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2. A biogeographical appraisal of the threatened South East Africa Montane Archipelago ecoregion

Author

Bayliss, Julian, Bittencourt-Silva, Gabriela B., Branch, William R., Bruessow, Carl, Collins, Steve, Congdon, T. Colin E., Conradie, Werner, Curran, Michael, Daniels, Savel R., Darbyshire, Iain, Farooq, Harith, Fishpool, Lincoln, Grantham, Geoffrey, Magombo, Zacharia, Matimele, Hermenegildo, Monadjem, Ara, Monteiro, Jose, Osborne, Jo, Saunders, Justin, Smith, Paul, Spottiswoode, Claire N., Taylor, Peter J., Timberlake, Jonathan, Tolley, Krystal A., Tovela, Érica, and Platts, Philip J.

Published
2024
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4. Trajectory and Sway Prediction Towards Fall Prevention

Author

Wang, Weizhuo, Raitor, Michael, Collins, Steve, Liu, C. Karen, and Kennedy III, Monroe

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

Falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries, particularly for older persons. Imbalance can result from the body's internal causes (illness), or external causes (active or passive perturbation). Active perturbation results from applying an external force to a person, while passive perturbation results from human motion interacting with a static obstacle. This work proposes a metric that allows for the monitoring of the person's torso and its correlation to active and passive perturbations. We show that large changes in the torso sway can be strongly correlated to active perturbations. We also show that we can reasonably predict the future path and expected change in torso sway by conditioning the expected path and torso sway on the past trajectory, torso motion, and the surrounding scene. This could have direct future applications to fall prevention. Results demonstrate that the torso sway is strongly correlated with perturbations. And our model is able to make use of the visual cues presented in the panorama and condition the prediction accordingly., Comment: 6 pages + 1 page reference, 11 figures. Accepted by ICRA 2023

Published
2022

7. Comprehensive phylogeny of Pieridae butterflies reveals strong correlation between diversification and temperature

Author

Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Owens, Hannah L., St Laurent, Ryan A., Earl, Chandra, Dexter, Kelly M., Messcher, Rebeccah L., Willmott, Keith R., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Collins, Steve C., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hoshizaki, Sugihiko, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Kizhakke, Athulya G., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Martins, Dino J., Mega, Nicolás O., Morinaka, Sadaharu, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena P., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Vila, Roger, Wang, Houshuai, Braby, Michael F., Espeland, Marianne, Breinholt, Jesse W., Pierce, Naomi E., Kawahara, Akito Y., and Lohman, David J.

Published
2024
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9. Slave to the 'Rithm

Author

Keith, Sarah, primary, Collins, Steve, additional, Renzo, Adrian, additional, and Mesker, Alex, additional

Published
2023
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11. Integrated School-Based Teacher Education: From Apprenticeship to a Complex Learning System

Author

Collins, Steve and Ting, Hermia

Abstract

This article differentiates approaches to school-based teacher education. It contrasts the pervasive apprenticeship model, to a "naturally integrated" school-based teacher education program that we describe as a complex learning system. Rather than view teacher education as fragmented by separating educational theory (physically based on a university campus) and teaching practice (based in a school and resembling an apprenticeship), we favor an approach where all coursework is integrated with practice in a host school while maintaining close connections to the university. The latter model highlights learning as contextualized in school, focused on the whole school, yet also informed by progressive educational thought. All participants in the school environment (not just university students) are at once both learners and teachers.

Published
2017

15. Examining national culture and journalistic autonomy.

Author

Collins, Steve J., Kinnally, William, and Sandoval, Jennifer

Subjects
*NEWSPAPER journalists, *COMMUNICATION in management, *POLITICAL communication, *CULTURE, *RISK aversion
Abstract

This study used data from 52 countries to examine newspaper journalists' perceptions of their professional autonomy and whether autonomy is improving. Results suggest that nearly three-quarters of newspaper journalists enjoy some degree of professional autonomy. Journalists in individualistic cultures and high uncertainty avoidance cultures reported higher levels of autonomy. A healthy democracy also predicted journalistic autonomy. Overall, results suggest journalistic freedom is declining. Interestingly, stronger human development was associated with perceived declines in autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Transposable element insertions are associated with Batesian mimicry in the pantropical butterfly Hypolimnas misippus

Author

Orteu, Anna, Kucka, Marek, Gordon, Ian J., Ng’iru, Ivy, van der Heijden, Eva S.M., Talavera, Gerard, Warren, Ian A., Collins, Steve, ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Martins, Dino J., Chan, Yingguang Frank, Jiggins, Chris D., Martin, Simon H., Orteu, Anna, Kucka, Marek, Gordon, Ian J., Ng’iru, Ivy, van der Heijden, Eva S.M., Talavera, Gerard, Warren, Ian A., Collins, Steve, ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Martins, Dino J., Chan, Yingguang Frank, Jiggins, Chris D., and Martin, Simon H.

Abstract

Hypolimnas misippus is a Batesian mimic of the toxic African Queen butterfly (Danaus chrysippus). Female H. misippus butterflies use two major wing patterning loci (M and A) to imitate three colour morphs of D. chrysippus found in different regions of Africa. In this study, we examine the evolution of the M locus and identify it as an example of adaptive atavism. This phenomenon involves a morphological reversion to an ancestral character that results in an adaptive phenotype. We show that H. misippus has re-evolved an ancestral wing pattern present in other Hypolimnas species, repurposing it for Batesian mimicry of a D. chrysippus morph. Using haplotagging, a linked-read sequencing technology, and our new analytical tool, Wrath, we discover two large transposable element (TE) insertions located at the M locus and establish that these insertions are present in the dominant allele responsible for producing mimetic phenotype. By conducting a comparative analysis involving additional Hypolimnas species, we demonstrate that the dominant allele is derived. This suggests that, in the derived allele, the TEs disrupt a cis-regulatory element, leading to the reversion to an ancestral phenotype that is then utilized for Batesian mimicry of a distinct model, a different morph of D. chrysippus. Our findings present a compelling instance of convergent evolution and adaptive atavism, in which the same pattern element has independently evolved multiple times in Hypolimnas butterflies, repeatedly playing a role in Batesian mimicry of diverse model species.

Published
2024

17. Comprehensive phylogeny of Pieridae butterflies reveals strong correlation between diversification and temperature

Author

National Science Foundation (US), National Geographic Society, Research Council of Norway, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), National Centre for Biological Sciences, Vila, Roger [0000-0002-2447-4388], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72], Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Owens, Hannah L., St Laurent, Ryan A., Earl, Chandra, Dexter, Kelly M., Messcher, Rebeccah, Willmott, K. R., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Collins, Steve C., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hoshizaki, Sugihiko, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Kizhakke, Athulya G., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Martins, Dino J., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Morinaka, Sadaharu, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Vila, Roger, Wang, Houshuai, Braby, Michael F., Espeland, Marianne, Breinholt, Jesse W., Pierce, Naomi E., Kawahara, Akito Y., Lohman, David J., National Science Foundation (US), National Geographic Society, Research Council of Norway, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), National Centre for Biological Sciences, Vila, Roger [0000-0002-2447-4388], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72], Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Owens, Hannah L., St Laurent, Ryan A., Earl, Chandra, Dexter, Kelly M., Messcher, Rebeccah, Willmott, K. R., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Collins, Steve C., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hoshizaki, Sugihiko, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Kizhakke, Athulya G., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Martins, Dino J., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Morinaka, Sadaharu, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Vila, Roger, Wang, Houshuai, Braby, Michael F., Espeland, Marianne, Breinholt, Jesse W., Pierce, Naomi E., Kawahara, Akito Y., and Lohman, David J.

Abstract

Temperature is thought to be a key factor influencing global species richness patterns. We investigate the link between temperature and diversification in the butterfly family Pieridae by combining next generation DNA sequences and published molecular data with fine-grained distribution data. We sampled nearly 600 pierid butterfly species to infer the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family and curated a distribution dataset of more than 800,000 occurrences. We found strong evidence that species in environments with more stable daily temperatures or cooler maximum temperatures in the warm seasons have higher speciation rates. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates decreased in tandem with global temperatures through geological time, resulting in a constant net diversification.

Published
2024

18. Transposable Element Insertions Are Associated with Batesian Mimicry in the Pantropical Butterfly Hypolimnas misippus

Author

Natural Environment Research Council (UK), University of Oxford, American Society of Naturalists, Lepidopterists' Society, Royal Society (UK), Orteu, Anna, Kucka, Marek, Gordon, Iain J., Ng’iru, Ivy, van der Heijden, Eva S. M., Talavera, Gerard, Warren, Ian A., Collins, Steve, ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Martins, Dino J., Frank Chan, Yingguang, Jiggins, Chris D., Martin, Simon H., Natural Environment Research Council (UK), University of Oxford, American Society of Naturalists, Lepidopterists' Society, Royal Society (UK), Orteu, Anna, Kucka, Marek, Gordon, Iain J., Ng’iru, Ivy, van der Heijden, Eva S. M., Talavera, Gerard, Warren, Ian A., Collins, Steve, ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Martins, Dino J., Frank Chan, Yingguang, Jiggins, Chris D., and Martin, Simon H.

Abstract

Hypolimnas misippus is a Batesian mimic of the toxic African Queen butterfly (Danaus chrysippus). Female H. misippus butterflies use two major wing patterning loci (M and A) to imitate three color morphs of D. chrysippus found in different regions of Africa. In this study, we examine the evolution of the M locus and identify it as an example of adaptive atavism. This phenomenon involves a morphological reversion to an ancestral character that results in an adaptive phenotype. We show that H. misippus has re-evolved an ancestral wing pattern present in other Hypolimnas species, repurposing it for Batesian mimicry of a D. chrysippus morph. Using haplotagging, a linked-read sequencing technology, and our new analytical tool, Wrath, we discover two large transposable element insertions located at the M locus and establish that these insertions are present in the dominant allele responsible for producing mimetic phenotype. By conducting a comparative analysis involving additional Hypolimnas species, we demonstrate that the dominant allele is derived. This suggests that, in the derived allele, the transposable elements disrupt a cis-regulatory element, leading to the reversion to an ancestral phenotype that is then utilized for Batesian mimicry of a distinct model, a different morph of D. chrysippus. Our findings present a compelling instance of convergent evolution and adaptive atavism, in which the same pattern element has independently evolved multiple times in Hypolimnas butterflies, repeatedly playing a role in Batesian mimicry of diverse model species.

Published
2024

19. The Complexity of Care

Author

Collins, Steve and Ting, Hermia

Abstract

The profession of teaching is unique because of the extent to which a teacher becomes involved in the lives of their "clients". The level of care required to support students well can be intense, confusing, and overwhelming. Relationships co-evolve within an ever-changing process and care is considered an essential aspect of complex relationships between students and teachers. While we do have many standard guidelines to help us, such as codes of ethics, rules, and policies, this paper examines their limitations. The ethics of care require more than standards or guidelines. To mitigate these limitations, we offer a more complex way of thinking as a way to navigate the dynamic disequilibrium of caring relationships. In the process, we emphasize the need for caring teachers to embrace their own vulnerability. This way of thinking provides us with an ecological ethical approach for engaging in professional relationships that promotes respect, safety, and self-worth for all involved.

Published
2014

22. Chiral properties of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) inferred from resonant x-ray Bragg diffraction

Author

Rodriguez-Fernandez, Angel, Lovesey, Stephen W., Collins, Steve P., Nisbet, Gareth, and Blanco, Jesus A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

A new chiral phase of ferric ions in bismuth ferrite, the only material known to support multiferroic behaviour at room temperature, is inferred from extensive sets of data gathered by resonant x-ray Bragg diffraction. Values of all ferric multipoles participating in a minimal model of Fe electronic structure are deduced from azimuthal-angle scans. Extensive sets of azimuthal-angle data, gathered by resonant x-ray Bragg diffraction, yield values of all ferric multipoles participating in a minimal model of Fe electronic structure. Paramagnetic (700 K) and magnetically ordered (300 K) phases of a single crystal of BiFeO3 have been studied with x-rays tuned near to the iron K-edge (7.1135 keV). At both temperatures, intensities at a Bragg spot forbidden in the nominal space-group, R3c, are consistent with a chiral motif of ferric ions in a circular cycloid propagating along (1, 1, 0)H. Templeton and Templeton scattering at 700 K is attributed in part to charge-like quadrupoles in a cycloid. The contribution is not present in a standard, simplified model of electronic states of the resonant ion with trivial cylindrical symmetry.

Published
2013
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31. A hydrogen isoscape for tracing the migration of herbivorous lepidopterans across the Afro-Palearctic range.

Author

Ghouri, Sana, Reich, Megan S., Lopez-Mañas, Roger, Talavera, Gerard, Bowen, Gabriel J., Vila, Roger, Talla, Valery N. K., Collins, Steve C., Martins, Dino J., and Bataille, Clement P.

Subjects
HYDROGEN isotopes, INSECT wings, HUMIDITY, REMOTE sensing, HYDROGEN
Abstract

Rationale: Many insect species undertake multigenerational migrations in the Afro-tropical and Palearctic ranges, and understanding their migratory connectivity remains challenging due to their small size, short life span and large population sizes. Hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) can be used to reconstruct the movement of dispersing or migrating insects, but applying δ2H for provenance requires a robust isotope baseline map (i.e. isoscape) for the Afro-Palearctic. Methods: We analyzed the δ2H in the wings (δ2Hwing) of 142 resident butterflies from 56 sites across the Afro-Palearctic. The δ2Hwing values were compared to the predicted local growing-season precipitation δ2H values (δ2HGSP) using a linear regression model to develop an insect wing δ2H isoscape. We used multivariate linear mixed models and high-resolution and time-specific remote sensing climate and environmental data to explore the controls of the residual δ2Hwing variability. Results: A strong linear relationship was found between δ2Hwing and δ2HGSP values (r2 = 0.53). The resulting isoscape showed strong patterns across the Palearctic but limited variation and high uncertainty for the Afro-tropics. Positive residuals of this relationship were correlated with dry conditions for the month preceding sampling whereas negative residuals were correlated with more wet days for the month preceding sampling. High intra-site δ2Hwing variance was associated with lower relative humidity for the month preceding sampling and higher elevation. Conclusion: The δ2Hwing isoscape is applicable for tracing herbivorous lepidopteran insects that migrate across the Afro-Palearctic range but has limited geolocation potential in the Afro-tropics. The spatial analysis of uncertainty using high-resolution climatic data demonstrated that many African regions with highly variable evaporation rates and relative humidity have δ2Hwing values that are less related to δ2HGSP values. Increasing geolocation precision will require new modeling approaches using more time-specific environmental data and/or independent geolocation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. The assessment and treatment of severe adult malnutrition

Author

Collins, Steve

Subjects
610, Medicine
Abstract

This thesis examines the assessment and treatment of severe adult starvation during famine. The author collected data from 573, 98 and 1059 severely malnourished adults, admitted to therapeutic feeding centres in Baidoa (Somalia) during 1992–3, Ayod (Sudan) during 1993 and Melanje (Angola) during 1993–4. The data collected are unique, recording recovery from extremes of adult starvation hitherto undocumented in the medical literature. All the centres were very rudimentary in nature, with no beds, running water, electricity or equipment for special investigations. Mortality rates in the Somalia centre were 21%; war disrupted the collection of outcome data in the centres in Sudan and Angola. The thesis assesses the relative merits of Body Mass Index, Middle Upper Arm Circumference and clinical signs, for screening adult admissions into therapeutic feeding centres. The analysis demonstrates that the use of Body Mass Index is inappropriate for this role and the discussion proposes a combination of clinical signs and Middle Upper Arm Circumference as an alternative. The thesis also examines the effect on rehabilitation of two diets differing primarily in their protein content (one diet with 156g protein and 16.5Mj of energy day-1, the other with 81g of protein and 16.5Mj of energy day-1). Twenty five percent of oedematous patients given the lower protein diet during the initial phase of treatemnt recovered, compared with only 48% who received the higher protein diet during the initial phases of treatment. This is a three-fold decrease in mortality amongst this group of patients. The extreme levels of social disintegration, violence and death during the fieldwork prevented the execution of prospective highly controlled research. This is always true of the extreme famines where severe acute adult malnutrition is commonest and such difficulties have discouraged scientists. This is a sad state of affairs, as the extreme human suffering that occurs during famine has not received sufficient scientific attention. There is still a great need for research to assist the assessment and treatment of severe adult malnutrition. Although the conclusions of this thesis are tentative, in the absence of other data examining screening cut-offs based upon evidence gathered during famine, these are the best we have.

Published
2001

33. A new species of Iolaus Hübner, [1819] (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in the subgenus Argiolaus Druce, 1891 from Kenya

Author

Sáfián, Szabolcs and Collins, Steve C.

Subjects
Iolaus silas species group, Iolaus crawshayi maureli, Iolaus manasei, subgenus Philiolaus, montane forest, genitalia morphology, larval host plant, Loranthaceae
Abstract

A new species in the genus Iolaus (Papilionoidea, Lycaenidae, Theclinae) is described from the Gatamaiyu Forest, Aberdare Mountains, Central Highlands, Kenya. Morphologically, I. gatamaiyu sp. n. is similar to I. manasei Libert, 1993, a species of submontane forests of the Cameroon Highlands, which has very different male genitalia. The male genitalia of the new species are similar to those of I. crawshayi crawshayi Butler, 1897, I. crawshayi littoralis Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 and particularly to those of I. crawshayi maureli Dufrane, 1954. All these subspecies of I. crawshayi, however, are morphologically and ecologically distinct. The subgeneric placement of I. manasei is also briefly discussed.

Published
2022
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36. A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Author

Kawahara, Akito Y., primary, Storer, Caroline, additional, Carvalho, Ana Paula S., additional, Plotkin, David M., additional, Condamine, Fabien L., additional, Braga, Mariana P., additional, Ellis, Emily A., additional, St Laurent, Ryan A., additional, Li, Xuankun, additional, Barve, Vijay, additional, Cai, Liming, additional, Earl, Chandra, additional, Frandsen, Paul B., additional, Owens, Hannah L., additional, Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A., additional, Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, additional, Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., additional, Dexter, Kelly M., additional, Doleck, Tenzing, additional, Markee, Amanda, additional, Messcher, Rebeccah, additional, Nguyen, Y-Lan, additional, Badon, Jade Aster T., additional, Benítez, Hugo A., additional, Braby, Michael F., additional, Buenavente, Perry A. C., additional, Chan, Wei-Ping, additional, Collins, Steve C., additional, Rabideau Childers, Richard A., additional, Dankowicz, Even, additional, Eastwood, Rod, additional, Fric, Zdenek F., additional, Gott, Riley J., additional, Hall, Jason P. W., additional, Hallwachs, Winnie, additional, Hardy, Nate B., additional, Sipe, Rachel L. Hawkins, additional, Heath, Alan, additional, Hinolan, Jomar D., additional, Homziak, Nicholas T., additional, Hsu, Yu-Feng, additional, Inayoshi, Yutaka, additional, Itliong, Micael G. A., additional, Janzen, Daniel H., additional, Kitching, Ian J., additional, Kunte, Krushnamegh, additional, Lamas, Gerardo, additional, Landis, Michael J., additional, Larsen, Elise A., additional, Larsen, Torben B., additional, Leong, Jing V., additional, Lukhtanov, Vladimir, additional, Maier, Crystal A., additional, Martinez, Jose I., additional, Martins, Dino J., additional, Maruyama, Kiyoshi, additional, Maunsell, Sarah C., additional, Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, additional, Monastyrskii, Alexander, additional, Morais, Ana B. B., additional, Müller, Chris J., additional, Naive, Mark Arcebal K., additional, Nielsen, Gregory, additional, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, additional, Peggie, Djunijanti, additional, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, additional, Sáfián, Szabolcs, additional, Saito, Motoki, additional, Schröder, Stefan, additional, Shirey, Vaughn, additional, Soltis, Doug, additional, Soltis, Pamela, additional, Sourakov, Andrei, additional, Talavera, Gerard, additional, Vila, Roger, additional, Vlasanek, Petr, additional, Wang, Houshuai, additional, Warren, Andrew D., additional, Willmott, Keith R., additional, Yago, Masaya, additional, Jetz, Walter, additional, Jarzyna, Marta A., additional, Breinholt, Jesse W., additional, Espeland, Marianne, additional, Ries, Leslie, additional, Guralnick, Robert P., additional, Pierce, Naomi E., additional, and Lohman, David J., additional

Published
2023
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38. Rapid radiation of ant parasitic butterflies during the Miocene aridification of Africa

Author

Espeland, Marianne, primary, Chazot, Nicolas, additional, Condamine, Fabien L., additional, Lemmon, Alan R., additional, Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, additional, Pringle, Ernest, additional, Heath, Alan, additional, Collins, Steve, additional, Tiren, Wilson, additional, Mutiso, Martha, additional, Lees, David C., additional, Fisher, Stewart, additional, Murphy, Raymond, additional, Woodhall, Stephen, additional, Tropek, Robert, additional, Ahlborn, Svenja S., additional, Cockburn, Kevin, additional, Dobson, Jeremy, additional, Bouyer, Thierry, additional, Kaliszewska, Zofia A., additional, Baker, Christopher C. M., additional, Talavera, Gerard, additional, Vila, Roger, additional, Gardiner, Alan J., additional, Williams, Mark, additional, Martins, Dino J., additional, Sáfián, Szabolcs, additional, Edge, David A., additional, and Pierce, Naomi E., additional

Published
2023
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39. The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies ( Vanessa cardui )

Author

Talavera, Gerard, primary, García-Berro, Aurora, additional, Talla, Valery N. K., additional, Ng’iru, Ivy, additional, Bahleman, Farid, additional, Kébé, Khadim, additional, Nzala, Kelvin M., additional, Plasencia, Dulce, additional, Marafi, Mohammad A. J., additional, Kassie, Abeje, additional, Goudégnon, Eude O. A., additional, Kiki, Martial, additional, Benyamini, Dubi, additional, Reich, Megan S., additional, López-Mañas, Roger, additional, Benetello, Fulvia, additional, Collins, Steve C., additional, Bataille, Clément P., additional, Pierce, Naomi E., additional, Martins, Dino J., additional, Suchan, Tomasz, additional, Menchetti, Mattia, additional, and Vila, Roger, additional

Published
2023
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42. A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Author

Kawahara, Akito Y., Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Plotkin, David M., Condamine, Fabien L., Braga, Mariana P., Ellis, Emily A., St Laurent, Ryan A., Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B., Owens, Hannah L., Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., Dexter, Kelly M., Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T., Benítez, Hugo A., Braby, Michael F., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C., Childers, Richard A. Rabideau, Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F., Gott, Riley J., Hall, Jason P. W., Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B., Sipe, Rachel L. Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael G. A., Janzen, Daniel H., Kitching, Ian J., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J., Larsen, Elise A., Larsen, Torben B., Leong, Jing V., Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A., Martinez, Jose I., Martins, Dino J., Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana B. B., Müller, Chris J., Naive, Mark Arcebal K., Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D., Willmott, Keith R., Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, Marta A., Breinholt, Jesse W., Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P., Pierce, Naomi E., Lohman, David J., Kawahara, Akito Y., Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Plotkin, David M., Condamine, Fabien L., Braga, Mariana P., Ellis, Emily A., St Laurent, Ryan A., Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B., Owens, Hannah L., Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., Dexter, Kelly M., Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T., Benítez, Hugo A., Braby, Michael F., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C., Childers, Richard A. Rabideau, Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F., Gott, Riley J., Hall, Jason P. W., Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B., Sipe, Rachel L. Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael G. A., Janzen, Daniel H., Kitching, Ian J., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J., Larsen, Elise A., Larsen, Torben B., Leong, Jing V., Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A., Martinez, Jose I., Martins, Dino J., Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana B. B., Müller, Chris J., Naive, Mark Arcebal K., Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D., Willmott, Keith R., Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, Marta A., Breinholt, Jesse W., Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P., Pierce, Naomi E., and Lohman, David J.

Abstract

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants.

Published
2023

43. A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Author

Kawahara, Akito Y, Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S, Plotkin, David M, Condamine, Fabien L, Braga, Mariana P, Ellis, Emily A, St Laurent, Ryan A, Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B, Owens, Hannah L, Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A, Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel FA, Dexter, Kelly M, Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T, Benítez, Hugo A, Braby, Michael F, Buenavente, Perry AC, Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C, Rabideau Childers, Richard A, Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F, Gott, Riley J, Hall, Jason PW, Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B, Sipe, Rachel L Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D, Homziak, Nicholas T, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael GA, Janzen, Daniel H, Kitching, I, Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J, Larsen, Elise A, Larsen, Torben B, Leong, Jing V, Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A, Martinez, Jose I, Martins, Dino J, Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C, Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana BB, Müller, Chris J, Naive, Mark Arcebal K, Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D, Willmott, Keith R, Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, Marta A, Breinholt, Jesse W, Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P, Pierce, Naomi E, Lohman, David J, Kawahara, Akito Y, Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S, Plotkin, David M, Condamine, Fabien L, Braga, Mariana P, Ellis, Emily A, St Laurent, Ryan A, Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B, Owens, Hannah L, Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A, Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel FA, Dexter, Kelly M, Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T, Benítez, Hugo A, Braby, Michael F, Buenavente, Perry AC, Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C, Rabideau Childers, Richard A, Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F, Gott, Riley J, Hall, Jason PW, Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B, Sipe, Rachel L Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D, Homziak, Nicholas T, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael GA, Janzen, Daniel H, Kitching, I, Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J, Larsen, Elise A, Larsen, Torben B, Leong, Jing V, Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A, Martinez, Jose I, Martins, Dino J, Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C, Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana BB, Müller, Chris J, Naive, Mark Arcebal K, Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D, Willmott, Keith R, Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, Marta A, Breinholt, Jesse W, Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P, Pierce, Naomi E, and Lohman, David J

Abstract

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants.

Published
2023

44. Rapid radiation of ant parasitic butterflies during the Miocene aridification of Africa

Author

Research Council of Norway, German Research Foundation, Synthesys, Museum of Comparative Zoology (US), Hintelmann Award for Zoological Systematics, Espeland, Marianne, Chazot, Nicolas, Condamine, Fabien L., Lemmon, Alan R., Moriarty Lemmon, Emily, Pringle, Ernest, Heath, Alan, Collins, Steve, Tiren, Wilson, Mutiso, Martha, Lees, David C., Fisher, Stewart, Murphy, Raymond, Woodhall, Stephen, Tropek, Robert, Ahlborn, Svenja S., Cockburn, Kevin, Dobson, Jeremy, Bouyer, Thierry, Kaliszewska, Zofia A., Baker, Christopher C. M., Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Gardiner, Alan J., Williams, Mark, Martins, Dino J., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Edge, David A., Pierce, Naomi E., Research Council of Norway, German Research Foundation, Synthesys, Museum of Comparative Zoology (US), Hintelmann Award for Zoological Systematics, Espeland, Marianne, Chazot, Nicolas, Condamine, Fabien L., Lemmon, Alan R., Moriarty Lemmon, Emily, Pringle, Ernest, Heath, Alan, Collins, Steve, Tiren, Wilson, Mutiso, Martha, Lees, David C., Fisher, Stewart, Murphy, Raymond, Woodhall, Stephen, Tropek, Robert, Ahlborn, Svenja S., Cockburn, Kevin, Dobson, Jeremy, Bouyer, Thierry, Kaliszewska, Zofia A., Baker, Christopher C. M., Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Gardiner, Alan J., Williams, Mark, Martins, Dino J., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Edge, David A., and Pierce, Naomi E.

Abstract

Africa has undergone a progressive aridification during the last 20 My that presumably impacted organisms and fostered the evolution of life history adaptations. We test the hypothesis that shift to living in ant nests and feeding on ant brood by larvae of phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops butterflies was an adaptive response to the aridification of Africa that facilitated the subsequent radiation of butterflies in this genus. Using anchored hybrid enrichment we constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny for Lepidochrysops and its closest, non-parasitic relatives in the Euchrysops section (Poloyommatini). We estimated ancestral areas across the phylogeny with process-based biogeographical models and diversification rates relying on time-variable and clade-heterogeneous birth-death models. The Euchrysops section originated with the emerging Miombo woodlands about 22 million years ago (Mya) and spread to drier biomes as they became available in the late Miocene. The diversification of the non-parasitic lineages decreased as aridification intensified around 10 Mya, culminating in diversity decline. In contrast, the diversification of the phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops lineage proceeded rapidly from about 6.5 Mya when this unusual life history likely first evolved. The Miombo woodlands were the cradle for diversification of the Euchrysops section, and our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aridification during the Miocene selected for a phyto-predaceous life history in species of Lepidochrysops, with ant nests likely providing caterpillars a safe refuge from fire and a source of food when vegetation was scarce.

Published
2023

45. A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Author

National Science Foundation (US), National Geographic Society, Research Council of Norway, Hintelmann Award for Zoological Systematics, European Research Council, Swedish Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Russian Science Foundation, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kawahara, Akito Y., Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Plotkin, David M., Condamine, Fabien L., Braga, Mariana P., Ellis, Emily A., St Laurent, Ryan A., Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B., Owens, Hannah L., Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., Dexter, Kelly M., Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T., Benítez, Hugo A., Braby, Michael F., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C., Rabideau Childers, Richard A., Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F., Gott, Riley J., Hall, Jason P. W., Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B., Sipe, Rachel L. Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael G. A., Janzen, Daniel H., Kitching, Ian J., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J., Larsen, Elise A., Larsen, Torben B., Leong, Jing V., Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A., Martínez, José I., Martins, Dino J., Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana B., Müller, Chris J., Naive, Mark Arcebal K., Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D., Willmott, K. R., Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, M.A., Breinholt, Jesse W., Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P., Pierce, Naomi E., Lohman, David J., National Science Foundation (US), National Geographic Society, Research Council of Norway, Hintelmann Award for Zoological Systematics, European Research Council, Swedish Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Russian Science Foundation, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kawahara, Akito Y., Storer, Caroline, Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Plotkin, David M., Condamine, Fabien L., Braga, Mariana P., Ellis, Emily A., St Laurent, Ryan A., Li, Xuankun, Barve, Vijay, Cai, Liming, Earl, Chandra, Frandsen, Paul B., Owens, Hannah L., Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A., Aduse-Poku, Kwaku, Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., Dexter, Kelly M., Doleck, Tenzing, Markee, Amanda, Messcher, Rebeccah, Nguyen, Y-Lan, Badon, Jade Aster T., Benítez, Hugo A., Braby, Michael F., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Chan, Wei-Ping, Collins, Steve C., Rabideau Childers, Richard A., Dankowicz, Even, Eastwood, Rod, Fric, Zdenek F., Gott, Riley J., Hall, Jason P. W., Hallwachs, Winnie, Hardy, Nate B., Sipe, Rachel L. Hawkins, Heath, Alan, Hinolan, Jomar D., Homziak, Nicholas T., Hsu, Yu-Feng, Inayoshi, Yutaka, Itliong, Micael G. A., Janzen, Daniel H., Kitching, Ian J., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Lamas, Gerardo, Landis, Michael J., Larsen, Elise A., Larsen, Torben B., Leong, Jing V., Lukhtanov, Vladimir, Maier, Crystal A., Martínez, José I., Martins, Dino J., Maruyama, Kiyoshi, Maunsell, Sarah C., Mega, Nicolás Oliveira, Monastyrskii, Alexander, Morais, Ana B., Müller, Chris J., Naive, Mark Arcebal K., Nielsen, Gregory, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, Peggie, Djunijanti, Romanowski, Helena Piccoli, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saito, Motoki, Schröder, Stefan, Shirey, Vaughn, Soltis, Doug, Soltis, Pamela, Sourakov, Andrei, Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Vlasanek, Petr, Wang, Houshuai, Warren, Andrew D., Willmott, K. R., Yago, Masaya, Jetz, Walter, Jarzyna, M.A., Breinholt, Jesse W., Espeland, Marianne, Ries, Leslie, Guralnick, Robert P., Pierce, Naomi E., and Lohman, David J.

Abstract

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants.

Published
2023

46. The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui)

Author

National Geographic Society, British Ecological Society, Fundació Barcelona Zoo, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional (España), Government of Canada, Turkana Basin Institute, Whitley Fund for Nature, Talavera, Gerard, García-Berro, Aurora, Talla, Valery N. K., Ng'iru, Ivy, Bahleman, Farid, Kébé, Khadim, Nzala, Kelvin M., Plasencia, Dulce, Marafi, Mohammad A. J., Kassie, Abeje, Goudégnon, Eude O. A., Kiki, Martial, Benyamini, Dubi, Reich, Megan S., López-Mañas, Roger, Benetello, Fulvia, Collins, Steve C., Bataille, Clément P., Pierce, Naomi E., Martins, Dino J., Suchan, Tomasz, Menchetti, Mattia, Vila, Roger, National Geographic Society, British Ecological Society, Fundació Barcelona Zoo, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional (España), Government of Canada, Turkana Basin Institute, Whitley Fund for Nature, Talavera, Gerard, García-Berro, Aurora, Talla, Valery N. K., Ng'iru, Ivy, Bahleman, Farid, Kébé, Khadim, Nzala, Kelvin M., Plasencia, Dulce, Marafi, Mohammad A. J., Kassie, Abeje, Goudégnon, Eude O. A., Kiki, Martial, Benyamini, Dubi, Reich, Megan S., López-Mañas, Roger, Benetello, Fulvia, Collins, Steve C., Bataille, Clément P., Pierce, Naomi E., Martins, Dino J., Suchan, Tomasz, Menchetti, Mattia, and Vila, Roger

Abstract

Migratory insects are key players in ecosystem functioning and services, but their spatiotemporal distributions are typically poorly known. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) may be used to predict species seasonal distributions, but the resulting hypotheses should eventually be validated by field data. The painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) performs multigenerational migrations between Europe and Africa and has become a model species for insect movement ecology. While the annual migration cycle of this species is well understood for Europe and northernmost Africa, it is still unknown where most individuals spend the winter. Through ENM, we previously predicted suitable breeding grounds in the subhumid regions near the tropics between November and February. In this work, we assess the suitability of these predictions through i) extensive field surveys and ii) two-year monitoring in six countries: a large-scale monitoring scheme to study butterfly migration in Africa. We document new breeding locations, year-round phenological information, and hostplant use. Field observations were nearly always predicted with high probability by the previous ENM, and monitoring demonstrated the influence of the precipitation seasonality regime on migratory phenology. Using the updated dataset, we built a refined ENM for the Palearctic-African range of V. cardui. We confirm the relevance of the Afrotropical region and document the missing natural history pieces of the longest migratory cycle described in butterflies.

Published
2023

47. Dataset from: Rapid radiation of ant parasitic butterflies during the Miocene aridification of Africa

Author

Espeland, Marianne, Chazot, Nicolas, Condamine, Fabien L., Lemmon, Alan R., Moriarty Lemmon, Emily, Pringle, Ernest, Heath, Alan, Collins, Steve, Tiren, Wilson, Mutiso, Martha, Lees, David C., Fisher, Stewart, Murphy, Raymond, Woodhall, Stephen, Tropek, Robert, Baker, Christopher C. M., Ahlborn, Svenja S., Cockburn, Kevin, Dobson, Jeremy, Bouyer, Thierry, Kaliszewska, Zofia A., Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Gardiner, Alan J., Williams, Mark, Martins, Dino J., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Edge, David A., Pierce, Naomi E., Espeland, Marianne, Chazot, Nicolas, Condamine, Fabien L., Lemmon, Alan R., Moriarty Lemmon, Emily, Pringle, Ernest, Heath, Alan, Collins, Steve, Tiren, Wilson, Mutiso, Martha, Lees, David C., Fisher, Stewart, Murphy, Raymond, Woodhall, Stephen, Tropek, Robert, Baker, Christopher C. M., Ahlborn, Svenja S., Cockburn, Kevin, Dobson, Jeremy, Bouyer, Thierry, Kaliszewska, Zofia A., Talavera, Gerard, Vila, Roger, Gardiner, Alan J., Williams, Mark, Martins, Dino J., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Edge, David A., and Pierce, Naomi E.

Abstract

Africa has undergone a progressive aridification during the last 20 My that presumably impacted organisms and fostered the evolution of life history adaptations. We test the hypothesis that shift to living in ant nests and feeding on ant brood by larvae of phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops butterflies was an adaptive response to the aridification of Africa that facilitated the subsequent radiation of butterflies in this genus. Using anchored hybrid enrichment we constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny for Lepidochrysops and its closest, non-parasitic relatives in the Euchrysops section (Poloyommatini). We estimated ancestral areas across the phylogeny with process-based biogeographical models and diversification rates relying on time-variable and clade-heterogeneous birth-death models. The Euchrysops section originated with the emerging Miombo woodlands about 22 million years ago (Mya), and spread to drier biomes as they became available in the late Miocene. The diversification of the non-parasitic lineages decreased as aridification intensified around 10 Mya, culminating in diversity decline. In contrast, the diversification of the phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops lineage proceeded rapidly from about 6.5 Mya when this unusual life history likely first evolved. The Miombo woodlands were the cradle for diversification of the Euchrysops section, and our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aridification during the Miocene selected for a phyto-predaceous life history in species of Lepidochrysops, with ant nests likely providing caterpillars a safe refuge from fire and a source of food when vegetation was scarce.

Published
2023

48. Supporting Information for The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory Painted Lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui)

Author

Talavera, Gerard, García-Berro, Aurora, Talla, Valery N. K., Ng'iru, Ivy, Bahleman, Farid, Kébé, Khadim, Nzala, Kelvin M., Plasencia, Dulce, Marafi, Mohammad A. J., Kassie, Abeje, Goudégnon, Eude O. A., Kiki, Martial, Benyamini, Dubi, Reich, Megan S., López-Mañas, Roger, Benetello, Fulvia, Collins, Steve C., Bataille, Clément P., Pierce, Naomi E., Martins, Dino J., Suchan, Tomasz, Menchetti, Mattia, Vila, Roger, Talavera, Gerard, García-Berro, Aurora, Talla, Valery N. K., Ng'iru, Ivy, Bahleman, Farid, Kébé, Khadim, Nzala, Kelvin M., Plasencia, Dulce, Marafi, Mohammad A. J., Kassie, Abeje, Goudégnon, Eude O. A., Kiki, Martial, Benyamini, Dubi, Reich, Megan S., López-Mañas, Roger, Benetello, Fulvia, Collins, Steve C., Bataille, Clément P., Pierce, Naomi E., Martins, Dino J., Suchan, Tomasz, Menchetti, Mattia, and Vila, Roger

Published
2023

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