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Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the color‐matching ability of OMNICHROMA composite, a single‐shade composite, using the CIE L∗a∗b∗ system and determining ΔE values. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 30 intact premolar teeth were collected, cleaned, and disinfected with 0.5% thymol solution. The teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C. A putty index calibrated the color assessment sites on buccal and lingual surfaces. Two cavities were prepared, one with 1.25 mm depth (enamel) and another with 2.25 mm depth (dentin), and restored using OMNICHROMA composite resin. The putty index measured the color of the cured composite, and ΔE between the composite and original tooth color was calculated. Statistical analysis: Data analysis included t‐tests, correlation coefficients, and Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05). Results: The mean ΔE was 2.39 in enamel cavities and 2.32 in dentin cavities, both within the clinically acceptable range (<3.3). In enamel cavities, the composite color was darker than the tooth, shifting toward green and blue shades. In dentin cavities, the composite color was lighter than the tooth, with shifts toward green and yellow shades. Color matching was slightly better in dentin cavities, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.719). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite resin's color matching falls within the clinically acceptable range, unaffected by cavity depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Significance The aim of this study was to assess the effect of opaque stain application to the intaglio surface of lithium disilicate glass ceramics on the masking ability of discolored substrates and bond strength to a resin‐based luting agent (depending on etching time); the stain film‐thickness was also assessed.Ceramic specimens were produced with CAD‐CAM blocks of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD). Two opaque stains were tested at ceramic intaglio surface: opaque glassy stain for titanium frameworks (OP‐ti) and low‐fusion glassy stain for ceramic characterization (LFG‐iv). Non‐stained ceramic specimens served as controls. For optical and colorimetric analyses, A2‐shaded ceramics of medium and low‐translucencies were tested, in thicknesses of 1.0‐ and 1.5‐mm (n = 10), with two coupling agents (non‐shaded—glycerin and A2‐shaded try‐in paste). CIEDE2000 formula was used for calculation of translucency parameter (TP00) and color differences (ΔE00). Whiteness index for dentistry (WID) was also reported. ΔE00 were assessed over discolored substrates (tooth‐shaded A2—reference, A4, C3, and C4; coppery metal, silvery metal, white zirconia, and PEEK). Microshear bond strength of stained and non‐stained ceramic specimens to a resin‐based luting agent was evaluated. Film‐thickness of stains was assessed by scanning electron microscopy.The application of opaque stains to the intaglio surface of lithium disilicate ceramics resulted in significant reduction of TP00 (p < 0.001) and WID (p < 0.001) and differences in L*, C*, and ho color coordinates (especially with OP‐ti) (p < 0.001). ΔE00 was significantly reduced in stained ceramic groups in comparison with the control, for all discolored substrates (p < 0.001). Acceptable color matching was obtained with stained ceramic specimens for all discolored substrates, depending on the type of stain, ceramic thickness, ceramic translucency, and coupling agent. The application of stains to the ceramic intaglio surface was not detrimental to bond strength to a resin‐based luting agent, but depended on the time of hydrofluoric acid‐etching (20 s for OP‐ti and 60 s for LFG‐iv) (p < 0.001). Film‐thickness of stains presented mean values <70 μm.The application of opaque stains to the intaglio surface of lithium disilicate glass ceramics was effective to mask severely discolored substrates, presenting adequate bond strength to the luting agent and thin film‐thicknesses.For indirect restorations over severely discolored substrates, the application of opaque stain to the intaglio surface of lithium disilicate glass ceramic ensures acceptable color matching, with adequate bond strength to resin‐based luting agents and clinically acceptable stain film‐thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of art, color matching is widely used in various art designs, such as images, posters, clothing, and interior home design. Among them, harmonious color matching is the decisive factor in whether a design is popular or not. To solve the problem of estimating color harmony, this study analyzes from the perspective of color pairs and uses the two-layer maximum likelihood estimation method to make preliminary predictions of color harmony by statistically modeling paired color preferences in existing datasets. After obtaining the preliminary estimation of color harmony, multiple linear regression is selected for denoising processing. Subsequently, the preliminary prediction results were refined using a backpropagation neural network, extracting various color features in different color spaces, and ultimately obtaining accurate harmony estimates. The results indicate that, compared with existing methods, the proposed method can simulate the aesthetic cognition of different users towards different color themes. Under the same statistical method, the model can maintain good harmony estimation and experimental results. This method can promote the development of related research fields, such as quickly evaluating the color harmony of an image, and one click color changing in scenes such as clothing, home, 3D models, etc. according to different user needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the change in consumption environment and habits, the active feedback from users on online shopping platforms serves as a valuable source of information for analyzing user demand. Color design is an important factor in shaping product style and influencing user's purchase decisions. This study combines the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and an interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) to investigate the usability of the interactive genetic color selection method for wardrobe color design. Firstly, the LDA model was employed to cluster online review data to identify customer requirements (CRs), then summarize the perceptual evaluation factors (EFs) of color selection. Subsequently, the color selection information from market examples was used as reference to establish the initial population, and the interactive genetic color design process was completed with CorelDraw. Then, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was employed to evaluate the color scheme generated from IGA. The empirical analysis demonstrated that the interactive genetic color selection method can effectively enhance both efficiency and satisfaction in wardrobe design. This study has substantial implications for both theory and practice in the field of wardrobe design and offers designers novel design concepts and methodologies.

Abstract In recent years, a great interest has focused on the use of bicomponent filaments in several high-performance textile articles such as swimwear, sportswear and even high-quality denim. To dye fabrics containing these filaments, it is necessary to establish appropriate dye recipes allowing to obtain desired shades. In this article, we developed a genetic algorithm to optimize the color matching step of these bicomponent filaments, especially (PET/PTT) filaments. Three disperse dyes with different molecular weights were used for dyeing. The objective is to reproduce the reference color by choosing the appropriate disperse dyes among the available dyestuffs and their corresponding quantities to use on the mixture. For modeling, two sets of parameters (lied to the color formulation problem and the genetic algorithm), the objective function as well as the different stages of the algorithm were defined and described. In addition, different techniques of selection and mutation were applied and evaluated. The optimization criterion is to reduce the CMC color difference between the desired reference colors and the colors proposed by the algorithm. The developed algorithm showed good performances with very small color differences. The results indicate that the roulette wheel selection technique outperforms both rank and uniform selection methods. Moreover, employing a simple mutation strategy yields favorable outcomes with CMC color differences all lower than 1.

Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusions The color matching of single‐shade resin composites after in‐office whitening was investigated.Four single‐shade resin composites were used. A total of 35% hydrogen peroxide was used as the whitening agent. The resin composite was placed in a cavity of an artificially discolored bovine tooth. The color differences between the restoration and surrounding enamel before and after whitening were determined based on ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ΔWID. The color stability, surface roughness (Sa), and surface gloss (GU) of the resin composite alone were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated‐measures analysis of variance with the Tukey–Kramer test.Based on the 50:50% of perceptibility and acceptability thresholds of ΔE*ab and ΔE00, none of the resin composite restorations were clinically acceptable before or after whitening. Regarding ΔWID, although all resin composites showed “acceptable match” in the baseline, they showed “mismatch” after the third session of whitening. Most of the resin composites alone were stable in color against whitening.Although the single‐shade resin composites failed to achieve the expected color matching on discolored teeth either before or after the whitening, the impact of the whitening on the color of the resin composite alone may be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shade matching of extraoral prostheses is completed by mixing pigments and rayon flocking into medical‐grade silicone and using a carrier to evaluate the color match. This process does not account for how material thickness affects the appearance of the silicone. This clinical case report discusses an innovative way to match the patient's skin tone using a digitally designed gradated silicone carrier and how this device allows for the assessment of shade from the thin marginal edge to 5 mm thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a great interest has focused on the use of bicomponent filaments in several high-performance textile articles such as swimwear, sportswear and even high-quality denim. To dye fabrics containing these filaments, it is necessary to establish appropriate dye recipes allowing to obtain desired shades. In this article, we developed a genetic algorithm to optimize the color matching step of these bicomponent filaments, especially (PET/PTT) filaments. Three disperse dyes with different molecular weights were used for dyeing. The objective is to reproduce the reference color by choosing the appropriate disperse dyes among the available dyestuffs and their corresponding quantities to use on the mixture. For modeling, two sets of parameters (lied to the color formulation problem and the genetic algorithm), the objective function as well as the different stages of the algorithm were defined and described. In addition, different techniques of selection and mutation were applied and evaluated. The optimization criterion is to reduce the CMC color difference between the desired reference colors and the colors proposed by the algorithm. The developed algorithm showed good performances with very small color differences. The results indicate that the roulette wheel selection technique outperforms both rank and uniform selection methods. Moreover, employing a simple mutation strategy yields favorable outcomes with CMC color differences all lower than 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the prediction of CMYK digital values and inversion of forward characterization models have been investigated using a genetic algorithm (GA). First, the forward characterization of the printer is performed and the optimum n-values in YNSN and spectral n-value models are obtained. The optimum n-values are used for the prediction of CMYK digital values, and the effective area coverages are obtained by GA. Then, the effective area coverages are converted in to CMYK digital values. The results show that the forward characterization of the printer by spectral n-value is better than others. Also, the best result of CMYK digital values prediction is obtained by GA using spectral n-value as the objective function. So, the quality of forward characterization model is one of the important factors in color matching by GA using inversion of the forward characterization models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The objective of this case series report is color matching of the central incisors all-ceramic crowns and determine the color difference between those crowns and contralateral or neighboring intact natural incisor using the ΔEab value from CIELab formula. Case Report The subject of this color assessment was all-ceramic crowns for central incisors for three young female patients. The intact natural incisors were used as the target shade for the all-ceramic crown. After tooth preparation and intraoral scan, everything was done at once, regarding the design of restoration and model. For these cases, we used Ivoclar ZirCAD PRIME multi A1 (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein) block. For proper shade mapping polarized picture with grey card for digital calibration is necessary as well as one standard picture for mapping the color effects. For tooth color mapping we used the eLAB software (eLAB Prime, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany). Highest ΔEab value for all three cases was 2.7 or less, which indicates that the color is clinically acceptable, considering acceptability threshold value of less than 2.7 (three-year follow-up confirmed acceptable color appearance. Conclusion Following recommended protocol based on the eLAB software software (eLAB Prime), clinically acceptable color of the all-ceramic crown were obtained.

Abstract Background The dentist should have a thorough knowledge of the science, protocols and procedures for dental shade selection in order to mimic dental tissue with restorative materials, respecting the individual needs and attitudes of each patient and providing them with a pleasant and esthetically acceptable appearance. The present study evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of dental interns from two Peruvian universities about dental shade selection and its relationship with sociodemographic factors. Methods The present cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on Peruvian dental interns from the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal and the Universidad Privada de San Juan Bautista during May to June 2022. Two validated questionnaires on knowledge and attitudes about dental shade selection were used. A Poisson regression model with robust variance using the adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) was used to assess the influence of the variables: age group, sex, place of origin and type of university, considering a significance level of p

Background: The dentist should have a thorough knowledge of the science, protocols and procedures for dental shade selection in order to mimic dental tissue with restorative materials, respecting the individual needs and attitudes of each patient and providing them with a pleasant and esthetically acceptable appearance. The present study evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of dental interns from two Peruvian universities about dental shade selection and its relationship with sociodemographic factors. Methods: The present cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on Peruvian dental interns from the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal and the Universidad Privada de San Juan Bautista during May to June 2022. Two validated questionnaires on knowledge and attitudes about dental shade selection were used. A Poisson regression model with robust variance using the adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) was used to assess the influence of the variables: age group, sex, place of origin and type of university, considering a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that 40.8% (95% CI: 34.0% - 47.6%) of the interns presented unfavorable attitudes while 90.1% (95% CI: 86.0% - 94.2%) presented insufficient knowledge. It was also found that dental interns under 29 years of age were 32% less likely to have unfavorable attitudes (APR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.48 - 0.96) and 11% more likely to have insufficient knowledge (APR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.24) about tooth shade selection compared to dental interns aged 29 years and older. Finally, women were 55% more likely to have unfavorable attitudes about tooth shade selection compared to men (APR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.08 - 2.22). Conclusion: The majority of dental interns presented insufficient knowledge and less than half had unfavorable attitudes about dental shade selection. In addition, being a student under 29 years of age was a risk factor for presenting insufficient knowledge and at the same time constituted a protective factor for presenting unfavorable attitudes. Likewise, being a female student was a risk factor for presenting unfavorable attitudes about dental shade selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese art color has a long history of development, integrating rich cultural heritage and unique national style. After elucidating the impact of traditional art colors on the visual communication design effect, the study gathers relevant picture data from the museum’s official website, extracts traditional art colors, divides the vocabulary of color imagery using the improved K-means algorithm, and generates representative color imagery. Following the elemental breakdown of traditional art colors, the study conducts a quantitative examination of traditional art color design and perceptual imagery to determine the visual communication design impact (color imagery) of various traditional art hues. Using the Apriori-based association rule algorithm, we conduct association rule mining for the color-matching laws of various dynasties, thereby calculating the distribution of matching methods and those of the primary color families. Through the analysis, the traditional art color design of 6 groups of representative color imagery is evaluated, and the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties’ 7, 6, 5, and 3 color matching laws are also obtained. Similar and neighboring colors dominate color collocation in Chinese traditional art, accounting for 65.00% and 30.00%, respectively. The color collocation law can be utilized in the visual communication design presentation of traditional art colors.

Color, as the first element affecting human vision, is particularly important in the process of oil painting art creation. This paper constructs a color-matching optimization algorithm using convolutional neural network and generative adversarial network algorithms to optimize the four optimization factors of Chinese oil painting: color brightness, hue, contrast and orderliness. Color beauty is used to measure the color matching and design effect of Chinese oil paintings, and the order factor and complexity factor between each color of the color matching scheme are calculated. Finally, the effectiveness of the color matching optimization scheme is verified by taking the Chinese oil painting ‘Eight Nine Geese Coming’ as the research object. The results show that the harmonies of the four color-matching optimization schemes are 3.53, 2.86, 3.43 and 2.34, respectively, with an overall average improvement of 5.1175 percentage points compared with that before optimization. The color matching of Chinese oil paintings is based on a theoretical basis provided by this study, and it also introduces a new line of thought.

Color matching is an extremely critical aspect of interior design, and the development of the times has put forward higher requirements for the science of color matching. In this paper, the framework of the structural vector autoregressive model is established by introducing a structural equation in the vector autoregressive model, associating the equation for the lagged value of each endogenous variable and the deterministic time trend term, and solving the equation according to the contemporaneous relationship between data variables. Meanwhile, the structural equation is transformed into the induced form, and the parameters of the SVAR model are estimated using the perturbation terms of the induced form. Then, the underlying principle of color matching effect is analyzed in terms of hue, lightness, and purity based on the SVAR model, and the design is optimized by combining the needs in different scenes. For the home’s interior design, the color matching based on the SVAR model improved the spatial sense effect by 24.05% on average. For office interior design, the SVAR approach improved the emotional expression effect by an average of 18.96%. For commercial interior design, SVAR-based color matching effectively improved coordination by 11.25%. This study helps to break the traditional interior design color application, emphasizes the role of ambiance played by color, and provides an effective addition to the theory of color application in interior design.

Antarctic mapping with satellite images is an important basic task for polar environmental monitoring. Since the first Chinese marine satellite was launched in 2002, China has formed three series of more than 10 marine satellites in orbit. As global operational monitoring satellites of ocean color series, HY-1C and HY-1D have good coverage characteristics and imaging performance in polar regions, and they provide an effective tool for Antarctic monitoring and mapping. In this paper, Antarctic images acquired by the HY-1 satellite Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) sensor were used to study color matching in the mosaic process. According to the CZI characteristics for Antarctic imaging, experiments were carried out on the illuminance nonuniformity of a single image and color registration of multiple images. A gray-level segmentation color-matching method is proposed to solve the problem of image overstretching in the Antarctic image color-matching process. The results and statistical analysis show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the color deviation between HY-1 Antarctic images, and the mosaic results have a good effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of cross‐polarization filters on the colors of shade tabs obtained with a digital single‐lens reflex (DSLR) camera, macrolens, and a ring flash. Materials and Methods: Digital images of four shade tables (1M1, 3L2.5, 3R2.5, and 5M3) from the VITA Toothguide 3D‐Master shade guide were taken using a DSLR camera, 100 mm macrolens, and ring flash with two different cross‐polarizing filters (Polar_eyes and Filtropolar), and without (Nonpolarizer; n = 7). The CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of digital images were calculated and remeasured with a spectroradiometer (SR). The color differences (ΔE00) between the SR and digital images were calculated and analyzed with the two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Results: ΔE00 values of all test groups were higher than the clinically acceptable threshold (∆E00 > 1.80). While the ∆E00 values of Filtropolar (6.19 ± 0.44) and Polar_eyes (7.82 ± 0.23) groups were significantly higher than the Nonpolarizer (4.69 ± 0.32) for the 1M1 shade tab, ∆E00 value of Polar_eyes (6.23 ± 0.34) was significantly lower than Nonpolarizer (10.71 ± 0.48) group for 5M3 shade tab (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The color‐matching results of tested digital photography techniques with and without cross‐polarization were unacceptable, compared to a spectroradiometer. While digital photography with Polar_eyes cross‐polarizing filter has closer results to the reference device for the low‐in‐value shade table (5M3), for the high‐in‐value shade table (1M1), improved results were obtained without a cross‐polarizing filter. Clinical Significance: The cross‐polarization filters are increasingly used in dentistry for tooth color communication with digital photography techniques. However, the digital photography techniques with‐without cross‐polarization filterers should be improved to obtain clinically acceptable color‐matching results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resin composite layering on discolored substrates to obtain masking ability with monolithic ceramics. Materials and Methods: Four groups (n = 8) of computer‐aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) monolithic ceramics, shade A1, with thicknesses of 1.0 and 1.5 mm, were tested: feldspathic (FC), leucite‐reinforced (LC), lithium disilicate‐reinforced (LD), and translucent zirconia (5YSZ). Five substrates were used: A1 (used as reference), A3.5, C4, and coppery and silvery metals. The substrates were separated as non‐layered or layered (with flowable opaque resin composite (FL), white opaque restorative resin composite (WD), and A1‐shaded opaque restorative resin composite (A1D)). Resin composite layers of 0.5 and 1.0 mm were tested. The try‐in paste, shade A1, was used as a luting agent. Translucency parameter (TP00) was assessed for the ceramics. Color differences (∆E00) were assessed for the restorative ceramics and resin composite layers over discolored substrates with the CIEDE2000 formula. The results were compared statistically, and descriptively with acceptability (AT, 1.77) and perceptibility (PT, 0.81) thresholds. Results: Feldspathic showed the highest TP00 (for both ceramic thicknesses) and LD the lowest (for 1.5 mm of ceramic thickness) (P < 0.001). For substrate A3.5, layering with 1.0 mm of A1D or WD ensured ∆E00 below PT for all ceramics tested (P < 0.001). The use of 0.5 mm of FL or 1.0 mm of A1D associated with ceramics LC, LD, and 5YSZ ensured ∆E00 below AT for substrates C4 and coppery metal (P < 0.001). Silvery background layered with 0.5 mm of FL presented ∆E00 below AT for all ceramics and ∆E00 below PT for lithium disilicate of 1.0 mm of thickness (∆E00 = 0.72). Conclusions: Layering severely discolored substrates with selected opaque resin composites ensures masking ability for restoration with CAD/CAM monolithic ceramics. Clinical Significance: Severely discolored substrates are predictably restored with monolithic CAD/CAM ceramics by performing a previous layering of the substrate with opaque resin composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of an office bleaching agent on the color of various single-shade resin composites. Three single-shade resin composites were tested in this study. Thirty disk-shaped specimens were prepared with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 1 mm, and they were divided into three groups (n = 10). After color measurements, 40% hydrogen peroxide containing bleaching agent gel was applied to all the specimens. Baseline and final color measurements were performed using a clinical spectrophotometer. Statistical analyses were performed. All bleached specimens had clinically incomprehensible color changes (ΔE < 3.3). Comparisons for single-shade composites revealed no statistically significant color difference between groups. With the limitation of this study in mind, color changes in single-shade resin-composites after office bleaching were found to be clinically acceptable. It may be appropriate to use single-shade composites that shorten the in-chair clinical time by facilitating shade selection.

To evaluate the effect of blocker on color matching of different shaded composite systems on natural teeth, 120 anterior teeth were divided into two groups as light and dark shades (n = 60). Round cavities (7 mm in diameter; 2 mm in depth) were prepared on labial surfaces of the teeth. They were restored using three types of resin composites: multi-shaded (Estelite Sigma Quick, Tokuyama Dental, Japan), single-shaded (Omnichroma, Tokuyama Dental, Japan) and group-shaded (Neo Spectra ST, Dentsply Sirona, Germany) (n = 20). Blocker (Omnichroma) was applied to half of the samples in each group (n = 10). Color matching of the restorations with the surrounding tissues were evaluated either by visual analysis or an instrumental method. The resin composites tested did not yield acceptable results instrumentally. Using blocker with single-shade resin composite on dark-colored teeth yielded a minimal change in color in 2 mm deep cavities in the visual evaluation by dentists. Similarly, applying blocker with group-shaded and multi-shaded resin composite on light-colored teeth caused minimal change in color of 2 mm deep cavities in the visual evaluation by dentists. As the application of blocker had no effect on the color matching of different shaded resin composites in the visual evaluations by all observers, except by dentists, blocker may be used as a dentin shade in 2 mm deep cavities of anterior teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a general misunderstanding among colorists as to the units involved in the equation for tristimulus integration. The investigator of the color‐matching functions chooses four cardinal stimuli which, along with his choice to cause the three primaries to have equal coloration power to each other, causes him to assign units to the color‐matching functions in order that these units may be carried to the equation for tristimulus integration. This note discusses the development of these units using the 1931 RGB experiment and subsequent algebraic processing as an example. It develops exactly what these units are and concludes that they are consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines the fractional differential theory with the total variation method and applies it to defining cultural industry image color matching. At the same time, we propose a new image color matching denoising model based on fractional partial differential equations. The model achieves simultaneous denoising in the time direction and the spaceplane. Experiments have proved that the fractional partial differential equations method has more advantages than integer-order partial differential equations in denoising and reducing step effects. It can effectively improve the contrast and clarity of image color matching in the cultural industry.

The customers make use of Pantone color cards as quality control for their reference to know the color consistency of the dyed cloth. The three different color shades like blue, red and pastel violet were selected from the pantone color shades. The three-color hues of the manufactured knitted cotton fabric were captured by the high-resolution optical device and these images were considered for the training and test purpose. A simple backpropagation based artificial neural network and a deep learning convolution network was considered for the training and test purpose. The pantone color hues of three images were offered to the network as training samples. A backpropagation algorithm trained artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning neural network trained with support vector machine were employed in training phase. The back propagation trained ANN predicted 82.37%, 83.16% and 89.25% correct classification on three color hues. A deep learning convolution network trained with support vector machine method forecasted 100%, 100% and 100% on three color hues. The better performance result was secured by the second method. The second network reduces the features from the color images in training and test phase.

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the final shade of translucent zirconia laminate veneers with varying thicknesses over teeth with different shades. Seventy-five chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) shade A1 third-generation zirconia dental veneers, with thicknesses of 0.50 mm, 0.75 mm, and 1.00 mm, were placed on resin composite teeth with shades ranging from A1 to A4. The laminate veneers were divided into groups based on thickness and background shade. All restorations were evaluated with a color imaging spectrophotometer, to map the veneer surface from A1 to D4. Regardless of the thickness or background shade, all dental veneers showed color alteration from the original shade. Veneers with 0.5 mm thickness tended to display the B1 shade, while veneers with 0.75 mm and 1.0 mm thickness primarily exhibited the B2 shade. The thickness of the laminate veneer and background shade significantly modified the original shade of the zirconia veneer. One-way analysis of variance was performed and a Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine the significance between the three veneer thicknesses groups. The results indicated that the thinner restorations showed higher values with the color imaging spectrophotometer, suggesting that thinner veneers may result in more consistent color matching. This study underscores the importance of carefully considering thickness and background shade when selecting zirconia laminate veneers, to ensure optimal color matching and overall aesthetic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile finishing is the last stage to improve fabric aesthetic characteristic and impart functional properties, but at the same time it can produce some undesirable effects like shade change and variation in mechanical properties of fabric. These shade variations are undesirable and create major losses for the textile industry. These losses are related to rework and reprocessing of dyed fabric after finishing. To cope this issue, dyers are making decision on trial and error bases, therefore, this work has been conducted to quantify the shade change value. In this research work, an artificial intelligence-based system is developed to foresee the behavior of color before finishing. Color, shade percentage, finish type, finish concentration, and 31 reflectance values in the visible range 400–700 nm were selected as input for the training of artificial neural networks. The five networks were trained individually for the Δ color coordinates (△L, △a, △b, △C and △h). The networks were tested and cross-validated with 85% accuracy. The developed models were executed for the predictions of △L, △a, △b, △C, and △h with mean absolute errors 0.0765, 0.0869, 0.1528, 0.0829 and 0.1626, respectively. Mean absolute error values are showing a close correlation between actual and predicted values.

Textile finishing is the last stage to improve fabric aesthetic characteristic and impart functional properties, but at the same time it can produce some undesirable effects like shade change and variation in mechanical properties of fabric. These shade variations are undesirable and create major losses for the textile industry. These losses are related to rework and reprocessing of dyed fabric after finishing. To cope this issue, dyers are making decision on trial and error bases, therefore, this work has been conducted to quantify the shade change value. In this research work, an artificial intelligence-based system is developed to foresee the behavior of color before finishing. Color, shade percentage, finish type, finish concentration, and 31 reflectance values in the visible range 400–700 nm were selected as input for the training of artificial neural networks. The five networks were trained individually for the Δ color coordinates (△L, △a, △b, △C and △h). The networks were tested and cross-validated with 85% accuracy. The developed models were executed for the predictions of △L, △a, △b, △C, and △h with mean absolute errors 0.0765, 0.0869, 0.1528, 0.0829 and 0.1626, respectively. Mean absolute error values are showing a close correlation between actual and predicted values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each material is suited to the different paint material characteristics and pictorial techniques of various artworks by contributing to the pictorial surface's stability and visual unity, and the ability to display it without interruption. For this article, the polysaccharide TRI-Funori was tested and used as a binding medium for chromatic reintegration in three oil and acrylic mockups of the artwork by Portuguese artist Jorge Martins. This choice was based on characteristics such as compatibility, low toxicity, water-based properties, and good visual properties for color matching. Advantages such as transparency and less tendency to yellow, capacity to dry matte, and ease of removal were observed. It presents good dispersion of inorganic pigments, good visual properties, and good adhesion to oil and acrylic surfaces with or without preparation. However, it also presents disadvantages such as weak dispersion of organic pigments, for example [PB15] Phthalocyanine Blue or [PR83] Carmine Rose, and the tendency to become powdery. During the drying process, it tends to lighten, making the color adjustment process difficult. The mimetic method, achieved with small dots, was used for retouching. The medium was applied with Ferrario® pigmenti puri and Win- sor & Newton® powdered pigments, and chromatic reintegration was carried out with a fine brush Winsor & Newton® Finest Sable n°1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The customers make use of Pantone color cards as quality control for their reference to know the color consistency of the dyed cloth. The three different color shades like blue, red and pastel violet were selected from the pantone color shades. The three-color hues of the manufactured knitted cotton fabric were captured by the high-resolution optical device and these images were considered for the training and test purpose. A simple backpropagation based artificial neural network and a deep learning convolution network was considered for the training and test purpose. The pantone color hues of three images were offered to the network as training samples. A backpropagation algorithm trained artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning neural network trained with support vector machine were employed in training phase. The back propagation trained ANN predicted 82.37%, 83.16% and 89.25% correct classification on three color hues. A deep learning convolution network trained with support vector machine method forecasted 100%, 100% and 100% on three color hues. The better performance result was secured by the second method. The second network reduces the features from the color images in training and test phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my 1996 article on units of tristimulus values, I used as a definitional equation Jozef Cohen's Q = A′N, where N is a radiometric function of k wavelengths and Q is a column vector comprising N's associated tristimulus values. With Cohen, I took as Matrix A (having no units) a set of three column vectors comprising color‐matching functions. The relation Q = A′N then forced Q to have dimensions of power, which was inconsistent with the dimensionlessness of matrix A. Besides this problem, calling A′Nthe tristimulus values of N still left them in an unspecified basis, so you could get a wide variety of Q vectors from a single N vector by changing the basis of A. Simply specifying Q = A′N did not supply enough information to specify tristimulus values uniquely. I now propose to define Q = (A′ P)−1A′ N, where k‐by‐3 matrix P contains the (unscaled) spectra of the primaries. Using this definition resolves both the above problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of Western culture, the style and pattern of cheongsams were significantly transformed during the Republic of China period. Color is sometimes considered as one of the symbols that can represent people’s social background and emotional preferences. The analysis in this paper was based on 414 images of cheongsam patterns from the Republic of China. To begin with, the colors were digitally extracted, and then a rule-based analysis of color style was performed. Finally, the traditional color scheme was re-applied to the new design using the user-friendly 3D virtual design software. For color extraction, the main colors of a single pattern were used as a sample, and then they were combined to provide the overall representative colors. Superpixel-based Fast Fuzzy C-means Clustering (SFFCM) and K-means split-channel clustering algorithms were employed to extract single and multiple pattern colors. In the processing of color images, the original color pixels are simplified efficiently by superpixel segmentation, so the SFFCM provides better segmentation results and takes less time than fuzzy C-mean clustering. The color distribution and silhouette coefficient were used to determine the optimal clustering number. Then the 414 images were clustered separately to extract the corresponding main colors, and a total of 1,725 color values were obtained. It can visually display the color and the proportion of the images by reducing a complicated image to basic numbers, which makes the subsequent analysis and data processing easier. After that, the number of colors was further decreased using K-means clustering to get the most representative color. Based on the HSV non-uniform quantization model, the hue values of 1,725 colors were first divided into eight categories, and then the lightness and saturation values in each category were clustered independently. Finally, they were integrated into 24 representative colors and corresponding color cards. Following the collection of data, the cheongsam patterns were analyzed in terms of both the color style and the color matching rules. The colors were primarily concentrated in yellow and red. Green, cyan, and other cool colors were used in smaller amounts. It can be seen that the costume system was changed at that time, and the use of colors was no longer frowned upon, so people had more freedom in their choices. The cheongsam pattern colors were primarily found in the low-medium saturation, medium-high lightness, and low contrast color regions, which was different from the feudal era when the clothing system mainly emphasized vivid and contrasting colors to express powerful national sentiments. The lightness and saturation of the distribution pattern caused cheongsams to be more simple and elegant in style. Meanwhile, the tonal distribution of cheongsam pattern colors was analyzed with the PCCS system. The values of the S and V channels were divided evenly, and then related to the system to ascertain the color tones and calculate their percentages. The result shows that the cheongsam pattern colors are primarily concentrated in five tones. The most prevalent is light grayish, making up 26.55 % of all colors. Grayish and soft come in second with 19.24% and 16.46%, respectively. In addition, pale and light also account for more than 8%. However, there aren’t many other colors, particularly the bright, vibrant, or others with strong color preferences, which only make up roughly 1% of the total color distribution. On the one hand, the theory of the Western color system progressively influenced people’s aesthetic tastes, and as a result, the neutral color series became the trend for garment during that time. On the other hand, the number of colors and the quality of printed fabrics were both improved concurrently with advancements in textile printing and dyeing technologies. The color matching rules are explored by the Apriori algorithm, and there are 13 two-color and five three-color matching rules discovered with low contrast between or among colors, which has some significance on the recommendation of color schemes. It can create a network of various color combinations by discovering the most representative color co-occurrences, and the method can offer more varied design possibilities based on users’ selection and confidence value. In order to test the effect of recommendations, a long cheongsam was chosen with a standing collar, one-piece sleeves, and slant opening. The style is simple and in line with the general shape of the Republic of China cheongsams, which can more naturally express the color style and design effect. The fabric pattern was incorporated into the cheongsam’s overall appearance by 3D virtual fitting software. The findings demonstrate that the color schemes and tonal collocations correspond to the traditional cheongsams with stable and elegant characteristics. Digital technology helps to analyze color schemes of cheongsam patterns in the Republic of China objectively and achieve design recommendations, which will provide a theoretical guide for re-designing cheongsam patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We present a method that, given two different views of the same scene taken by two cameras with unknown settings and internal parameters, corrects the colors of one of the images making it look as if it was captured under the other camera settings. Our method is able to deal with any standard non-linear encoded images (gamma-corrected, logarithmic-encoded, or any other) without requiring any previous knowledge of the encoding. To this end, our method makes use of two important observations. First, the camera imaging pipeline from RAW to sRGB can be well approximated by considering just a per-pixel shading and a color transformation matrix, and second, for correcting the images we only need to estimate a single matrix –that will contain information from both of the original images– and an approximation of the shading term (that emulates the non-linearity). Our proposed method is fast and the results have no spurious artifacts. The method outperforms the state-of-the-art when compared with other methods that do not require knowledge of the encoding used. It is also able to compete with –and even surpass in some cases– methods that consider information about image encoding. [Display omitted] • We present a method to color match images with unknown inner parameters and encoding. • Our proposed method considers the camera imaging pipeline with color homography. • Our method is fast, free from spurious artifacts, and surpasses current approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic mapping with satellite images is an important basic task for polar environmental monitoring. Since the first Chinese marine satellite was launched in 2002, China has formed three series of more than 10 marine satellites in orbit. As global operational monitoring satellites of ocean color series, HY-1C and HY-1D have good coverage characteristics and imaging performance in polar regions, and they provide an effective tool for Antarctic monitoring and mapping. In this paper, Antarctic images acquired by the HY-1 satellite Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) sensor were used to study color matching in the mosaic process. According to the CZI characteristics for Antarctic imaging, experiments were carried out on the illuminance nonuniformity of a single image and color registration of multiple images. A gray-level segmentation color-matching method is proposed to solve the problem of image overstretching in the Antarctic image color-matching process. The results and statistical analysis show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the color deviation between HY-1 Antarctic images, and the mosaic results have a good effect.

Introduction: To evaluate the shade matching of teeth restored with OMNICHROMA using four different teeth shade-selection techniques. Methods: Thirty sound upper first premolar teeth were used. Shade was taken by the VITA Linearguide 3D-MASTER, the VITA Easyshade V, digital photography, and the TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner for the cervical area. Subsequently, a Class V cavity was prepared and filled with an OMNICHROMA filling, and another reading for the shade was taken. Results: Value of ΔE in all groups were significantly higher than the clinically acceptable value (ΔE: 3.7) (P < 0.001). One-way ANOVA measurements showed statistically significant differences among the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite showed some degree of mismatch with the surrounding tooth structure. This in vitro model could not simulate complex oral situation and more clinical studies are necessary.

Introduction: To evaluate the shade matching of teeth restored with OMNICHROMA using four different teeth shade-selection techniques. Methods: Thirty sound upper first premolar teeth were used. Shade was taken by the VITA Linearguide 3D-MASTER, the VITA Easyshade V, digital photography, and the TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner for the cervical area. Subsequently, a Class V cavity was prepared and filled with an OMNICHROMA filling, and another reading for the shade was taken. Results: Value of ΔE in all groups were significantly higher than the clinically acceptable value (ΔE: 3.7) (P < 0.001). One-way ANOVA measurements showed statistically significant differences among the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite showed some degree of mismatch with the surrounding tooth structure. This in vitro model could not simulate complex oral situation and more clinical studies are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Started from color generation theory of colored polyester, its partial and whole color generation characterization were studied. Analogized from Neugebauer formular establish in color printing, adaption of color generation for colored fibers and its color generation theory were analyzed and model was established. Color prediction accuracy verification was performed on established model by testing. Color matching theory of colored fibers and error causes were analyzed. Test results showed that blended color gamut space of ink four primary colors was larger than that of colored polyester. Found by comparing chromatic aberration of prediction color of colored fibers with practical test values, color prediction effect of Photoshop color test was better compared with that of computer color tester. Color prediction effect was affected by experimental condition, fiber blending ratio and so on. When colored polyester and white lyocell fibers were blended, chromatic aberration change trend predicted with model was basically same as chromatic aberration of polyester blending. It is considered that color prediction formular for colored fibers blending established relying on optical model and analogized Neugebauer formular is beneficial to establish color matching model for colored spun yarn accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revisit the problem of propagation of errors in the color matching experiment reported by MacAdam [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, 247 (1942)]. The observer made color matchings by tuning the angle of a Rochon prism. The average value and the standard deviations of the angle settings were considered to derive the average tristimulus values and the uncertainty intervals. Here, we use a rigorous statistical method to derive the probability density functions of the tristimulus values assuming a Gaussian distribution for the Rochon prism angle. We analyze how much the actual probability density functions deviate from the Gaussian. We outline two methods to derive the interval of color mismatch and compare their predictions with those derived using the standard procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer color matching can improve production efficiency and reduce costs in color spun. However, in practice the computer color matching success rate for pre-colored fiber blends has not been good, leading to customers being unsatisfied with the accuracy of the color matching results. Aiming to improve the accuracy, a hybrid of least squares and grid search method has been proposed for spectrophotometric color matching of pre-colored fiber blend based on the improved Kubelka–Munk (K-M) double-constant theory. Two-primary, three-primary, four-primary, and five-primary pre-colored cotton fiber blends were prepared as standard samples to evaluate the color matching accuracy of the proposed method. Compared with the least squares method and the grid search method, the proposed method achieved better color matching effects and greatly shortened the calculation time, respectively. For 42 pre-colored fiber blends, the average color difference between the predicted results obtained by the proposed method, least squares method, and grid search method and the spectrophotometer measurements were respectively 0.29, 0.53, and 0.36 CIE2000 units. The experimental results indicated that the proposed method could predict the formulation of standard samples quickly and effectively, and that it was superior to other methods in providing satisfactory color matching results for the enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of blocker on color matching of different shaded composite systems on natural teeth, 120 anterior teeth were divided into two groups as light and dark shades (n = 60). Round cavities (7 mm in diameter; 2 mm in depth) were prepared on labial surfaces of the teeth. They were restored using three types of resin composites: multi-shaded (Estelite Sigma Quick, Tokuyama Dental, Japan), single-shaded (Omnichroma, Tokuyama Dental, Japan) and group-shaded (Neo Spectra ST, Dentsply Sirona, Germany) (n = 20). Blocker (Omnichroma) was applied to half of the samples in each group (n = 10). Color matching of the restorations with the surrounding tissues were evaluated either by visual analysis or an instrumental method. The resin composites tested did not yield acceptable results instrumentally. Using blocker with single-shade resin composite on dark-colored teeth yielded a minimal change in color in 2 mm deep cavities in the visual evaluation by dentists. Similarly, applying blocker with group-shaded and multi-shaded resin composite on light-colored teeth caused minimal change in color of 2 mm deep cavities in the visual evaluation by dentists. As the application of blocker had no effect on the color matching of different shaded resin composites in the visual evaluations by all observers, except by dentists, blocker may be used as a dentin shade in 2 mm deep cavities of anterior teeth.