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Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used in thermal receipt papers as a color developer; however, it has been substituted with alternative chemicals such as bisphenol S (BPS) due to the global restriction and regulations about the BPA in thermal receipt papers as a result of negative effects on human and environmental health. Little is known about the current changes of BPA or BPS in thermal receipt papers and its implication to human exposure. This study investigated the concentrations of BPA and BPS in thermal receipt papers collected from 14 business sites (n = 18); juice bar, bakery store, wholesale marts, bank, theater, clothe store, fast-food restaurant, coffee shop, cosmetic shop, bookstore, post office, and convenience store. Among 18 samples, BPA concentrations in 13 receipt samples from 9 public facilities were in range of 1.4 µg/g in a bookstore to 10,353.3 µg/g in a theater. In case of BPS, it was detected in 8 receipt samples from 8 public facilities in range of 4182.4 µg/g in a theater (before printing) to 11,946.3 µg/g in a post office (before printing). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BPA and BPS by dermal absorption was evaluated on the basis of average concentrations in terms of contact frequencies between general individual and occupational individual. For the general individual, the EDI of BPA and BPS ranged from 0.08 ng/d in a bookstore to 602 ng/d in a theater (after printing) and ranged from 243 ng/d in a box office (before printing) and 694 ng/d in a post office, respectively. For the occupational individual, the EDI of BPA and BPS ranged from 6.1 ng/d in a bookstore to 45,123 ng/d in a theater (after printing) and ranged from 18,228 ng/d in a box office (before printing) to 52,065 ng/d in a post office, respectively. This study shows the current changes of BPA and BPS in thermal receipt papers and emerging concerns by BPS as much as concerns by BPA that needs further investigation about adverse effects on human health.

The properties of crystal violet lactone (CVL), currently the most commonly used color developer in carbonless papers, were studied. The hypothesis that CVL exhibits different properties in the carbonless and in the office papers was verified, as well as the CVL´s ability to luminesce in the IR region. Furthermore, the impact of thermal and light aging on some physical and chemical properties of the copies was observed. The changes were monitored by observing the IR luminescence at several wavelength ranges. Visual, colorimetric and structure differences between the copies made on the carbonless and the office paper were analyzed. The surface structure of the carbonless paper was analyzed using SEM–EDS.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, is used as a color developer in thermal paper. More recently, some emerging structural analogues have been introduced to replace BPA due to the strengthened regulations concerning thermal paper. Nevertheless, very limited data are available regarding their occurrence and potential health risks. Here, thirteen potentially toxic compounds were investigated in paper products (120 thermal papers and 81 nonthermal papers) collected in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the replacement of BPA by alternatives such as Bisphenol S (BPS), Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether-4,4″-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone copolymer (D-90), 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-isoprooxyphenylsulfone (D-8), Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenyl (BPS-MAE) and Bis-(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (TGSA) has been significantly advanced in several types of thermal paper (i.e., market weight stickers, train tickets, express labels, air boarding passes and lottery tickets). The mean value for the total analyte concentrations in thermal paper was 6.06 mg/g, and the highest level found was 26.0 mg/g. In addition, the frequent detection of these chemicals in nonthermal paper (>80%, n = 81) demonstrated that the contamination in thermal paper can be spread into other recycled paper, such as corrugated boxes, newspapers, food contact papers, etc. The estimated daily intake of BPA and its alternatives through the handling of thermal paper was 0.025 μg/kg bw/day for the general population. This is the first report on the occurrence of various new BPA alternatives in paper products from China, which will be helpful for further risk assessment and making responsible replacement decisions.

In the present study, eight self-thermochromic fluorans (STC1-STC8) were synthesized, and their reversible thermochromic properties were investigated without the use of a color developer. This work demonstrated the role of the phenol group on ring c on the thermochromic reversibility of the fluorans. Furthermore, the two-component mixtures that contained fluorans and methyl stearate were used to examine the thermochromic behaviors of the fluorans with steady heating and cooling rates. The thermochromic properties of the fluorans were evaluated using solid-state UV-Vis, reflectance and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. DFT calculations were conducted to justify the optical behaviors of the fluorans in their spirolactam forms (STC1-STC8) and cationic forms (STC1+- STC8+). Finally, STC1 was successfully microencapsulated and applied in acrylic fiber to use as thermal indicators.

Owing to the multiple potential health risks caused by exposure to BPA and the strengthened regulation of BPA-containing thermal papers, much concern has been raised recently regarding a BPA-type color developer in thermal papers. However, few efforts have so far been focused on the development of safer alternative materials to BPA. In this study, we examined the use of polymeric materials as a safer replacement for BPA in thermal papers. For this objective, a series of phenolic polymers, phenol-formaldehyde novolac and resole (PF-N and PF-R) and BPA-formaldehyde novolac and resole (BPAF-N and BPAF-R), were prepared. Among these polymers, a BPAF-N-type polymer was determined to be the most appropriate candidate for a developer material in thermal papers. Through printing tests of the prepared thermal papers, it was found that BPAF-N_8 polymer has a high static sensitivity and dark contrast of thermal papers similar to those of BPA, whereas the BPAF-N_16 and BPAF-N_30 polymers have lower static sensitiviti...

Thermal paper contains potentially toxic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), which is used as a color developer. BPA has been reported in thermal paper in concentrations up to 42,600 μg g−1. The exposure to BPA via dermal transfer has been recently discussed as a significant contribution to the overall human exposure and the estimated daily intake (EDI) has been reported up to 218 μg d−1. BPA has been also detected in recycled paper with concentrations up to 46 μg g−1. Due to the fact that BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and migrates from materials, regulatory restrictions have been established to prevent risks for the human health. As a consequence, structural analogues, such as bisphenol S (BPS) have been introduced into the market. Little is known about the presence and toxicity of these emerging replacements, and concern has risen about them. The present review gives an overview of the occurrence and levels of BPA and replacements in thermal paper. BPA is still the most common color developer found in thermal paper, followed by BPS. The analytical methods used for quantification of BPA and BPA replacements in paper products are also reviewed. BPA is transferred from thermal paper products to the finger pads upon handling it. Paper-skin transfer followed by penetration of BPA depends on conditions (e.g. greasiness of fingers and use of hand cream). It is, however, still debated whether thermal paper as a source for human exposure contributes significantly to the overall internal BPA exposure.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical that has wide industrial applications, especially as a color developer in thermal papers. The present study focused on the determination of levels of BPA in thermal receipts collected from different locations in Akure, Nigeria, and the estimation of daily intake of BPA through dermal absorption. Thermal receipts were collected from different locations, and the levels of extracted BPA were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. The daily intake of BPA was estimated, and the amount was compared with the reference value. BPA was detected in all the samples analyzed with levels ranging from 1.50 to 3.16 mg/g. These values were lower than the values detected in thermal receipts obtained from other countries. The estimated mean daily intakes of BPA by dermal absorption due to handling of thermal receipts were 0.20 and 9.89 μg/day for the general population and the occupationally exposed individuals, respectively, and were much lower than the reference value of 50 μg/kg bw/day provided by the European Food Safety Authority. This indicates that dermal exposure to BPA is not a serious health risk to the population.

Thermal papers (e.g. point of sale receipts, adhesive labels, tickets) significantly contribute to contamination of paper material cycles and the environment with substances of (eco-) toxicological concern. In particular, they contain color developers like endocrine disrupting bisphenols in typical concentrations of about 1–2 percent per weight (wt%). Bisphenol A (BPA) was used as the common color developer over the last decades, but it will be restricted for thermal paper application in the European Union to a limit of 0.02 wt% from 2020 onwards. Consequently, a variety of BPA substituents such as bisphenol S (BPS) and its derivatives gain importance in thermal paper application. In this study, a rapid, reliable and cost-effective method for identification and quantification of BPA, alternative color developers and related substances like sensitizers is presented based on HPLC separation coupled with diode array detection (DAD) and Corona charged aerosol detection (CAD). Quantification was performed with regard to the intended use of the substances in thermal papers. Besides traditional UV external calibration using reference standards, alternative quantification approaches, in particular UV chromophore concentration for BPS derivatives and CAD universal response technique for low-volatile color developers, were applied and compared in order to allow quantification without reference substances. A market analysis for intended used color developers and sensitizers was performed on thermal paper samples (n = 211) collected in Germany during 2018 and 2019. Pergafast 201 (in 41.7% of the samples) was the most common color developer with concentrations above 0.02 wt%, followed by BPA (36.0%), BPS (13.3%) and other BPS derivatives known as D8, D-90, BPS-MAE and TGSA, that are mainly present in adhesive labels. Sensitizers were determined in over 90% of the samples.

The specialty chemical maker Solenis is scaling up production in India of its Pergafast 425 color developer for thermal-printing paper. Retailers, restaurants, and other customer-facing businesses ...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with endocrine disrupting properties commonly used as color developer in thermal paper. Concerns about the potential hazards of human BPA exposure have led to the increasing utilization of alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). This study was designed to assess: (i) BPA, BPS, and BPF concentrations in 112 thermal paper receipts from Brazil, France, and Spain by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS); and (ii) hormone-like activities of these receipts using two receptor-specific bioassays, the E-Screen for (anti-)estrogenicity and PALM luciferase assay for (anti-)androgenicity. BPA was present in 95.3% of receipts from Spain, 90.9% of those from Brazil, and 51.1% of those from France at concentrations up to 20.27 mg/g of paper. Only two samples from Brazil, two from Spain, and ten from France had a BPS concentration ranging from 6.46 to 13.29 mg/g; no BPA or BPS was detected in 27.7% of French samples. No BPF was detected in any receipt. Estrogenic activity was observed in all samples from Brazil and Spain and in 74.5% of those from France. Anti-androgenic activity was observed in > 90% of samples from Brazil and Spain and in 53.2% of those from France. Only 25.5% of French samples were negative for both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities per gram of paper were up to 1.411 µM estradiol (E2) equivalent units (E2eq) and up to 359.5 mM procymidone equivalent units (Proceq), respectively. BPA but not BPS concentrations were positively correlated with both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. BPA still dominates the thermal paper market in Brazil and Spain, and BPS appears to be one of the main alternatives in France. There is an urgent need to evaluate the safety of alternatives proposed to replace BPA as developer in thermal printing. The large proportion of samples with hormonal activity calls for the adoption of preventive measures.

In the present study, two fluoran molecules (TH1 and TH2) have been synthesized, and their reversible thermochromic properties have been investigated. This work demonstrates the thermochromic reversibility of the fluoran. Furthermore, the three-component mixtures that comprising fluorans (TH1/TH2), bisphenol-A (color developer), and methyl stearate a low melting solvent were used to examine the thermochromic behavior with sturdy heating and cooling rates and the thermochromic properties of the fluorans were detailed using UV-Vis, reflectance and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Finally, test strip similar to pH paper and acrylic fiber a versatile material used as thermal indicators also been successfully made from these two fluoran derivatives.

The manuscript presents the first report of hair dyes of various colors formed by cocrystallization. Unlike the most popular oxidative hair dye (OHD) products, these dyes are NH3 free and do not require H2O2 as a color developer. The importance of these new hair dyes products is further enhanced by recent reports which indicate that some of the OHDs may be carcinogenic.

Thermal paper contains potentially toxic additives, such as bisphenol A (BPA), as a common color developer. Because of its known endocrine disrupting effects, structural analogues to BPA, such as bisphenol S (BPS), D-8 and Pergafast 201, have been used as alternatives, but little is known about the presence and toxicological effects of alternatives other than BPS. In this study, thermal paper is screened by direct probe ambient mass spectrometry (rapid pre-screening method not requiring sample preparation) and by liquid chromatography (LC) with high resolution time-of flight (TOF-MS) mass spectrometry. Cash receipts and other thermal paper products (cinema tickets, boarding passes and luggage tags) were analyzed. Besides BPA and BPS, other developers only recently reported (Pergafast 201, D-8) or to the best of our knowledge not reported before (D-90, TGSA, BPS-MAE) were frequently found as well as some related unreported impurities (2,4-BPS that is a BPS related impurity and a TGSA related impurity). To gain some insight into the potential estrogenicity of the detected developers, a selection of extracts was further analyzed using a LC-nanofractionation platform in combination with cell-based bioassay testing. These preliminary results seems to indicate very low or absence of estrogenic activity for Pergafast 201, D-8, D-90, TGSA and BPS-MAE in comparison to BPA and BPS, although further dose-response tests with authentic standards are required to confirm these results. Compounds for which standards were available were also tested for developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. TGSA and D-8 induced similar teratogenic effects as BPA in zebrafish embryos. BPS and 2,4-BPS did not induce any developmental effects but 2,4-BPS did alter the locomotor activity at the tested concentration. Our findings suggest that the alternatives used as alternatives to BPA (except BPS) might not be estrogenic. However, TGSA and D-8 showed abnormal developmental effects similar to BPA.

The crystal structures of novel cinnamic amide derivatives, which are candidates for new color developers for thermosensitive paper, were investigated to reveal reactivity differences in solid-state photodimerization, in which one derivative was reactive, whereas the other was not. Unexpectedly, the traditional Schmidt's rule was not sufficient to explain the photoreactivity differences, and it was found that the partial reaction cavities around a specific region, and overlap of olefinic double bonds, were important factors in understanding the photoreactivity differences.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical substance which is produced in great quantities globally and of which serious negative effects on endocrine system are suspected. It’s a commonly used color developer in thermal paper. BPA used for this purpose is in free, unbound form and one of the potential sources for BPA exposure of humans. In this study, 12 thermal paper receipt samples were collected from various workplaces selected randomly and analyzed. BPA was determined in all samples. Average value of high BPA concentrations obtained from 10 samples was found as 13.83 mg BPA/g paper. At the same time, low values being 0.40 mg BPA/g paper and 0.11 mg BPA/g paper respectively were found in two samples as compared to others.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a commonly used color developer in thermal paper. In this application, BPA is present in its free, unbound form and can be readily released, making thermal paper a potential source for human exposure. In this study, BPA was determined in 44 thermal paper samples collected in Belgium. BPA was detected in all the samples; 73% of the samples had concentrations between 0.9% and 2.1% (between 9 and 21 mg BPA/g paper), while the remaining 27% of the samples had concentrations below 0.01% (0.1 mg BPA/g paper). The BPA concentrations measured in thermal paper were comparable with those reported in other international studies. Since thermal paper is a feedstock for paper recycling processes, contamination of other "BPA-free" papers can occur. An estimation of human exposure through thermal paper results in a median intake of 445 ng BPA/day for the general population, which corresponds to an exposure of 6.4 ng/kg bw/day for a person of 70 kg. The exposure of those people who come occupationally in contact with thermal paper can be much higher. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in a variety of consumer products, including some paper products, particularly thermal receipt papers, for which it is used as a color developer. Nevertheless, little is known about the magnitude of BPA contamination or human exposure to BPA as a result of contact with paper and paper products. In this study, concentrations of BPA were determined in 15 types of paper products (n = 202), including thermal receipts, flyers, magazines, tickets, mailing envelopes, newspapers, food contact papers, food cartons, airplane boarding passes, luggage tags, printing papers, business cards, napkins, paper towels, and toilet paper, collected from several cities in the USA. Thermal receipt papers also were collected from Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. BPA was found in 94% of thermal receipt papers (n = 103) at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ, 1 ng/g) to 13.9 mg/g (geometric mean: 0.211 mg/g). The majority (81%) of other paper products (n = 99) contained BPA at concentrations ranging from below the LOQ to 14.4 μg/g (geometric mean: 0.016 μg/g). Whereas thermal receipt papers contained the highest concentrations of BPA (milligram-per-gram), some paper products, including napkins and toilet paper, made from recycled papers contained microgram-per-gram concentrations of BPA. Contamination during the paper recycling process is a source of BPA in paper products. Daily intake (DI) of BPA through dermal absorption was estimated based on the measured BPA concentrations and handling frequency of paper products. The daily intake of BPA (calculated from median concentrations) through dermal absorption from handling of papers was 17.5 and 1300 ng/day for the general population and occupationally exposed individuals, respectively; these values are minor compared with exposure through diet. Among paper products, thermal receipt papers contributed to the majority (98%) of the exposures.

[Purpose] To show storage-resistant food internal quality changes such as canned food. [Method] By measuring the time-temperature-gray relational model of thermo-sensitive paper, compare it with the time-temperature-quality movement model of storage-resistant food. [Results] The analysis of the example show that: through controlling the production process and prescription of thermo-sensitive paper, adjusting the dosage of color-producing reagent, enabling the variation rule of gray match with the quality change of storage-resistant food. [Conclusions] Based colorless dyestuff 2-phenyl-3-methyl-6, 6-2 D-amino fluoran and 2, 2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane color developer thermo-sensitive system, through controlling the production process and prescription of thermo-sensitive paper to show the quality change of storage-resistant food.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used as a color developer in thermal paper. Thermal paper is ubiquitous in daily life due to its use in cash register receipts, so opportunities for human contact abound. For this study, 10 blank cash register receipts were obtained from businesses in suburban Boston. BPA was extracted and analysis of concentration was performed using gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector. In some receipts, BPA was not detected but in others it was as high as 19 mg for a 12-inch long receipt, which is in line with concentrations indicated in patents. This study is intended to highlight the potential for human exposure to BPA as well as the ease with which exposure may be reduced through the use of BPA-free thermal paper.

Thermal paper, which is comprised of sulfonylurea molecule R1SO2NH–CO–NH–R2 (color developer) and the leuco-dye, can develop strong black color, and the developed color is durable. This is because ...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical widely used both in plastics production as a food and beverage container and in thermal papers as a color developer. Dietary consumption is the main route of human exposure to BPA, but dermal absorption through handling different papers might be underestimated or ignored. In this study, BPA in different paper products, including different types of papers, receipts and Chinese currencies, were investigated. BPA was detected in receipts (n = 87) and Chinese currencies (n = 46) with concentrations of 0.17-2.675 × 10(4) μg per g paper and 0.09-288.55 μg per g paper, respectively. Except for parchment papers (n = 3), copy papers (n = 3) and food contact papers (n = 3), BPA was measured in all of the other paper products, with levels of 0.01-6.67 μg per g paper. BPA transferred from thermal papers to common papers increased with the increasing contact pressure. Compared with that in water, the migration speed of BPA was doubled in the synthetic sweat. Washing hands could reduce BPA dermal exposure, and washing hands with lotion was the most efficient way. However, about 19-47% of BPA was still found on hands after different washing methods. Dermal absorption via handling of receipts and papers was estimated to be 36.45 ng per day for the general population and 1.54 × 10(-3) to 248.73 μg per day for a cashier. These values are below the maximum doses recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. However, due to its uncertain adverse effects on human beings, long-term BPA exposure through dermal absorption should be paid more attention, particularly for some occupational populations.

Two consumer advocacy groups—the Ecology Center and Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families—are calling on retailers to eliminate the use of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) in thermal coated receipts, citing potential health effects. The organizations tested 200 receipts from 150 businesses. After earlier criticism, BPA use has declined, and the chemical was found in only 18% of the receipts tested. But BPS was found in 75% of them. BPA, which is readily absorbed via the skin when workers and shoppers touch receipts, interacts with estrogen and thyroid hormone receptors. BPS is a closely related chemical and not an appropriate replacement, the groups contend. Three retailers were found to use paper with no thermal coating. Another retailer, Best Buy, uses thermal paper coated with BASF’s Pergafast 201 color developer, which does not contain either problematic chemical. The advocacy groups point out that companies with corporate chemical policies are more likely

Hydrogen bond donor ability, which is an essential factor for strong black color developing and its durability on the thermal paper, of the sulfonylurea (color developer) can be evaluated well in t...

Color-print processors all perform the same function: to move the print through the chemistry, or move the chemistry over the print. Four basic designs are used today that vary depending on the type of darkroom and the quantity of prints being processed. Theoretically, it is possible not to use a processor at all. But you would need sufficient patience and a high enough threshold of claustrophobia to stand in a totally dark room while processing the prints in a tray just like black-and-white prints. Putting your hands into color developer and breathing the fumes from open trays do not contribute to a very healthy way to work. Few of us have the sort of patience required and therefore choose to work with a processor.

The title compound, C12H10O4S, is a phenolic color developer used for leuco colorants. The two benzene rings with substituent hydroxy groups are nearly perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 91.5 (1)°]. There are intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds between an OH group of one molecule and a sulfonyl O atom of a neighboring molecule. One molecule is hydrogen bonded to four symmetry-related molecules, forming a two-dimensional hydrogen-bond network.

While silver halide photosensitive materials offer superiority in image quality -- both in color and black-and-white -- they require chemical solutions for processing, and this can be a drawback. To overcome this, researchers turned to the thermal development of silver halide photographic materials, and met their first success with black-and-white images. Later, with the development of the Konica Dry Color System, color images were finally obtained from a completely dry thermal development system, without the use of water or chemical solutions. The dry color system is characterized by a novel chromogenic color image-forming technology and comprises four processes. (1) With the application of heat, a color developer precursor (CDP) decomposes to generate a p-phenylenediamine color developer (CD). (2) The CD then develops silver salts. (3) Oxidized CD then reacts with couplers to generate color image dyes. (4) Finally, the dyes diffuse from the system's photosensitive sheet to its image-receiving sheet. The authors have analyzed the kinetics of each of the system's four processes. In this paper, they report the kinetics of the system's first process, color developer (CD) generation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Solvent-free Claisen rearrangement of bis(4-allyloxyphenyl) sulfone (1) under microwave irradiation for 5 min gave high yields of bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (3), which has been synthesized up to now under conventional heating for 2–30 h as a color developer for a heat- or pressure-sensitive recording in industry.

Recovery and reuse of color developer overflows is commonly done by one of three methods: (1) reconstitution, (2) ion exchange, and (3) electrodialysis. An alternative to reusing all or part of the overflow by application of one of these methods is to recover and reuse only the color developing agent. This paper describes three methods to reclaim the color developing agent: (1) precipitation, (2) extraction, and (3) dialysis. The precipitation method is based on salting out. The extraction procedure involves two alternatives: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid. Dialysis is not discussed at length in this paper. Of these methods, one of the most promising is liquid-solid extraction. The recovery and reuse of Kodak color developing agent CD-2 from the Eastman color print developer by liquid-solid extraction is described. Only laboratory (small-scale) tests have been made so far of any of these reclamation methods. A brief discussion of costs is made.

Colour developers are widely used and contact dermatitis and lichen planus-like eruptions from them are well-known. As a result of automation, there have been few recent reports of contact dermatitis from colour developers. We describe here 4 cases of dermatoses from Kodak CD4 colour developer and study their cross sensitivity to other colour developers and PPD. Attempts were made to determine the purity of the patch test allergens to ensure that cross sensitivity was not the result of contamination and decomposition of the allergens.

In this paper, we present a simple and sensitive method for the assay of intracellular neutral lipids of the yeast, Lipomyces starkeyi. In this method, we used a tower-shaped mixer for cell disruption and applied a diagnostic triglycerides assay kit as a sensitive color developer. This mixer could treat 14 samples at one time. No effect of pH on cell disruption was detected within the pH range of 1.6 to 6.8. Twenty min was chosen for cell disruption and for homogeneous dispersion of intracellular neutral lipids. The analytical results agreed well with those obtained by three conventional methods. The new method is simpler and of good reliability.

The continuous processing of photographic films and papers generates chemical overflows that have high material value and a potential for reuse. The author reviews the practical application of ion-exchange equipment and the methods which can be used for the recovery of a color-developer overflow from a continuous process for Ektacolor paper. First, a pilot plant is described, and its operational functioning and results are discussed. Then, a production unit for batch recovery of color-developer overflow from the same continuous machine is described. Some practical considerations are also given regarding future recovery methods of other developers by application of the techniques of ion exchange.

Fujicolor Negative Films, 35mm Type 8517 and 16mm Type 8527, are described. They are tungsten-type, fine grain, high definition color negative films for motion-picture production. Their exposure index is 100 for tungsten light. They have improved finer grain and definition combined with a more ample tone reproduction scale and a wider exposure latitude. They are designed for softer and more natural color reproduction characteristics and are suitable for forced processing as well as high-temperature rapid processing in the unmodified Eastman Kodak ECN-2 process, in addition to the Fujicolor process specifications. The Fujicolor HP Positive Films, 35mm Type 8813 and 16mm Type 8823, have been specifically designed for high-temperature rapid processing. They are intended for release printing from color negative or duplicate film. They have been designed for reduced reactivity to chemistry changes in the color developer and stop bath, thus achieving high process stability. They can be developed also in the Eastman Kodak ECP-2 process, in addition to the Fujicolor process.

In view of prevailing economic conditions, the color print film operations in a motion-picture processing laboratory must be made more efficient. This can be achieved through speeding up, as much as possible, the printing and processing operations. The implications of high-speed printing are considered. Higher printer-light intensities, manufacture of larger film batches, greater reel diameters and a stronger film base, such as polyester, are called for. Parallel to this, greater efficiency of the processing steps must be achieved. Steps for the reduction of chemical waste, such as improved and better controlled silver recovery, rejuvenation and recycling of ferricyanide bleach, recycling of color developer, and diminished water consumption are essential. The use of a bleach-fix (blix) system is proposed as a powerful means to considerably shorten the overall time of the color print film process and greatly increase machine efficiency. High-speed silver soundtrack redevelopment has been experimentally explored and the results are presented. The feasibility of the use of silverless pure dye soundtracks is confirmed. The conclusion is reached that optimum processing efficiency in the laboratory can only be reached by the combined efforts of all concerned, users and manufacturers.

Summary A simple phosphatase method, utilizing only one buffer substrate concentration and one precipitant concentration for all dairy products, is presented in detail. In this test the dairy product is incubated in a highly concentrated Na 2 CO 3 -NaHCO 3 buffer substrate at pH 9.5 to 9.7 and followed by precipitation with a trichloroacetic-HC1 solution. The filtrate then is made alkaline with Na 2 CO 3 and color development proceeds using BQC. Overnight incubation is standard for this test but both a short (1-hr.) and a rapid (10-min.) variation are available whenever circumstances dictate and are practically interchangeable as regards technique. This universal dairy products phosphatase test is highly sensitive and accurate but many other advantages are indicated by its simplicity of operation, low cost, ability to produce accurate results on samples of unknown age or origin and relatively low control values. Results in this study point to the importance of using overnight incubation for greatest sensitivity and accuracy on all phosphatase tests utilizing BQC as a color developer.

A new Gevacolor print film has been introduced which, by virtue of its improved graininess relative to Gevacolor print film Type 985, is considered to be especially suitable for reduction printing to small formats. The new film, known as Type 986, retains the excellent sharpness and color rendition of Type 985 print film. The universally known processing sequence based on color developer CD2 with 2-amino-5-diethylaminotoluene monohydrochloride as the developing agent is suitable for Type 986. Processing can also be accomplished with a bleach-fix bath at up to 80°F (26.7°C), and when this is done with super-8 film — with either optical or magnetic soundtracks — total processing time is about 12 min. Sensitometric and modulation transfer curves are given.

The feasibility of the application of an ion-exchange method to the recovery and subsequent reuse of color developers is reviewed. After a brief discussion of the basic chemistry of the color-developer process and of color-developer recovery methods, the fundamentals of the ion-exchange mechanism are described. Two color-developer recovery methods using ion-exchange equipment are described in detail. Data are presented on the photographic effect of ion-exchange-treated color developer. From the general discussion of the principles involved in ion-exchange color-developer recovery, the conclusion is reached that the development of ion-exchange recovery techniques for color developers is a well justified effort.

The development of lichen planus-like eruptions following medications is common. Gold, arsenic, and quinacrine (Atabrine) are capable of eliciting this type of cutaneous reaction. The lichen planus-like eruptions discussed in this paper appear to differ from those previously reported in that they developed after external exposure to a chemical agent which was not a drug. On Feb. 5, 1958, I had the opportunity of examining a patient presenting an extensive eruption, with residual pigmentation of the hands, forearms, neck, and face. It consisted of pinhead-sized, flat, shiny papules, clinically suggestive of lichen planus. A biopsy confirmed this diagnosis. This patient was engaged in processing color film in a plant in New York City, and he attributed the eruption to his work. Since the diagnosis of lichen planus had been confirmed by histologic examination, the disease was not initially considered as of occupational nature. However, within two months

Twenty-nine randomly selected eczema patients were patch-tested for 48 hours with a 25% aqueous solution of CD-2. Two patients (one of whom also was found to be allergic to paraphenylenediamine) became sensitized to CD-2. Among seven patients with known paraphenylenediamine allergy, one was also allergic to CD-2. An additional three patients with lichenoid eruption after contact with CD-2 were tested with 1% aqueous solution of CD-2 for 48 hours, both on intact skin and on skin from which the horny layer had been removed. In none of the total of six patients allergic to CD-2 were any lichenoid changes produced by the testing. In six patients with lichen planus, daily painting of the skin with 25% aqueous solution of CD-2 for up to four weeks resulted in no deterioration of the existing condition.

To the Editor:— A recent informative laboratory report ( 205 :294, 1968) reviews the technique of agargel electrophoresis for lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes. The authors state that the method is simple, so that it can be used in the routine laboratory, requires only about one hour for separation of the isoenzymes, and yields sharp and distinct patterns. The objection of the authors to the use of cellulose acetate is that a delicate "sandwiching" technique is needed to develop the isoenzyme pattern. This disapproval is not valid for polyacetate strips can be successfully used in a direct manner ( Clin Chem 12 :308, 1966). After electrophoresis at 200 volts for 1.5 hours, the strips are placed in a solution containing a substrate for the enzyme and a color developer which shows the zones of isoenzyme activity as dark-purple formazan bands. The overall reaction involves the oxidation of sodium lactate and the reduction of tetra-nitroblue