Search

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO2-activated interneurons with properties consistent with central respiratory chemoreceptors. These neurons are glutamatergic and express the transcription factor Phox2b. Here we tested whether RTN neurons receive an input from slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs) in halothane-anaesthetized ventilated rats. in vagotomized rats, RTN neurons were inhibited to a variable extent by stimulating myelinated vagal afferents using the lowest intensity needed to inhibit the phrenic nerve discharge (PND). in rats with intact vagus nerves, RTN neurons were inhibited, also to a variable extent, by increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP; 2-6 cmH(2)O). the cells most sensitive to PEEP were inhibited during each lung inflation at rest and were instantly activated by stopping ventilation. Muscimol (GABA-A agonist) injection in or next to the solitary tract at area postrema level desynchronized PND from ventilation, eliminated the lung inflation-synchronous inhibition of RTN neurons and their steady inhibition by PEEP but did not change their CO2 sensitivity. Muscimol injection into the rostral ventral respiratory group eliminated PND but did not change RTN neuron response to either lung inflation, PEEP increases, vagal stimulation or CO2. Generalized glutamate receptor blockade with intracerebroventricular (I.C.V) kynurenate eliminated PND and the response of RTN neurons to lung inflation but did not change their CO2 sensitivity. PEEP-sensitive RTN neurons expressed Phox2b. in conclusion, RTN chemoreceptors receive an inhibitory input from myelinated lung stretch receptors, presumably SARs. the lung input to RTN may be di-synaptic with inhibitory pump cells as sole interneurons. Univ Virginia, Hlth Syst, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, Dept Physiol, BR-04023060 São Paulo, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, Dept Physiol, BR-04023060 São Paulo, Brazil Web of Science

The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains pH-sensitive neurons that are putative central chemoreceptors. Here, we examined whether these neurons respond to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation and whether the input is direct from the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) or indirect via the respiratory network. A dense neuronal projection from commissural NTS (commNTS) to RTN was revealed using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). Within RTN, 51% of BDA-labelled axonal varicosities contained detectable levels of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2) but only 5% contained glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67). Awake rats were exposed to hypoxia (n = 6) or normoxia (n = 5) 1 week after injection of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (CTB) into RTN. Hypoxia-activated neurons were identified by the presence of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei. CommNTS neurons immunoreactive for both Fos and CTB were found only in hypoxia-treated rats. VGLUT2 mRNA was detected in 92 +/- 13% of these neurons whereas only 12 +/- 9% contained GAD67 mRNA. in urethane-chloralose-anaesthetized rats, bilateral inhibition of the RTN with muscimol eliminated the phrenic nerve discharge (PND) at rest, during hyperoxic hypercapnia (10% CO2), and during peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation (hypoxia and/or i.v. sodium cyanide, NaCN). RTN CO2-activated neurons were recorded extracellularly in anaesthetized intact or vagotomized rats. These neurons were strongly activated by hypoxia (10-15% O-2; 30 s) or by NaCN. Hypoxia and NaCN were ineffective in rats with carotid chemoreceptor denervation. Bilateral injection of muscimol into the ventral respiratory column 1.5 mm caudal to RTN eliminated PND and the respiratory modulation of RTN neurons. Muscimol did not change the threshold and sensitivity of RTN neurons to hyperoxic hypercapnia nor their activation by peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. in conclusion, RTN neurons respond to brain P-CO2 presumably via their intrinsic chemosensitivity and to carotid chemoreceptor activation via a direct glutamatergic pathway from commNTS that bypasses the respiratory network. RTN neurons probably contribute a portion of the chemical drive to breathe. Univ Virginia, Hlth Syst, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA UNIFESP, EPM, Dept Physiol, BR-04023060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil UNIFESP, EPM, Dept Physiol, BR-04023060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Web of Science

Respostas cardiovasculares podem ser integradas em diferentes níveis do sistema nervoso central (SNC). No bulbo existem várias áreas importantes para o controle cardiovascular. Sabe-se que, na superfície ventrolateral do bulbo, existem pelo menos três regiões relevantes ao controle cardiovascular: região rostroventrolateral (RVL), região caudoventrolateral (CVL) e a área pressora caudal (APC). A região RVL tem importante função na manutenção do tônus vasomotor e a região CVL interfere na regulação da pressão arterial (PA) por modular a atividade da região RVL. Além disso, essas duas regiões participam na interação de reflexos cardiovasculares, que incluem a participação de outra estrutura bulbar (Núcleos do Trato Solitário - NTS) como primeira sinapse de fibras aferentes reflexas. A APC foi recentemente descoberta e interfere na regulação da PA por modular a atividade dos neurônios das regiões RVL e CVL. Desse modo, o presente estudo procurou investigar a participação do NTS (região comissural e intermediária) nas respostas produzidas pela estimulação ou inibição da APC. Foram utilizados ratos Holtzman (280-350 g; n = 6-8) anestesiados com uretana (1,2 g/kg, i.v.). Um cateter foi inserido na artéria e veia femoral desses animais para registro de pressão arterial, freqüência cardíaca e injeção de drogas. Em alguns animais, foi registrada a atividade elétrica do nervo esplâncnico e do nervo frênico. Os animais foram adaptados a um aparelho estereotáxico e submetidos a uma craniotomia parcial para injeções de drogas. Num primeiro grupo experimental, os animais foram submetidos a lesão fictícia ou eletrolítica (1 mA x 10s) do NTS comissural (NTScom). A injeção unilateral do aminoácido excitatório L-glutamato (1 mM - 100 nl) na APC produziu resposta pressora (D = +28 ± 3 mmHg, vs. controle: D = +2 ± 2 mmHg, p