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It was conjectured by Asmiati (2018) that the generalized Petersen graph Pn,k has a locating chromatic number 4 if and only if (noddandk=1) or (n=4andk=2). In this paper, we give a negative answer to the conjecture posed by Asmiati. As a consequence, we are able to exhibit many counterexamples to the recent conjecture proposed, by proving that if (5≤n≤12) and (2≤k≤⌊n−12⌋) and (n,k)≠(12,5), then χLP(n,k)=4.

Purpose: To investigate the reliability of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) color codes of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in early diagnosis of glaucoma using two different devices: the Copernicus and Cirrus. Materials and Methods: Inter-device concordance was investigated using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for average and four quadrants peripapillary RNFL thicknesses, and the mixed-design two-way analysis of variance for color-coded graphical formats. The performance of RNFL thicknesses in discriminating early glaucoma from suspected glaucoma was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis. Results: Thirty eyes with suspected glaucoma (Group I) and 30 with early glaucoma (Group II) were enrolled in the study. All RNFL measurements obtained by the Cirrus OCT were thicker than those obtained by the Copernicus OCT (p <0.001). On the 95% confidence interval, the ICC assessed a "moderate to excellent" inter-device concordance for the average and inferior RNFL thicknesses in both groups. Except for the temporal quadrant, the color code concordance ranged from 46.7% to 70% in Group I and from 30% to 40% in Group II. The Cirrus OCT displayed more optimal color codes compare to the Copernicus. The values of AUROC for RNFL thickness ranged from 0.586 to 0.682 (p< 0.05, for only the average RNFL) for the Cirrus and from 0.703 to 0.769 (p<0.05, for all) for the Copernicus. Conclusion: The Cirrus and Copernicus OCT yielded different peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements, and differences also existed in their color code interpretations and diagnostic powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a color code and to investigate the validity of Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) for measuring burn wound healing potential (HP) in burn patients as compared to the reference standard Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI). A prospective, observational, cohort study was conducted in adult patients with acute burn wounds. The relationship between mean flux measured with LDI and mean perfusion units (PU) measured with LSCI was expressed in a regression formula. Measurements were performed between 2 and 5 days after the burn wound. The creation of a LSCI color code was done by mapping the clinically validated color code of the LDI to the corresponding values on the LSCI scale. To assess validity of the LSCI, the ability of the LSCI to discriminate between HP < 14 and ≥ 14 days and HP < 21 and original ≥ 21 days according to the LDI reference standard was evaluated, with calculation of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. A total of 50 patients were included with a median age of 40 years and total body surface area burned of 6%. LSCI values of 143 PU and 113 PU were derived as the cut-off values for the need of conservative treatment (HP < 14 and ≥ 14 days) resp. surgical closure (HP < 21 and ≥ 21 days). These LSCI cut off values showed a good discrimination between HP 14 days versus ≥ 14 days (Area Under Curve (AUC)= 0.89; sensitivity 85% and specificity = 82%) and a good discrimination between HP 21 days versus ≥ 21 days (AUC of 0.89, sensitivity 81% and specificity 88%). This is the first study in which a color code for the LSCI in adult clinical burn patients has been developed. Our study reconfirms the good performance of the LSCI for prediction of burn wound healing potential. This provides additional evidence for the potential value of the LSCI in specialized burn care. • A color code for LSCI in adult clinical burn patients has been developed. • Good performance of the LSCI for prediction of burn wound healing potential has been reconfirmed. • Additional evidence for the potential value of the LSCI in specialized burn care has been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of classifying the coloristic information contained in national costumes is considered as an invariable element of the external attributes of ethnonational identity using the case of the Republic of Udmurtia national costume. The research work employs a systems approach and general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, generalization and systematization), as well as a number of special methods: historiographic analysis of research literature on the topic and methods of art historical analysis. The findings of this research works are as follows: the color codes in the national costumes of the peoples of the Republic of Udmurtia contain references to several key aspects of ethnonational identity: social status, marital status, age, and gender. The color codes also differ depending on geography: the northern costume of the Udmurts differs from the southern version both in cut and decor, and in the color scheme of the costume. It is concluded that the color code is a visual expression of the Udmurts’ ethnocultural identity.

Terrorist attacks aim to maximize human fatalities and related damages to instill fear within the community. Such attacks are considered High Impact Attacks (HIAs) and orchestrating them requires considerable organizational setup and resources. This study extends the implementation of the Iterative Outlier Analysis (IOA) heuristics developed earlier to each region reported in the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). It reinforces and generalizes the finding that the "nkill" attribute resulted in richer sets of HIAs in regions where terrorism is prolific compared to the composite measure Global Terrorism Index—Impact Score (GTI-IS). HIA dataset of each region facilitates the identification and ranking of the Most Active Organizations (MAOs). Moreover, this study proposes a consistency and intensity code (CIC) to classify terrorist organizations capable of HIAs using four color categories. K-Means validate the number of clusters. The frequency of MAOs rank follows distinct probability distribution in each CIC category. Finally, this research identified the most virulent consistent and intense terrorist organizations (CITO) capable of perpetrating attacks in multiple regions. Regional counterterrorism policymakers can use such a classification method. A non-parametric hypothesis test confirmed that the contribution of ideologies varies significantly by region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the use of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) at production sites has been increasing due to industrial development, such as the introduction of smart factories. AGVs utilizing the wired induction method, which is cheaper and faster than the wireless induction method, are mainly used at production sites. However, the wired guidance AGV operation system has the disadvantage of being limited to small-batch or collaboration-based production sites, since it is difficult to change the driving route. In this paper, we propose an AGV line-scan algorithm that can perform route recognition, driving commands, and operation through color-code recognition using an Arduino controller and a low-cost vision sensor, instead of the optical sensor conventionally used for these functions. When the proposed algorithm is applied to the AGV car, the CMUcam 5 Pixy2 camera identifies the driving path to follow by tracking a black line using the Otsu method. In addition, it can be confirmed that the driving command is executed using the proposed color code by applying the color recognition function of the CMUcam 5 Pixy2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research develops an innovative terror threat advisory system capable of visually communicating variations in the terrorism levels to policymakers or the public and forecasts future levels. Earlier attempts to create similar advisory systems by policymakers were either discontinued or lost their relevance due to a trust deficit in the system. We propose a novel approach for creating a color scheme and utilize it to develop an intuitive caterpillar diagram summarizing various stages of terrorism. It incorporates Global Terrorism Impact Scores for a nation or region using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). Further, color transitions in the caterpillar diagram between consecutive periods mimic a Markovian process, thereby enabling us to develop the forecasting model. We successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed caterpillar diagram and forecasting model for India, Iraq, and their respective regions. The forecasting model suggests that the aggressive terrorism stage depicted by red color and transient stages of ascent (yellow) and descent (cyan) are the most probable in these nations and their regions. The proposed caterpillar diagram is an innovative visualization approach to identify terrorism patterns, from which a Markovian forecasting model is developed to aid policymakers. Our approach applies to any event-based database like GTD. Finally, the caterpillar diagram is a domain-independent framework that can visualize variations in any univariate data series, thereby assisting in system monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the characterization of the visualization of (non)visible reality in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The author suggests that semiotic and legal analysis should be used to understand the meaning of the color code of the novel. Semiotic discourse reduces the ambiguity, uncertainty, and expression of the color code to a conscious, discrete, and conditioned meaning of individual colors. Legal analysis helps to better understand the main idea and other aspects of the novel, encoded in colors. Psychological, personal associations, and symbolic methods are used to reveal direct and indirect meaning of the colors used by Dostoyevsky. The basic characterization of colors proposed by Goethe is employed as a key for color decoding. The article also establishes the correlation of the color code of the novel with the colors of the flags of the Russian Empire and the German Confederation. The message and meaning of the same colors of these national flags are contrasted. The interpretation is complemented by the author's drawings, which enable to visualize the color code that stores and transmits information about national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the frying process, physical and chemical changes occur within frying oil and produce harmful components named Total Polar Compounds (TPC) which also threaten human health. TPC measuring methods are generally expensive, time-consuming, and require special equipment. In this study, we aimed to develop a simpler, more accessible, and affordable method to measure TPC in frying oils by taking Red-Green-Blue color codes (RGB) as a basis. Waste oil was diluted with bottled oil into 10 different concentrations. Samples' TPC values were measured with a Testo 270 device and corroborated with a spectrophotometric measuring method. Additionally, the samples' pictures were taken and RGB's of individual samples have been noted with the help of a computer and cell phone. It is indicated that there is a direct correlation between acidity and TPC. RGBs have a high correlation with TPC. TPC level which is measured by RGBs on images gathered from both the computer and cell phone are found compatible with TPC reference values. Best results are obtained from the Red/Green ratio. Through this quick, easy, inexpensive, repeatable method; the TPC content of frying oil can be measured easily with the help of a photograph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we are dealing with the study of locating chromatic number of Möbiusladders. We prove that Möbius-ladders Mn with n even has locating chromatic number 4 ifn#6 and 6 ifn=6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a high precision method of measuring the wear of a total hip prosthesis and the volume of worn powder as a consequence of the prosthesis wear, so that the necessary precision is achieved in an acceptable amount of time. The measurement is done using the three-dimensional measuring machine (ALTO 700). This measurement was requested by the surgeon doctors, for possible improvements of the mounting method of the total hip prosthesis without damaging the bone. The paper shows the best measurement strategy to establish the wear of a total hip prosthesis that can cause the prosthesis weakening and eventually tear it off.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the discovery of antibiotics, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a global issue that is threatening society. In the era of antibiotic resistance, finding the proper antibiotics through antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial in clinical settings. However, the current clinical process of AST based on the broth microdilution test has limitations on scalability to expand the number of antibiotics that are tested with various concentrations. Here, we used color-coded droplets to expand the multiplexing of AST regarding the kind and concentration of antibiotics. Color type and density differentiate the kind of antibiotics and concentration, respectively. Microscopic images of a large view field contain numbers of droplets with different testing conditions. Image processing analysis detects each droplet, decodes color codes, and measures the bacterial growth in the droplet. Testing E. coli ATCC 25922 with ampicillin, gentamicin, and tetracycline shows that the system can provide a robust and scalable platform for multiplexed AST. Furthermore, the system can be applied to various drug testing systems, which require several different testing conditions.

In Tolstoy’s stories of the 1870s the coloratives have negative semantics. In “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” the yellow color “implicates” a movement to death. In “The Kreutzer Sonata” this color aggravates Pozdnyshev’s moral sufferings and embodies deception and lust. In “The Devil” the description of Lisa’s yellow complexion reveals Irtenev’s negative attitude to her. In “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” the pink and green cretonne of a “fashionable” living room loses its grandiosity in the house of the deceased man. In “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” the white color of clothes initially associated by the character with confidence in the future, then resulted in the patient’s dislike and was seen as evidence of inconsiderateness of people. In “The Kreutzer Sonata” the white color, in Trukhachevsky’s portrait, turned Pozdnyshev against him even more. In “The Devil” the white color Lisa was accompanied with provoked the growth of Irtenev’s irritation. In “The Kreutzer Sonata” the semantics of the red color is disturbing, ominous, and associated with debauchery and lie. In “The Devil” the description of the red clothes replaces the portrait characteristics of Stepanida; for Irtenev the red panyova and the red headscarf of his mistress became the symbols of the devilish temptation. In “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” the black color, being an attribute of mental and physical illness of the character, began to correspond to the image of a black sack devouring the person. In “The Kreutzer Sonata” an infernal black and red color scale contributes to the presentiment of tragedy. In “The Devil” the black color discovers Irtenev’s increasing dependence on delusion. In “The Kreutzer Sonata” the coloratives with the root “light” are related to Pozdnyshev’s insight concerning his family life, based on deception. In “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” “light” liberates the character of death anxiety and grants him a joy of interfluence with the world. In the given stories of Tolstoy there is presented color writing not a color code. Not all the coloratives fulfill a descriptive and prospective functions.

The paper is devoted to identification of color and light naming (coloratives) and narrative discourse strategies in L.N. Tolstoy's novel “Resurrection”. In the novel, L.N. Tolstoy makes the emphasis on recreation of the color and light palette of the nature. Thus, one of the dominant discourse strategies of this novel is the discourse strategy of landscape painting, which is connected with all discourse strategies, such as discourse mythopoetical strategy, discourse strategy of portrait painting, discourse strategy of plot and compositional development, discourse psychological strategy, discourse social strategy, discourse publicistic strategy, and philosophical and religious discourse strategy. While depicting the nature which acts as a religious and moral substance, all coloratives influence D. Nekhlyudov's transfiguration and are included in the discourse strategy of plot and compositional development. Anticipating the bad deeds of the protagonist, the nature sends him warning signs. Enjoying the enlightenment of the protagonist, the nature inscribes him in its own harmonious existence. Describing the transformation of the protagonist, L.N. Tolstoy destroys the negative semantics of some coloratives and actualizes their sacred significance inherent in the Gospel. The darkness symbolizing D. Nekhlyudov's sin and the nature's sorrow in connection with the violation of human kindness and love stops being horrible. In the second part of the novel, the black color loses its sinister significance; it predetermines the resurrection of the protagonist and is included in the discourse strategy of plot and compositional development and is a part of the philosophical and religious discourse strategy. The red color loses its negative semantics and becomes the blissful light source; it correlates with the color of an icon lamp. The green and yellow colors acquire the existential value associated with the indestructible life. The emergence such сoloratives as purple, light, and white in the novel reflects the turning of L.N. Tolstoy's protagonists to goodness and service of the God. In the novel “Resurrection”, all coloratives do not only perform the distinctive function, but also the des­criptive and prospective functions, being included in the discourse strategy of landscape painting, discourse strategy of plot and compositional development, and philosophical and religious discourse strategy that dominates in the ending of the novel. The conclusion has been made that there is a color code in the novel “Resurrection”, which reflects the increasing skill of L.N. Tolstoy and the strengthening of his religious beliefs.

Currently, due to the widespread use of a smartphone, QR codes allow users to access a variety of added services. However, the QR codes posted on curved surfaces tend to be non-uniformly illuminated and bring about the decline of recognition rate. So, in this paper, the block-adaptive binarization policy is adopted to find an optimal threshold appropriate for bimodal image like QR codes. For a large block, its histogram distribution is found to get an initial threshold and then the block is partitioned to reflect the local characteristics of small blocks. Also, morphological operation is applied to their neighboring boundary at the discontinuous at the QR code junction. This paper proposes an authentication method based on the color code, uniquely painted within QR code. Through a variety of practical experiments, it is shown that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional method in detecting QR code and also maintains good recognition rate up to 40 degrees on curved surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IEEE 802.15.7r1 Optical Wireless Communications Task Group (TG7r1), also known as the revision of the IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication standard targeting the commercial usage of visible light communication systems, is of interest in this paper. The paper is mainly concerned with Image Sensor Communications (ISC) of TG7r1; however, the major challenge facing ISC, as addressed in the Technical Consideration Document (TCD) of TG7r1, is Image Sensor Compatibility among the variety of different commercial cameras on the market. One of the most challenging but interesting compatibility requirements is the need to support the verified presence of frame rate variation. This paper proposes a novel design for 2D-sequential color code. Compared to a QR-code-based sequential transmission, the proposed design of 2D-sequential code can overcome the above challenge that it is compatible with different frame rate variations and different shutter operations, and has the ability to mitigate the rolling effect as well as the rotating effect while effectively minimizing transmission overhead. Practical implementations are demonstrated and a performance comparison is presented.

The locating-chromatic number of a graph G can be defined as the cardinality of a minimum resolving partition of the vertex set V(G) such that all vertices have distinct coordinates with respect to this partition and every two adjacent vertices in G are not contained in the same partition class. In this case, the coordinate of a vertex v in G is expressed in terms of the distances of v to all partition classes. This concept is a special case of the graph partition dimension notion. Previous authors have characterized all graphs of order n with locating-chromatic number either n or n-1. They also proved that there exists a tree of order n, n≥5, having locating-chromatic number k if and only if k ∈{3,4,…,n-2,n}. In this paper, we characterize all trees of order n with locating-chromatic number n - t, for any integers n and t, where n > t+3 and 2 ≤ t < n/2.

Topological quantum error correcting codes have emerged as leading candidates towards the goal of achieving large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, quantifying entanglement in these systems of large size in the presence of noise is a challenging task. In this paper, we provide two different prescriptions to characterize noisy stabilizer states, including the surface and the color codes, in terms of localizable entanglement over a subset of qubits. In one approach, we exploit appropriately constructed entanglement witness operators to estimate a witness-based lower bound of localizable entanglement, which is directly accessible in experiments. In the other recipe, we use graph states that are local unitary equivalent to the stabilizer state to determine a computable measurement-based lower bound of localizable entanglement. If used experimentally, this translates to a lower bound of localizable entanglement obtained from single-qubit measurements in specific bases to be performed on the qubits outside the subsystem of interest. Towards computing these lower bounds, we discuss in detail the methodology of obtaining a local unitary equivalent graph state from a stabilizer state, which includes a new and scalable geometric recipe as well as an algebraic method that applies to general stabilizer states of arbitrary size. Moreover, as a crucial step of the latter recipe, we develop a scalable graph-transformation algorithm that creates a link between two specific nodes in a graph using a sequence of local complementation operations. We develop open-source Python packages for these transformations, and illustrate the methodology by applying it to a noisy topological color code, and study how the witness and measurement-based lower bounds of localizable entanglement varies with the distance between the chosen qubits.

Let G be a graph with an edge k-coloring γ: E(G) → {1; …; k} (not necessarily proper). A path is called a rainbow path if all of its edges have different colors. The map γis called a rainbow coloring if any two vertices can be connected by a rainbow path. The map γis called a strong rainbow coloring if any two vertices can be connected by a rainbow geodesic. The smallest k for which there is a rainbow k-coloring (resp. strong rainbow k-coloring) on G is called the rainbow connection number (resp. strong rainbow connection number) of G, denoted rc(G) (resp. src(G)). In this paper we generalize the notion of "color codes" that was originally used by Chartrand et al. in their study of the rc and src of complete bipartite graphs, so that it now applies to any connected graph. Using color codes, we prove a new class of lower bounds depending on the existence of sets with common neighbours. Tight examples are discussed, involving the amalgamation of complete graphs, generalized wheel graphs, and a special class of sequential join of graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]