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Augmented reality (AR) offers new ways to visualize information on-the-go. As noted in related work, AR graphics presented via optical see-through AR displays are particularly prone to color blending, whereby intended graphic colors may be perceptually altered by real-world backgrounds, ultimately degrading usability. This work adds to this body of knowledge by presenting a methodology for assessing AR interface color robustness, as quantitatively measured via shifts in the CIE color space, and qualitatively assessed in terms of users' perceived color name. We conducted a human factors study where twelve participants examined eight AR colors atop three real-world backgrounds as viewed through an in-vehicle AR head-up display (HUD); a type of optical see-through display used to project driving-related information atop the forward-looking road scene. Participants completed visual search tasks, matched the perceived AR HUD color against the WCS color palette, and verbally named the perceived color. We present analysis that suggests blue, green, and yellow AR colors are relatively robust, while red and brown are not, and discuss the impact of chromaticity shift and dispersion on outdoor AR interface design. While this work presents a case study in transportation, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of AR displays in many application domains and settings.

Many fruit recognition works have applied statistical approaches to make an exact correlation between low-level visual feature information and high-level semantic concepts given by predefined text caption or keywords. Two common fruit recognition models include bag-of-features (BoF) and convolutional neural network (ConvNet), which achieve high-performance results. In most cases, the overfitting problem is unavoidable. This problem makes it difficult to generalize new instances with only a slightly different appearance, although belonging to the same category. This article proposes a new fruit recognition model by associating an object's low-level features in an image with a high-level concept. We define a perceptual color for each fruit species to construct a relationship between fruit color and semantic color name. Furthermore, we develop our model by integrating the perceptual color and semantic template concept to solve the overfitting problem. The semantic template concept as a mapping between the high-level concept and the low-level visual feature is adopted in this model. The experiment was conducted on three different fruit image datasets, with one dataset as train data and the two others as test data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model, called perceptual color on semantic template (PCoST), is significantly better than the BoF and ConvNet models in reducing the overfitting problem.

В статье анализируются цветовые метафоризации в русском и китайском языках, рассматриваются функции их практического применения в контекстах средств массовой информации обоих стран. Внимание акцентируется на изучении особенности употребления лексемы «белый» в политических, экономических и социальных дискурсах СМИ, в частности ее метафорической семантике. Материалы с метафорой белого цвета выбирались из ведущих русских и китайских изданий СМИ, а также лингвистических баз данных за последние 15 лет, что позволило исследовать метафорические значения лексемы «белый». Авторы стремятся выявить субъективную и объективную оценку, выраженную в метафорических контекстах, исследовать метафорические модели лексемы «белый» в русской и китайской культурах. Изучение функции и употребления цветовой метафоры в языке СМИ свидетельствует о том, что она становится выразительной языковой единицей передачи идеологической и культурной ценностей в языке русских и китайских современных СМИ., The article analyzes color metaphorizations in Russian and Chinese languages, examining the role of their practical application in media context of the two countries. The researchers are focusing on the study of peculiarities of using lexeme “white” in political, economic and social media discourses, in particular its metaphorical semantics. Examples containing “white metaphors” are selected from major Russian and Chinese media publications, as well as language databases over the past 15 years, which permitted to understand the metaphorical meanings of the lexeme “white”. The authors reveal the subjective and objective assessment expressed in metaphorical contexts, to explore the metaphorical models of the lexeme “white” in Russian and Chinese cultures. The research on the role and application of color metaphors in media language shows that color metaphors are becoming an expressive language unit to convey ideological and cultural values in modern Russian and Chinese media languages.

The acquisition of the ability of perceiving and naming colors through language is an important topic in which languages vary and differ. The construction of color concepts and naming them are directly influenced by the culture and environment of each society. This can be noted by observing two aspects: Cognitive Semantics and its effect on the collective mind. This study focuses on the cognitive foundations of color terms in Arabic, and the semantic relation between the color concepts and terms in selected examples from both old and new usage of these color terms in Arabic. The study aims to cover the most dominant semantic components for color terms in the Arabic language, using the cognitive linguistic approach and the descriptive analytics method to determine the structure of cognitive perception of color terms in a language. Furthermore, the study stands on two pillars; the first reveals the way the conceptualization pattern of color terms occurs in Arab mindset displayed through selected examples of theoretical data on cognitive semantics, whereas the second addresses the semantic principle of color classification in Arabic. Finally, the conclusion, confirming the results about the notion that color naming in Arabic is based on the visual images associated with the colors in Arab environment, related to night and day. Hence, the color term becomes connected in the Arab mindset with the visual image, and under each color are colors similar to it in hue.

It is well known that different names of color can lead to distinct attractions to people. To study the neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon, an implicit association test task was designed for color names, in which participants were required to select the possible meanings of a Greek phrase from two color names (in Chinese). The behavioral results showed that the participants were more likely to select novel names for long Greek phrases and dates names for short Greek phrases. The EEG results showed that the mean amplitude of N1 was greater for selections of novel color names than selections of dates names for Greek phrases. Meanwhile, the mean amplitude of N3 for novel color names was more negative than that of dates color names. Significant interaction effect of N3 was also found for the four kinds of selections between Greek phrases and Chinese color names. Moreover, a frontal-positive and occipital-negative distribution for scalp topography of N1 was found, while the scalp topography of N3 was opposite as frontal-negative and occipital-positive distribution, suggesting the importance of visual cortex for perception of the color names and prefrontal cortex for integration and decision of selection. In summary, the results here indicated that colors with novel names could easily attract people’s attention than colors with dates names, which might shed light on the usage of color names in real life. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11571-021-09685-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

As part of learning some languages, people learn to name colors using categorical labels such as "red," "yellow," and "green." Such labeling clearly facilitates communicating about colors, but does it also impact color perception? We demonstrate that simply hearing color words enhances categorical color perception, improving people's accuracy in discriminating between simultaneously presented colors in an untimed task. Immediately after hearing a color word participants were better able to distinguish between colors from the named category and colors from nearby categories. Discrimination between typical and atypical category members was also enhanced. Verbal cues slightly decreased discrimination accuracy between two typical shades of the named color. In contrast to verbal cues, a preview of the target color, an arguably more informative cue, failed to yield any changes to discrimination accuracy. The finding that color words strongly affect color discrimination accuracy suggests that categorical color perception may be caused by color representations being augmented in-the-moment by language. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

There is no obvious boundary information in Chinese reading. It has been shown that the introduction of word boundary information presented with alternating colors without changing the text distribution could significantly improve the reading speed of Chinese children in grade 2 (Perea and Wang in Mem Cognit 45(7):1160−1170, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0717-0 ). However, few studies have examined how the effect of word boundary information on children's oral reading develops and changes as children’s grade increases. The present study asked Chinese children in grades 2–5 to read alternating-color and mono-color text orally and used eye-tracking technology to explore the developmental trajectory of the influence of word boundary information on oral reading. The results indicated that children in grade 2 and grade 3 showed faster reading speeds in the alternating-color condition than in the mono-color condition. In contrast, there was no difference between the two conditions in children in grade 4 and grade 5. We discuss the mechanisms of the findings and the implications for education.

Introduction. The article analyzes semantic components and variants of the Kalmyk color term хар ‘black’ in folklore texts. Goals. The study investigates semantics of the color term хар ‘black’ in a linguocultural perspective. Materials. The work explores Kalmyk folktales recorded by the Finnish scholar G. J. Ramstedt during his scientific expedition to the Kalmyk Steppe. Results. The analysis reveals six shades of black and sums up its semantic constituents and variants. Special emphasis is laid on the applied Kalmyk-to-German translation means. Conclusions. The lexeme хар ‘black’ is distinguished by extensive semantics. It serves to denote animal coat and human skin colors. In personal names, it has the meaning of ‘strong, enduring’. The word can also identify an individual’s social status, e.g., хар яста күн ‘commoner’ (lit. ‘a black-boned man’). In most cases the lexeme хар ‘black’ contains negative connotations. The color black designates chthonian symbols (хар цурх ‘black pike’, хар темән ‘black camel’, ут хар күн lit. ‘tall (long) black man’).

Introduction. Color terms constitute a most archaic lexical stratum of any language. Being characterized by vivid ethnocultural specifics, those serve as important elements to the linguistic view of the world. Goals. The paper seeks to analyze semantic features of the Kalmyk color term улан ‘red’ and its German translation equivalents. Materials and Methods. The work explores Kalmyk folktales recorded by the Finnish scholar G. J. Ramstedt during his 1903 scientific expedition to the Kalmyk Steppe. The analysis of the color term comprises both general research methods and specifically linguoculturological ones, such as linguoculturological and conceptual insights into folklore texts. Results. Impacts of color in world perception of the Kalmyks — just as for any other nation — are diverse enough. The folktale texts recorded by G. J. Ramstedt contain a total of five shades of the color, the lexeme улан ‘red’ being largely characterized by positive semantics. German translation variants are not always complete semantic equivalents of the color term which results from that color denoting lexemes — and those of red in particular — are integral to a certain ethnic worldview, this leading to some ambivalence of the color under study. Conclusions. The lexeme улан ‘red’ in its first nominative meaning denotes a color of an object, e.g., red proper, scarlet, ruddy, etc. In the Kalmyk language, it also serves to denote the prototypic color of blood and is often used to describe animal coat colors. The Finnish scholar employed different German translation means. In most cases, the selection of translation equivalents depends on the translator’s associative/visual thinking and perception of the world, as well as on lexical, semantic and morphological patterns of Kalmyk and German. Folklore texts are structured specifically, and a translator needs utmost attention and linguistic intuition to avoid any inaccuracies when communicating a color paradigm from the original text. The challenge be tackled by a translator of color terms in a folklore text is that he/she is supposed to bear both the linguocultures examined.

ألفاظ الألوان في القرآن الکريم دراسة نحوية صرفية أسماء أبو المجد سلامة بخيت قسم اللغويات ، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية بنات ، جامعة الأزهر، القاهرة، مصر و قسم اللغة العربية، کلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة الباحة، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الالکتروني: asmabkhyt907@gmail.com ملخص: لا يخفى على مـتأمل في النص القرآني ما اتسمت به ألفاظه وجمله وتراکيبه من نظم بليغ ، فکلما تنوع السياق القرآني بدت مظاهر إحکامه وإعجازه ، فالبحث النحوي والصرفي في القرآن الکريم له مجال من الاتساع بحيث لا يستطيع الباحث أن يدرکه أو أن يصل إلى منتهاه. ويهدف البحث إلى دراسة ألفاظ الألوان في القرآن الکريم وأقف على المواقع الإعرابية، والبنى الصرفية لها ، ومن ثم دراستها دراسة نحوية وصرفية ، فوجدت أن لکل قراءة موضعا من الإعراب يختلف عن القراءة الأخرى لهذه اللفظة من اللون ، وکذلک دراسة اللفظ صرفيا للوقوف على وزن، وأصل بنية کل لفظة. والتزم البحث المنهج الوصفي والذي اعتمد على دراسة ألفاظ الألوان دراسة نحوية ، وصرفية، وقد رتبتها حسب ترتيبها بالمصحف بدء من سورة الفاتحة إلى سورة الناس، فبدأت بذکر عنوانا للمسألة مع ذکر الآية التي يتضمنها العنوان ، ثم عرضت المسالة عرضا نحويا ، وبينت ماورد فيها من أقوال ، والآراء الواردة فيها ، مع ذکر ما ورد في بعض الألفاظ من قراءات ، وتوجيه هذه القراءات توجيها نحويا وصرفيا. وکان من أهم النتائج التي توصل البحث إليها: أولا: تأصيل بعض قواعد النحو العربي من خلال أصح الأساليب وهو الأسلوب القرآني. ثانيا: ورود قراءات قرآنية في بعض ألفاظ الألوان ، وقد وجهت توجيها نحويا وصرفيا. الکلمات المفتاحية: ألفاظ الألوان - القرآن الکريم - توزيع الألوان -دراسة نحوية وصرفية - توجيه. Color Terms in لإhe Ever- Glorious Quran: A Morpho-Grammatical Study Asma Abu Al-Majd Salama Bekheit Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo and Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Albaha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Email: asmabkhyt907@gmail.com Abstract: Contemplators of the Qur’anic text evidently notice the original composition of its words, sentences, and structures. The more various Quranic contexts become, manifestations of its accurateness and miraculousness appear. The scope of the grammatical and morphological research in the Ever-Glorious Quran is limitless that researchers neither perceives it nor reaches its end. The present study aims to examine the color terms in the Ever-Glorious Quran. It investigates the grammatical and morphological status of the color terms; then, it conducts a grammatical and morphological investigation of the color terms. The study finds that the grammatical status of a color term differs in every recitation of the Quran. It also investigates a color term morphologically to look into the meter and the original structure of each term. The current study adopts a descriptive approach. It depends on studying color terms grammatically and morphologically. The color terms are arranged in accordance to its place in the copy of the Holy Quran starting from Surat Al-Fatihah through Surat inn-naas; the study attaches a title for a case and mentions the verse that are related to that title. Afterwards, the case is presented in terms of grammar. It also provides scholars’ opinions and sayings regarding this case, along with stating the views pertaining to some color terms in some recitations and throwing light on these particular recitations grammatically and morphologically. The most important conclusions of the study include the following: First: establishing the origin of the Arabic grammar rules from the Qur’anic style that is the most correct one.Second: some color terms are stated differently in some Quranic recitations; they are examined grammatically and morphologically. Keywords: Color terms – the Ever-Glorious Quran – distribution of color terms – morpho-gramatical study - investigation

В статье рассматривается вопрос о функционировании терминов цветообозачнения в тексте. Обосновывается необходимость выработки новой классификации функций терминов цветообозначения, ориентированной на анализ текстов оригиналов и их переводов. Выделяются номинативная, символическая и образно-структурная функции. Номинативная подразделяется на собственно-номинативную, уточняюще-номинативную и художественно-номинативную. Суть этой функции состоит в номинации цвета, при этом особенность уточняюще-номинативного подтипа заключается в том, что она используется для семантической дифференциации названий сходных оттенков, тогда как в художественно-номинативном подтипе в условиях синонимии цветообозначений предпочтение отдается менее узуальным ввиду их большего стилистического потенциала. В рамках символической функции рассматриваются различные типы символов: архетипический (наиболее универсальный, но в то же время и наиболее размытый, в основном связан с эмоциональной сферой), культурный (связан с отсылкой к конкретным объектам или явлениям культуры) и авторский (связь между термином цветообозначения и нецветовым значением задается непосредственно в тексте и не существует за его пределами). Как и символическая функция, образно-структурная способствует созданию двуплановости текста, но при этом термины цвета в ней не имеют самостоятельных дополнительных значений, хотя участвуют в механизме формирования целостного текста, в том числе встраиваясь в другие подсистемы. В рамках даже одного цветового термина функции могут сосуществовать и дополнять друг друга. Парадигматически нейтральный термин цвета, попадая в текст, может приобретать синтагматическую маркированность и повышать свой стилистический динамический ранг.

Every human being has the same vision for colors. On the other hand, idioms –as an embodiment of the expression of human experience, can certainly be a medium for expressing the universal meaning possessed by humans across cultures, including the meaning of colors. Through the meaning of colors term in idioms, the universality of the human mind can be known. Natural Semantic Metalanguage is an approach that tries to see the universality of language. By using six-color term in the Morris Swadesh word list, this study aims to find out the universality of the meaning of colors term in Indonesian and Mandarin. This study shows the meaning of the 'black' colors term in Indonesian and Mandarin idioms is universal. Moreover, the meaning of the colors 'black', 'green' and 'red' is universal in the concept of associating colors with objects and conditions.

Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.

The potential interaction between color naming and psychophysical color recognition has been historically debated. To study this interaction, here we utilized two approaches based on individual differences in color naming and variation of color name density along the color wheel. We tested a pool of Persian speaking subjects with a simple color matching task under two conditions: perceptual and memory-based matching. We also asked subjects to freely name 100 evenly sampled hues along the color wheel. We found that, individuals who possess more names to describe the color wheel have a strong edge in color memorization over those with fewer names. Nevertheless, having more or fewer color names was not related to the subjects’ performance in perceptual color matching. We also calculated the density of color names along the color wheel and observed that parts of the color wheel with higher density of color names are held in memory more accurately. However, similar to the case of individual differences, the density of color names along the wheel did not show any correlation with perceptual color matching performance. Our results demonstrate a strong link between color naming and color memorization both across different individuals and different parts of the color wheel. These results also show that low-level perceptual color matching is not related to color naming, suggesting that the variation in color naming—among the individuals and across the color wheel—is neither the cause nor the effect of variation in low-level color perception.

The present study summarizes the key findings of a multi-year interdisciplinary investigation, performed using specific (ethnographic, anthropological, and linguistic) research methods, into the two color terms mentioned in the title. Originally intended as empirical research involving all Hungarian color terms and individual community-dependent relationships with colors, it was eventually supplemented by a text-based examination of the history of the color terms piros and veres/vörös. A further objective was to answer questions raised in the course of international research concerning the reason for the existence of two color terms with similar meanings in the Hungarian language to denote the red color range. Earlier studies had already suggested that the modern use of vörös, which has more ancient roots in the Hungarian language, may be related to the fact that this color term was previously used more extensively. However, the present research is unique in demonstrating the substantial changes that have taken place in the Hungarian language in relation to the role and meaning of these color terms. It has already been established that the two color terms switched places historically, and that piros today fulfills precisely the same function that for centuries belonged to veres/vörös, until the color term piros began to gain ground in the 19th century.

This article analyses various lingual and extra lingual researches on a red color, comparing the symbolic meanings of color, which used to be and still are specific for different cultural communities. The objective of the article is to identify peculiarities in the interpretation of red color in the subjective world of sensation and the objective world of fact and to provide the full study of this color perception and categorization based on phraseology. Color lexis (including English phraseology) is a multidimensional phenomenon. It accumulates in itself the significant experience of society and the numerous stages of world knowledge by man. Having arisen at a certain stage of the development of the language system, color names at a conceptual level demonstrate a vivid example of a change in the process of cognition of the world by a person, confirms the thesis about the need for multi interval thinking, which allows one to observe any object from different cognitive positions. The main conclusion of the article is that the study of the relations between lingual and extra lingual meanings of color in the semantics of idioms is the most important task of anthropocentric phraseology because in language are fixed and phraseologized precisely those figurative expressions that are associated with cultural and national standards, stereotypes, mythologisms for a certain community mentality, which serves as its spiritual equipment, psychological tool.

Word boundary information is not marked explicitly in Chinese sentences and word ambiguity happens in Chinese texts. This introduces difficulty to parse characters into words when reading Chinese sentences, especially for beginning readers. In an eye-tracking study, we tested whether explicit word boundary information as provided by alternating text-colors affects reading performance of Chinese children and how such an effect is influenced by individual differences in word segmentation ability. Results showed that across a number of eye-movement measures, grade three children overall benefited from explicit marking of word boundary. Additionally, children with highest word segmentation ability showed the largest benefits in reading speed. We discuss possible implications for education.

This paper examines bilingual color-term performance in Mandarin Chinese and English in order to offer relevant pedagogical implications. Forty native speakers of Chinese who learned English as a foreign language participated in the current study. They were further divided into two groups, the advanced and the intermediate group, based on their English proficiency levels. These participants took a free-listing task and a color-naming task, in Mandarin Chinese and in English. Their response types and color terms were analyzed and discussed. Several factors underlying the discrepancy between English and Mandarin color-term performance were identified, including language factors, task factors, and English proficiency factors. Results also showed a developmental pattern for Chinese-speaking learners acquiring English color terms. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated a significant interaction effect among these factors. Finally, this paper offers pedagogical implications for English vocabulary teaching and directions for further study.

Motivated attention can be driven by the desire to maximize gains or escape punishment. In the Stroop task, when rewards can be obtained by responding quickly to certain colors, corresponding color-words are prioritized and produce enhanced interference, suggesting transfer of an attentional bias from color-hues to color-words. In the present study, we replicated this transfer effect using reward and conducted a parallel experiment exchanging the prospect of reward (appetitive motivation) with the opportunity to avert punishment (aversive motivation). Participants were required to identify the color (hue) of color-words and received electric shocks for responses to particular hues that were slow or incorrect. Shock-related words similarly impaired color-ink naming performance. In contrast to prior studies with reward, however, responding to hues associated with shock was also impaired, with threat producing an increase in error rate that ironically resulted in more frequent shocks. Our results suggest that aversive and appetitive motivation affect attention to task-relevant information differently, although each produces a common bias in automatic stimulus processing presumably driven by valence.

The present study investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) in a Chinese sentence would facilitate the reading of second-language (L2) learners. Thirty-three Korean students were recruited in the eye-movement experiment. Relative to a baseline (i.e., mono-colors) condition, incorrect word segmentation produced closer fixation location toward the beginning of words, longer fixation duration, higher refixation rate, and slower reading speed. In contrast, word segmentation with alternating colors produced further fixation location toward the center of words, shorter fixation duration, lower refixation rate, and faster reading speed. These results indicate that L2 readers are capable of making use of word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, which can result in a facilitation of reading efficiency.

The present study addresses a significant but neglected aspect of vocabulary teaching in general and teaching collocations, in particular, which is color term collocations. A significant number of idioms involve use color terms such as blue blood, black death, red tape, black sheep, and yellow press that are significant to study in the context of foreign language teaching. This study dealt with teaching color term collocations that are essence of language teaching/learning and translation. A multiple-choice test was used as the main instrument of this study. The sample of the study consisted of 94 Jordanian EFL students. Results obtained from the study showed that students’ performance in the test was weak. Moreover, the statements that had the black color terms were the most successfully addressed ones while the least correctly tackled ones were those related to the yellow color term. The data also showed that neither the students' gender nor their academic degree level had significantly affected their performance in the test. The study also revealed that the teaching of this component of vocabulary teaching was much neglected, which could be due to students’ insufficient knowledge regarding this respect in learning English as a foreign language

In this paper, we will investigate the contribution of color names for the task of salient object detection. An input image is first converted to color name space, which is consisted of 11 probabilistic channels. By exploiting a surroundedness cue, we obtain a saliency map through a linear combination of a set of sequential attention maps. To overcome the limitation of only using the surroundedness cue, two global cues with respect to color names are invoked to guide the computation of a weighted saliency map. Finally, we integrate the above two saliency maps into a unified framework to generate the final result. In addition, an improved post-processing procedure is introduced to effectively suppress image backgrounds while uniformly highlight salient objects. Experimental results show that the proposed model produces more accurate saliency maps and performs well against twenty-one saliency models in terms of three evaluation metrics on three public data sets., http://www.loujing.com/cns-sod/