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Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a herbaceous plant species in the family Solanaceae. Capsicum anthracnose is caused by the genus Colletotrichum. spp., which decreases pepper production by about 50% each year due to anthracnose. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of red ripe fruits from 17 pepper varieties against anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum capsici. We assessed the size of the lesion diameter and conducted significance analysis to identify the resistant variety of B158 and susceptible variety of B161. We selected a resistant cultivar B158 and a susceptible cultivar B161 of pepper and used a transcription to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's resistance to C. capsici, of which little is known. The inoculated fruit from these two varieties were used for the comparative transcription analysis, which revealed the anthracnose-induced differential transcription in the resistant and susceptible pepper samples. In the environment of an anthrax infection, we found that there were more differentially expressed genes in resistant varieties compared to susceptible varieties. Moreover, the response to stimulus and stress ability was stronger in the KANG. The transcription analysis revealed the activation of plant hormone signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid synthesis, and metabolic processes in the defense response of peppers against anthracnose. In addition, ARR-B, AP2-EREBP, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC are associated with disease resistance to anthracnose. Notably, WRKY and NAC were found to have a potentially positive regulatory role in the defense response against anthracnose. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the resistance mechanisms of red pepper fruit to anthracnose infection, providing valuable molecular insights for further research on the resistance mechanisms and genetic regulations during this developmental stage of pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is the utmost significant cash crop of Pakistan. Annually, about 50% chili yield is reduced by chili anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici. The current study was conducted to explore the antifungal potential of plant extracts in comparison with commercial fungicides against C. capsici. Morphologically recognized strains of C. capsici were subjected to pathogenicity assay where strain CC-2 showed a highly virulent response. Results from in-vitro studies showed that Ginger (15 % concentration) inhibited fungal mycelial growth and spore germination and results were comparable to Nativo and Antracol at 1000 ppm. From the protective and curative trials, among plant extracts, Ginger at 15% showed maximum crop protective activity (84%) and maximum curative activity (70%). Consequently, among fungicides, Antracol at 1000 ppm showed highest crop protective activity (92%) and maximum curative efficacy (96%). The results of pot experiments showed that among the plant extracts, Ginger significantly inhibited C. capsici and increased plant growth while among fungicides, Antracol was found to be more effective than Nativo. PCA explored the correlation between growth parameters of chili plants treated with plant extracts and fungicides. Biochemical profiling and phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars and anthraquinones in ginger and chicory extracts. Ginger showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (64.9 ± 1.85) as compared to chicory (54.6 ± 2.8). GC–MS analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds including Ethanol, Acetone, 2-Butanone, Trichloromethane, 2-Butanone, 4-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, Gingerol, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, Hexane, Glycerin, Sucrose, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] methyl]ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z). FTIR analysis showed 12, 8 and 13 peak values respectively indicating the presence of important functional groups. NMR analysis showed 4 and 7 peak values of ginger and chicory extracts indicating the structures of functional groups. There is a need to test the disease suppressive potential of plant extracts under field conditions to manage other fatal plant pathogens.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a significant crop that is widely grown around the world as vegetable and a spice. Anthracnose is a common and destructive disease of the chilli with major constraint resulting into significant losses of up to 10-60% in both primary yield and fruit quality. Most of the fungicides has a fungistatic and fungicidal activity. Hence it is essential to recommend the appropriate fungicide and its concentration to reduce the yield loss caused by them. So, in this study thirteen fungicides have been tested at different concentrations against C. capsici, all the fungicides exhibited a wide range of growth pattern from 0.00 to 65.67 mm radial mycelial growth of C. capsici over untreated control. All the tested fungicides proved to be efficient and statistically significant to reduce the radial mycelial growth. Among the 13 fungicides the propiconazole 25% EC and tebuconazole 25.9% EC (each @ 0.05 and 0.15% conc.) and the combi-product i.e. trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG at 0.05% conc. was highly effective as cent per cent inhibition was achieved followed by azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC (92.85%) and pyraclostrobin 133 g/L+ epoxiconazole 50 g/L SE (88.52%) as they were equal level of significance in inhibiting the C. capsici causing anthracnose of chilli. The minimum inhibition at 0.05% was recorded in Propineb 70% WP (27.03%) followed by Myclobutanil 10% WP (44.81%). Though these products were less inhibitory, but the combi-product with these systemic chemicals was highly efficient to reduce the growth as it might be due to synergistic effect of the combination of these fungicides. This practice provides initial information on the types of fungicide that are suitable for managing anthracnose of chilli. The chemical ingredients are inhibitory to fungus as it is interacting with the metabolism of the fungus resulting in highly efficient systemic fungicidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici is a major disease in chili plants that is difficult to control. Actinobacteria have potential biological control agents for C. capsici because of their antifungal properties and dominant presence in soil. The study aimed to obtain actinobacteria isolates that have the potential to control anthracnose in planta and increase the growth and production of chili plants. The study consisted of three stages: isolation, selection, and characterization of the best actinobacteria isolates. A total of 20 isolates of indigenous actinobacteria were isolated, and 16 isolates were successfully selected based on the results of the biosafety test. Results The in planta test showed that eight isolates could control anthracnose with 100% effectiveness. Of the eight isolates, as many as five players increased the production of chili plants by 169.51–218.53 g. Actinobacterial isolates that have the potential to control anthracnose disease in planta and increase the growth and production of chili plants are ARAI 3221, ARAC 3221, ARAC 2211, ARAC 3321, and ARTI 1312. These isolates produced indole acetic acid (IAA) with concentrations of 25.82–88.87 ppm, and four isolates were able to dissolve phosphate. Five isolates produced chitinase enzyme with the chitinolytic index of 0.32–1.78. Conclusion The introduction of actinobacteria in chili plants was also proven to extend the incubation period, reduce the incidence of disease, and reduce the severity of anthracnose disease compared to negative controls and mancozeb. Actinobacteria can suppress pathogenic microorganisms that can inhibit plant growth. Actinobacteria have the potential to increase the growth and production of chili plants. The results of 16S rRNA sequences showed that the five potential isolates were identified as Streptomyces cellulose, S. fradiae, S. olivaceus, S. pseudogriseolus , and S. griseoflavus.

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a horticultural plant that has high economic value and contains nutrients that the body needs. Cayenne pepper is one of the leading national horticultural commodities, so it is necessary to increase the production of cayenne pepper appropriately. The obstacle that is often faced in the production of cayenne pepper is the disruption of the production of cayenne pepper caused by the attack of anthracnose disease. Anthracnose disease or fruit rot caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capcisi Sydow can result in yield losses ranging from 20-90%. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. is a soil saprophytic fungus that naturally can be used as a biological agent, because it has antagonism against pathogens in the form of competition for space and nutrients, mycoparasites and antibiosis. The experimental results in the laboratory showed that the biological agent Trichoderma harzianum Rifai was able to suppress the development of anthracnose disease.

Background: Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici is a major disease in chili plants that is difficult to control. Actinobacteria have potential biological control agents for C. capsici because of their antifungal properties and dominant presence in soil. The study aimed to obtain actinobacteria isolates that have the potential to control anthracnose in planta and increase the growth and production of chili plants. The study consisted of three stages: isolation, selection, and characterization of the best actinobacteria isolates. A total of 20 isolates of indigenous actinobacteria were isolated, and 16 isolates were successfully selected based on the results of the biosafety test. Results: The in planta test showed that eight isolates could control anthracnose with 100% effectiveness. Of the eight isolates, as many as five players increased the production of chili plants by 169.51–218.53 g. Actinobacterial isolates that have the potential to control anthracnose disease in planta and increase the growth and production of chili plants are ARAI 3221, ARAC 3221, ARAC 2211, ARAC 3321, and ARTI 1312. These isolates produced indole acetic acid (IAA) with concentrations of 25.82–88.87 ppm, and four isolates were able to dissolve phosphate. Five isolates produced chitinase enzyme with the chitinolytic index of 0.32–1.78. Conclusion: The introduction of actinobacteria in chili plants was also proven to extend the incubation period, reduce the incidence of disease, and reduce the severity of anthracnose disease compared to negative controls and mancozeb. Actinobacteria can suppress pathogenic microorganisms that can inhibit plant growth. Actinobacteria have the potential to increase the growth and production of chili plants. The results of 16S rRNA sequences showed that the five potential isolates were identified as Streptomyces cellulose, S. fradiae, S. olivaceus, S. pseudogriseolus, and S. griseoflavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a herbaceous plant species in the family Solanaceae. Capsicum anthracnose is caused by the genus Colletotrichum. spp., which decreases pepper production by about 50% each year due to anthracnose. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of red ripe fruits from 17 pepper varieties against anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum capsici. We assessed the size of the lesion diameter and conducted significance analysis to identify the resistant variety of B158 and susceptible variety of B161. We selected a resistant cultivar B158 and a susceptible cultivar B161 of pepper and used a transcription to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant’s resistance to C. capsici, of which little is known. The inoculated fruit from these two varieties were used for the comparative transcription analysis, which revealed the anthracnose-induced differential transcription in the resistant and susceptible pepper samples. In the environment of an anthrax infection, we found that there were more differentially expressed genes in resistant varieties compared to susceptible varieties. Moreover, the response to stimulus and stress ability was stronger in the KANG. The transcription analysis revealed the activation of plant hormone signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid synthesis, and metabolic processes in the defense response of peppers against anthracnose. In addition, ARR-B, AP2-EREBP, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC are associated with disease resistance to anthracnose. Notably, WRKY and NAC were found to have a potentially positive regulatory role in the defense response against anthracnose. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the resistance mechanisms of red pepper fruit to anthracnose infection, providing valuable molecular insights for further research on the resistance mechanisms and genetic regulations during this developmental stage of pepper.

Turmeric leaf spot, caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum capsici, is the greatest damaging disease that limits the production and productivity of turmeric, and reduces qualitative and quantitative rhizome yields in Southwestern Ethiopia. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides against a disease epidemic of turmeric leaf spot in Southwestern Ethiopia. The field experiment was performed at Tepi Agricultural Research Center during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons using four fungicides: Ethiozeb 80% WP (mancozeb), Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole), Mancolaxyl 72% WP (mancozeb + metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (metalaxyl-M), which were applied either as seed rhizome treatments plus foliar spray, or as foliar spray alone for control of leaf spot infection. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that both rhizome treatment + foliar spray, and foliar fungicide spray treatments significantly affected the turmeric leaf spot epidemics. The effect of the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) was significantly higher than the other treatments in reducing disease severity (27.0) and maximizing rhizome fresh yield (34.1 ton/ ha). The maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.65) was achieved by the foliar spray fungicide Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole). Amongst different fungicides considered, the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) reduced leaf spot disease incidence up to 47.1% over the control on the last day of disease evaluation. The whole outcome of this experiment showed that foliar Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) fungicide sprays were effective in alleviating the epidemic of turmeric leaf spot and boosting turmeric production and productivity.

A new C6-C2 dimer phenol derivative, colletodiphenol A (1), along with two known C6-C2 phenol derivatives (2,3) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum capsici related to the traditional Chinese medicine Paeonia lactiflora. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated, but none of them displayed significant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicidal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs extracts against plants phatogenic fungi. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) has been known to containing organosulphur compounds. These compounds are convinced to possess antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. The aim of this study is to determine fungicidal activity of garlic bulb extracts against some plants phatogenic fungi. The paper disc agar difussion technique was used to determine fungicidal activity of garlic bulbs extracts. The results showed that in general garlic bulbs extracts provides fungicidal activities. Calculated EC50 values indicated that ethyl acetate garlic bulbs extract was most active against Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici, and Sclerotium rolfsi by EC50 values of 48,6; 50,3; and 51.3% respectively. Meanwhile methanolic garlic bulbs extract was the most active against Sclerotium rolfsi with EC50 values of 24,3%.

Nấm Colletotrichum sp. gây hại rất phổ biến và nghiêm trọng trên nhiều loại cây trồng, từ cây rau màu như ớt, cà chua, bầu bí, dưa,… đến các loại cây ăn trái như xoài, sầu riêng, đu đủ, chuối, thanh long. Một loài nấm Colletotrichum có thể gây hại trên nhiều loại cây trồng và ngược lại, một loại cây trồng có thể bị tấn công bởi nhiều loài nấm Colletotrichum. Nghiên cứu này nhằm xác định khả năng ức chế nấm Colletotrichum capsici gây bệnh thán thư trên ớt của tinh dầu tràm trà (Meleleuca alternifolia). Nghiên cứu cho thấy nồng độ ức chế của tinh dầu tràm trà đối với nấm C. capsici được xác định là 6 µL/mL. SEM được sử dụng để kiểm tra các thay đổi hình thái của hệ sợi dòng nấm C. capsici. Kết quả cho thấy những thay đổi đáng chú ý về hình thái của sợi nấm. Nghiên cứu cũng được thực hiện trong điều kiện in vivo đã chứng minh hiệu quả nồng độ tốt nhất của tinh dầu tràm trà trong việc phòng trừ bệnh thán thư do nhiễm nấm C. capsici trên trái ớt sau khi được tách khỏi cây là 10%.

In 2014, 45 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from Jinzhong City (Shanxi Province, China) that had never used Qo inhibitor (QoI)-type fungicides were characterised for sensitivity to picoxystrobin through growth inhibition tests with 100 μg/ml salicylhydroxamic acid. The isolates showed similar sensitivity, the EC50 values ranging from 0.021 to 0.197 μg/ml. Baseline sensitivity was distributed as unimodal curves with mean EC50 values of 0.108 ± 0.004 μg/ml for picoxystrobin. In field experiments in 2015 and 2016, 57 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from four geographical regions of China revealed a mean EC50 value of 1.074 ± 3.287 μg/ml, which was 9.94-fold higher than the baseline sensitivity. In these four regions, Qo inhibitors provided control efficacy of about 85%. The isolates with low, moderate, and high resistance to the QoI fungicide picoxystrobin accounted for 3.5%, 7.0%, and 5.3% of all 57 isolates, respectively. However, during continuous asexual culturing of the resistant isolates on fungicide-free medium for ten generations, picoxystrobin sensitivity of low and moderate resistant isolates was restored. Moreover, spore production, mycelial growth rates, and spore germination rates of the resistant isolates did not differ significantly from those of the sensitive isolates. Genetic analysis for mutations showed that picoxystrobin resistance was associated with a point mutation from GGT to GCT at codon 143 in the CytB gene (G143A) in high resistant mutants of C. gloeosporioides, but no point mutation was detected in low and moderate resistant isolates. Positive cross-resistance between picoxystrobin and QoIs (azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl) was observed; no cross-resistance between picoxystrobin and other type fungicides (carbendazim and prochloraz) was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the important commercial vegetable crop which is grown extensively almost throughout the world. It originated in the American tropics which propagated widely. Its crop suffers due to more than 40 fungal species, of which Colletotrichum capsici is one of the most destructive species causing seedling rot or damping off at seedling stage in a nursery, leaf spot or die back at different stages of crop growth and fruit rot or anthracnose at fruiting stage leading to reduced fruit yield and marketability. The fungus Colletotrichum capsici infects both unripe and ripe chilli fruits and survives on seed as acervuli and microsclerotia. Infection of C. capsici will be higher in mature stage than in the early stage of chilli plant. The use of chemical fungicide is a common practice for the control of anthracnose. However, continuous use of chemical fungicides lead to negative impacts on the environment, soil and human health. So, development of new alternative strategies for management of fungal diseases is very essential in the changing climate scenario. In this regard, plant products appear to be an in-exhaustive source showing potential fungicidal activity which serves as harmless pesticides. In this study, use of Azadirachta indica, Datura stramonium, Ocimum sanctum, Polyalthia longifolia and Vinca rosea were used which were fungitoxic to C. capsici. Among the five fermented leaf extracts tested against C. capsici, Azadirachta indica extract at 20% concentration highly inhibited the growth of C. capsici in vitro condition. And in vivo the application of fermented leaf extract of Azardiracthta indica alone reduced the fruit rot incidence (@ 3%) and increased plant height, number of fruits and yield significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic inducers (AI) are synthetic/natural compound, induces systemic resistance in plants against pathogens. Present study aimed to evaluate the foliar application of AI [Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM), and β-Amino Butyric Acid (BABA)] in managing chilli anthracnose under greenhouse conditions. Foliar applications of ASM-5 μg/ml and BABA-10 mM significantly decreases disease incidence to 13.15% and 14.1% respectively, when compared to respective controls (65% and 65.34%). AI treated seedlings recorded maximum H2O2 accumulation at 9 h (ASM) and 12 h (BABA) after challenged with pathogen. In AI treated seedlings, activity of defense-related enzymes (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Peroxidase, Polyphenol oxidase, Lipoxygenase, and chitinase) was upregulated after challenge inoculation. Similarly, maximum phenolic (μg gallic acid/g tissue) accumulation of 147 and 71.2 was recorded with ASM and BABA treatment, respectively. The AI induced changes in biochemical parameters are in correlation with reduced disease incidence. Hence, AI can use as alternative, safe and eco-friendly candidate to manage chilli anthracnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, a total of 70 fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of chilli collected from six di erent districts of south Karnataka, India. All the rhizospheric fungi were evaluated for its antagonistic nature against Colletotrichum capsici-the causal agent of anthracnose disease-and eight isolates were found positive. The antagonistic fungi were further characterized for the production of plant growth-promoting traits wherein five isolates were recorded positive for all the traits tested and were also positive for root colonization. All five plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) were subjected to molecular characterization for identification up to the species level and the accession numbers were obtained from NCBI. The five isolates, namely NBP-08, NBP-45, NBP-61, NBP-66 and NBP-67, were further experimented with on susceptible seeds to evaluate its effcacy on seed and plant growth parameters along with induction of resistance against the anthracnose disease. The evaluated PGPF o ered significant enhancement in seed and plant growth parameters with maximum improvement observed in seeds treated with NBP-61. Among the PGPF isolates, NBP-61 showed the maximum protection of 78.75%, while all the other isolates also showed significant protection against anthracnose disease compared to untreated plants. The higher accumulation of lignin and callose deposition along with enhanced defense enzyme activities in the PGPF-treated challenge-inoculated seedlings authenticated the protection o ered by PGPF. The study evidenced the immense ability of PGPF in eliciting disease protection and enhancement of plant growth in chilli, which may act as a possible substitute for harmful chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The objective of this study is to identify pathogens causing typical anthracnose symptoms of papaya fruit in Hainan province and screen the effective fungicides to control them. 【Method】These pathogens are isolated, purified and pathogenicity-tested by Koch’s Rule. The pathogens were identified by their morphological characteristics and the sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosmal DNA（ITS）. The inhibitory activities of 17 fungicides to these two pathogens were determined by the mycelial growth rate method. 【Result】The isolate C1 and Colletotrichum capsici had similar morphological characteristics, while the isolate G1 and C. gloeospcrides had similar morphological characteristics. ITS sequences of them were amplified with universal primers of ITS1/ITS4. By sequence comparison with the related sequence in GenBank. It showed that the nucleotide homogeneity of the isolate C1 and C. capsici reached 99 %, while the isolate G1 and C. gloeospcrides also reached 99 %. The studies of toxicity test showed that 500 mg/mL prochloraz WG had the best inhibition to the mycelial growth of two pathogens, which the average of EC50 values was 0.03 μg/mL, followed by 300 mg/mL fludioxonil SC and 250 mg/mL propiconazole EC. The average of EC50 values were 0.04 and 0.11 μg/mL. 【Conclusion】It is concluded that the pathogens of papaya fruit anthrocnose are caused by C. capsici and C. gloeospcrides. 500 mg/mL prochloraz WG, 300 mg/mL fludioxonil SC and 250 mg/mL propiconazole EC have efficiently inhibitory effect on anthrocnose of papaya fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanicals, rich in bioactive components, have great promise as plant protectants. The current study aims at developing oil-in-water nanoemulsions using thyme oil (TO) alone and in combination with licorice aqueous extract (LAE) and comparing their efficacies against Colletotrichum capsici , the causal agent of anthracnose disease in Capsicum annuum L. The optimized nanoemulsions developed with TO alone (TFO4) and with LAE (TFO4-10LAE) with droplet size (Z-average diameter) of 24.33 ± 0.86 nm and 217.0 ± 5.9 nm, respectively, exhibited promising results pertaining to their stability and shelf life. As evidenced by their two-year shelf life testing, the nanoemulsions were observed to be stable. The TFO4-10LAE, having the bioactive molecules of LAE and TO intact (GC-MS and FT-IR analyses) and inhibiting the production of ergosterol, displayed synergistic and better antifungal activity (Minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC 2.5 mg ml-1) than TFO4 containing only TO (MIC 4 mg ml-1). During in-planta assay, TFO4-10LAE applied as a seed-foliar application at MIC significantly reduced the disease severity index (DSI) to 20.37 % over control (62.96 %), along with the improved activity of induced resistance enzymes and plant growth parameters. The life cycle assessment showed that the production of TFO4-10LAE nanoemulsion has a lesser negative impact on the environment than that of chemical pesticides. This work will pave the path for future research and development of pesticide alternatives that are safer, sustainable, and more effective than synthetic ones for crops of industrial importance. [Display omitted] • Nanoemulsion formulations were developed using low-energy emulsification method. • Synergism between TO and LAE remained intact in the formulation. • TFO4-10LAE possesses higher antifungal efficacy than TFO4. • Disease reduction due to nanoemulsions was at par with the chemical pesticides. • LCA confirmed the environmental sustainability of TFO4-10LAE production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose is caused by Colletotrichum species and is one of the most virulent fungal diseases affecting chili pepper (Capsicum) yield globally. However, the noble genes conferring resistance to Colletotrichum species remain largely elusive. In this study, we identified CbAR9 as the causal locus underlying the large effect quantitative trait locus CcR9 from the anthracnose-resistant chili pepper variety PBC80. CbAR9 encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein related to defense-associated NLRs in several other plant species. CbAR9 transcript levels were induced dramatically after Colletotrichum capsici infection. To explore the biological function, we generated transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines overexpressing CbAR9, which showed enhanced resistance to C. capsici relative to wild-type plants. Transcript levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes increased markedly in CbAR9-overexpressing N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, resistance to anthracnose and transcript levels of PR1 and PR2 were markedly reduced in CbAR9-silenced chili pepper fruits after C. capsici infection. Our results revealed that CbAR9 contributes to innate immunity against C. capsici.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Actinomycetes yang terdapat di rhizosfer dan endofit akar tanaman cabai serta potensi antagonismenya terhadap jamur C. capsici. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Sentral Ilmu Hayati Universitas Brawijaya, Malang pada bulan Januari – Mei 2015. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksplorasi dan eksperimen. Eksplorasi Actinomycetes rhizosfer dan endofit akar diambil dari lahan tanaman cabai secara sistematis. Eksperimen meliputi uji antagonisme Actinomycetes terhadap jamur C. capsici. Hasil eksplorasi didapatkan 3 isolat Actinomycetes yaitu 2 isolat dari rhizosfer dan 1 isolat dari endofit tanaman. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Actinomycetes yang ditemukan termasuk dalam genus Streptomycetes. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa isolat Actinomycetes memiliki daya hambat yang berbeda-beda terhadap C. capsici. Isolat Actinomycetes Rhizosfer 1 memiliki daya hambat tertinggi yaitu 45,33%, sedangkan Actinomycetes Rhizosfer 2 memiliki daya hambat sebesar 41,99% dan isolat Actinomycetes Endofit memiliki daya hambat sebesar 44,66%.

Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that can produce secondary metabolites which able to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum capsici. a pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose in plants. the Aims of this research were to obtain and analyze the ability of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum AC1 (b) J2 isolated from Scleria poaeformis. to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum capsici IPBCC13.1098. The secondary metabolite eluat of Trichoderma harzianum were tested for the antifungal activity toward Colletotrichum capsici IPBCC 13.1098. Fractionation was carried out by Column Chromatography and produced 31 eluat. The secondary metabolite eluat of Trichoderma harzianum with the highest inhibition zone diameter was eluat 1 with 8.4 mm in diameter. The secondary metabolite eluat with the highest value of inhibition zone was carried out by MIC test and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Based on the MIC results, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the secondary metabolite of Trichoderma harzianum to fungus Colletotrichum capsici was 250 ppm with inhibition zone diameter was 0.10 mm. The results of TLC showed orange spots on the TLC plate that indicated alkaloite compounds.

Two new fungal polyketides with unusual skeleton, collecapsins A and B ( 1 - 2 ), along with two known macrolactins A and B ( 3 - 4 ), were isolated from the rice cultures of an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum capsici obtained from the fresh Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino. Their structures were established by a combination of NMR, HRESIMS, and IR analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined on the detailed analysis of the modified Mosher's derivatives' spectra and its key NOEs correlations. In this case, the absolute configurations of all chiral centres of 1 were determined for the first time, showed that 1 is a C-6/C-8 epimer of colletruncoic acid methyl ester. Compounds 1 - 2 demonstrated promising lipid lowing activity via the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase with IC 50 values of 8.72 and 15.28 μM. Compounds 3 - 4 exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.25-25.8 μM.

In the present study, a roving survey was conducted during kharif, 2016-17 in Krishnagiri and Cuddalore districts of Tamil Nadu to assess the occurrence of fruit rot incidence of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici and the results revealed endemic nature of the disease. Maximum mean severity of the disease was recorded at Kaveripattinam in Krishnagiri district (36.15%) followed by Vadakumangudi in Cuddalore district (34.12%). In general, the crop grown in red soil was found severely affected by anthracnose/fruit rot of chilli. Among the fifteen isolates of C. capsici, the isolate Cc2 was found to be more virulent. The fungus produced circular, scattered falcate conidia with black acervuli and creamy white mycelial growth on PDA medium and recorded the maximum mycelial growth (90.00) and sporulation at seventh day after inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to screen potential plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) actinobacterial isolate with effective inhibition against anthracnose causing fungal pathogen Colletotrichum capsici. Methods and Results: In this study, actinobacterias were isolated from rhizosphere soil using dilution plate method and tested for antagonistic potential against pathogenic fungi C. capsici. In primary and secondary screening tests, the actinobacterial isolate BS‐26 displayed high antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen. Isolate BS‐26 was identified as Streptomyces violaceoruber based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Furthermore, indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization and ammonia production have been confirmed in the S. violaceoruber that suggest their potential to be used as PGPR bacteria. A green house experiment showed that application of S. violaceoruber fermentation broth reduced the incidence of the chilli anthracnose and promoted the growth of chilli seedlings with a significant increase in germination %, total plant height, fresh weight and chlorophyll content when compared to controls. Conclusion: Streptomyces violaceoruber can be applied as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent for growing chillies against the attack of fungal pathogen C. capsici. Significance of Impact of the Study: The damage caused by anthracnose disease is an issue of concern, affecting negatively the economy involved in chilli cultivation. As chemical methods of control have serious disadvantages, biocontrol approach using beneficial (PGPR) micro‐organisms shall be a better alternative to control crop diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, a total of 70 fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of chilli collected from six different districts of south Karnataka, India. All the rhizospheric fungi were evaluated for its antagonistic nature against Colletotrichum capsici—the causal agent of anthracnose disease—and eight isolates were found positive. The antagonistic fungi were further characterized for the production of plant growth-promoting traits wherein five isolates were recorded positive for all the traits tested and were also positive for root colonization. All five plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) were subjected to molecular characterization for identification up to the species level and the accession numbers were obtained from NCBI. The five isolates, namely NBP-08, NBP-45, NBP-61, NBP-66 and NBP-67, were further experimented with on susceptible seeds to evaluate its efficacy on seed and plant growth parameters along with induction of resistance against the anthracnose disease. The evaluated PGPF offered significant enhancement in seed and plant growth parameters with maximum improvement observed in seeds treated with NBP-61. Among the PGPF isolates, NBP-61 showed the maximum protection of 78.75%, while all the other isolates also showed significant protection against anthracnose disease compared to untreated plants. The higher accumulation of lignin and callose deposition along with enhanced defense enzyme activities in the PGPF-treated challenge-inoculated seedlings authenticated the protection offered by PGPF. The study evidenced the immense ability of PGPF in eliciting disease protection and enhancement of plant growth in chilli, which may act as a possible substitute for harmful chemicals.

Colletotrichum capsici Butler and Bisby, the causal agent of chilli anthracnose disease, sternly affects chilli yield and quality worldwide. Biocontrol agents and resistance inducers could be a valid alternative to chemical pesticides. The capability of two phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates viz., Ps 2 and Ps 3 (KR270346 and KR270347) against chilli anthracnose both under in vitro and in vivo conditions was demonstrated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ps 2 showed maximum mycelial growth inhibition of 93.41% and the isolate Ps 3 showed 72.5% inhibition of Colletotrichum capsici in dual culture inhibition assay after 5 days of incubation. There was a greater reduction of anthracnose infection caused by C. capsici on matured fruits in Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated plants when compared to untreated control. The strain possessed chitinolytic and proteolytic activities, produced HCN, siderophores, and was able to produce salicylic acid at a moderate level. The isolate produced amylase. However both of them are unable to produce lipase. The isolates induced systemic resistance in chilli corroborated with increased levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase under greenhouse experiments. The results indicate the potential of the indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates as biocontrol agents against chilli anthracnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five Trichoderma species/strains, Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 were tested against anthracnose and fruit rot of chilli. Effect of Trichoderma species in suppressing anthracnose and fruit rot as well as the growth and yield of chilli were evaluated. Seven treatments consisting of five Trichoderma strains, one Colletotrichum capsici and control were used as seed treatments. Chilli seeds were treated with spore suspension or secondary metabolites of each Trichoderma species/strain and C. capsici separately. Mixture of suspension of each Trichoderma species/strain with C. capsici was also used as spore suspension or secondary metabolites. Percent fruit infection in the control treatment was found almost similar to the treatment that contained T. viridae and T. pseudokoningii spore suspension or secondary metabolites. T. harzianum strains alone suppressed fruit infection (%) significantly. Further all the Trichoderma species/strains reduced the fruit infection (%) than the diseased control even when seeds were treated with Trichoderma separately mixing with C. capsici. Spore suspension of T. harzianum IMI-392433 was found much more effective against C. capsici which suppressed 95.8% and 79.6% fruit infection respectively under natural (without C. capsici) and high inoculum pressure of C. capsici. All the tested Trichoderma species/strains showed higher plant growth and increased fruit yield irrespective of rest of the treatments. It was found that Trichoderma strains control chilli fruit rot significantly but high inoculum pressure of C. capsici reduced fruit yield drastically. Among the treatments, spore suspension of T. harzianum IMI-392433 increased the fruit yield 83.6% and 76.5% per plant compared to spore suspension of C. capsici and control treatments, respectively. These results implied that T. harzianum IMI-392433 can effectively control fruit rot of chilli caused by C. capsici through host resistance and antifungal metabolite activity. The fruit yield was increased due to the influence of T. harzianum IMI-392433 on vigorous physiological growth of plants as well as efficacy against the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several diseases particularly of fungal origin attack the chilli crop. Among this ripe fruit rot and die back, anthracnose are major disease. Recent surveys conducted revealed that Colletotrichum capsici was the most predominant species in the major chilli growing states. The antagonistic activity of fungal and bacterial isolates (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) against C. capsici was determined by dual culture, volatile and non-volatile techniques under in vitro condition. All the test microbes inhibited the growth of the C. capsici at varying degrees. The Trichoderma isolate Tv1 was superior with highest percent inhibition of growth of the pathogen (79.93%) followed by Tv4 (71.38%) and Th6 (71.08%) isolates. Among the nine bacterial isolates (P. fluorescens) tested under in vitro, B1 (Pf1) isolate showed maximum inhibition of 63.09% followed by B2 (Pf2) isolate. Volatile metabolites produced by T. viride inhibited the mycelia growth of C. capsici up to the extent of 14.54% and 26.68% over the control. Culture filtrate of T. viride gave 9.14% inhibition of growth of C. capsici over control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose disease caused by fungal pathogen Colletotrichum capsici is considered to be one of the most destructive diseases in chilli cultivation as it infects and leads to complete destruction of the crop by infecting the mature fruit in the field and/or during the storage period. The management of the disease is difficult due to the absence of any resistant cultivar and effective fungicide. The current study was initiated to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of the biosurfactant produced by strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa JS29 for biological control of anthracnose disease. The results revealed significant disease reduction using biosurfactant in plant assay which were challenge-inoculated with the fungal spore. In vitro experiments clearly showed that the biosurfactant can effectively inhibit the growth of both spore and mycelia of the pathogen. Moreover, the biosurfactant can also effectively inhibit the fungal growth in detached-fruit assay in different storage conditions. The study confirmed that the biosurfactant has tremendous potential to become a viable, cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative for managing anthracnose disease in field and in post-harvest storage condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]