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Is the appearance of an object solely determined by incoming sensory data? If not, to what extent is this sensation calibrated by what is memorized or know about the object? Under normal condition, do bananas, for example, appear more yellow because people know and or remember that bananas are yellow (most of the time), compared to other objects (all lighting and reflectance properties held constant)? Empirical research on this possibility has a long history, and it enjoys the reputation of perhaps the best example of an effect of cognition on perception. Here we review studies that are frequently cited as positive evidence, beginning in 1923 and continuing until present time. The intent is to provide a general sense of the methods that have been applied to the problem, and to conclude with a qualitative impression of the strength of extant evidence. Towards this end, we identify a number of pitfalls that persistently complicate the interpretation of results. And we highlight what we take to be the best evidence currently available, with suggestions for extending that work.

Although research on the effect of color in taekwondo has involved several international competitions, no previous study has investigated the presence of this phenomenon in national-level competitions. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the color protectors and success in 1155 taekwondo matches of the Italian and Uzbekistan Senior Championships (ITA-SC and UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021). The results showed no relationship between the color protectors and the match outcome, in both ITA-SC and UZB-SC (p = 0.71, V = 0.01; p = 0.61, V = 0.02). Moreover, no relationship emerged between the color protectors and the match outcome in the four editions of the SC. Stratifying analyses by weight category and sex, males showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 3 and 1 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Contrary, females showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 1 and 3 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Analyzing the two national contexts found that, in both the Italian and Uzbek contexts, matches in 2 and 2 of 16 weight categories were won by athletes wearing blue and red protectors, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the color blue and winning the match with small asymmetry in the men’s UZB-SC and between the color red and winning the match with large asymmetry in the female ITA-SC. The implementation of the electronic point recording system for the body and head has had a positive impact on fairness in national taekwondo competitions, did not detect any effect of color related to cultural context, and did not allow for the color red to tip the scales between losing and winning in matches between athletes of similar ability and strength.

The importance of the distribution network is not overlooked by anyone. The transformer is one of the key equipment in this network. Therefore, great care and attention are needed in its design, maintenance and operation. Most of the oil-immersed distribution transformers are operated under solar radiation conditions. However, increasing the oil temperature due to solar radiation is not considered in their design. This increases the oil temperature above the design temperature value and thus reduces the life of the transformer. In this paper, due to the lack of specified equations for solar energy absorption by the fins and tank of the transformer, a novel method and equation are proposed for the calculation of the transformer solar radiation absorption amount. As well as, the effect of orientation on the corrugated tank distribution transformers oil temperature is investigated using the Electro-Thermal Resistance Model (E-TRM). For this purpose, two identical transformers with different orientations are tested experimentally and the results are compared and verified with the numerical results. The transformer tank color is one of the effective factors of solar radiation absorption. Depending on the absorption and emission rates, the effect of the different colors of the transformer tank on the oil temperature in different loading is investigated in this paper. The results show that the use of bright colors in comparison with dark colors can lower the oil temperature by about 3 °C on the rated loading of the transformer. In order to consider the effect of solar radiation on the transformer, the modified ambient temperature is introduced for the design of the transformer. Finally, the effect of transformer operation under solar radiation and with different colors is investigated and transformer loading de-rating is proposed by a novel equation.

Turner, considered to be the most beloved painter of British romantic art and at the same time, is one of the leading painters of the 19th century. In his works, which he started with watercolors, he presents the paintings he creates with her admiration of colors and light, in a chaos complex away from the calm atmosphere of romanticism. In the subjects he dealt with stressing man's helplessness in the face of nature has been processed. Goethe's “Color Doctrine” book has been instrumental in maximizing Turner's understanding of colorism, who is very interested in scientific studies and discoveries. The aim of this study is to analyze the results that Turner developed with the influence of Goethe's color theory and the results it has achieved.

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the inclusion of coat color on the genetic parameter estimation for linear measurements in Campolina horses. Two models (1 and 2) were applied. For model 1, coat color effect was not included as variable of the contemporary group formation; in model 2, it was included. Model 2 presented the best fitting with a Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) of −979,459.020 compared with −1,818,458.572 DIC from model 1. The average of heritability estimates ranged from low to high magnitude (0.15 to 0.53) for model 1 and from moderate to high magnitude for model 2 (0.21 to 0.47). The estimated values varied according to the analyses (models 1 and 2). The highest heritability was found for withers height (0.52), croup height (0.53), and back height (0.51). The genetic correlations ranged from values of moderate to high magnitude for models 1 (0.23 to 0.98) and 2 (0.29 to 0.99), respectively. The finding that genetic variance differed among models 1 and 2 may indicate that genotypes react differently to different coat colors, a fact implying the existence of interaction between these traits and the effect under study. The coat color influence might be explained as a pleiotropic effect of the genes that cause this phenotypic variation and also influence morphometric measures. The inclusion of the coat color effect better estimated the additive genetic variance of morphometric traits in horses. As a consequence, the genetic parameters were also more accurately estimated when it is included in the evaluation model.

Currently, haze removal of images captured at night for foggy scenes rely on the traditional, prior-based methods, but these methods are frequently ineffective at dealing with night hazy images. In addition, the light sources at night are complicated and there is a problem of inconsistent brightness. This makes the estimation of the transmission map complicated in the night scene. Based on the above analysis, we propose an autoencoder method to solve the problem of overestimation or underestimation of transmission captured by the traditional, prior-based methods. For nighttime hazy images, we first remove the color effect of the haze image with an edge-preserving maximum reflectance prior (MRP) method. Then, the hazy image without color influence is input into the self-encoder network with skip connections to obtain the transmission map. Moreover, instead of using the local maximum method, we estimate the ambient illumination through a guiding image filtering. In order to highlight the effectiveness of our experiments, a large number of comparison experiments were conducted between our method and the state-of-the-art methods. The results show that our method can effectively suppress the halo effect and reduce the effectiveness of glow. In the experimental part, we calculate that the average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is 21.0968 and the average Structural Similarity (SSIM) is 0.6802.

Above-low-cloud aerosol (ACA) has important impacts on low clouds bellow. Based on the satellite data from 2007 to 2010, this study analyzed the relationship between ACA optical depth (OD), ACA occurrences and low cloud integrated color ratio (CR) over tropic Atlantic region where ACA frequently occurs. The results show that, the integrated attenuated CR (IACR) of low cloud is about 30%-50% larger over smoke region in smoke outbreak seasons than other regions or seasons. However, the IACR of low cloud over dust region shows small difference between dust outbreak seasons and other seasons. It indicates that above-low-cloud smoke aerosol can introduce stronger color effect than dust. The integrated corrected CR (ICCR) of low cloud tends to decrease with increasing above-cloud dust OD, while the low cloud ICCR shows weak relationship with above-low-cloud smoke OD. And, the above-low-cloud dust aerosol could introduce strong microphysics effect, that is, the low cloud droplet size may decrease with increasing burden of dust aerosol above.

Specific colors unconsciously influence achievement-related behavior, but colors also affect the expression of specific hormones (like cortisol). As implicit motives are related to both behavior and hormones, the demonstration of implicit motives arousal by colors could build a bridge between these two phenomena. The goal of this study is to test how colors affect the two components of the implicit achievement motive hope of success (HS) and fear of failure (FF). Therefore, 61 healthy participants (44 female, Mage = 22.79, SDage = 3.95) were tested with the TAT/PSE (Heckhausen, 1963) and randomly assigned to three experimental arousal situations (color red, green, blue) and one control group. Contrary to the expectations, there was no influence of green on HS and red on FF, but green and blue could reduce the implicit FF. The results indicate that colors could potentially interact with the implicit achievement motive and therefore should be taken into account for motive testing.

This study purpose is to analyze esthetic characters on Durga illustration with simple discharge screen printing technique. As many people know, Durga visualization is more identically spooky impression. Durga illustration used as reference or as an object on simple discharge screen printing technique, which is a type of screen print that removes the basic color of the fabric with chlorine material as a mixture of ink, produce a distinctive color effect and different from the usual screen printing techniques. This study will focus on the form balance and aesthetic characteristics or properties such as complexity, it becomes interesting to study. Furthermore in this writing using qualitative descriptive method in order to get a systematic, factual, and accurate overview of aesthetics through the balance form of Durga illustration with a simple discharge screening technique.

The live demonstration showcases a newly custom designed stress relief system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signal’s feedback. An integrated platform based on mobile application is implemented to receive and process EEG raw data while adjusting the music volume and lighting color to create a relaxing environment. Users can seamlessly interact with the mobile phone to monitor their mental stress level and receive adaptive music and light therapy in real time.

Being confronted with the depiction of a familiar object activates a number of properties of the object that are stored in memory. Memory properties such as color and size have been shown to interfere with the processing of the color and of the size of the depiction, so that that reaction times are longer when the color or size of the depiction are incongruent with the stored knowledge about the object. In the case of color, it is known that the memorized information also affects the appearance of the depiction, for example when a gray banana appears slightly yellow, a phenomenon known as memory color effect. Here, I tested whether a memory size effect also occurs. To this aim, I conducted one experiment where observers matched either the screen size or the real-world size of pairs of animals or vehicles. The results indicate that the screen matches are biased in the same direction as the real-world size matches, opposite of what would be predicted by a memory color effect. This result was replicated in a second experiment using a different and larger set of animal images. Overall, I confirm that observers cannot ignore the real-world size information when they attempt to match the screen size of two items, although this results in a bias towards the canonical size of the items, rather than in a memory size effect.

The category effect has largely been studied in picture naming tasks. Introducing color to pictures leads to an improvement in responses, but the effect is not homogeneous for all items. Some authors have reported that living categories show a larger improvement, whereas others sustain that color diagnosticity is the key factor . the aim of the current article is to study the impact of both factors by comparing the performance of healthy participants in a picture naming task in both color and black-and-white conditions. Three diagnosticity measures were calculated: 2 of them were extracted from an objective measure, semantic feature production norms, and another was calculated through a subjective measure. Results showed that this last measure, diagnosticity mode, has an impact on response accuracy but not on response time (RT), whereas a category effect was not found. Furthermore, name agreement and typicality were the variables that produced a larger impact on RT. Consequently, the results lead to the conclusion that color diagnosticity seems to be responsible for the differences observed between conditions. Fil: Martínez Cuitiño Carricaburo, María Macarena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentina Fil: Vivas, Leticia Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología.; Argentina

Properties of composite resins compared to activation sources that emit double wavelengths. This study evaluated the nanohardness (ND), the modulus of elasticity (ME) and degree of monomeric conversion (GC) of two colors (A2 and WE) of the nanoparticulate composite resin Z350XT (3M/ESPE) polymerized by two photoactivating units (Bluephase, Ivoclar/Vivadent and VALO, Ultradent). 24 specimens (CP) were made with a split polypropylene circular matrix surrounded by an aluminum ring (5 mm x 2 mm). The PCs were photoactivated with a light intensity of 1,200 mW / cm2 for 30 seconds and stored in an oven at 37o C, for 24 hours. The ND and ME tests were performed on the DUH211S nanodurometer Shimadzu, with a force of 10 mN and a waiting time of 0 s and the GC test was performed on the IR Prestige21 FTIR Shimadzu, considering 20 scans, 2 cm-1 resolution and wavelength from 4000 to 400. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis (α = 0.05). The WV group showed superior nanohardness, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.0284). The ME values did not show statistically significant results both when comparing the color effect (p=0.0975 and 0.0777) and that of the activating source (p=0.2189 and 0.1814). The results of the CG showed to be very similar when related to the two variables. Polymerization with the VALO photoactivator unit led to improvements in the nanohardness in the light-colored resin, not being the same observed in relation to the degree of monomeric conversion and the elasticity module.

Dehydrated garlic is an important component both for culinary and medicinal purposes. However, there is a scarcity of studies that characterizes its drying kinetics. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the drying kinetics of Chinese garlic (Allium tuberosum), as well as to analyze the color effect resulting from each treatment. The garlic bulbs were cut into thin slices with a width of 2 and 3 mm, subjected to the drying air temperature of 35, 45, 55 and 70 °C in a mechanical dryer of a fixed layer with forced convection. Was performed a non-linear regression analysis by the Quasi-Newton method, for adjustment to 11 mathematical models to the experimental data of drying. The Midilli equation was the mathematical model that best characterized all the drying temperatures, for the experimental data. The diffusion coefficient presented values between 1.46 x 10-11 and 7.32 x 10-11 m2.s-1. The increase of the drying air temperature caused the dimming of the samples with a reduction of the L* coordinate and reduction of the yellow of the samples according to the coordinate results h*. The temperature of 70 °C was detrimental to the maintenance of the Chinese garlic coloration.

nsanlarin uzun suren karayolu ile yaptiklari yolculuklarinin daha zevkli, daha huzur verici gecmesi, karayolu cevresindeki manzaranin gorsel kalitesinin yuksek olmasina baglidir. Karayolu cevresi manzarasini; peyzaj karakteri, arazi sekli, bitki ortusu, su varligi ve kulturel ozellikler onemli derecede etkilemektedir. Bir karayolunun manzara yolu degerine sahip olabilmesi icin; karayolu boyunca yolculari etkileyen surprizler olmalidir. Cesitli jeolojik olusumlara, kayalik alanlar ve ucurumlara, topografyadaki ani degisimlere, genis ovalara, kanyonlara, kayalar arasindan asagiya dogru akan dogal selalelere, renk etkisine sahip bitki ortusune, kasvetli ormanlik alanlara, ayna etkisi yapan genis su yuzeylerine, kirsal peyzaj manzaralarina, yol kivrimlarina eslik eden dereler ve diger ilgi cekici dogal guzelliklere rastlanmalidir. Bu calismada; karayolu peyzaji, manzara yollari, manzara yollarinin planlama ilkeleri, karayolu peyzaji ve manzara yollari uzerine yapilmis ulusal, uluslararasi arastirmalar, basta Amerika Birlesik Devletleri olmak uzere dunyadaki onemli manzara yollari ele alinarak karayolu peyzaji ve manzara yollarinin onemi vurgulanmistir _______________________________________________________ Highway Landscape and Scenic Roads Abstract The fact that people spend more enjoyable and long time in travelling on highways depends on the degree of visual quality of the scenery around the highway. Landscape characteristics, landforms, vegetation, water surface and cultural characteristics affect the scenery around highway. In order for a highway to carry the features of a scenic route, it should offer surprises that affect passengers along it. It should be accompanied by various geological formations, rocky areas and cliffs, sudden changes in the topography, wide plains, canyons, natural waterfalls flowing down the rocks, vegetation cover with color effect, dreary forest zones, water surfaces with mirror effects, rural landscapes and surface runoffs in convenience with road curves and other interesting natural beauties. The importance of highway landscape and scenic roads was emphasized in the present study by taking into consideration the important scenic roads in the world, especially the United States, national and international researches on highway landscapes and scenic roads and their planning principles.

For developers of immersive 360-degree virtual environments, directing the viewer's gaze towards Points of Interest (POIs) is a challenge. Limited research exists testing the effectiveness of various gaze direction techniques. However, there is a lack of empirical research evaluating real-time color effects designed to direct the viewer's gaze. We developed a novel VR gaze-directing stimulus using a dynamic real-time color effect and tested its effectiveness in a user study. The stimulus was influenced by color psychology research and chosen by an informal pilot study. Results suggest that the stimulus encouraged participants to direct their gaze back towards POIs. In the majority of subjects who encountered the stimulus, their gaze was successfully directed back to POIs within a few seconds. While the task of holding viewer gaze in VR remains a challenge, this experiment has uncovered new information about the potential of color effect-based VR gaze direction.

This paper presents a watercolor rendering technique that converts photographic images into watercolor painting. An image diffusion and mask filter algorithm are proposed. A heat transfer equation is used as the mage diffusion method and a statistic mask filter is applied to the photographic image processed by the heat transfer equation previously. Experimental results show that better color effect with natural appearance is achieved.

This study is to explore the effect of figure and color informations on assessing expressed emotions in drawings. A pilot study was conducted to explore emotional responses to achromatic drawing stimuli. The main experiment explored emotional responses to chromatic drawing stimuli. Each experiment has a number of 50, 56 participants separately, and responses included joy, depression, and anger according to appraisal-potency-activity dimensions. As results, achromatic drawing stimuli with their texture and rhythm produced specific emotions in high rates. Moreover, response rates of specific emotions were lower when colors added, or emotional responses were changed with colors. The significance of this study can be found in the fact that it dealt with colors combined with shape, unlike the previous studies, and that the experiments were conducted under more controlled conditions in terms of stimulus presentation and response management.

Aim: The severity of adverse reactions due to antiepileptics is observed during initiation and early treatment in which impairment of cognitive effects are common. Since long time, herbal medicine is a natural remedy to treat neural symptoms. Phytochemicals have been proven to be potent neuro-protective agents. Rutin, a bioflavonoid is established to be nootropic in many studies. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of rutin in zebrafish against the side effects produced by AEDs. Materials and Methods: Seizures were induced in zebrafish by phenylenetetrazole. Rutin pretreatment (50 mg/kg, single injection, i.p.) was done before commencement of the study. Behavioral studies were performed as: latency to move high in the tank, locomotion effects, color effect, shoal cohesion, light/dark test on Zebrafish. Results: Treatment with rutin reverted the locomotor behavior to normal. Treatment with AEDs caused fishes to move in all regions while, in case of treatment with rutin, the response reverted to normal. Treatment with AEDs altered swimming behavior of zebrafish, however, rutin showed a positive effect over this behavior. Treatment with AEDs resulted in restricted movement of zebrafish to the dark zone. Treatment with rutin caused increased latency of zebrafish to move in the light compartment. Similarly, time spent in the light compartment by zebrafish treated with rutin was significantly (P < 0.01) higher as compared to zebrafish treated with AEDs. Conclusion: The results suggest a protective role of rutin on cognition impaired by AEDs.

The present work shows the teaching and motivation of University students to think about optics and color effects. The methodology consists of studying the different optical phenomena that occur through the sunsets and then do a correlation of this information with the phenomena and optical effects of the color of class presentations; to determine the motivation and attention of students.