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1. From global recommendations to (in)action: A scoping review of the coverage of companion of choice for women during labour and birth.

Author: McCall, SJ, Bohren, MA, Hazfiarini, A, Vazquez Corona, M, Colomar, M, De Mucio, B, Tunçalp, Ö, Portela, A, McCall, SJ, Bohren, MA, Hazfiarini, A, Vazquez Corona, M, Colomar, M, De Mucio, B, Tunçalp, Ö, and Portela, A
Abstract: Women greatly value and benefit from the presence of someone they trust to support them throughout labour and childbirth ('labour companion of choice'). Labour companionship improves maternal and perinatal outcomes, including enhancing physiological labour and birth experiences. Despite clear benefits, implementation is slow. We conducted a scoping review to assess coverage and models of labour companionship, including quantitative studies reporting coverage of labour companionship in any level health facility globally. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Global Health from 1 January 2010-14 December 2021. We extracted data on study design, labour companionship coverage, timing and type of companions allowed, and recoded data into categories for comparison across studies. We included data from a maternal health sentinel network of hospitals in Latin America, using descriptive statistics to assess coverage among 120,581 women giving birth in these sites from April 2018-April 2022. In the scoping review, we included 77 studies from 27 countries. There was wide variation in the coverage of labour companionship: almost one-third of studies reported coverage less than 40%, and one-third of studies reported coverage between 40-80%. Husbands or partners were the most frequent companion (37.7%, 29/77), followed by family member or friend (gender not specified) (32.5%, 25/77), family member or friend (female-only) (13.0%, 10/77). Across nine sentinel hospitals in five Latin American countries, there was variation in coverage, with no companion at any time ranging from 14.9%-93.8%. Despite the well-known benefits and factors affecting implementation of labour companionship, more work is needed to improve equitable coverage. Concerted efforts are needed to engage with communities, health workers, health managers, and policy-makers to establish policies, address implementation barriers, and integrate data on coverage into perinatal records and quality processes to ensure that all
Published: 2023

2. ICT-SUSTOUR and MARKETOUR: Two Second Language Acquisition Projects through a Virtual Learning Environment

Author: Colomar, M. Pilar Alberola and Guzman, Eva Gil
Abstract: We are presenting a methodological approach that aims to increase students' motivation by asking them to develop tasks based on professional settings. In order to meet this objective a collaborative methodology was designed and applied to two multidisciplinary projects: MARKETOUR and ICT-SUSTOUR. Both projects made students face real workplace situations by working collaboratively through the use of a virtual learning environment (VLE) and other information technology (IT) tools at a national and international level. The methodology proposed offers students a professional scenario in which they are required to develop purpose-based tasks using IT. A virtual learning environment was devised for each project in order to create a real learning community and a website was designed in ICT-SUSTOUR for sharing information. The development of both projects encouraged students to improve their communication skills in English as well as their IT skills with the ultimate objective of increasing their motivation to learn English for specific purposes (ESP). (Contains 3 figures.)
Published: 2009
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3. Collaborative model of intrapartum care: qualitative study on barriers and facilitators to implementation in a private Brazilian hospital

Author: Colomar, M, Gonzalez Mora, F, Betran, AP, Opiyo, N, Bohren, MA, Torloni, MR, Siaulys, M, Colomar, M, Gonzalez Mora, F, Betran, AP, Opiyo, N, Bohren, MA, Torloni, MR, and Siaulys, M
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: A collaborative (midwife-obstetrician) model of intrapartum care (CMIC) is associated with lower caesarean section (CS) rates than physician-led models. In 2019, the largest private maternity hospital in Latin America (14.000 deliveries/year, 89% CS) created a quality improvement initiative to optimise intrapartum care and safely reduce CS in low-risk women managed by its internal team of healthcare providers (HCP). We conducted formative research to identify potential barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a CMIC. METHODS: Three groups of stakeholders participated in focus groups and interviews: hospital managers and clinical coordinators, HCP working in labour/delivery wards and pregnant women intending to give birth in the hospital. We explored participants' views about the acceptability of implementing a CMIC where a nurse-midwife (NM) on shift would be the main intrapartum HCP, with continuous support/supervision of a dedicated, in-house, obstetrician-gynaecologist (OB-GYN). A thematic analysis approach was used. RESULTS: 12 HCPs, 5 clinical coordinators, 2 hospital managers and 7 women participated. OB-GYNs, coordinators and managers highlighted health system, organisational and structural factors (NMs' limited experience/skills, professional roles, financial reimbursement) as potential barriers. NMs identified logistical and human resources as additional barriers. Women viewed the CMIC with perplexity and insecurity because of cultural beliefs about the dominant role of OB-GYNs, and limited information about NM's capabilities. All professionals agreed that women's acceptance of a CMIC will require educational interventions and communication strategies to inform potential users about the advantages and safety of this model. CONCLUSION: There are important barriers and facilitators to implement a CMIC in a private Brazilian maternity hospital. Factors related to health system structure and organisation may have the greatest impact. A C
Published: 2021

4. Do women prefer caesarean sections? A qualitative evidence synthesis of their views and experiences

Author: Ortiz-Panozo, E, Colomar, M, Opiyo, N, Kingdon, C, Long, Q, Nion, S, Bohren, MA, Betran, AP, Ortiz-Panozo, E, Colomar, M, Opiyo, N, Kingdon, C, Long, Q, Nion, S, Bohren, MA, and Betran, AP
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Caesarean sections (CS) continue to increase worldwide. Multiple and complex factors are contributing to the increase, including non-clinical factors related to individual women, families and their interactions with health providers. This global qualitative evidence synthesis explores women's preferences for mode of birth and factors underlying preferences for CS. METHODS: Systematic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were conducted in December 2016 and updated in May 2019 and February 2021. Studies conducted across all resource settings were eligible for inclusion, except those from China and Taiwan which have been reported in a companion publication. Phenomena of interest were opinions, views and perspectives of women regarding preferences for mode of birth, attributes of CS, societal and cultural beliefs about modes of birth, and right to choose mode of birth. Thematic synthesis of data was conducted. Confidence in findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual. RESULTS: We included 52 studies, from 28 countries, encompassing the views and perspectives of pregnant women, non-pregnant women, women with previous CS, postpartum women, and women's partners. Most of the studies were conducted in high-income countries and published between 2011 and 2021. Factors underlying women preferences for CS had to do mainly with strong fear of pain and injuries to the mother and child during labour or birth (High confidence), uncertainty regarding vaginal birth (High confidence), and positive views or perceived advantages of CS (High confidence). Women who preferred CS expressed resoluteness about it, but there were also many women who had a clear preference for vaginal birth and those who even developed strategies to keep their birth plans in environments that were not supportive of vaginal births (High confidence). The findings also identified that social, cultural and personal factors as well as attributes related to health systems impact on the reas
Published: 2021

5. 773P Real-world results of homologous recombination deficiency testing: Comparison between two methods on 2,655 ovarian cancer patients in Spain

Author: Lazaro, C., Jantus Lewintre, E., Zazo, S., Pérez, S., Carvajal Garcia, N., Azuara, D., González Acosta, M., Varela, M., Torres-Martínez, S., Gallach Garcia, S., Colomar, M., Sanchez Ares, M., Perez-Becerra, R., Antunez, J.R., Orellana, M., Lencina, M., Abdulkader Nallib, I., Camps Herrero, C.J.C., Matias-Guiu, X., and Rojo, F.
Published: 2023
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6. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Reitsma, Marissa B., Fullman, Nancy, Ng, M., Salama, Joseph S., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abera, Semaw F., Abraham, B., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Mumford, J. E., Aleman, Alicia V., Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse Tadela, Cowie, Benjamin C., Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina, Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, Neeraj, Bell, Brent, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, Neeraj, Biryukov, Stan, Bolt, Kaylin, Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Chen, Honglei, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, Xiaochen, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Azzopardi, Peter, Dansereau, Emily, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, and Szoeke, Cassandra EI
Abstract: Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (6·4 million [95% UI 5·7–7·0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52·2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. Interpretation The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years.
Published: 2017

7. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Reitsma, MB, Fullman, N, Ng, M, Salama, JS, Abajobir, A, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abyu, GY, Adebiyi, AO, Al-Aly, Z, Aleman, AV, Ali, R, Alkerwi, AA, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, RM, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Atnafu, NT, Azzopardi, P, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barrientos-Gutierrez, T, Basto-Abreu, AC, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bell, B, Bello, AK, Bensenor, IM, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Biryukov, S, Bolt, K, Brenner, H, Butt, Z, Cavalleri, F, Cercy, K, Chen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Colistro, V, Colomar, M, Cornaby, L, Dai, X, Damtew, SA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dansereau, E, Davletov, K, Dayama, A, Degfie, TT, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, DImtsu, BD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Estep, K, Faraon, EJA, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fischer, F, Friedman, J, Ghiwot, TT, Gall, SL, Gao, W, Gillum, RF, Gold, AL, Gopalani, SV, Gotay, CC, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hamadeh, RR, Hankey, G, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Husseini, A, Ileanu, BV, Islami, F, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kasaeian, A, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khang, YH, Khera, S, Mekonnen, A, Reitsma, MB, Fullman, N, Ng, M, Salama, JS, Abajobir, A, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abyu, GY, Adebiyi, AO, Al-Aly, Z, Aleman, AV, Ali, R, Alkerwi, AA, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, RM, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Atnafu, NT, Azzopardi, P, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barrientos-Gutierrez, T, Basto-Abreu, AC, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bell, B, Bello, AK, Bensenor, IM, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Biryukov, S, Bolt, K, Brenner, H, Butt, Z, Cavalleri, F, Cercy, K, Chen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Colistro, V, Colomar, M, Cornaby, L, Dai, X, Damtew, SA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dansereau, E, Davletov, K, Dayama, A, Degfie, TT, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, DImtsu, BD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Estep, K, Faraon, EJA, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fischer, F, Friedman, J, Ghiwot, TT, Gall, SL, Gao, W, Gillum, RF, Gold, AL, Gopalani, SV, Gotay, CC, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hamadeh, RR, Hankey, G, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Husseini, A, Ileanu, BV, Islami, F, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kasaeian, A, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khang, YH, Khera, S, and Mekonnen, A
Abstract: Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2-25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1-5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8-31·1) and 34·4% (29·4-38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan
Published: 2017

8. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Gakidou, E., Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., and Gakidou, E.
Abstract: Background: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (
Published: 2017

9. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Karema C.K., Kajungu D.K., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Latif A.A., Lavados P.M., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Li Y., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Rai D., Lunevicius R., Magdy H., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Meaney P.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolla J.M., Norman R.E., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Schutte A.E., Oyekale A.S., Pa M., Park E., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Polinder S., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Rojas-Rueda D., Sackey B.B., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stovner L.J., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tanne D., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., van Os J., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Williams H.C., Woldeyohannes S.M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Kassebaum N.J., Arora M., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kinfu Y., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lozano R., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Wagner J.A., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhou M., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Estep K., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Duan L., Jin Y., Ye P., Liang X., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Barnighausen T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Ahmed M.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Lloyd B.K., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agarwal S.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Katibeh M., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Azzopardi P., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Meretoja A., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Furst T., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Zonies D., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Benjet C., Gutierrez R.A., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfi Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin A.A., Bjertness E., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lucas R.M., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Jauregui A., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Servan-Mori E.E., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Choudhury L., Christensen H., Colomar M., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Giussani G., Cortinovis M., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Pedro J.M., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Zodpey S., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H., Gupta R., Gupta V., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hedayati M.T., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Hoff D.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jiang G., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Karema C.K., Kajungu D.K., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Latif A.A., Lavados P.M., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Li Y., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Rai D., Lunevicius R., Magdy H., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Meaney P.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolla J.M., Norman R.E., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Schutte A.E., Oyekale A.S., Pa M., Park E., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Polinder S., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Rojas-Rueda D., Sackey B.B., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stovner L.J., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tanne D., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., van Os J., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Williams H.C., Woldeyohannes S.M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Kassebaum N.J., Arora M., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kinfu Y., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lozano R., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Wagner J.A., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhou M., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Estep K., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Duan L., Jin Y., Ye P., Liang X., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Barnighausen T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Ahmed M.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Lloyd B.K., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agarwal S.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Katibeh M., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Azzopardi P., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Meretoja A., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Furst T., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Zonies D., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Benjet C., Gutierrez R.A., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfi Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin A.A., Bjertness E., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lucas R.M., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Jauregui A., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Servan-Mori E.E., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Choudhury L., Christensen H., Colomar M., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Giussani G., Cortinovis M., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Pedro J.M., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Zodpey S., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H., Gupta R., Gupta V., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hedayati M.T., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Hoff D.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jiang G., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., and Kabir Z.
Abstract: Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates d
Published: 2016

10. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Sheikhbahaei S., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Piel F.B., Majeed A., Gall S.L., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Shakh-Nazarova M., Iyer V.J., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ghoshal A.G., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Gilmour S., Inoue M., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Giroud M., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Norman P.E., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hilderink H.B., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Hogg R.S., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htike M.M.T., Hu G., Huang C., Huang H., Huiart L., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Huynh G., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Katibeh M., Rajavi Z., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Prabhakaran D., Jiang G., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Joshi T.K., Kabir Z., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Shen Z., Zhang H., Kan H., Kant S., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karletsos D., Karthikeyan G., Naik N., Paul V.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Kwan G.F., Rao S.R., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Levi M., Li Y., Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Sheikhbahaei S., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Piel F.B., Majeed A., Gall S.L., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Shakh-Nazarova M., Iyer V.J., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ghoshal A.G., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Gilmour S., Inoue M., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Giroud M., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Norman P.E., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hilderink H.B., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Hogg R.S., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htike M.M.T., Hu G., Huang C., Huang H., Huiart L., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Huynh G., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Katibeh M., Rajavi Z., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Prabhakaran D., Jiang G., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Joshi T.K., Kabir Z., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Shen Z., Zhang H., Kan H., Kant S., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karletsos D., Karthikeyan G., Naik N., Paul V.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Kwan G.F., Rao S.R., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Levi M., and Li Y.
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2
Published: 2016

11. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., and Murray, C.
Published: 2016

12. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, N., Arora, M., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Johnson, C., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I., Kinfu, Y., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lozano, R., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Wagner, J., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Zhou, M., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Kumar, S., Ahmed, M., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Raghib, A., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Anderson, G., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bayou, T., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, B., Bell, M., Benjet, C., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brugha, T., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Nonato, I., Campuzano, J., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Choudhury, L., Christensen, H., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D., Deveber, G., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Ding, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fahimi, S., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N., Gabbe, B., Gankpe, F., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Ginawi, I., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Ribhi, R., Hamadeh, Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, D., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Jacobsen, K., Jauregui, A., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kajungu, D., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Kandel, A., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Lavados, P., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Looker, K., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., El Razek, H., Mandavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Marcenes, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mitchell, P., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mori, R., Mueller, U., Mumford, J., Murdoch, M., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Nolla, J., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Oyekale, A., Pa, M., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, D., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Ranganathan, K., Refaat, A., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Roba, H., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sackey, B., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I., Santos, J., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shin, R., Sigfusdottir, I., Santos Silva, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Steiner, T., Stovner, L., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Tessema, G., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Gool, C., van Os, J., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., WestermaM, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yan, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zeeb, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Kassebaum, N., Arora, M., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Johnson, C., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I., Kinfu, Y., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lozano, R., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Wagner, J., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Zhou, M., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Kumar, S., Ahmed, M., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Raghib, A., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Anderson, G., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bayou, T., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, B., Bell, M., Benjet, C., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brugha, T., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Nonato, I., Campuzano, J., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Choudhury, L., Christensen, H., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D., Deveber, G., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Ding, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fahimi, S., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N., Gabbe, B., Gankpe, F., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Ginawi, I., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Ribhi, R., Hamadeh, Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, D., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Jacobsen, K., Jauregui, A., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kajungu, D., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Kandel, A., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Lavados, P., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Looker, K., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., El Razek, H., Mandavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Marcenes, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mitchell, P., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mori, R., Mueller, U., Mumford, J., Murdoch, M., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Nolla, J., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Oyekale, A., Pa, M., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, D., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Ranganathan, K., Refaat, A., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Roba, H., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sackey, B., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I., Santos, J., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shin, R., Sigfusdottir, I., Santos Silva, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Steiner, T., Stovner, L., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Tessema, G., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Gool, C., van Os, J., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., WestermaM, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yan, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zeeb, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., and Murray, C.
Published: 2016

13. Update on the global burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in 1990-2013: The GBD 2013 study.

Author: Hamadeh R.R., Harewood H., Springer K., Da Costa Leite I., Lindsay M.P., Riccio P.M., Li B., Jiang G., Ma J., Zhou M., Zhu S., Liang X., Zhang Y., Alcala-Cerra G., Temesgen A., Sahle B.W., Prabhakaran D., Gupta R., Rajagopalan V., Warouw T.S., O'Donnell M.J., Ricci S., Asad M.M., Bwire V.K., Jee S.H., Khang Y.-H., Myint C.Y., Norheim O., Khalifa S.E., De Dieu Ngirabega J., Nyemazi J.P., Muhimpundu M.A., Saeedi M., Bedi N., Havmoeller R., Atwine L., O'Callaghan F., Critchley J.A., Ezzati M., Rothwell P.M., Whiteley W., Chen Z., Colomar M., Durrani A.M., Dayama A., Amlie-Lefond C., Huang C., Sumeet C., Cundiff D.K., Qato D., Kabagambe E.K., Ding E., Bukhman G., Kwan G., Thurston G., Coresh J., Lefondulq K., Corriere M.A., Mainoo N., Schwartz S.M., Fung T., Byers T.E., Rocca W.A., Lo W., Feigin V.L., Krishnamurthi R.V., Parmar P., Norrving B., Mensah G.A., Bennett D.A., Barker-Collo S., Moran A.E., Sacco R.L., Truelsen T., Davis S., Pandian J.D., Naghavi M., Forouzanfar M.H., Nguyen G., Johnson C.O., Vos T., Meretoja A., Murray C.J.L., Roth G.A., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Akinyemi R.O., Salman R.A.-S., Anderson C.S., Bahit M.C., Banerjee A., Basu S., Beauchamp N.J., Bornstein N.M., Brainin M., Cabral N.L., Campos-Nonato I., Caso V., Catala-Lopez F., Chowdhury R., Christensen H.K., Connor M.D., DeVeber G., Dharmaratne S.D., Dokova K., Donnan G., Endres M., Fernandes J.G., Gankpe F., Geleijnse J.M., Gillium R.F., Giroud M., Hankey G.J., Jeemon P., Jonas J.B., Kazi D.S., Kengne A.P., Kim D., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kosen S., Kravchenko M., Lavados P.M., Liu M., Lotufo P.A., MacKay M.T., Malekzadeh R., Mehndiratta M.M., Melaku Y.A., Misganaw A., Nand D., Piradov M., Pourmalek F., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N., Sahathevan R., Sampson U.K.A., Shamalov N., Sheth K.N., Shinohara Y., Shiue I., Soljak M., Sposato L.A., Stroumpoulis K., Tanne D., Thrift A.G., Tirschwell D.L., Varakin Y., Venketasubramanian N., Vlassov V.V., Wang W., Westerman R., Wolfe C., Yu C., Yunjin K., Stavreski B., Pearse E., Ademi Z., Guliyev T., Hamadeh R.R., Harewood H., Springer K., Da Costa Leite I., Lindsay M.P., Riccio P.M., Li B., Jiang G., Ma J., Zhou M., Zhu S., Liang X., Zhang Y., Alcala-Cerra G., Temesgen A., Sahle B.W., Prabhakaran D., Gupta R., Rajagopalan V., Warouw T.S., O'Donnell M.J., Ricci S., Asad M.M., Bwire V.K., Jee S.H., Khang Y.-H., Myint C.Y., Norheim O., Khalifa S.E., De Dieu Ngirabega J., Nyemazi J.P., Muhimpundu M.A., Saeedi M., Bedi N., Havmoeller R., Atwine L., O'Callaghan F., Critchley J.A., Ezzati M., Rothwell P.M., Whiteley W., Chen Z., Colomar M., Durrani A.M., Dayama A., Amlie-Lefond C., Huang C., Sumeet C., Cundiff D.K., Qato D., Kabagambe E.K., Ding E., Bukhman G., Kwan G., Thurston G., Coresh J., Lefondulq K., Corriere M.A., Mainoo N., Schwartz S.M., Fung T., Byers T.E., Rocca W.A., Lo W., Feigin V.L., Krishnamurthi R.V., Parmar P., Norrving B., Mensah G.A., Bennett D.A., Barker-Collo S., Moran A.E., Sacco R.L., Truelsen T., Davis S., Pandian J.D., Naghavi M., Forouzanfar M.H., Nguyen G., Johnson C.O., Vos T., Meretoja A., Murray C.J.L., Roth G.A., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Akinyemi R.O., Salman R.A.-S., Anderson C.S., Bahit M.C., Banerjee A., Basu S., Beauchamp N.J., Bornstein N.M., Brainin M., Cabral N.L., Campos-Nonato I., Caso V., Catala-Lopez F., Chowdhury R., Christensen H.K., Connor M.D., DeVeber G., Dharmaratne S.D., Dokova K., Donnan G., Endres M., Fernandes J.G., Gankpe F., Geleijnse J.M., Gillium R.F., Giroud M., Hankey G.J., Jeemon P., Jonas J.B., Kazi D.S., Kengne A.P., Kim D., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kosen S., Kravchenko M., Lavados P.M., Liu M., Lotufo P.A., MacKay M.T., Malekzadeh R., Mehndiratta M.M., Melaku Y.A., Misganaw A., Nand D., Piradov M., Pourmalek F., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N., Sahathevan R., Sampson U.K.A., Shamalov N., Sheth K.N., Shinohara Y., Shiue I., Soljak M., Sposato L.A., Stroumpoulis K., Tanne D., Thrift A.G., Tirschwell D.L., Varakin Y., Venketasubramanian N., Vlassov V.V., Wang W., Westerman R., Wolfe C., Yu C., Yunjin K., Stavreski B., Pearse E., Ademi Z., and Guliyev T.
Abstract: Background: Global stroke epidemiology is changing rapidly. Although age-standardized rates of stroke mortality have decreased worldwide in the past 2 decades, the absolute numbers of people who have a stroke every year, and live with the consequences of stroke or die from their stroke, are increasing. Regular updates on the current level of stroke burden are important for advancing our knowledge on stroke epidemiology and facilitate organization and planning of evidence-based stroke care. Objective(s): This study aims to estimate incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) and their trends for ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) for 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. Methodology: Stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, DALYs and YLDs were estimated using all available data on mortality and stroke incidence, prevalence and excess mortality. Statistical models and country-level covariate data were employed, and all rates were age-standardized to a global population. All estimates were produced with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Result(s): In 2013, there were globally almost 25.7 million stroke survivors (71% with IS), 6.5 million deaths from stroke (51% died from IS), 113 million DALYs due to stroke (58% due to IS) and 10.3 million new strokes (67% IS). Over the 1990-2013 period, there was a significant increase in the absolute number of DALYs due to IS, and of deaths from IS and HS, survivors and incident events for both IS and HS. The preponderance of the burden of stroke continued to reside in developing countries, comprising 75.2% of deaths from stroke and 81.0% of stroke-related DALYs. Globally, the proportional contribution of stroke-related DALYs and deaths due to stroke compared to all diseases increased from 1990 (3.54% (95% UI 3.11-4.00) and 9.66% (95% UI 8.47-10.70), respectively) to 2013 (4.62% (95% UI 4.01-5.30) and 11.75% (95% UI 10.45-13.31), respectively), but there was
Published: 2015

14. Sex differences in stroke incidence, prevalence,mortality and disability-adjusted life years: Results from the global burden of disease study 2013.

Author: Patrice Lindsay M., Thrift A.G., Stroumpoulis K., Prabhakaran D., Gupta R., Rajagopalan V., Kosen S., Warouw T.S., O'Donnell M.J., Shinohara Y., Asad M.M., Bwire V.K., Jee S.H., Khang Y.-H., Sahathevan R., Campos-Nonato I., Gankpe F., Myint C.Y., Norheim O., Khalifa S.E., Kravchenko M., Piradov M., Shalamov N., Varakin Y., De Dieu Ngirabega J., Nyemazi J.P., Muhimpundu M.A., Saeedi M., Bedi N., Havmoeller R., Atwine L., O'Callaghan F., Critchley J.A., Ezzati M., Soljak M., Connor M.D., Rothwell P.M., Salman R.A.-S., Whiteley W., Chen Z., Durrani A.M., Dayama A., Moran A.E., Misganaw A., Amlie-Lefond C., Huang C., Sumeet C., Cundiff D.K., Kazi D.S., Qato D., Kabagambe E.K., Ding E., Bukhman G., Kwan G., Coresh J., Lefondulq K., Corriere M.A., Mainoo N., Beauchamp N.J., Schwartz S.M., Chugh S., Fung T., Byers T.E., Sampson U.K.A., Rocca W.A., Lo W., Barker-Collo S., Bennett D.A., Krishnamurthi R.V., Parmar P., Feigin V.L., Naghavi M., Forouzanfar M.H., Johnson C.O., Nguyen G., Mensah G.A., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., Roth G.A., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Akinyemi R.O., Bahit M.C., Banerjee A., Basu S., Brainin M., Bornstein N.M., Caso V., Catala-Lopez F., Chowdhury R., Christensen H.K., Colomar M., Davis S., Deveber G., Dharmaratne S.D., Donnan G., Dorairaj P., Dokova K., Endres M., Fernandes J.G., Geleijnse J.M., Gillum R.F., Giroud M., Hamadeh R.R., Hankey G.J., Jeemon P., Jiang G., Jonas J.B., Kalkonde Y., Kengne A.P., Kim D., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Lavados P.M., Lotufo P.A., Mackay M.T., Malekzadeh R., Mehndiratta M.M., Nand D., Norrving B., Pandian J.D., Perkins H., Pourmalek F., Ricci S., Riccio P.M., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N., Sacco R.L., Sheth K.N., Shiue I., Sposato L.A., Tanne D., Thurston G.D., Tirschwell D.L., Venketasubramanian N., Vlassov V.V., Westerman R., Wolfe C., Yunjin K., Meretoja A., Stavreski B., Anderson C.S., Pearse E., Ademi Z., Guliyev T., Harewood H., Springer K., Da Costa Leite I., Cabral N.L., Li B., Yu C., Ma J., Zhou M., Liu M., Zhu S., Wang W., Liang X., Zhang Y., Alcala-Cerra G., Truelsen T., Temesgen A., Sahle B.W., Melaku Y.A., Patrice Lindsay M., Thrift A.G., Stroumpoulis K., Prabhakaran D., Gupta R., Rajagopalan V., Kosen S., Warouw T.S., O'Donnell M.J., Shinohara Y., Asad M.M., Bwire V.K., Jee S.H., Khang Y.-H., Sahathevan R., Campos-Nonato I., Gankpe F., Myint C.Y., Norheim O., Khalifa S.E., Kravchenko M., Piradov M., Shalamov N., Varakin Y., De Dieu Ngirabega J., Nyemazi J.P., Muhimpundu M.A., Saeedi M., Bedi N., Havmoeller R., Atwine L., O'Callaghan F., Critchley J.A., Ezzati M., Soljak M., Connor M.D., Rothwell P.M., Salman R.A.-S., Whiteley W., Chen Z., Durrani A.M., Dayama A., Moran A.E., Misganaw A., Amlie-Lefond C., Huang C., Sumeet C., Cundiff D.K., Kazi D.S., Qato D., Kabagambe E.K., Ding E., Bukhman G., Kwan G., Coresh J., Lefondulq K., Corriere M.A., Mainoo N., Beauchamp N.J., Schwartz S.M., Chugh S., Fung T., Byers T.E., Sampson U.K.A., Rocca W.A., Lo W., Barker-Collo S., Bennett D.A., Krishnamurthi R.V., Parmar P., Feigin V.L., Naghavi M., Forouzanfar M.H., Johnson C.O., Nguyen G., Mensah G.A., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., Roth G.A., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Akinyemi R.O., Bahit M.C., Banerjee A., Basu S., Brainin M., Bornstein N.M., Caso V., Catala-Lopez F., Chowdhury R., Christensen H.K., Colomar M., Davis S., Deveber G., Dharmaratne S.D., Donnan G., Dorairaj P., Dokova K., Endres M., Fernandes J.G., Geleijnse J.M., Gillum R.F., Giroud M., Hamadeh R.R., Hankey G.J., Jeemon P., Jiang G., Jonas J.B., Kalkonde Y., Kengne A.P., Kim D., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Lavados P.M., Lotufo P.A., Mackay M.T., Malekzadeh R., Mehndiratta M.M., Nand D., Norrving B., Pandian J.D., Perkins H., Pourmalek F., Ricci S., Riccio P.M., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N., Sacco R.L., Sheth K.N., Shiue I., Sposato L.A., Tanne D., Thurston G.D., Tirschwell D.L., Venketasubramanian N., Vlassov V.V., Westerman R., Wolfe C., Yunjin K., Meretoja A., Stavreski B., Anderson C.S., Pearse E., Ademi Z., Guliyev T., Harewood H., Springer K., Da Costa Leite I., Cabral N.L., Li B., Yu C., Ma J., Zhou M., Liu M., Zhu S., Wang W., Liang X., Zhang Y., Alcala-Cerra G., Truelsen T., Temesgen A., Sahle B.W., and Melaku Y.A.
Abstract: Background: Accurate information on stroke burden in men and women are important for evidence-based healthcare planning and resource allocation. Previously, limited research suggested that the absolute number of deaths from stroke in women was greater than in men, but the incidence and mortality rates were greater in men. However, sex differences in various metrics of stroke burden on a global scale have not been a subject of comprehensive and comparable assessment for most regions of the world, nor have sex differences in stroke burden been examined for trends over time. Method(s): Stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and healthy years lost due to disability were estimated as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 Study. Data inputs included all available information on stroke incidence, prevalence and death and case fatality rates. Analysis was performed separately by sex and 5-year age categories for 188 countries. Statistical models were employed to produce globally comprehensive results over time. All rates were age-standardized to a global population and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were computed. Finding(s): In 2013, global ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) incidence (per 100,000) in men (IS 132.77 (95% UI 125.34-142.77); HS 64.89 (95% UI 59.82-68.85)) exceeded those of women (IS 98.85 (95% UI 92.11-106.62); HS 45.48 (95% UI 42.43-48.53)). IS incidence rates were lower in 2013 compared with 1990 rates for both sexes (1990 male IS incidence 147.40 (95% UI 137.87-157.66); 1990 female IS incidence 113.31 (95% UI 103.52-123.40)), but the only significant change in IS incidence was among women.Copyright © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Published: 2015

15. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher), Ortblad, K.F. (Katrina F), Guinovart, C. (Caterina), Lim, S.S. (Stephen), Wolock, T.M. (Timothy M), Roberts, D.A. (D Allen), Dansereau, E.A. (Emily A), Graetz, N. (Nicholas), Barber, R.M. (Ryan), Brown, J.C. (Jonathan C), Wang, H. (Haidong), Duber, H.C. (Herbert C), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Dicker, D. (Daniel), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Salomon, J.A. (Joshua), Heuton, K.R. (Kyle R), Foreman, K. (Kyle), Phillips, D.E. (David E), Fleming, T.D. (Thomas D), Flaxman, A.D. (Abraham D), Phillips, B.K. (Bryan K), Johnson, E.M. (Elizabeth), Coggeshall, M.S. (Megan S), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abera, S.F. (Semaw Ferede), Abraham, J.P. (Jerry), Abubakar, I. (Ibrahim), Abu-Raddad, L.J. (Laith J), Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. (Niveen Me), Achoki, T. (Tom), Adeyemo, A. (Adebowale), Adou, A.K. (Arsène Kouablan), Adsuar, J.C. (José C), Agardh, E.E. (Emilie Elisabet), Akena, D. (Dickens), Al Kahbouri, M.J. (Mazin J), Alasfoor, D. (Deena), Albittar, M.I. (Mohammed I), Alcalá-Cerra, G. (Gabriel), Alegretti, M.A. (Miguel Angel), Alemu, G. (Getnet), Alfonso-Cristancho, R. (Rafael), Alhabib, S. (Samia), Ali, R. (Raghib), Alla, F. (Francois), Allen, P.J. (Peter), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Alvarez, E. (Elena), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amankwaa, A.A. (Adansi A), Amare, A.T. (Azmeraw T), Amini, H. (Hassan), Ammar, K.A., Anderson, B.O. (Benjamin), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Anwari, P. (Palwasha), Ärnlöv, J. (Johan), Arsenijevic, V.S.A. (Valentina S Arsic), Artaman, A. (Ali), Asghar, R.J. (Rana J), Assadi, R. (Reza), Atkins, L.S. (Lydia S), Badawi, A.F. (Alaa), Banerjee, A. (Amitava), Basu, S. (Saonli), Beardsley, J. (Justin), Bekele, T. (Tolesa), Bell, M.L. (Michelle Lee), Bernabe, E. (Eduardo), Beyene, T.J. (Tariku Jibat), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhalla, P.L. (Pankaj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Abdulhak, A.B. (Aref Bin), Binagwaho, A. (Agnes), Blore, J.D. (Jed D), Bose, D. (Dipan), Brainin, M. (Michael), Breitborde, N. (Nicholas), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Chadha, D., Chang, J.-C. (Jung-Chen), Chiang, Y.T., Chuang, T.-W. (Ting-Wu), Colomar, M. (Mercedes), Cooper Jr., L.T. (Leslie Trumbull), Cooper, C. (Charles), Courville, K.J. (Karen J), Cowie, M.R. (Martin R.), Criqui, M. (Michael), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dayama, A. (Anand), Leo, D. (Diego) de, Degenhardt, F., Del Pozo-Cruz, B. (Borja), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Des Jarlais, D.C. (Don C), Dessalegn, M. (Muluken), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Dilmen, U. (Uǧur), Ding, E.L. (Eric), Driscoll, J.M., Durrani, Z., Ellenbogen, R.G. (Richard G), Ermakov, S. (Sergey), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Faraon, E.J.A. (Emerito Jose A), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fijabi, D.O. (Daniel Obadare), Forouzanfar, M.H. (Mohammad H), Fra.Paleo, U. (Urbano), Gaffikin, L. (Lynne), Gamkrelidze, A. (Amiran), Gankpé, F.G. (Fortuné Gbètoho), Geleijnse, J.M. (Marianne), Gessner, B.D. (Bradford D), Gibney, K.B. (Katherine B), Ginawi, I.A.M. (Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed), Glaser, E.L. (Elizabeth L), Gona, P. (Philimon), Goto, A. (Akimoto), Gouda, H.N. (Hebe N), Gugnani, H.C. (Harish Chander), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah Ribhi), Hammami, M. (Mouhanad), Hankey, G.J. (Graeme), Harb, H.L. (Hilda L), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hay, S.I. (Simon I), Hedayati, M.T. (Mohammad T), Pi, I.B.H. (Ileana B Heredia), Hoek, H.W. (Hans), Hornberger, J.C. (John C), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Hotez, P.J. (Peter), Hoy, D.G. (Damian G), Huang, J. (Jian), Iburg, K.M. (Kim M), Idrisov, B.T. (Bulat T), Innos, K. (Kaire), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jeemon, P. (Panniyammakal), Jensen, P.N. (Paul N), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Jiang, G. (Guohong), Jonas, J.B., Juel, K. (Knud), Kan, H. (Haidong), Kankindi, I. (Ida), Karam, V. (Vincent), Karch, F. (Francois), Karema, C.K. (Corine Kakizi), Kaul, A. (Anil), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kazi, D.S. (Dhruv S), Kemp, A.H. (Andrew H), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Keren, A. (Andre), Kereselidze, M. (Maia), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalifa, S.E.A.H. (Shams Eldin Ali Hassan), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmed), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khonelidze, I. (Irma), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kinge, J.M. (Jonas M), Knibbs, L. (Luke), Kokubo, Y. (Yoshihiro), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kulkarni, V.S. (Veena S), Kulkarni, C. (Chanda), Kumar, K. (Kuldeep), Kumar, R.B. (Ravi B), Kumar, G.A. (G Anil), Kwan, G.F. (Gene F), Lai, T. (Taavi), Balaji, A.L. (Arjun Lakshmana), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lan, Q. (Qing), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C), Larson, H.J. (Heidi J), Larsson, A. (Anders), Lee, J.-T. (Jong-Tae), Leigh, P.N. (Nigel), Leinsalu, M. (Mall), Leung, R. (Ricky), Li, Y. (Yichong), Li, Y. (Yongmei), Lima, G.M.F. (Graça Maria Ferreira) de, Lin, H.-H. (Hsien-Ho), Lipshultz, S.E. (Steven), Liu, S. (Simin), Liu, Y. (Yang), Lloyd, B.K. (Belinda K), Lotufo, P.A. (Paulo A), Machado, V.M.P. (Vasco Manuel Pedro), Maclachlan, J.H. (Jennifer H), Magis-Rodriguez, C. (Carlos), Majdan, M. (Marek), Mapoma, C.C. (Christopher Chabila), Marcenes, W. (Wagner), Marzan, M.B. (Melvin Barrientos), Masci, J.R. (Joseph R), Mashal, R., Mason-Jones, A.J. (Amanda J), Mayosi, B.M. (Bongani), Mazorodze, T.T. (Tasara T), Mckay, M.J. (Michael), Meaney, M.J., Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melaku, Y.A. (Yohannes Adama), Memish, Z.A. (Ziad), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mills, E.J. (Edward J), Mohammad, K.A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H), Mola, G.L. (Glen Liddell), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Montico, M. (Marcella), Moore, A.R. (Ami R), Mori, R. (Riccardo), Moturi, W.N. (Wilkister Nyaora), Mukaigawara, M. (Mitsuru), Murthy, A.C. (Adeline C.), Naheed, A. (Aliya), Naidoo, K.S. (Kovin S), Naldi, L. (Lucia), Nangia, M. (Monika), Narayan, K.M.V. (Venkat), Nash, J.H.E. (John), Nejjari, C. (Chakib), Nelson, R.D. (Robert), Neupane, S.P. (Sudan Prasad), Newton, C. (Cameron), Ng, M. (Marie), Nisar, M.I. (Muhammad Imran), Nolte, S. (Sandra), Norheim, O.F. (Ole F), Nowaseb, V. (Vincent), Nyakarahuka, L. (Luke), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Ohkubo, T. (Takayoshi), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Omer, S.B. (Saad B), Opio, J.N. (John Nelson), Orisakwe, O.E. (Orish Ebere), Pandian, N.G. (Natesa), Papachristou, C., Caicedo, M.S. (Marco), Patten, J., Paul, V.K. (Vinod K), Pavlin, B.I. (Boris Igor), Pearce, N. (Neil), Pereira, D.M. (David M), Pervaiz, Z. (Zahid), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Petzold, M. (Max), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Qato, D. (Dima), Quezada, A.D. (Amado D), Quistberg, D.A. (D Alex), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rahimi, K. (Kazem), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, S.U. (Sajjad Ur), Raju, M. (Murugesan), Rana, S.M. (Saleem M), Razavi, H. (Homie), Reilly, R.Q. (Robert Quentin), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Richardus, J.H. (Jan Hendrik), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roy, N. (Nadine) van, Sabin, M.L. (Miriam Lewis), Saeedi, M.Y. (Mohammad Yahya), Sahraian, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Samonte, G.M.J. (Genesis May J), Sawhney, M.S. (Monika), Schneider, I.J.C. (Ione J C), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Seedat, S. (Soraya), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Servan-Mori, E.E. (Edson E), Sheikhbahaei, S. (Sara), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shin, H.H. (Hwashin Hyun), Shiue, I. (Ivy), Shivakoti, R. (Rupak), Sigfusdottir, I.D. (Inga Dora), Silberberg, D.H. (Donald H), Silva, A.P. (Andrea P), Simard, J. (Jacques), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder), Skirbekk, V. (Vegard), Sliwa, K. (Karen), Soneji, S. (Samir), Soshnikov, S.S. (Sergey S), Sreeramareddy, C.T. (Chandrashekhar T), Stathopoulou, V.K. (Vasiliki Kalliopi), Stroumpoulis, K. (Konstantinos), Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B.C. (Bryan), Tabb, K.M. (Karen M), Talongwa, R.T. (Roberto Tchio), Tenkorang, E.Y. (Eric Yeboah), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Thomson, A.J. (Alan J), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L), Towbin, J.A. (Jeffrey A), Traebert, J. (Jefferson), Tran, B.X. (Bach X), Dimbuene, Z.T. (Zacharie Tsala), Tsilimbaris, M. (Miltiadis), Uchendu, U.S. (Uche S), Ukwaja, K.N. (Kingsley N), Vallely, S.R. (Stephen), Vasankari, T.J. (Tommi J), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V.V. (Vasiliy Victorovich), Waller, P. (Patrick), Wallin, M.T. (Mitchell T), Wang, L. (Linhong), Wang, S.X., Wang, Y. (Yanping), Weichenthal, S. (Scott), Weiderpass, E. (Elisabete), Weintraub, R.G. (Robert G), Westerman, R. (Ronny), White, R.G. (Richard), Wilkinson, J.D. (James D), Williams, T.N. (Thomas Neil), Woldeyohannes, S.M. (Solomon Meseret), Wong, J.B. (John), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yang, Y.C. (Yang C), Yano, K.-I., Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. (Mustafa), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Jin, K.Y. (Kim Yun), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zheng, Y. (Yuhui), Balakrishnan, K. (Kalpana), Zhou, M. (Ming), Zhu, J. (Jun), Zou, X.N. (Xiao Nong), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Vos, T. (Theo), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher), Ortblad, K.F. (Katrina F), Guinovart, C. (Caterina), Lim, S.S. (Stephen), Wolock, T.M. (Timothy M), Roberts, D.A. (D Allen), Dansereau, E.A. (Emily A), Graetz, N. (Nicholas), Barber, R.M. (Ryan), Brown, J.C. (Jonathan C), Wang, H. (Haidong), Duber, H.C. (Herbert C), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Dicker, D. (Daniel), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Salomon, J.A. (Joshua), Heuton, K.R. (Kyle R), Foreman, K. (Kyle), Phillips, D.E. (David E), Fleming, T.D. (Thomas D), Flaxman, A.D. (Abraham D), Phillips, B.K. (Bryan K), Johnson, E.M. (Elizabeth), Coggeshall, M.S. (Megan S), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abera, S.F. (Semaw Ferede), Abraham, J.P. (Jerry), Abubakar, I. (Ibrahim), Abu-Raddad, L.J. (Laith J), Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. (Niveen Me), Achoki, T. (Tom), Adeyemo, A. (Adebowale), Adou, A.K. (Arsène Kouablan), Adsuar, J.C. (José C), Agardh, E.E. (Emilie Elisabet), Akena, D. (Dickens), Al Kahbouri, M.J. (Mazin J), Alasfoor, D. (Deena), Albittar, M.I. (Mohammed I), Alcalá-Cerra, G. (Gabriel), Alegretti, M.A. (Miguel Angel), Alemu, G. (Getnet), Alfonso-Cristancho, R. (Rafael), Alhabib, S. (Samia), Ali, R. (Raghib), Alla, F. (Francois), Allen, P.J. (Peter), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Alvarez, E. (Elena), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amankwaa, A.A. (Adansi A), Amare, A.T. (Azmeraw T), Amini, H. (Hassan), Ammar, K.A., Anderson, B.O. (Benjamin), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Anwari, P. (Palwasha), Ärnlöv, J. (Johan), Arsenijevic, V.S.A. (Valentina S Arsic), Artaman, A. (Ali), Asghar, R.J. (Rana J), Assadi, R. (Reza), Atkins, L.S. (Lydia S), Badawi, A.F. (Alaa), Banerjee, A. (Amitava), Basu, S. (Saonli), Beardsley, J. (Justin), Bekele, T. (Tolesa), Bell, M.L. (Michelle Lee), Bernabe, E. (Eduardo), Beyene, T.J. (Tariku Jibat), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhalla, P.L. (Pankaj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Abdulhak, A.B. (Aref Bin), Binagwaho, A. (Agnes), Blore, J.D. (Jed D), Bose, D. (Dipan), Brainin, M. (Michael), Breitborde, N. (Nicholas), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Chadha, D., Chang, J.-C. (Jung-Chen), Chiang, Y.T., Chuang, T.-W. (Ting-Wu), Colomar, M. (Mercedes), Cooper Jr., L.T. (Leslie Trumbull), Cooper, C. (Charles), Courville, K.J. (Karen J), Cowie, M.R. (Martin R.), Criqui, M. (Michael), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dayama, A. (Anand), Leo, D. (Diego) de, Degenhardt, F., Del Pozo-Cruz, B. (Borja), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Des Jarlais, D.C. (Don C), Dessalegn, M. (Muluken), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Dilmen, U. (Uǧur), Ding, E.L. (Eric), Driscoll, J.M., Durrani, Z., Ellenbogen, R.G. (Richard G), Ermakov, S. (Sergey), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Faraon, E.J.A. (Emerito Jose A), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fijabi, D.O. (Daniel Obadare), Forouzanfar, M.H. (Mohammad H), Fra.Paleo, U. (Urbano), Gaffikin, L. (Lynne), Gamkrelidze, A. (Amiran), Gankpé, F.G. (Fortuné Gbètoho), Geleijnse, J.M. (Marianne), Gessner, B.D. (Bradford D), Gibney, K.B. (Katherine B), Ginawi, I.A.M. (Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed), Glaser, E.L. (Elizabeth L), Gona, P. (Philimon), Goto, A. (Akimoto), Gouda, H.N. (Hebe N), Gugnani, H.C. (Harish Chander), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah Ribhi), Hammami, M. (Mouhanad), Hankey, G.J. (Graeme), Harb, H.L. (Hilda L), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hay, S.I. (Simon I), Hedayati, M.T. (Mohammad T), Pi, I.B.H. (Ileana B Heredia), Hoek, H.W. (Hans), Hornberger, J.C. (John C), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Hotez, P.J. (Peter), Hoy, D.G. (Damian G), Huang, J. (Jian), Iburg, K.M. (Kim M), Idrisov, B.T. (Bulat T), Innos, K. (Kaire), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jeemon, P. (Panniyammakal), Jensen, P.N. (Paul N), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Jiang, G. (Guohong), Jonas, J.B., Juel, K. (Knud), Kan, H. (Haidong), Kankindi, I. (Ida), Karam, V. (Vincent), Karch, F. (Francois), Karema, C.K. (Corine Kakizi), Kaul, A. (Anil), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kazi, D.S. (Dhruv S), Kemp, A.H. (Andrew H), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Keren, A. (Andre), Kereselidze, M. (Maia), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalifa, S.E.A.H. (Shams Eldin Ali Hassan), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmed), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khonelidze, I. (Irma), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kinge, J.M. (Jonas M), Knibbs, L. (Luke), Kokubo, Y. (Yoshihiro), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kulkarni, V.S. (Veena S), Kulkarni, C. (Chanda), Kumar, K. (Kuldeep), Kumar, R.B. (Ravi B), Kumar, G.A. (G Anil), Kwan, G.F. (Gene F), Lai, T. (Taavi), Balaji, A.L. (Arjun Lakshmana), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lan, Q. (Qing), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C), Larson, H.J. (Heidi J), Larsson, A. (Anders), Lee, J.-T. (Jong-Tae), Leigh, P.N. (Nigel), Leinsalu, M. (Mall), Leung, R. (Ricky), Li, Y. (Yichong), Li, Y. (Yongmei), Lima, G.M.F. (Graça Maria Ferreira) de, Lin, H.-H. (Hsien-Ho), Lipshultz, S.E. (Steven), Liu, S. (Simin), Liu, Y. (Yang), Lloyd, B.K. (Belinda K), Lotufo, P.A. (Paulo A), Machado, V.M.P. (Vasco Manuel Pedro), Maclachlan, J.H. (Jennifer H), Magis-Rodriguez, C. (Carlos), Majdan, M. (Marek), Mapoma, C.C. (Christopher Chabila), Marcenes, W. (Wagner), Marzan, M.B. (Melvin Barrientos), Masci, J.R. (Joseph R), Mashal, R., Mason-Jones, A.J. (Amanda J), Mayosi, B.M. (Bongani), Mazorodze, T.T. (Tasara T), Mckay, M.J. (Michael), Meaney, M.J., Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melaku, Y.A. (Yohannes Adama), Memish, Z.A. (Ziad), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mills, E.J. (Edward J), Mohammad, K.A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H), Mola, G.L. (Glen Liddell), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Montico, M. (Marcella), Moore, A.R. (Ami R), Mori, R. (Riccardo), Moturi, W.N. (Wilkister Nyaora), Mukaigawara, M. (Mitsuru), Murthy, A.C. (Adeline C.), Naheed, A. (Aliya), Naidoo, K.S. (Kovin S), Naldi, L. (Lucia), Nangia, M. (Monika), Narayan, K.M.V. (Venkat), Nash, J.H.E. (John), Nejjari, C. (Chakib), Nelson, R.D. (Robert), Neupane, S.P. (Sudan Prasad), Newton, C. (Cameron), Ng, M. (Marie), Nisar, M.I. (Muhammad Imran), Nolte, S. (Sandra), Norheim, O.F. (Ole F), Nowaseb, V. (Vincent), Nyakarahuka, L. (Luke), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Ohkubo, T. (Takayoshi), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Omer, S.B. (Saad B), Opio, J.N. (John Nelson), Orisakwe, O.E. (Orish Ebere), Pandian, N.G. (Natesa), Papachristou, C., Caicedo, M.S. (Marco), Patten, J., Paul, V.K. (Vinod K), Pavlin, B.I. (Boris Igor), Pearce, N. (Neil), Pereira, D.M. (David M), Pervaiz, Z. (Zahid), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Petzold, M. (Max), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Qato, D. (Dima), Quezada, A.D. (Amado D), Quistberg, D.A. (D Alex), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rahimi, K. (Kazem), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, S.U. (Sajjad Ur), Raju, M. (Murugesan), Rana, S.M. (Saleem M), Razavi, H. (Homie), Reilly, R.Q. (Robert Quentin), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Richardus, J.H. (Jan Hendrik), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roy, N. (Nadine) van, Sabin, M.L. (Miriam Lewis), Saeedi, M.Y. (Mohammad Yahya), Sahraian, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Samonte, G.M.J. (Genesis May J), Sawhney, M.S. (Monika), Schneider, I.J.C. (Ione J C), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Seedat, S. (Soraya), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Servan-Mori, E.E. (Edson E), Sheikhbahaei, S. (Sara), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shin, H.H. (Hwashin Hyun), Shiue, I. (Ivy), Shivakoti, R. (Rupak), Sigfusdottir, I.D. (Inga Dora), Silberberg, D.H. (Donald H), Silva, A.P. (Andrea P), Simard, J. (Jacques), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder), Skirbekk, V. (Vegard), Sliwa, K. (Karen), Soneji, S. (Samir), Soshnikov, S.S. (Sergey S), Sreeramareddy, C.T. (Chandrashekhar T), Stathopoulou, V.K. (Vasiliki Kalliopi), Stroumpoulis, K. (Konstantinos), Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B.C. (Bryan), Tabb, K.M. (Karen M), Talongwa, R.T. (Roberto Tchio), Tenkorang, E.Y. (Eric Yeboah), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Thomson, A.J. (Alan J), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L), Towbin, J.A. (Jeffrey A), Traebert, J. (Jefferson), Tran, B.X. (Bach X), Dimbuene, Z.T. (Zacharie Tsala), Tsilimbaris, M. (Miltiadis), Uchendu, U.S. (Uche S), Ukwaja, K.N. (Kingsley N), Vallely, S.R. (Stephen), Vasankari, T.J. (Tommi J), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V.V. (Vasiliy Victorovich), Waller, P. (Patrick), Wallin, M.T. (Mitchell T), Wang, L. (Linhong), Wang, S.X., Wang, Y. (Yanping), Weichenthal, S. (Scott), Weiderpass, E. (Elisabete), Weintraub, R.G. (Robert G), Westerman, R. (Ronny), White, R.G. (Richard), Wilkinson, J.D. (James D), Williams, T.N. (Thomas Neil), Woldeyohannes, S.M. (Solomon Meseret), Wong, J.B. (John), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yang, Y.C. (Yang C), Yano, K.-I., Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. (Mustafa), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Jin, K.Y. (Kim Yun), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zheng, Y. (Yuhui), Balakrishnan, K. (Kalpana), Zhou, M. (Ming), Zhu, J. (Jun), Zou, X.N. (Xiao Nong), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), and Vos, T. (Theo)
Abstract: __Abstract__ Background: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. Methods: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. Findings: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 mil
Published: 2014
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16. Investigacions arqueològiques a la fortificació prehistòrica de sa Cala (La Mola, Formentera)

Author: Ramon, Joan and Colomar, M.
Subjects: History, Archaeology
Abstract: not available
Published: 1999

17. Two small DNA viruses with a relation to cancer

Author: Beard, P., Offord, E., Colomar, M. C., Karlen, S., Willwand, K., Chappuis, P. O., Beard, P., Offord, E., Colomar, M. C., Karlen, S., Willwand, K., and Chappuis, P. O.
Published: 2008

18. I016 PRENATAL TOBACCO CESSATION INTERVENTION FOR WOMEN IN LATIN AMERICA

Author: Althabe, F., primary, Berrueta, M., additional, Mazzoni, A., additional, Morello, P., additional, Aleman, A., additional, Colomar, M., additional, Tong, V., additional, Farr, S., additional, Dietz, P., additional, Belizán, J.M., additional, and Buekens, P., additional
Published: 2012
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19. Facilitators and barriers to adoption of evidence-based perinatal care in Latin American hospitals: a qualitative study

Author: Belizan, M., primary, Meier, A., additional, Althabe, F., additional, Codazzi, A., additional, Colomar, M., additional, Buekens, P., additional, Belizan, J., additional, Walsh, J., additional, and Campbell, M. K., additional
Published: 2006
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20. Two segments in the genome of the immunosuppressive minute virus of mice determine the host-cell specificity, control viral DNA replication and affect viral RNA metabolism.

Author: Colomar, M C, primary, Hirt, B, additional, and Beard, P, additional
Published: 1998
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21. Opening and refolding of simian virus 40 and in vitro packaging of foreign DNA

Author: Colomar, M C, primary, Degoumois-Sahli, C, additional, and Beard, P, additional
Published: 1993
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22. Facilitators and barriers to adoption of evidence-based perinatal care in Latin American hospitals: a qualitative study.

Author: Belizan M, Meier A, Althabe F, Codazzi A, Colomar M, Buekens P, Belizan J, Walsh J, and Campbell MK
Abstract: Selective episiotomy and the active management of labor have been shown by numerous studies to benefit women's experience of labor as well as its outcomes. However, many Latin American public hospitals have not updated their clinical practices to reflect these findings. Limited access to new knowledge, limited time and physical resources and attitudes resistant to change are factors limiting the adoption of new practices in such hospitals. Interviews were conducted with three department heads, and focus groups were conducted with 31 physicians and midwives working in 10 public hospitals in Argentina and Uruguay. All were asked about facilitators and barriers to making changes in clinical practice. In addition, three focus groups were conducted with 16 pregnant women served by public hospitals. Responses were grouped according to stages of change in incorporating new evidence into practice. Numerous facilitators and barriers were identified by participants, as well as potential strategies for promoting change that could be incorporated into interventions. Barriers included limited access to information, negative attitudes toward changes in practice, lack of skills in performing new practices, lack of medical resources and explicit guidelines and a perceived need to practice defensive medicine. Changing long-standing clinical practice is difficult. Interventions must be adapted to translate evidence-based approaches to new cultures and contexts. Improving information access, use of role models, skill development and improved resources and support may be effective ways to overcome barriers to change in Latin American obstetric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2007

23. Gittes y Menorca

Author: Colomar, M. A.
Published: 1946

24. Two small DNA viruses with a relation to cancer

Author: Beard, P., Offord, E., Colomar, M. C., Karlen, S., Willwand, K., and Chappuis, P. O.

25. Smoking during pregnancy in Argentina and Uruguay,Tabaquismo durante el embarazo en Argentina y Uruguay

Author: Althabe, F., Colomar, M., Luz Gibbons, Belizan, J. M., and Buekens, P.

26. Preferences for mode of delivery in nulliparous Argentinean women: a qualitative study

Author: Liu Nancy H, Mazzoni Agustina, Zamberlin Nina, Colomar Mercedes, Chang Olivia H, Arnaud Lila, Althabe Fernando, and Belizán José M
Subjects: Cesarean section, Women’s preferences, Mode of delivery, Qualitative, Gynecology and obstetrics, RG1-991
Abstract: Abstract Background Over the last three decades, cesarean section (CS) rates have been rising around the world despite no associated improvement in maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The role of women’s preferences for mode of delivery in contributing to the high CS rate remains controversial; however these preferences are difficult to assess, as they are influenced by culture, knowledge of risk and benefits, and personal and social factors. In this qualitative study, our objective was to understand women’s preferences and motivational factors for mode of delivery. This information will inform the development and design of an assessment aimed at understanding the role of the women’s preferences for mode of delivery. Methods We conducted 4 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 in-depth interviews with pregnant women in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 4 large non-public and public hospitals. Our sample included 29 nulliparous pregnant women aged 18–35 years old, with single pregnancies over 32 weeks of gestational age, without pregnancies resulting from assisted fertility, without known pre-existing medical illness or diseases diagnosed during pregnancy, without an indication of elective cesarean section, and who are not health professionals. FGDs and interviews followed a pre-designed guide based on the health belief model and social cognitive theory of health decisions and behaviors. Results Most of the women preferred vaginal delivery (VD) due to cultural, personal, and social factors. VD was viewed as normal, healthy, and a natural rite of passage from womanhood to motherhood. Pain associated with vaginal delivery was viewed positively. In contrast, women viewed CS as a medical decision and often deferred decisions to medical staff in the presence of medical indication. Conclusions These findings converge with quantitative and qualitative studies showing that women prefer towards VD for various cultural, personal and social reasons. Actual CS rates appear to diverge from women’s preferences and reasons are discussed.
Published: 2013
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27. Evidence-based reproductive health care.

Author: Colomar M, Cafferata ML, and Belizán JM
Published: 2006

28. Lack of abortion care is a threat to women's health in Latin America.

Author: Colomar M and Fiol V
Abstract: Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.
Published: 2024
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29. Development of a new definition of maternal near miss based on organ dysfunction in Latin America and the Caribbean: A prospective multicenter cohort study.

Author: Rojas-Suarez J, Santacruz J, Pajaro Y, Maza F, de Mucio B, Sosa C, Serruya S, Pérez M, Contreras S, Annicchiarico W, Dueñas Castell C, Salcedo F, Méndez RR, Escobar-Vidarte M, López C, Lavalle O, Mendoza W, Ochoa C, Moreno A, Saint-Hillaire E, Castro R, Gómez H, Peña E, Urroz L, Quintela V, Colomar M, and Paternina A
Subjects: Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, Latin America, Adult, Pregnancy, Caribbean Region, World Health Organization, Young Adult, Severity of Illness Index, Organ Dysfunction Scores, Biomarkers blood, Near Miss, Healthcare statistics & numerical data, Pregnancy Complications diagnosis
Abstract: Background: There has been debate over whether the existing World Health Organization (WHO) criteria accurately represent the severity of maternal near misses., Objective: This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of two WHO clinical and laboratory organ dysfunction markers for determining the best cutoff values in a Latin American setting., Methods: A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted in five Latin American countries. Patients with severe maternal complications were followed up from admission to discharge. Organ dysfunction was determined using clinical and laboratory data, and participants were classified according to severe maternal outcomes. This study compares the diagnostic criteria of Latin American Centre for Perinatology, Network for Adverse Maternal Outcomes (CLAP/NAMO) to WHO standards., Results: Of the 698 women studied, 15.2% had severe maternal outcomes. Most measured variables showed significant differences between individuals with and without severe outcomes (all P-values <0.05). Alternative cutoff values suggested by CLAP/NAMOs include pH ≤7.40, lactate ≥2.3 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 24 bpm, oxygen saturation ≤ 96%, PaO 2 /FiO 2 ≤ 342 mmHg, platelet count ≤189 × 10 9 × mm 3 , serum creatinine ≥0.8 mg/dL, and total bilirubin ≥0.67 mg/dL. No significant differences were found when comparing the diagnostic performance of the CLAP/NAMO criteria to that of the WHO standards., Conclusion: The CLAP/NAMO values were comparable to the WHO maternal near-miss criteria, indicating that the WHO standards might not be superior in this population. These findings suggest that maternal near-miss thresholds can be adapted regionally, improving the identification and management of severe maternal complications in Latin America., (© 2024 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)
Published: 2025
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30. Changes in reproductive, maternal, and child health in Haiti during the pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic.

Author: Joseph G, Kobi-Jackson S, Birmingham M, Champetier de Ribes G, De Mucio B, Colomar M, Sosa C, Alfred JP, and Thermidor R
Abstract: Objective: To assess changes in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in Haiti from August 2018 to September 2021, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: A retrospective study using surveillance data from the Haitian Unique Health Information System, examining two periods: pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic. Health indicators at the national level in the two periods were compared using two-sample t -tests for proportions, and average absolute monthly changes were calculated using variance-weighted regression., Results: There was a statistically significant decline in the proportion of most of the indicators assessed from the pre- to the peri-COVID-19 pandemic period. However, the most affected indicators were the proportions of pregnant women with four antenatal care visits, with five antenatal care visits or more, and those who received a second dose of tetanus vaccine, which decreased by over 4 percentage points during the two periods. Likewise, the proportions of children who received diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP), BCG, polio, pentavalent, and rotavirus vaccines also all declined by over 8 percentage points. In contrast, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine increased by over 4 percentage points. A statistically significant decrease was also observed in the average absolute monthly changes of several reproductive and child health indicators assessed., Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the decline observed in several RMNCAH indicators in Haiti. However, the role played by the sociopolitical crisis and control exercised by armed groups over the population in the last three years cannot be ruled out., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest. None declared.
Published: 2024
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31. Correction: Mode of Childbirth in Low-Risk Pregnancies: Nicaraguan Physicians' Viewpoints.

Author: Colomar M, Cafferata ML, Aleman A, Castellano G, Garcia-Elorrio E, Althabe F, and Engelbrecht S
Published: 2024
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32. Digital health and the promise of equity in maternity care: A mixed methods multi-country assessment on the use of information and communication technologies in healthcare facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Author: Capasso A, Colomar M, Ramírez D, Serruya S, and de Mucio B
Subjects: Humans, Female, Pregnancy, Latin America, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pandemics, Dominican Republic, Communication, Digital Health, Maternal Health Services
Abstract: Introduction: Timely access to maternity care is critical to saving lives. Digital health may serve to bridge the care chasm and advance health equity. Conducted in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, this cross-sectional mixed-methods study assessed the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in healthcare facilities in nine Latin American and Caribbean countries to understand the landscape of ICT use in maternity care and the barriers and facilitators to its adoption., Materials and Methods: Between April 2021 and September 2022, we disseminated an online survey in English and Spanish among, mainly public, healthcare institutions that provided maternity care in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru. We also interviewed 27 administrators and providers in ministries of health and healthcare institutions., Results: Most of the 1877 institutions that answered the survey reported using ICTs in maternity care (N = 1536, 82%), ranging from 96% in Peru to 64% in the Dominican Republic. Of institutions that used ICTs, 59% reported using them more than before or for the first time since the pandemic began. ICTs were most commonly used to provide family planning (64%) and breastfeeding (58%) counseling, mainly by phone (82%). At the facility level, availability of equipment and internet coverage, coupled with skilled human resources, were the main factors associated with ICT use. At country level, government-led initiatives to develop digital health platforms, alongside national investments in the digital infrastructure, were the determining factors in the adoption of ICTs in healthcare provision., Conclusion: Digital health for maternity care provision relied on commonly available technology and did not necessitate highly sophisticated systems, making it a sustainable and replicable strategy. However, disparities in access to digital health remain and many facilities in rural and remote areas lacked connectivity. Use of ICTs in maternity care depended on countries' long-term commitments to achieving universal health and digital coverage., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Capasso et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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33. Description of maternal and neonatal adverse events in pregnant people immunised with COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy in the CLAP NETWORK of sentinel sites. Nested case-control analysis of the immunization-associated risk: A study protocol.

Author: Macías Saint-Gerons D, Castro JL, Colomar M, Rojas E, Sosa C, Ropero AM, Serruya SJ, Pastor D, Chiu M, Velandia-Gonzalez M, Abalos E, Durán P, Gomez Ponce de León R, Tomasso G, Mainero L, Rubino M, and De Mucio B
Subjects: Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Case-Control Studies, COVID-19 Vaccines adverse effects, Fetal Growth Retardation, Immunization, Infant, Premature, Retrospective Studies, Stillbirth epidemiology, Vaccination methods, Clinical Trials as Topic, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Vaccines
Abstract: Introduction: COVID-19 is associated with higher morbimortality in pregnant people compared with non-pregnant people. At present, the benefits of maternal immunisation are considered to outweigh the risks, and therefore, vaccination is recommended during pregnancy. However, additional information is needed on the safety of the vaccines in this population., Methods and Analysis: This a retrospective cohort nested case-control study in pregnant people who attended maternity hospitals from eight Latin American and Caribbean countries. A perinatal electronic clinical history database with neonatal and obstetric information will be used. The proportion of pregnant people immunised with COVID-19 vaccines of the following maternal and neonatal events will be described: preterm infant, small for gestational age, low birth weight, stillbirth, neonatal death, congenital malformations, maternal near miss and maternal death. Moreover, the risk of prematurity, small for gestational age and low birth weight associated with exposure to COVID-19 vaccines will be estimated. Each case will be matched with two groups of three randomly selected controls. Controls will be matched by hospital and mother's age (±3 years) with an additional matching by delivery date and conception time in the first and second control groups, respectively. The estimated required sample size for the main analysis (exposure to any vaccine) concerning 'non-use' is at least 1009 cases (3027 controls) to detect an increased probability of vaccine-associated event risk of 30% and at least 650 cases (1950 controls) to detect 30% protection. Sensitivity and secondary analyses considering country, type of vaccine, exposure windows and completeness of immunisation will be reported., Ethics: The study protocol was reviewed by the Ethical Review Committee on Research of the Pan American Health Organization. Patient informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and the utilisation of anonymised data (Ref. No: PAHOERC.0546.01). Results will be disseminated in open access journals., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© World Health Organization 2024. Licensee BMJ.)
Published: 2024
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34. Surveillance of severe maternal morbidity and maternal mortality in maternity hospitals of the Latin American and Caribbean network - Red CLAP: study protocol.

Author: Serruya SJ, de Mucio B, Sosa C, Colomar M, Duran P, Gomez Ponce de Leon R, Aleman A, Luz AG, Souza RT, Costa ML, and Cecatti JG
Subjects: Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Latin America epidemiology, Caribbean Region epidemiology, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Maternal Mortality, Hospitals, Maternity
Abstract: The sustained reduction in maternal mortality in America underlines the need to analyse women who survived a complication that could have been fatal if appropriate and timely care had not been taken. Analysis of maternal near-miss (MNM) cases, as well as potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), are considered indicators for monitoring the quality of maternal care. The specific objective of this study protocol is to develop a surveillance system for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality, as primary outcomes, in Latin American and Caribbean maternal healthcare institutions. Secondarily, the study was designed to identify factors associated with these conditions and estimate how often key evidence-based interventions were used for managing severe maternal morbidity. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. The target population consists of all women admitted to health centres participating in the network during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period. Variables describing the sequence of events that may result in a PLTC, MNM or maternal death are recorded. Relevant quality control is carried out to ensure the quality of the database and confidentiality. Centres with approximately 2,500 annual deliveries will be included to achieve a sufficient number of cases for calculation of indicators. The frequency of outcome measures for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality and their confidence intervals and differences between groups will be calculated using the most appropriate statistical tests. Similar procedures will be performed with variables describing the use of evidence-based practices. Networking creates additional possibilities for global information management and interaction between different research groups. Lessons can be learned and shared, generating scientific knowledge to address relevant health problems throughout the region with provision of efficient data management.
Published: 2023
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35. Neonatal outcomes according to different degrees of maternal morbidity: cross-sectional evidence from the Perinatal Information System (SIP) of the CLAP network.

Author: Colomar M, de Mucio B, Sosa C, Gomez R, Mainero L, Souza RT, Costa ML, Luz AG, Sousa MH, Cruz CM, Chevez LM, Lopez R, Carrillo G, Rizo U, Saint Hillaire EE, Arriaga WE, Guadalupe RM, Ochoa C, Gonzalez F, Castro R, Stefan A, Moreno A, Serruya SJ, and Cecatti JG
Subjects: Pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Female, Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Resuscitation, Infant Mortality, Maternal Mortality, Information Systems, Perinatal Death, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology
Abstract: Background: The burden of maternal morbidity in neonatal outcomes can vary with the adequacy of healthcare provision and tool implementation to improve monitoring. Such information is lacking in Latin American countries, where the decrease in severe maternal morbidity and maternal death remains challenging., Objectives: To determine neonatal outcomes according to maternal characteristics, including different degrees of maternal morbidity in Latin American health facilities., Methods: This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the Perinatal Information System (SIP) database from eight health facilities in five Latin American and Caribbean countries. Participants were all women delivering from August 2018 to June 2021, excluding cases of abortion, multiple pregnancies and missing information on perinatal outcomes. As primary and secondary outcome measures, neonatal near miss and neonatal death were measured according to maternal/pregnancy characteristics and degrees of maternal morbidity. Estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadj) with their respective 95% CIs were reported., Results: In total 85,863 live births were included, with 1,250 neonatal near miss (NNM) cases and 695 identified neonatal deaths. NNM and neonatal mortality ratios were 14.6 and 8.1 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Conditions independently associated with a NNM or neonatal death were the need for neonatal resuscitation (PR adj 16.73, 95% CI [13.29-21.05]), being single (PR adj 1.45, 95% CI [1.32-1.59]), maternal near miss or death (PR adj 1.64, 95% CI [1.14-2.37]), preeclampsia (PR adj 3.02, 95% CI [1.70-5.35]), eclampsia/HELPP (PR adj 1.50, 95% CI [1.16-1.94]), maternal age (years) (PR adj 1.01, 95% CI [<1.01-1.02]), major congenital anomalies (PR adj 3.21, 95% CI [1.43-7.23]), diabetes (PR adj 1.49, 95% CI [1.11-1.98]) and cardiac disease (PR adj 1.65, 95% CI [1.14-2.37])., Conclusion: Maternal morbidity leads to worse neonatal outcomes, especially in women suffering maternal near miss or death. Based on SIP/PAHO database all these indicators may be helpful for routine situation monitoring in Latin America with the purpose of policy changes and improvement of maternal and neonatal health.
Published: 2023
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36. The burden of stillbirths in low resource settings in Latin America: Evidence from a network using an electronic surveillance system.

Author: de Mucio B, Sosa C, Colomar M, Mainero L, Cruz CM, Chévez LM, Lopez R, Carrillo G, Rizo U, Saint Hillaire EE, Arriaga WE, Guadalupe Flores RM, Ochoa C, Gonzalez F, Castro R, Stefan A, Moreno A, Metelus S, Souza RT, Costa ML, Luz AG, Sousa MH, Cecatti JG, and Serruya SJ
Subjects: Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Latin America epidemiology, Risk Factors, Electronics, Stillbirth epidemiology, Resource-Limited Settings
Abstract: Objective: To determine stillbirth ratio and its association with maternal, perinatal, and delivery characteristics, as well as geographic differences in Latin American countries (LAC)., Methods: We analysed data from the Perinatal Information System of the Latin American Center for Perinatology and Human Development (CLAP) between January 2018 and June 2021 in 8 health facilities from five LAC countries (Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic). Maternal, pregnancy, and delivery characteristics, in addition to pregnancy outcomes were reported. Estimates of association were tested using chi-square tests, and P < 0.05 was regarded as significant. Bivariate analysis was conducted to estimate stillbirth risk. Prevalence ratios (PR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each predictor were reported., Results: In total, 101,852 childbirths comprised the SIP database. For this analysis, we included 99,712 childbirths. There were 762 stillbirths during the study period; the Stillbirth ratio of 7.7/1,000 live births (ranged from 3.8 to 18.2/1,000 live births across the different maternities); 586 (76.9%) were antepartum stillbirths, 150 (19.7%) were intrapartum stillbirths and 26 (3.4%) with an ignored time of death. Stillbirth was significantly associated with women with diabetes (PRadj 2.36; 95%CI [1.25-4.46]), preeclampsia (PRadj 2.01; 95%CI [1.26-3.19]), maternal age (PRadj 1.04; 95%CI [1.02-1.05]), any medical condition (PRadj 1.48; 95%CI [1.24-1.76, and severe maternal outcome (PRadj 3.27; 95%CI [3.27-11.66])., Conclusions: Pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity were significantly associated with stillbirths. The stillbirth ratios varied across the maternity hospitals, which highlights the importance for individual surveillance. Specialized antenatal and intrapartum care remains a priority, particularly for women who are at a higher risk of stillbirth., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 de Mucio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2023
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37. Bridging the Gap between Surveillance and Interventions in Latin America Addressing Maternal and Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality.

Author: Serruya S, Costa ML, De Mucio B, Duran P, Sosa C, Colomar M, Leon RGP, Souza RT, Luz AG, and Cecatti JG
Subjects: Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Latin America epidemiology, Maternal Mortality, Morbidity, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology, Pregnancy Complications therapy
Abstract: Competing Interests: None to declare.
Published: 2023
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38. The impact of maternal morbidity on cesarean section rates: exploring a Latin American network of sentinel facilities using the Robson's Ten Group Classification System.

Author: Sosa C, de Mucio B, Colomar M, Mainero L, Costa ML, Guida JP, Souza RT, Luz AG, Cecatti JG, Sousa MH, Cruz CM, Chevez LM, Lopez R, Carrillo G, Rizo U, Saint Hillaire EE, Arriaga WE, Guadalupe RM, Ochoa C, Gonzalez F, Castro R, Stefan A, Moreno A, and Serruya SJ
Subjects: Pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Female, Humans, Latin America epidemiology, Racial Groups, Parturition, Family, Cesarean Section
Abstract: Background: Latin America has the highest Cesarean Section Rates (CSR) in the world. Robson's Ten Group Classification System (RTGCS) was developed to enable understanding the CSR in different groups of women, classified according to obstetric characteristics into one of ten groups. The size of each CS group may provide helpful data on quality of care in a determined region or setting. Data can potentially be used to compare the impact of conditions such as maternal morbidity on CSR. The objective of this study is to understand the impact of Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) on CSR in ten different groups of RTGCS., Methods: Secondary analysis of childbirth information from 2018 to 2021, including 8 health facilities from 5 Latin American and Caribbean countries (Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic), using a surveillance database (SIP-Perinatal Information System, in Spanish) implemented in different settings across Latin America. Women were classified into one of RTGCS. The frequency of each group and its respective CSR were described. Furthermore, the sample was divided into two groups, according to maternal outcomes: women without SMM and those who experienced SMM, considering Potentially Life-threatening Conditions, Maternal Near Miss and Maternal Death as the continuum of morbidity., Results: Available data were obtained from 92,688 deliveries using the Robson Classification. Overall CSR was around 38%. Group 5 was responsible for almost one-third of cesarean sections. SMM occurred in 6.7% of cases. Among these cases, the overall CSR was almost 70% in this group. Group 10 had a major role (preterm deliveries). Group 5 (previous Cesarean section) had a very high CSR within the group, regardless of the occurrence of maternal morbidity (over 80%)., Conclusion: Cesarean section rate was higher in women experiencing SMM than in those without SMM in Latin America. SMM was associated with higher Cesarean section rates, especially in groups 1 and 3. Nevertheless, group 5 was the major contributor to the overall CSR., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2023
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39. Predicting severe maternal outcomes in a network of sentinel sites in Latin-American countries.

Author: Aleman A, Colomar M, Colistro V, Tomaso G, Sosa C, Serruya S, de Francisco LA, Ciganda A, and De Mucio B
Subjects: Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Maternal Mortality, Family, Racial Groups, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology, Maternal Death, Near Miss, Healthcare
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to determine incidences of potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near misses (MNM), and maternal deaths (MD) in women who gave birth in participating facilities, and to determine the probability that a pregnancy involving a PLTC would evolve into an MNM and/or an MD., Methods: This was a multicentric observational study implemented on a maternal network from August 2018 to May 2019 in five Latin-American countries. We summarized categorical variables as frequencies and continuous variables with median, interquartile range, and standard deviations. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated and multivariate predictive models were built., Results: There were 33 901 deliveries and miscarriages, of which 8.0% had at least one PLTC and 0.6% had an MNM. Hypertensive disorder was the most frequent condition to evolve into a severe maternal outcome., Conclusion: Identifying PLTC can help to prevent MNM and MD. The inclusion of these predictors in a real-time data registration system like the Perinatal Informatic System could work as a surveillance tool for early detection, leading to a reduction in the rate of worsening conditions., (© 2022 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO); licensed by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)
Published: 2023
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40. From global recommendations to (in)action: A scoping review of the coverage of companion of choice for women during labour and birth.

Author: Bohren MA, Hazfiarini A, Vazquez Corona M, Colomar M, De Mucio B, Tunçalp Ö, and Portela A
Abstract: Women greatly value and benefit from the presence of someone they trust to support them throughout labour and childbirth ('labour companion of choice'). Labour companionship improves maternal and perinatal outcomes, including enhancing physiological labour and birth experiences. Despite clear benefits, implementation is slow. We conducted a scoping review to assess coverage and models of labour companionship, including quantitative studies reporting coverage of labour companionship in any level health facility globally. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Global Health from 1 January 2010-14 December 2021. We extracted data on study design, labour companionship coverage, timing and type of companions allowed, and recoded data into categories for comparison across studies. We included data from a maternal health sentinel network of hospitals in Latin America, using descriptive statistics to assess coverage among 120,581 women giving birth in these sites from April 2018-April 2022. In the scoping review, we included 77 studies from 27 countries. There was wide variation in the coverage of labour companionship: almost one-third of studies reported coverage less than 40%, and one-third of studies reported coverage between 40-80%. Husbands or partners were the most frequent companion (37.7%, 29/77), followed by family member or friend (gender not specified) (32.5%, 25/77), family member or friend (female-only) (13.0%, 10/77). Across nine sentinel hospitals in five Latin American countries, there was variation in coverage, with no companion at any time ranging from 14.9%-93.8%. Despite the well-known benefits and factors affecting implementation of labour companionship, more work is needed to improve equitable coverage. Concerted efforts are needed to engage with communities, health workers, health managers, and policy-makers to establish policies, address implementation barriers, and integrate data on coverage into perinatal records and quality processes to ensure that all women have access. Harmonized reporting of labour companionship would greatly enhance understanding at global level., Competing Interests: MAB, BDM, öT, and AP have participated in the development of guidelines, research, and materials related to companion of choice at birth. The authors have declared that no other competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Bohren et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2023
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41. Maternal mortality linked to COVID-19 in Latin America: Results from a multi-country collaborative database of 447 deaths.

Author: Maza-Arnedo F, Paternina-Caicedo A, Sosa CG, de Mucio B, Rojas-Suarez J, Say L, Cresswell JA, de Francisco LA, Serruya S, Lic DCFP, Urbina L, Hilaire ES, Munayco CV, Gil F, Rousselin E, Contreras L, Stefan A, Becerra AV, Degraff E, Espada F, Conde V, Mery G, Castaño VHÁ, Umbarila ALT, Romero ILT, Alfonso YCR, Lovato Silva R, Calle J, Díaz-Viscensini CM, Frutos VNB, Laguardia EV, Padilla H, Ciganda A, and Colomar M
Abstract: Background: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of maternal deaths associated with COVID-19 registered in a collaborative Latin-American multi-country database., Methods: This was an observational study implemented from March 1st 2020 to November 29th 2021 in eight Latin American countries. Information was based on the Perinatal Information System from the Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health. We summarized categorical variables as frequencies and percentages and continuous variables into median with interquartile ranges., Findings: We identified a total of 447 deaths. The median maternal age was 31 years. 86·4% of women were infected antepartum, with most of the cases (60·3%) detected in the third trimester of pregnancy. The most frequent symptoms at first consultation and admission were dyspnea (73·0%), fever (69·0%), and cough (59·0%). Organ dysfunction was reported in 90·4% of women during admission. A total of 64·8% women were admitted to critical care for a median length of eight days. In most cases, the death occurred during the puerperium, with a median of seven days between delivery and death. Preterm delivery was the most common perinatal complication (76·9%) and 59·9% were low birth weight., Interpretation: This study describes the characteristics of maternal deaths in a comprehensive multi-country database in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Barriers faced by Latin American pregnant women to access intensive care services when required were also revealed. Decision-makers should strengthen severity awareness, and referral strategies to avoid potential delays., Funding: Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health., Competing Interests: None., (© 2022 Pan American Health Organization.)
Published: 2022
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42. Cesarean section in Uruguay from 2008 to 2018: country analysis based on the Robson classification. An observational study.

Author: Colomar M, Colistro V, Sosa C, de Francisco LA, Betrán AP, Serruya S, and De Mucio B
Subjects: Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Parturition, Pregnancy, Uruguay epidemiology, Cesarean Section, Delivery, Obstetric
Abstract: Background: The use of caesarean section has steadily increased, with Latin America being the region with the highest rates. Multiple factors account for that increase and the Robson classification is appropriate to compare determinants at the clinical level for caesarean section rates over time. The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of caesarean section rates by Robson groups in Uruguay from 2008 to 2018 using a country level database., Methods: We included the records of all women giving birth in Uruguay (pregnancies ≥22 weeks and weights ≥500 g) with valid data in the mode of childbirth recorded in the Perinatal Information System database between 2008 and 2018. Caesarean section rates were calculated by Robson groups for each of the years included, disaggregated by care sector (public/private) and by geographical area (Capital City/Non-Capital), with time trends and their significance analyzed using linear regression models., Results: Of the total 485,263 births included in this research, the overall caesarean section rate was 43,1%. In 2018, among the groups at lower risk of caesarean section (1 to 4), the highest rates were seen in women in group 2B (98,8%), followed by those in group 4B (97,9%). A significant increase in the number of caesarean sections was seen in groups 2B (97,9 to 98,8%), 3 (8,36 to 11,1%) and 4 (A (22,7 to 26,9%) and B (95,4 to 97,9%) Significant growth was also observed in groups 5 (74,3 to 78,1%), 8 (90,6 to 95,5%), and 10 (39,1 to 46,7%). The private sector had higher rates of caesarean section for all groups throughout the period, except for women in group 9. The private sector in Montevideo presented the highest rates in the groups with the lowest risk of caesarean section (1, 2A, 3 and 4A), followed by the private sector outside of the capital., Conclusion: Uruguay is no exception to the increasing caesarean section trend, even in groups of women who have lower risk of requiring caesarean section. The implementation of interventions aimed at reducing caesarean section in the groups with lower obstetric risk in Uruguay is warranted., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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43. Collaborative model of intrapartum care: qualitative study on barriers and facilitators to implementation in a private Brazilian hospital.

Author: Colomar M, Gonzalez Mora F, Betran AP, Opiyo N, Bohren MA, Torloni MR, and Siaulys M
Subjects: Female, Hospitals, Private, Humans, Parturition, Pregnancy, Qualitative Research, Cesarean Section, Midwifery
Abstract: Introduction: A collaborative (midwife-obstetrician) model of intrapartum care (CMIC) is associated with lower caesarean section (CS) rates than physician-led models. In 2019, the largest private maternity hospital in Latin America (14.000 deliveries/year, 89% CS) created a quality improvement initiative to optimise intrapartum care and safely reduce CS in low-risk women managed by its internal team of healthcare providers (HCP). We conducted formative research to identify potential barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a CMIC., Methods: Three groups of stakeholders participated in focus groups and interviews: hospital managers and clinical coordinators, HCP working in labour/delivery wards and pregnant women intending to give birth in the hospital. We explored participants' views about the acceptability of implementing a CMIC where a nurse-midwife (NM) on shift would be the main intrapartum HCP, with continuous support/supervision of a dedicated, in-house, obstetrician-gynaecologist (OB-GYN). A thematic analysis approach was used., Results: 12 HCPs, 5 clinical coordinators, 2 hospital managers and 7 women participated. OB-GYNs, coordinators and managers highlighted health system, organisational and structural factors (NMs' limited experience/skills, professional roles, financial reimbursement) as potential barriers. NMs identified logistical and human resources as additional barriers. Women viewed the CMIC with perplexity and insecurity because of cultural beliefs about the dominant role of OB-GYNs, and limited information about NM's capabilities. All professionals agreed that women's acceptance of a CMIC will require educational interventions and communication strategies to inform potential users about the advantages and safety of this model., Conclusion: There are important barriers and facilitators to implement a CMIC in a private Brazilian maternity hospital. Factors related to health system structure and organisation may have the greatest impact. A CMIC is more likely to succeed if stakeholders' concerns about responsibilities, power and financial revenues are addressed, and educational interventions targeted at users are deployed prior to its implementation., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2021
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44. Do women prefer caesarean sections? A qualitative evidence synthesis of their views and experiences.

Author: Colomar M, Opiyo N, Kingdon C, Long Q, Nion S, Bohren MA, and Betran AP
Subjects: China, Data Management methods, Family psychology, Female, Humans, Labor, Obstetric psychology, Parturition psychology, Postpartum Period psychology, Pregnancy, Qualitative Research, Taiwan, Cesarean Section psychology, Patient Preference psychology, Pregnant Women psychology
Abstract: Background: Caesarean sections (CS) continue to increase worldwide. Multiple and complex factors are contributing to the increase, including non-clinical factors related to individual women, families and their interactions with health providers. This global qualitative evidence synthesis explores women's preferences for mode of birth and factors underlying preferences for CS., Methods: Systematic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were conducted in December 2016 and updated in May 2019 and February 2021. Studies conducted across all resource settings were eligible for inclusion, except those from China and Taiwan which have been reported in a companion publication. Phenomena of interest were opinions, views and perspectives of women regarding preferences for mode of birth, attributes of CS, societal and cultural beliefs about modes of birth, and right to choose mode of birth. Thematic synthesis of data was conducted. Confidence in findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual., Results: We included 52 studies, from 28 countries, encompassing the views and perspectives of pregnant women, non-pregnant women, women with previous CS, postpartum women, and women's partners. Most of the studies were conducted in high-income countries and published between 2011 and 2021. Factors underlying women preferences for CS had to do mainly with strong fear of pain and injuries to the mother and child during labour or birth (High confidence), uncertainty regarding vaginal birth (High confidence), and positive views or perceived advantages of CS (High confidence). Women who preferred CS expressed resoluteness about it, but there were also many women who had a clear preference for vaginal birth and those who even developed strategies to keep their birth plans in environments that were not supportive of vaginal births (High confidence). The findings also identified that social, cultural and personal factors as well as attributes related to health systems impact on the reasons underlying women preferences for various modes of birth (High confidence)., Conclusions: A wide variety of factors underlie women's preferences for CS in the absence of medical indications. Major factors contributing to perceptions of CS as preferable include fear of pain, uncertainty with vaginal birth and positive views on CS. Interventions need to address these factors to reduce unnecessary CS., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Published: 2021
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45. Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review.

Author: Shirzad M, Shakibazadeh E, Hajimiri K, Betran AP, Jahanfar S, Bohren MA, Opiyo N, Long Q, Kingdon C, Colomar M, and Abedini M
Subjects: Cesarean Section psychology, Female, Humans, Iran, Male, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Cesarean Section statistics & numerical data, Choice Behavior, Consumer Behavior, Family psychology, Health Personnel psychology, Patient Preference
Abstract: Background: Cesarean section (CS) rates have been increasing globally. Iran has one of the highest CS rates in the world (47.9%). This review was conducted to assess the prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for CS in Iran., Methods and Findings: In this mixed-methods systematic review, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, POPLINE, PsycINFO, Global Health Library, Google scholar; as well as Iranian scientific databases including SID, and Magiran from 1 January 1990 to 8th October 2019. Primary quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that had been conducted in Iran with Persian or English languages were included. Meta-analysis of quantitative studies was conducted by extracting data from 65 cross-sectional, longitudinal, and baseline measurements of interventional studies. For meta-synthesis, we used 26 qualitative studies with designs such as ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The Review Manager Version 5.3 and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software were used for meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Results showed that 5.46% of nulliparous women (95% CI 5.38-5.50%; χ 2 = 1117.39; df = 28 [p < 0.00001]; I 2 = 97%) preferred a CS mode of delivery. Results of subgroup analysis based on the time of pregnancy showed that proportions of preference for CS reported by women were 5.94% (95% CI 5.86-5.99%) in early and middle pregnancy, and 3.81% (95% CI 3.74-3.83%), in late pregnancy. The heterogeneity was high in this review. Most women were pregnant, regardless of their parity; the risk level of participants were unknown, and some Persian publications were appraised as low in quality. A combined inductive and deductive approach was used to synthesis the qualitative data, and CERQual was used to assess confidence in the findings. Meta-synthesis generated 10 emerging themes and three final themes: 'Women's factors', 'Health professional factors', andex 'Health organization, facility, or system factors'., Conclusion: Despite low preference for CS among women, CS rates are still so high. This implies the role of factors beyond the individual will. We identified a multiple individual, health facility, and health system factors which affected the preference for CS in Iran. Numerous attempts were made in recent years to design, test and implement interventions to decrease unnecessary CS in Iran, such as mother-friendly hospitals, standard protocols for labor and birth, preparation classes for women, midwives, and gynaecologists, and workshops for specialists and midwives through the "health sector evolution policy". Although these programs were effective, high rates of CS persist and more efforts are needed to optimize the use of CS.
Published: 2021
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46. Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.

Author: Berrueta M, Llambi L, Colomar M, and Aleman A
Subjects: Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Tobacco Smoking, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking Cessation
Published: 2018
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47. Prevalence of invehicle smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in Uruguay.

Author: Llambi L, Barros M, Parodi C, Pippo A, Nunez V, Colomar M, Ciganda A, Cavalleri F, Goyeneche JJ, and Aleman A
Subjects: Humans, Pilot Projects, Prevalence, Uruguay epidemiology, Automobiles, Smoking epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution analysis, Tobacco Smoke Pollution statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Introduction: Protection from secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of the fundamental principles of the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Objective data on SHS exposure in vehicles in South America is scarce. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of smoking inside vehicles., Methods: The point prevalence of smoking in vehicles was observed, and a method for estimating smoking prevalence was piloted., Results: We observed 10 011 vehicles. In 219 (2.2%; 95% CI 1.91 to 2.49) of them, smoking was observed, and in 29.2% of these, another person was exposed to SHS. According to the 'expansion factor' we constructed, direct observation detected one of six to one to nine vehicles in which smoking occurred. The observed prevalence of smoking in vehicles (2.2%) could reflect a real prevalence between 12% and 19%. In 29.2% (95% CI 23.6 to 35.5) and 4.6% (95% CI 2.2 to 8.3) of vehicles in which smoking was observed, another adult or a child, respectively, was exposed to SHS., Conclusions: Smoking was estimated to occur in 12%-19% of vehicles, with involuntary exposure in one of three of vehicles observed. These data underscore a need for new public policies to eliminate SHS in vehicles to protect public health., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)
Published: 2018
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48. Global burden of disease among teenagers in Uruguay and its comparison with Latin America and the Caribbean.

Author: Aleman A, Colistro V, Colomar M, Cavalleri F, Alegretti M, and Buglioli M
Subjects: Accidents, Traffic mortality, Accidents, Traffic statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Caribbean Region epidemiology, Female, Humans, Latin America epidemiology, Male, Registries, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Self-Injurious Behavior mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, Uruguay epidemiology, Violence statistics & numerical data, Violence trends, Young Adult, Cause of Death trends, Global Burden of Disease trends, Mortality, Premature trends, Poverty
Abstract: Introduction: Adolescence is considered a healthy stage of life and therefore little studied. This study described mortality over time in teenagers in Uruguay and analysed the burden of disease at this stage of life by the measure of Years of Life Lost by Premature Death in Uruguay and by comparison with rates in Latin America and the Caribbean by sex, cause and sub-region., Methodology: Secondary data sources used were the national registry of deaths in Uruguay, the first Global Burden of Disease study in Uruguay and the information on the data visualisation page of the Institute of Metrics and Health Evaluation. Data were extracted by the authors and displayed in tables and graphs., Results: Teenager mortality held roughly stable between 1997 and 2015. More years were lost to premature death among Uruguayan men, the main causes being traffic accidents, self-inflicted injuries and violence. The same behaviour occurs throughout the region., Conclusions: The social determinants of health connected with poverty and inequality play a role in the development of depression, risky and violent behaviour, which possibly explain the loss of years due to premature death in adolescence.
Published: 2018
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49. Supply kits for antenatal and childbirth care: a systematic review.

Author: Aleman A, Tomasso G, Cafferata ML, Colomar M, and Betran AP
Subjects: Equipment and Supplies, Hospital standards, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Pregnancy, Equipment and Supplies, Hospital supply & distribution, Prenatal Care standards
Abstract: Introduction: It is critical to increase the uptake of interventions proven to be effective to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes. Supply kits have been suggested to be a feasible strategy designed to ensure timely availability and effective follow-up of care., Objective: We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the uptake, effectiveness and safety of supply kits for maternal care., Search Strategy: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, Campbell Collaboration, Lilacs, Embase and unpublished studies were searched., Selection Criteria: Studies that reported the efficacy, safety and use of supply kits for maternal healthcare were eligible. Participants were pregnant women or in childbirth. Supply kits were defined as a collection of medicines, supplies or instruments packaged together with the aim of conducting a healthcare task., Data Collection and Analysis: Two reviewers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and methodological and quality assessment., Main Results: 24 studies were included: 4 of them were systematic reviews and 20 primary studies. Eighteen studies evaluated a so-called "clean delivery kit". In all but two studies, the kits were used by more than half of the participants. A meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate due to the heterogeneity in study design, in the components of the interventions implemented, in the content of the kits, and in outcomes. Nine studies assessed neonatal outcomes and found statistically significant reductions in cord infection, sepsis and tetanus-related mortality in the intervention group. Three studies showed evidence of reduced neonatal mortality (OR 0.52, 0.60 and 0.71) with statistically significant confidence intervals in all cases. Four studies reported odd ratios for maternal mortality, but only one showed evidence of a statistically significant decrease in this outcome but it was ascribed to hand washing prior to childbirth and not with the use of kits., Conclusion: This review suggests potential benefits in the use of supply kits to improve maternal and neonatal health. However, the observational nature of the studies, the heterogeneity and the use of kits incorporated within complex interventions limit the interpretation of the findings.
Published: 2017
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50. Supply kits for antenatal and childbirth care during antenatal care and delivery: a mixed-methods systematic review, the qualitative approach.

Author: Colomar M, Cafferata ML, Aleman A, Tomasso G, and Betran AP
Subjects: Delivery, Obstetric instrumentation, Developing Countries, Equipment and Supplies, Female, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Pregnancy, Qualitative Research, Delivery, Obstetric methods, Parturition, Prenatal Care methods
Abstract: Antenatal care reduces maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity through the detection and treatment of some conditions, but its coverage is less than optimal within certain populations. Supply kits for maternal health were designed to overcome barriers present when providing care during pregnancy and childbirth particularly to women from underserved population.We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review on the use of supply kits. This manuscript presents the findings from qualitative studies that reported barriers, facilitators, and user's recommendation in the adoption and implementation of any type of kit designed to be used during pregnancy or childbirth.This review included eight studies, and seven were implemented in developing countries. Most studies assessed the implementation of clean delivery kits to be used during labour and delivery, and contributed to gain insights into factors that may hinder or foster the use of kits.Clean delivery kits were conceived to cope with barriers related mainly to access. The most important barrier identified were those related to the socio-cultural and the lack of knowledge dimension such as who held the decision-making authority in the household, as well as popular beliefs behind the idea that birth preparation could bring bad luck, may prevent clients from adhering to their use. In addition, financial constraints and limited understanding of the instructions of use were accessibility barriers found. On the other hand, once used, clean delivery kits for maternal health were accepted by women and health workers. Convenience, hygienic components, and avoidance of delays in receiving care were viewed as satisfactory features.Supply kits are mostly affordable and easily deployable. Increasing awareness among the population about the offered kits and providing information on their benefits emerges as a critical step to foster use in settings where kits are available. Implementation of this strategy requires low complexity resources and could make the use of kits an accepted alternative to increase the use of evidence-based interventions and thus improve quality of care during pregnancy, childbirth and neonatal period mainly at the community level in low income countries and remote areas with low access.
Published: 2017
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