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Underlying and extended data for the publication: “Carbon and nitrogen uptake through photosynthesis and feeding by photosymbiotic Acantharia” (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14983.1) Background:Mixotrophy, combining phagotrophy and photoautotrophy in order to acquire nutrients and energy, is a widespread trophic mode in marine protist plankton. Acantharia (Radiolaria) are ubiquitous, but still uncultured oceanic protists. Many of them are mixoplanktic by endosymbiotic relations with microalgae. Here we aimed at quantitatively assess phototrophy (inorganic nutrients) and phagotrophy (organic nutrients) of photosymbiotic Acantharia, to understand their physiology, and thereby improve integrations of mixotrophy into ecological models of oceanic ecosystems. Methods:Freshly collected Acantharia were incubated with stable isotopes of inorganic carbon and nitrogen to determine photosynthetic uptake rates. Grazing experiments (prey disappearance) were done with different algal cultures as potential food organisms to measure the contribution of prey ingestion to the acantharian metabolism. Fluorescently (and isotopically) labelled prey was used to verify prey uptake, qualitatively. Results/Conclusions: Carbon uptake rates were unaffected by the nitrogen source (i.e., nitrate or ammonium). Total carbon inorganic uptake rate was 1112±82 pgC h-1 Acantharia‑1, 22.3±1.6 pgC h-1 symbiont cell-1assuming 50 symbionts per Acantharia, at ~155-μmol photons m−2 s−1 irradiance. The Acantharia studied could use both inorganic ammonium and nitrate, but ammonium was taken up at a ~5 times higher rate. Prey ingestion of the haptophyte, Isochrysis galbana, was detected using labelled algae. Significant grazing by Acantharia could only be established on the dinoflagellate Effrenium voratum, with a grazing rate of 728 prey Acantharia‑1 hour-1 (i.e., ~56.3 ngC h-1, 46% of total holobiont carbon content) at a ratio of 1.06x104 prey predator-1. Daily photosynthetic carbon uptake rates made up ~14.5% of the total holobiont carbon content (0.9% hourly). The extent to which photosynthates are used and assimilated by the acantharian cell and/or if it is used for catabolic processes to obtain energy is still to be studied. Isotopic ratios further suggests seasonal differences in the usage of each trophic mode. Underlying data(sets): EAIRMS_data_for_Acantharia-Table1_Table2_Figure1_ETable3.xlsx: Isotopic data of the Acanhtaria photosynthetic C and N uptake experiments. The sheettitled'...Export.wke' is the raw machine outputs; 'standards TCD' and 'standard IRMS' are the isolated data for respectively the TCD and IRMS of the standards;'samples TCD' and 'samplesIRMS' are the isolated data for respectively the TCD and IRMS of the samples; 'Results' sheet makes the calculation on the data for the samples accounting for the standards; the 'statistics delta' sheet gives the statistics and test. Flowcytometry_data-Grazing_rates-Table3.xlsx: Cell countdata of prey items used for acantharian grazing experiments. The sheets are labeled by RCC culture number, each sheet gives the flowcytometry data and calculations for ingestion rate. The 'Results table' sheet provides an overview of ingestion rates. Photosynthetic_rates_and_chla_summary_of_algal_culture_data.xlsx: Photosynthetic rates of Phaeocystis cultures as measured using 14C techniques, and the Chl-a concentrations of relevant cultures. Imaging_data-Acantharia_grazing.zip: This is data of the fluorescence confocal microscopy and is organised by experimental time point. Itincludes the .tif files used in the manuscript and the original .lif files of the Leica microscope. The .lif data for time points T60 and T240 also contain images that have not been illustrated in the manuscript and do not come accompanied by a .tif file. Extended data: Extended data overview: Extended_data_Text_Figures_Tables.docx: Supplementary information to “Carbon and nitrogen uptake through photosynthesis and feeding by photosymbiotic Acantharia”. Contains all figures, tables, and legends. Figures are also separately available in this dataset. This contains extended data and preliminary experiments on Acantharia (Radiolaria), as well as, extra experiments and data of Collodaria (Radiolaria). Extended data figures: E Fig 1 cells.tiff E fig 2 photo exp design 2022.png E fig 3 feeding exp design.png E fig 4 PAM supp image.png E fig 5- nonsymbiotic Acantharia.tif E fig 6 Acantharia prelimn d13C Graph exl outlier.png E Fig 7 - Acantharia SI-prey feeding graph E fig 8- Graph collodaria d15N.png Fig2-3D reconstruction video simulation-Acantharia T60_cell_1_stained.avi Extended data tables: E table 1 - Culture information.xlsx E Table 2 - medium specifics.xlsx Extended data (raw) datasets: Extended_data-PAM raw data.xlsx: Microscope PAMData underlying E Fig 4 Extended_data-isotopic values september 2018 Collodaria and Acantharia.xlsx: Isotopic values of Collodaria and Acantharia samples from September 2018; data underlying E Fig 6 Extended_data-EAIRMS data Collodaria -april2019-reprocessed25-9-2019_E fig 8.xlsx: Isotopic data of Collodaria, underlying data for E Fig 8. The sheettitled'...excel_2.wke' is the raw ÍRMS machine outputs; 'sample peaks' and 'ref peaks' are the isolated data for respectively the samples and machine references; 'sample peaks (cleaned)' is the data of the samples run cleaned to include only the numbers needed; 'standards' and 'Samples' are the data for respectively the standards andsamples of the IRMS run; The 'Samples'sheet makes the calculation on the data for the samples accounting for the standards; the 'samples overview' sheet gives an overview of the delta values. Extended_data-Isotopically labeled prey plus Acantharia_EAIRMS_and_Flowcyto_prey_count_data_E Fig7.xlsx The sheettitled'...excel_2.wke' is the raw ÍRMS machine outputs; 'sample peaks' and 'ref peaks' are the isolated data for respectively the samples and machine references; 'sample peaks (cleaned)' is the data of the samples run cleaned to include only the numbers needed; 'standards' and 'samples' are the data for respectively the standards andsamples of the IRMS run; The 'samples' sheet makes the calculation on the data for the samples accounting for the standards; the 'samples radiolaria' sheetisolates the data for our Acantharia samples gives and gives an overview of the delta values. The last sheet ' prey cell counts' is the flowcytometry count data of the prey. Image_data-Acantharia_grazing.zip Photographs taken of the grazing experiments

Family COLLOPHIDIIDAE Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015 Collophidiidae Biard & Suzuki in Biard, Pillet, Decelle, Poirier, Suzuki & Not, 2015: 384. Collophidae ��� Ishitani et al. 2012 [no pages can be specified due to ambiguous indication, no type genus indication, and grammatic error in name formation, unavailable name]. TYPE GENUS. ��� Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D44): Collozoum serpentinum Haeckel, 1887: 26]. INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Collophidium Haeckel, 1887: 26. NOMEN DUBIUM. ��� Colloprunum. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Collophidiidae are Colonial Collodaria with a variable elongated, cylindrical, or spherical appearance. Each colony is comprised of a delicate gelatinous material that encompasses the scattered algal symbionts and the string-like aggregations. A stringlike aggregation includes tens to a hundred collodarian cells within a firm gelatinous material. The central capsule is of an elongated cylindrical shape, with an endoplasm highly vacuolated. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Living. REMARKS The taxonomic independency of Collophidium was initially recognized by the studies of Anderson et al. (1999). This was achieved by the observation of ultrafine cellular structure and the publication of ���living��� images.Their results were later supported by a molecular phylogenetic study by Ishitani et al. (2012). The microbial eukaryotes (0.8-20 ��m) of the bathypelagic zone (3000-4000 m in water depth) in global oceans are dominated by Collophidium, suggesting the important role of this genus in the deep-ocean (Pernice et al. 2016). This family can be easily distinguished from the other collodarian families by the presence of cell-embedded sacks observed within the gelatinous matter. Many undescribed genera and species are encountered in plankton samples. Four Collophidium species were drawn in figs 10-13 of Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971) but need to be described again as new species due to their identification based on the unillustrated species of Haeckel (1887)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 527-528, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["BIARD T., PILLET L., DECELLE J., POIRIER C., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Towards an Integrative Morpho-molecular Classification of the Collodaria (Polycystinea, Radiolaria). Protist 166 (3): 374 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2015.05.002","ISHITANI Y., UJIIE Y., DE VARGAS C., NOT F. & TAKAHASHI K. 2012. - Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Patterns of the Order Collodaria (Radiolaria). PLoS ONE 7 (5): e 35775. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035775","HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","ANDERSON O. R., GASTRICH M. D. & AMARAL ZETTLER L. 1999. - Fine structure of the colonial radiolarian Collozoum serpentinum (Polycystinea: Spumellaria) with a reconsideration of its taxonomic status and re-establishment of the genus Collophidium (Haeckel). Marine Micropaleontology 36 (2 - 3): 81 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0377 - 8398 (98) 00029 - 2","PERNICE M. C., GINER C. R., LOGARES R., PERERA- BEL J., ACINAS S. G., DUARTE C. M., GASOL J. M. & MASSANA R. 2016. - Large variability of bathypelagic microbial eukaryotic communities across the world's oceans. The ISME Journal 10 (4): 945 - 958. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2015.170","STRELKOV A. A. & RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]"]}

Superfamily SPHAEROZOIDEA M��ller, 1859 Sphaerozoen M��ller, 1859a: 17 [as a family]. Sphaerozoeen ��� Hertwig 1879: 261 [as an order]. ��� Brandt 1885: 210-212. Sphaerozoa ��� Lankester et al. 1909:145 [as an order]. Spheroidea ��� Calkins 1909: 40 [as an order]. Spherozoea ��� Calkins 1909: 40 [as an order]. Collosphaerinea ��� Poche 1913: 210 [as a suborder] (synonymized with Collosphaerida, Polycyttaria). Sphaerozoidea ��� Bertolini 1937: 1267-1268 [as a group]. Collosphaeroidea ��� Bertolini 1937: 1268. DIAGNOSIS. ���For Colonial Collodaria, the colony consists of many collodarian cells which are embedded in a gelatinous support. A reticulated system of pseudopodia interconnects the collodarian cells inside the gelatinous substance. The cell is constituted of three zonal structure: the adipose droplet (oil droplet) in the center, the intracapsular zone with an endoplasm, and the extracapsular zone with ectoplasm. The intracapsular zone includes many small nuclei, pigmented spherules observed in light microscopy, and several small orthorhombic shaped crystals. The intracapsular zone is bounded from the extracapsular zone by the capsular wall. The extracapsular zone resembles a transparent clear thin zone and consists of the ectoplasm and pseudopodia. Anatomically, the pseudopodia are part of the endoplasm. The endoplasm extrudes from the intracapsular zone through the fusules, that is a special tunnel organelle on the central capsule. The extracapsular zone is bounded by the plasmalemma of the gelatinous material. The pseudopodia buried in gelatinous material radiate and appear as fibers of gelatinous matter. The algal symbionts are located in the ectoplasm or in the gelatinous matter. The boundary of the gelatinous matter is unknown. If present, the siliceous skeletons are wrapped with silicalemma. It is unknown whether the silicalemma is a part of the endoplasm and/or of the ectoplasm. REMARKS The Collodaria are conventionally divided into ���colonial Collodaria ��� and ���solitary Collodaria ���; the former is commonly known as Sphaerozoidea. One of the most comprehensive studies of the Sphaerozoidea was performed by Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971). The morphological terminology adopted in fig. 6 of Strelkov & Reshetnyak (1971) is a basis in understanding the Sphaerozoidea. The metabarcoding survey found that the coastal area populations are dominated by the Sphaerozoidae, while open ocean populations are dominated by the Collosphaeridae (Biard et al. 2017). Although the exact taxonomy of the host is unknown, amphipod species such as Oxycephalusclausi, Streetsiaporcella and Hyperietta stebbingi were found among Sphaerozoidea (Harbison et al. 1977; Zeidler 2016). The Sphaerozoidea consists of the Collophiidae, Collosphaeridae and Sphaerozoidae. The formation of superfamily names for this group needs some additional explanations. The Latin stem of Sphaerozoum is Sphaerozo-, thus Sphaerozo-oidea is grammatically correct. However, in this case, there is an old pronunciation problem. When one pronounces a double ���oo���, the result is not very nice for Latin, Italian, French and Spanish ears. In English the pronunciation can result as ���ouuu��� sound. There is just a big exception which is the Greek name ���zoon��� = zoo (identical in all European languages, even in Russian). The prevalent use in occidental languages is to remove the additional ���o���, so as not to pronounce this not phonetically nice ���oo���. Sphaerozoidae sounds better than Sphaerozooidae.Very often, many radiolarists have been using translations of such word in their native languages: Sphaerozoid��s in French, Sphaerozoids in English and Sphaerozoiden in German (always without a double ���o���)., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 527, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["MULLER J. 1859 a. - Uber die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1858): 1 - 62. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29502127","HERTWIG R. 1879. - Der Organismus der Radiolarien. G. Fischer, Jena, Germany, iv + 149 p. https: // archive. org / details / denkschriftender 02 medi / page / 126 / mode / 2 up","BRANDT K. 1885. - Die koloniebildenden Radiolarien (Spherozoeen) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie Fauna Flora Golfes Neapel 13: 1 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37846","LANKESTER E. R., HICKSON S. J., LISTER J. J., GAMBLE F. W., WILLEY A., WOODCOCK H. M. & WELDON W. F. R. 1909. - A Treatise on Zoology. Part I. Introduction and Protozoa. First Fascicle. Adam & Charles Black, London, 296 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 21118768","CALKINS G. N. 1909. - Protozoology. Lea & Febiger, New York, 349 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62800","POCHE F. 1913. - Das System der Protozoa. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 30: 125 - 321.","BERTOLINI F. 1937. - Sulla classificazione dei Radiolari, Twelfth International Zoological Congress, 1935. Lisbon, Portugal: 1265 - 1275.","STRELKOV A. A. & RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]","BIARD T., BIGEARD E., AUDIC S., POULAIN J., GUTIERREZ- RO- DRIGUEZ A., PESANT S., STEMMANN L. & NOT F. 2017. - Biogeography and diversity of Collodaria (Radiolaria) in the global ocean. The ISME Journal 11 (6): 1331 - 1344. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2017.12","HARBISON G. R., BIGGS D. C. & MADIN L. P. 1977. - The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton - II; Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 24 (5): 465 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0146 - 6291 (77) 90484 - 2","ZEIDLER W. 2016. - A review of the families and genera of the superfamily Platysceloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), together with keys to the families, genera and species. Zootaxa 4192 (1): 1 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4192.1.1"]}

Family THALASSOSPHAERIDAE Haeckel, 1862 Thalassosphaerida Haeckel, 1862: 237, 246, 255 [as both family and tribe];1882: 470 [as a family]; 1884: 28 [as a family]; 1887: 10, 29-30 [as a family]. ��� B��tschli 1889: 1947 [as a family]. ��� Ludwig 1908: 17 [rank unknown]. ��� Anderson 1983: 23. ��� Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 157 [as a class]. Thalassosphaeridae ��� Claus 1876: 158. ��� Delage & H��rouard 1896: 178 [as a suborder]. ��� Campbell 1954: D45. ��� Chediya 1959: 66. ��� De Wever et al. 2001: 171. ��� Afanasieva et al. 2005: S306. ��� Chen et al. 2017: 81. Physematidae Brandt, 1902: 81-82 [nomen dubium]. ��� Hollande & Enjumet 1953: 107, 112, 129. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 284. Physematiidae ��� Lankester et al. 1909: 144 [nomen dubium]. Physematiden ��� Huth 1913: 25 [nomen dubium, as a family]. Bathysphaeridae Hollande & Enjumet, 1960: 127 [junior homonym]. ��� Cachon & Cachon 1985: 285. TYPE GENUS. ��� Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1862: 259 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1951: 527): Sphaerozoum bifurcum Haeckel, 1861b: 845] INCLUDED GENERA. ��� Lampoxanthura Haeckel, 1887: 38. ��� Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1862: 259 (nec Haeckel, 1887) (= Thalassoxanthomma with the same type species). ��� Thalassoxanthella Haeckel, 1887: 31. NOMINA DUBIA. ��� Calosphaera, Lampoxanthella, Lampoxanthium, Lampoxanthomma, Physematium, Thalassiosolen, Thalassorhaphis, Thalassoxanthium. JUNIOR HOMONYMS. ��� Thalassoplancta Haeckel, 1887 (= Thalassorhaphis) nec Haeckel, 1882; Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1887 (= Calosphaera) nec Haeckel, 1862. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Thalassosphaeridae consist of solitary Collodaria. The protoplasm consists of a single central large nucleus surrounded by an endoplasm. A very high number of isolated siliceous spicules are scattered outside the endoplasm. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. ��� Living. REMARKS No molecular data was obtained but the Thalassosphaeridae are suspected to be one of the different living stages of Thalassicollidae (see remarks for Thalassicollidae). This family includes the first described polycystine genus in history, namely Physematium, but the original images in Meyen (1834) are too ambiguous, making it difficult to determine real specimens without a dose of interpretative imagination. However, the ecology of Physematium has been studied in wide area of open oceans. In this sense, there are several studies on the functional morphology of the colony (Anderson et al. 1986b), the trophic activity (Swanberg & Anderson 1985; Swanberg et al. 1986a), as well as their feeding preferences (Swanberg et al. 1986b). ���Living��� images were illustrated for Lampoxanthura (Anderson 1983: figs 1.2.C-1.2.D), Thalassosphaera (Suzuki & Aita 2011: fig. 5E; Suzuki & Not 2015: fig. 8.13.2), ��� Physematium ��� (Anderson 1983: figs.1.2.A-1.2.B; Anderson et al. 1986b: figs 1.1-1.2) and ��� Thalassoxanthium ��� (Hollande & Enjumet 1953: fig. 18). However, these ���living images��� were obtained for nomina dubia genera such as ��� Physematium ��� and ��� Thalassoxanthium ���. Many undescribed ���genera��� of Thalassicollidae are also commonly found in plankton samples., Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on pages 533-534, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757, {"references":["HAECKEL E. 1862. - Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155","BUTSCHLI O. 1889. - Kurze Ubersicht des Systems der Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. & HOFFMANN C. K. (eds), Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, Band 1, Protozoa. Vol. 3. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg: 1946 - 2004. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14134","LUDWIG K. 1908. - Zur Kenntnis der Thalassicolliden [Ph. D. Dissertation: E. Ebering, Konigl. Christian-Albrechts-Universitet, Kiel, 91 p.","AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054","CLAUS C. 1876. - Grundzuge der Zoologie. N. G. Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Marburg und Leipzig, 740 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34811","DELAGE Y. & HEROUARD E. 1896. - Traite de Zoologie Concrete. Schleicher, Paris, France, xxi + 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11672","CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.","CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]","DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181","AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.","CHEN M., ZHANG Q. & ZHANG L. 2017. - Radiolaria in the Sediments from the Northwest Pacific and its marginal seas. Scientific Publishing, Beijing, 1 - 279 p. [in Chinese]","BRANDT K. 1902. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Colliden (1 & 2). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1 (1): 59 - 88. https: // archive. org / details / archivfrprotist 00 unkngoog / page / n 8","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1953. - Contribution a l'etude biologique des Sphaerocollides (Radiolaires Collodaires et Radiolaires polycyttaires et leurs parasites. 1. - Thalassicollidae, Physematidae, Thalassophysidae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie Animale, Serie 11 15: 99 - 183.","CACHON J. & CACHON M. 1985. - 2. Class Polycystinea, in LEE J. J., HUTNER S. H. & BOVEE E. C. (eds), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence Kansas: 283 - 295.","LANKESTER E. R., HICKSON S. J., LISTER J. J., GAMBLE F. W., WILLEY A., WOODCOCK H. M. & WELDON W. F. R. 1909. - A Treatise on Zoology. Part I. Introduction and Protozoa. First Fascicle. Adam & Charles Black, London, 296 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 21118768","HUTH W. 1913. - Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thalassicollen. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 30: 1 - 124.","HOLLANDE A. & ENJUMET M. 1960. - Cytologie, evolution et systematique des Sphaeroides (Radiolaires). Archives du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris 7: 1 - 134.","CAMPBELL A. S. 1951. - New genera and subgenera of Radiolaria. Journal of Paleontology 25 (4): 527 - 530. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1299751","HAECKEL E. 1861 b. - Fernere Abbildungen und Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten von lebenden Radiolarien des Mittel- meeres. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1860): 835 - 845. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36276090","HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916","HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599","MEYEN F. J. F. 1834. - Uber das Leuchten des Meeres und Beschreibung einiger Polypen und anderer niederer Tiere, in WEBER E. (ed.), Beitrage zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Novorum actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae naturae curiosorum. Volume 16 (2) Bonn: 125 - 216.","ANDERSON R. O., HEMLEBEN C., SPINDLER M. & LINDSEY J. L. 1986 b. - A comparative analysis of the morphogenesis and morphometric diversity of mature skeletons of living Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus and Hexalonche amphisiphon. Marine Micropaleontology 11 (1 - 3): 203 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90015 - 0","SWANBERG N. R., ANDERSON O. R., LINDSEY J. L. & BENNETT P. 1986 a. - The biology of Physematium muelleri: trophic activity. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 33 (7): 913 - 922. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0198 - 0149 (86) 90006 - 3","SWANBERG N. R., BENNETT P., LINDSEY J. L. & ANDERSON O. R. 1986 b. - A comparative study on predation in two Caribbean radiolarian populations. Marine Microbial foodWebs 1 (2): 105 - 118.","SUZUKI N. & AITA Y. 2011. - Radiolaria: achievements and unresolved issues: taxonomy and cytology. Plankton & Benthos Research 6 (2): 69 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.3800 / pbr. 6.69","SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria, in OHTSUKA S., SUZAKI T., HORIGUCHI T., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. (eds), Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics. Springer Japan: 179 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 55130 - 0 _ 8"]}

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Dumitrica, Paulian (2021): A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts. Geodiversitas 43 (15): 405-573, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15

The plankton radiolarian community was investigated in the spring season during the two-month cruise &lsquo, Shiyan1&lsquo, (10 April&ndash, 13 May 2014) in the Eastern Indian Ocean. This is the first comprehensive plankton tow study to be carried out from 44 sampling stations across the entire area (80.00&deg, &ndash, 96.10&deg, E, 10.08&deg, N&ndash, 6.00&deg, S) of the Eastern Indian Ocean. The plankton tow samples were collected from a vertical haul from a depth 200 m to the surface. During the cruise, conductivity&ndash, temperature&ndash, depth (CTD) measurements were taken of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a from the surface to 200 m depth. Shannon&ndash, Wiener&rsquo, s diversity index (H&rsquo, ) and the dominance index (Y) were used to analyze community structure. There was a total of 168 plankton species, composed of Acantharia, Phaeodaria, Polycystina, Collodaria and Taxopodida (monospecific&mdash, Sticholonche zanclea, Hertwig is the only recognized species). Hence, it included both celestine-based and siliceous organisms, which are also described here for the first time from this region. Total radiolarians ranged from 5 to 5500 ind/m&minus, 3, dominated by co-occurrences of Sphaerozoum punctatum and Stichonche zanclea species at the south-equator zone (SEQ)-transect 80&deg, E and equator zone (EQ)-transect Lati-0. The possible environmental variables were tested through RDA analysis, although no result was obtained for the full species dataset, the samples from the equatorial transect related strongly to mixed-layer chlorophyll a concentration and those of a north&ndash, south transect to surface silicate concentrations or mixed-layer nitrate were significantly correlated (p &lt, 0.01) to the radiolarian community. Our results indicate that the silicate and chlorophyll-a concentrations are the two major factors affecting the radiolarian distribution along two of the investigated transects (southern equator and equator) in the study area.

The Tara Oceans project sampled contrasting ecosystems of the world oceans during a three-year expedition (2009-2013), collecting environmental data and plankton, from viruses to metazoans, on board the 36-metre Tara Schooner. It surveyed 210 ecosystems in 20 biogeographic provinces, collecting over 35,000 samples of seawater and plankton. Samples were later analysed using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies., We are keen to thank the commitment of the following people and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, EMBL, Genoscope/CEA, VIB, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, UNIMIB, ANR (projects POSEIDON, BIOMARKS, PROMETHEUS, and TARA-GIRUS), FWO, BIO5, Biosphere 2, agnès b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, World Courier, Illumina, Cap L'Orient, the EDF Foundation EDF Diversiterre, FRB, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, Etienne Bourgois, the Tara schooner and its captain and crew. Tara Oceans would not exist without the continuous support of the participating 23 institutes

Siliceous planktonic species of the phyla Retaria and Cercozoa were investigated from the surface to a 200 m depth around the eastern Indian Ocean (80.00°–96.10° E, 10.08° N–6.00° S) during a 2-month cruise (10 April–13 May 2014). These species are commonly referred to as Radiolarians and are found in all of the world’s oceans, however, this is a detailed investigation of the species’ diversity in the eastern Indian Ocean. Samples were collected from the eastern Indian Ocean using a plankton towing net during a vertical haul from 44 sampling stations, which resulted in 168 taxa, including 60 species that were newly recorded in the study area. The main purpose of this work was to identify members of the phyla Retaria and Cercozoa and their distribution in the eastern Indian Ocean. The species’ morphology, identification, notes, and new geographical records are briefly described.

International audience; Collodaria are ubiquitous and abundant marine radiolarian (Rhizaria) protists. They occur as either large colonies or solitary specimens, and, unlike most radiolarians, some taxa lack silicified structures. Collodarians are known to play an important role in oceanic food webs as both active predators and hosts of symbiotic microalgae, yet very little is known about their diversity and evolution. Taxonomic delineation of collodarians is challenging and only a few species have been genetically characterized. Here we investigated collodarian diversity using phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear small (18S) and large (28S) subunits of the ribosomal DNA, including 124 new sequences from 75 collodarians sampled worldwide. The resulting molecular phylogeny was compared to morphology-based classification. Our analyses distinguished the monophyletic clade of skeleton-less and spicule-bearing Sphaerozoidae from the sister clades Collosphaeridae (skeleton-bearing) and Collophidiidae (skeleton-less), while the Thalassicollidae was not retrieved as a monophyletic clade. Detailed morphological examination with electron microscopy combined with molecular analyses revealed many discrepancies, such as a mix between solitary and colonial species, co-existence of skeleton-less and skeleton-bearing specimens within the Collosphaeridae, as well as complex intraspecific variability in silicified structures. Such observations challenge a morphology-based classification and highlight the pertinence of an integrative taxonomic approach to study collodarian diversity. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Collodaria (Radiolaria) are unicellular marine eukaryotes (protists) belonging to the super-group Rhizaria. Collodarian species contribute to planktonic communities as large solitary cells or can form large gelatinous colonies. They are heterotrophic organisms feeding on other plankton, which also systematically harbour intracellular symbiotic microalgae. Recent environmental molecular diversity surveys demonstrated their important contribution to planktonic communities and their worldwide occurrence in the global ocean. However, knowledge on their diversity, biogeography and ecology is paradoxically very poor. In the first part of this thesis I performed detailed morphological analyses (electron and optical microscopy) combined with a molecular phylogeny based on the 18S and 28S rRNA genes, sequencing for a total of 75 distinct colonial and solitary specimens. Ultimately, this work led to the revision of the Collodaria classification and to the construction of a robust morpho-molecular reference database. Then, this morpho-molecular framework allowed the exploration of Collodaria biodiversity through a metabarcoding approach across samples collected in the global ocean during the Tara Ocean expedition. The cosmopolitan distribution of the different collodarian taxa in the surface oceans revealed a higher biodiversity in the vast oligotrophic inter-tropical open oceans. Collosphaeridae were predominantly found in the open oceans while the Sphaerozoidae were the dominant family in the less diverse coastal regions. The newly defined Collophidiidae were rarely encountered in the photic zones at all latitudes, suggesting that they inhabit a different ecological niche. Finally, I also used the in situ imaging system Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to quantitatively explore the abundances and biomasses of collodarian and rhizarian in the global ocean. This approach revealed that the Rhizaria were a major component of the meso- and macro-plankton, constituting up to 4.5% of the global carbon standing stock in the upper 200 m of the world oceans. More specifically, Collodaria were the most important rhizarian groups in the first 100 m of the oceans, and their distribution suggested that photosymbiosis might be an important factor explaining their success in oligotrophic regions where they are particularly abundant. Besides the improvement of our knowledge on the diversity, biogeography and ecology of Collodaria in the global ocean, this thesis highlights the relevance to combine and/or use alternative sampling and analytical procedures such as high-throughput sequencing and in situ imaging technologies to study marine protists in their environment., Les Collodaires (Radiolaires) sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes) marins appartenant au super-groupe des Rhizaria. Tandis que certains sont caractérisés par un mode de vie colonial, d’autres sont observés sous la forme de larges organismes solitaires. Les Collodaires sont des protistes hétérotrophes, prédateurs de plancton, mais également hôtes systématiques de micro-algues photosynthétiques intracellulaires. Les récentes analyses de leur diversité moléculaire dans l’environnement ont démontré leur importante contribution aux communautés planctoniques ainsi que leur distribution globale dans l’océan mondial. Cependant, nos connaissances sur leur diversité, biogéographie et écologie restent paradoxalement parcellaires. La première partie de cette thèse a été dédiée à des études morphologiques détaillées (en microscopie électronique et optique) et combinées à une phylogénie moléculaire élaborée en séquençant les sous-unités 18S et 28S de l’ADN ribosomal pour 75 spécimens, coloniaux ou solitaires. Ce travail a abouti à la réévaluation de la classification des Collodaires et à l’élaboration d’une base de référence morpho-moléculaire robuste. Par la suite, ce cadre de référence morpho-moléculaire a permis d’explorer la biodiversité des Collodaires grâce à une approche de metabarcoding appliquée à une série d’échantillons collectés dans l’océan mondial pendant l’Expédition Tara Océans. La distribution cosmopolite à la surface des océans des différents taxons qui composent les Collodaires, a révélé une diversité plus importante dans les vastes régions océaniques intertropicales et oligotrophiques. Les Collosphaeridae ont été principalement observés en pleine mer alors que les Sphaerozoidae formaient la famille dominante dans les régions côtières, où la biodiversité des Collodaires était plus faible. Les Collophidiidae, formellement décrits au cours de thèse, ont rarement été rencontrés dans les zones photiques, quelque que soit la latitude, suggérant ainsi qu’ils occupent une niche écologique particulière. Enfin, j’ai également employé la technologie d’imagerie in situ Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) afin d’explorer de façon quantitative les abondances et biomasses des Collodaires et des Rhizaria, à travers l’océan mondial. Cette approche a révélé que les Rhizaria forment un composant majeur du méso- et macro-plancton, et représentent jusqu’à 4,5% de la biomasse globale des 200 premiers mètres de l’océan mondial. Plus particulièrement dans les 100 premiers mètres, les Collodaires constituent le groupe le plus important des Rhizaria et leur distribution suggère que la photosymbiose pourrait influencer leur succès dans les régions oligotrophiques où ils sont particulièrement abondants. Au-delà d’améliorer notre compréhension de la diversité, la biogéographie et l’écologie des Collodaires dans l’océan mondial, ce travail de thèse souligne la pertinence de combiner et d’utiliser des approches alternatives d’échantillonnage et d’analyses tel que le séquençage haut-débit et l’imagerie in situ dans l’étude des protistes marins dans leur environnement.

Radiolaria are unicellular holoplanktonic protozoa with siliceous or strontium sulfate skeletons. Mainly studied by micropaleontologists because of their excellent fossil record, they are also key members of planktonic communities and play important roles in various oceanic ecosystems. This chapter presents an overview of the current knowledge on living Radiolaria (orders Acantharia, Collodaria, Nassellaria, Spumellaria and Taxopodia). Besides general considerations on Radiolaria as a whole, it focuses on the taxonomy, biology, and ecology of each radiolarian order. Finally this chapter provides insights on research perspectives to improve our knowledge of living radiolarians and their ecological role in marine ecosystems.

A new radiolarian order — Archaeospicularia — is proposed for some Lower Paleozoic radiolarians previously considered to belong to Spumellaria and to Collodaria. It is characterized by a globular shell made of several spicules which can be free, interlocked, or fused to formed a latticed wall. The present paper gives the definition of this order and proposes a first classification. It is supposed that the Archaeospicularia represents the oldest radiolarian group and that in the Lower Paleozoic it gave rise to the orders Entactinaria, Albaillellaria, and probably Spumellaria by the reduction of the number of initial spicules. The origin of this order and its relationships with other groups of organisms with siliceous skeletons are also briefly discussed.