, Maria, Shahraz, Saeid, Shepard, Donald S, Shin, Hwashin, Shivakoti, Rupak, Silberberg, Donald, Singh, David, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singleton, Jessica, Sleet, David A, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Emma, Smith, Jennifer L, Stapelberg, Nicolas JC, Steer, Andrew, Steiner, Timothy, Stolk, Wilma A, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Sudfeld, Christopher, Syed, Sana, Tamburlini, Giorgio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R, Taylor, Jennifer A, Taylor, William J, Thomas, Bernadette, Thomson, W Murray, Thurston, George D, Tleyjeh, Imad M, Tonelli, Marcello, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K, Ubeda, Clotilde, Undurraga, Eduardo A, van der Werf, Marieke J, van Os, Jim, Vavilala, Monica S, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, Mengru, Wang, Wenzhi, Watt, Kerrianne, Weatherall, David J, Weinstock, Martin A, Weintraub, Robert, Weisskopf, Marc G, Weissman, Myrna M, White, Richard A, Whiteford, Harvey, Wiebe, Natasha, Wiersma, Steven T, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Sean RM, Witt, Emma, Wolfe, Frederick, Woolf, Anthony D, Wulf, Sarah, Yeh, Pon-Hsiu, Zaidi, Anita KM, Zheng, Zhi-Jie, Zonies, David, and Lopez, Alan D

Published
2012
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10. Missed Opportunities for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization in Mesoamerica: Potential Impact on Coverage and Days at Risk

Author

Mokdad, Ali H., primary, Gagnier, Marielle C., additional, Colson, K. Ellicott, additional, Dansereau, Emily, additional, Zúñiga-Brenes, Paola, additional, Ríos-Zertuche, Diego, additional, Haakenstad, Annie, additional, Johanns, Casey K., additional, Palmisano, Erin B., additional, Hernandez, Bernardo, additional, and Iriarte, Emma, additional

Published
2015
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11. Health and wealth in Mesoamerica: findings from Salud Mesomérica 2015

Author

Mokdad, Ali H., primary, Gagnier, Marielle C., additional, Colson, K. Ellicott, additional, Zúñiga-Brenes, Paola, additional, Ríos-Zertuche, Diego, additional, Haakenstad, Annie, additional, Palmisano, Erin B., additional, Anderson, Brent W., additional, Desai, Sima S., additional, Gillespie, Catherine W., additional, Murphy, Tasha, additional, Naghavi, Paria, additional, Nelson, Jennifer, additional, Ranganathan, Dharani, additional, Schaefer, Alexandra, additional, Usmanova, Gulnoza, additional, Wilson, Shelley, additional, Hernandez, Bernardo, additional, Lozano, Rafael, additional, and Iriarte, Emma, additional

Published
2015
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12. Comparative Estimates of Crude and Effective Coverage of Measles Immunization in Low-Resource Settings: Findings from Salud Mesoamérica 2015

Author

Colson, K. Ellicott, primary, Zúñiga-Brenes, Paola, additional, Ríos-Zertuche, Diego, additional, Conde-Glez, Carlos J., additional, Gagnier, Marielle C., additional, Palmisano, Erin, additional, Ranganathan, Dharani, additional, Usmanova, Gulnoza, additional, Salvatierra, Benito, additional, Nazar, Austreberta, additional, Tristao, Ignez, additional, Sanchez Monin, Emmanuelle, additional, Anderson, Brent W., additional, Haakenstad, Annie, additional, Murphy, Tasha, additional, Lim, Stephen, additional, Hernandez, Bernardo, additional, Lozano, Rafael, additional, Iriarte, Emma, additional, and Mokdad, Ali H., additional

Published
2015
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14. Comparative estimates of immunisation coverage from three different sources: results from the SM2015 evaluation

Author

Colson, K Ellicott, primary, Gagnier, Marielle C, additional, Palmisano, Erin, additional, Ranganathan, Dharani, additional, Zúñiga-Brenes, Paola, additional, Ríos-Zertuche, Diego, additional, Ibarraran, Pablo, additional, Murphy, Tasha, additional, Anderson, Brent W, additional, Salvatierra, Benito, additional, Nazar, Austreberta, additional, Conde-Glez, Carlos J, additional, Hernández-Prado, Bernardo, additional, Lozano, Rafael, additional, and Mokdad, Ali H, additional

Published
2013
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15. Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settings.

Author

Colson KE, Potter A, Conde-Glez C, Hernandez B, Ríos-Zertuche D, Zúñiga-Brenes P, Iriarte E, and Mokdad AH

Subjects
Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Male, Mexico, Nicaragua, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Reproducibility of Results, Socioeconomic Factors, Antibodies, Viral blood, Dried Blood Spot Testing methods, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunoglobulin G blood, Measles immunology, Measles virus immunology
Abstract

Seroepidemiological monitoring of population immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases is critical to prevent future outbreaks. Dried blood spots (DBS), drops of capillary blood dried on filter paper, are an affordable, minimally invasive alternative to venipuncture for collecting blood in field settings. However, few proven methods exist to analyze DBS for the presence of protective antibodies. This study validates a novel technique for measuring measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in capillary DBS using a commercial ELISA. The predictive performance of a new method for analyzing DBS was tested by comparing matched serum and DBS samples from 50 children. The accuracy, precision, and reliability of the procedure were evaluated, and the optimal cut points to classify positive and negative samples were determined. The method was then applied to 1,588 DBS collected during a large survey of children in Mexico and Nicaragua. Measles-specific IgG in serum samples were 62% negative, 10% equivocal, and 28% positive. In comparisons with matched serum, DBS results were 100% sensitive and 96 · 8% specific, and agreed in 46 of 50 (92%) cases. The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation from kit-provided controls were greater than desired (24.8% and 8.4%, respectively). However, in predictive simulations the average misclassification was only 3.9%. Procedures were found to be acceptable to surveyors and participants. Analyzing DBS collected in low-resources settings is a feasible and accurate means of measuring population immunity to measles and should be used to generate objective measures of health status and health system performance., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Published
2015
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16. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.

Author

Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, Birbeck G, Burstein R, Chou D, Dellavalle R, Danaei G, Ezzati M, Fahimi A, Flaxman D, Foreman, Gabriel S, Gakidou E, Kassebaum N, Khatibzadeh S, Lim S, Lipshultz SE, London S, Lopez, MacIntyre MF, Mokdad AH, Moran A, Moran AE, Mozaffarian D, Murphy T, Naghavi M, Pope C, Roberts T, Salomon J, Schwebel DC, Shahraz S, Sleet DA, Murray, Abraham J, Ali MK, Atkinson C, Bartels DH, Bhalla K, Birbeck G, Burstein R, Chen H, Criqui MH, Dahodwala, Jarlais, Ding EL, Dorsey ER, Ebel BE, Ezzati M, Fahami, Flaxman S, Flaxman AD, Gonzalez-Medina D, Grant B, Hagan H, Hoffman H, Kassebaum N, Khatibzadeh S, Leasher JL, Lin J, Lipshultz SE, Lozano R, Lu Y, Mallinger L, McDermott MM, Micha R, Miller TR, Mokdad AA, Mokdad AH, Mozaffarian D, Naghavi M, Narayan KM, Omer SB, Pelizzari PM, Phillips D, Ranganathan D, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Sampson U, Sanman E, Sapkota A, Schwebel DC, Sharaz S, Shivakoti R, Singh GM, Singh D, Tavakkoli M, Towbin JA, Wilkinson JD, Zabetian A, Murray, Abraham J, Ali MK, Alvardo M, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Benjamin EJ, Bhalla K, Birbeck G, Bolliger I, Burstein R, Carnahan E, Chou D, Chugh SS, Cohen A, Colson KE, Cooper LT, Couser W, Criqui MH, Dabhadkar KC, Dellavalle RP, Jarlais, Dicker D, Dorsey ER, Duber H, Ebel BE, Engell RE, Ezzati M, Felson DT, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flaxman AD, Fleming T, Foreman, Forouzanfar MH, Freedman G, Freeman MK, Gakidou E, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Gosselin R, Gutierrez HR, Hagan H, Havmoeller R, Hoffman H, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayarman S, Johns N, Kassebaum N, Khatibzadeh S, Lan Q, Leasher JL, Lim S, Lipshultz SE, London S, Lopez, Lozano R, Lu Y, Mallinger L, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Michaud C, Miller TR, Mock C, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Mokdad AH, Moran A, Naghavi M, Narayan KM, Nelson RG, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Ostro B, Pelizzari PM, Phillips D, Raju M, Razavi H, Ritz B, Roberts T, Sacco RL, Salomon J, Sampson U, Schwebel DC, Shahraz S, Shibuya K, Silberberg D, Singh JA, Steenland K, Taylor JA, Thurston GD, Vavilala MS, Vos T, Wagner GR, Weinstock MA, Weisskopf MG, Wulf S, and Murray

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Developed Countries statistics & numerical data, Persons with Disabilities statistics & numerical data, Female, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Mortality, Premature, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Chronic Disease mortality, Cost of Illness, Health Status, Life Expectancy, Wounds and Injuries mortality
Abstract

Importance: Understanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy., Objectives: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries., Design: We used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages., Results: US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th., Conclusions and Relevance: From 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations.

Published
2013
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