Author: "College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS)" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS)"' showing total 112 results

Start Over Author "College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS)"

112 results on '"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS)"'

1. Increasingly negative tropical water–interannual CO2 growth rate coupling

Author: Laibao Liu, Philippe Ciais, Mengxi Wu, Ryan S. Padrón, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jonas Schwaab, Lukas Gudmundsson, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbon cycle, Climate change
Abstract: Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land–atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon–climate interactions3–6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7–10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989–2018 compared to 1960–1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water–carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks.
Published: 2023

2. Attribution of multi-annual to decadal changes in the climate system: The Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (LESFMIP)

Author: Doug M. Smith, Nathan P. Gillett, Isla R. Simpson, Panos J. Athanasiadis, Johanna Baehr, Ingo Bethke, Tarkan A. Bilge, Rémy Bonnet, Olivier Boucher, Kirsten L. Findell, Guillaume Gastineau, Silvio Gualdi, Leon Hermanson, L. Ruby Leung, Juliette Mignot, Wolfgang A. Müller, Scott Osprey, Odd Helge Otterå, Geeta G. Persad, Adam A. Scaife, Gavin A. Schmidt, Hideo Shiogama, Rowan T. Sutton, Didier Swingedouw, Shuting Yang, Tianjun Zhou, Tilo Ziehn, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Oxford, Department of Geological Sciences [Austin], Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-University of Texas at Austin [Austin], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, and CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Pollution
Abstract: Multi-annual to decadal changes in climate are accompanied by changes in extreme events that cause major impacts on society and severe challenges for adaptation. Early warnings of such changes are now potentially possible through operational decadal predictions. However, improved understanding of the causes of regional changes in climate on these timescales is needed both to attribute recent events and to gain further confidence in forecasts. Here we document the Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project that will address this need through coordinated model experiments enabling the impacts of different external drivers to be isolated. We highlight the need to account for model errors and propose an attribution approach that exploits differences between models to diagnose the real-world situation and overcomes potential errors in atmospheric circulation changes. The experiments and analysis proposed here will provide substantial improvements to our ability to understand near-term changes in climate and will support the World Climate Research Program Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change. Copyright © 2022 Smith, Gillett, Simpson, Athanasiadis, Baehr, Bethke, Bilge, Bonnet, Boucher, Findell, Gastineau, Gualdi, Hermanson, Leung, Mignot, Müller, Osprey, Otterå, Persad, Scaife, Schmidt, Shiogama, Sutton, Swingedouw, Yang, Zhou and Ziehn.
Published: 2022

3. Robust but weak winter atmospheric circulation response to future Arctic sea ice loss

Author: D. M. Smith, R. Eade, M. B. Andrews, H. Ayres, A. Clark, S. Chripko, C. Deser, N. J. Dunstone, J. García-Serrano, G. Gastineau, L. S. Graff, S. C. Hardiman, B. He, L. Hermanson, T. Jung, J. Knight, X. Levine, G. Magnusdottir, E. Manzini, D. Matei, M. Mori, R. Msadek, P. Ortega, Y. Peings, A. A. Scaife, J. A. Screen, M. Seabrook, T. Semmler, M. Sigmond, J. Streffing, L. Sun, A. Walsh, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics [Fukuoka] (RIAM), Kyushu University, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), European Project: 727852,Blue-Action(2016), and European Project: 727862,APPLICATE
Subjects: Atmospheric dynamics, Multidisciplinary, Sea ice--Arctic regions, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Climate Action, Atmospheric circulation, Environmental health, North Atlantic oscillation, Simulació per ordinador, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Climate and Earth system modelling
Abstract: The possibility that Arctic sea ice loss weakens mid-latitude westerlies, promoting more severe cold winters, has sparked more than a decade of scientific debate, with apparent support from observations but inconclusive modelling evidence. Here we show that sixteen models contributing to the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project simulate a weakening of mid-latitude westerlies in response to projected Arctic sea ice loss. We develop an emergent constraint based on eddy feedback, which is 1.2 to 3 times too weak in the models, suggesting that the real-world weakening lies towards the higher end of the model simulations. Still, the modelled response to Arctic sea ice loss is weak: the North Atlantic Oscillation response is similar in magnitude and offsets the projected response to increased greenhouse gases, but would only account for around 10% of variations in individual years. We further find that relationships between Arctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation have weakened recently in observations and are no longer inconsistent with those in models. D.M.S., R.E., L.H., L.S.G., T.J., T.S., X.L., and P.O. were supported by the EU H2020 APPLICATE project (GA727862). The Met Office contribution was also supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra and by the UK-China Research and Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China as part of the Newton Fund. J.A.S was supported by NERC grants NE/P006760/1, NE/R005125/1 and NE/V005855/1. G.M and Y.P. were supported by the US Department of Energy, grant number DE-SC0019407. L.S.G was also supported by the Research council of Norway INES project (270061), and the Norwegian e-infrastructure for Research and Education (UNINETT Sigma2) through projects NN2345K, NS2345K and NS9034K. E.M. and D.M. acknowledge the support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research through the JPI Climate/JPI Oceans NextG-Climate Science-ROADMAP (FKZ: 01LP2002A) project and of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme through the Blue-Action Project (GA727852); and the use of resources from the DKRZ bm0966 and bm1190 projects. C. Deser acknowledges support from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the US National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement 1852977. M.M. was supported by MEXT through the Integrated Research Program for Advancing Climate Models (JPMXD0717935457) and ArCS II (JPMXD1420318865) programs, and by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20192004). J.G.-S. and P.O. were supported by the Spanish Ramón y Cajal’ programme (RYC-2016-21181, RYC-2016-22772). B.H. was jointly funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA19070404) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42030602, 91837101). G.G. was supported by the EU H2020 Blue–Action (GA727852) project and uses the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2018-R0040110492 and 2019-A0060107732 made by GENCI. J.S. acknowledges the project L4 of the Collaborative Research Centre TRR 181 Energy Transfers in Atmosphere and Ocean funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Project 274762653. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 31 autors/es: D. M. Smith, R. Eade, M. B. Andrews, H. Ayres, A. Clark, S. Chripko, C. Deser, N. J. Dunstone, J. García-Serrano, G. Gastineau, L. S. Graff, S. C. Hardiman, B. He, L. Hermanson, T. Jung, J. Knight, X. Levine, G. Magnusdottir, E. Manzini, D. Matei, M. Mori, R. Msadek, P. Ortega, Y. Peings, A. A. Scaife, J. A. Screen, M. Seabrook, T. Semmler, M. Sigmond, J. Streffing, L. Sun & A. Walsh "
Published: 2022

4. Mega-trials in heart failure

Author: Peter S. Pang, Barry H. Greenberg, Alexandre Mebazaa, Marco Metra, Koji Takagi, Christopher L. Edwards, John R. Teerlink, Aldo P. Maggioni, Olav W. Nielsen, Gerasimos Filippatos, Piotr Ponikowski, Etienne Gayat, Stefanie Senger, Gad Cotter, Ovidiu Chioncel, Adriaan A. Voors, Alain Cohen-Solal, Georg Ertl, Beth A. Davison, Gary G. Koch, Antoine Kimmoun, Naoki Sato, Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), leboeuf, Christophe, Momentum Research Inc. [Durham, NC, USA] (MRI), Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation [AP-HP Hôpitaux Saint-Louis Lariboisière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress (MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Università degli Studi di Brescia = University of Brescia (UniBs), Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aiguë et Chronique (DCAC), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu [Nancy], University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila' Bucharest (UMPCD), Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indiana University System, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri [Firenze] (ANMCO), Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Würzburg = Universität Würzburg, Ludwig-Maximilians University [Munich] (LMU), Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital [Kawasaki, Japan] (NMSMKH), Nippon Medical School [Tokyo, Japon], University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Wrocław Medical University, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), and University of Exeter
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, CLINICAL-OUTCOMES, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Placebo, Article, PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left, DOUBLE-BLIND, 0302 clinical medicine, VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Randomized controlled trial, RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST ROLOFYLLINE, law, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, Registries, CONVERTING-ENZYME INHIBITORS, Heart Failure, Ejection fraction, business.industry, Acute heart failure, Chronic heart failure, Meta-analysis, MORTALITY, Stroke Volume, Trial Phase, medicine.disease, Prognosis, RANDOMIZED-TRIAL, [SDV.MHEP.CSC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Clinical trial, PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION, Sample size determination, Heart failure, Chronic Disease, Cardiology, QUALITY-OF-CARE, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: International audience; Aims: Over the last 30 years, many medicine development programmes in acute and chronic heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have failed, in contrast to those in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We explore how the neutral results in larger HF trials may be attributable to chance and/or the dilution of statistical power.Methods and results: Using simulations, we examined the probability that a positive finding in a Phase 2 trial would result in the study of a truly effective medicine in a Phase 3 trial. We assessed the similarity of clinical trial and registry patient populations. We conducted a meta-analysis of paired Phase 2 and 3 trials in HFrEF and acute HF examining the associations of trial phase and size with placebo event rates and treatment effects for HF events and death. We estimated loss in trial power attributable to dilution with increasing trial size. Appropriately powered Phase 3 trials should have yielded ∼35% positive results. Patient populations in Phase 3 trials are similar to those in Phase 2 trials but both differ substantially from the populations of 'real-life' registries. We observed decreasing placebo event rates and smaller treatment effects with increasing trial size, especially for HF events (and less so for mortality). This was more pronounced in trials in acute HF patients.Conclusions: The selection of more positive Phase 2 trials for further development does not explain the failure of HFpEF and acute HF medicine development. Increasing sample size may lead to reduced event rates and smaller treatment effects, resulting in a high rate of neutral Phase 3 trials.
Published: 2020

5. Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

Author: T. A. M. Pugh, T. Rademacher, S. L. Shafer, J. Steinkamp, J. Barichivich, B. Beckage, V. Haverd, A. Harper, J. Heinke, K. Nishina, A. Rammig, H. Sato, A. Arneth, S. Hantson, T. Hickler, M. Kautz, B. Quesada, B. Smith, K. Thonicke, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS), Geosciences and Environmental Climate Change Science Center, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universidad Austral de Chile, University of Vermont [Burlington], CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE CA USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE LUND UNIVERSITY SWE, Western Sydney University, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 50 603542 European Research Council, ERC: 758873 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS Svenska ForskningsrÃ¥det Formas: 211-2009-1682 Helmholtz Association Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Euro, pean Commission, European Research Council (TreeMort – grant no. 758873), Seventh Framework Programme (LUC4C – grant no. 50 603542), the Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (Dnr. 211-2009-1682 and the strategic research areas BECC and MERGE), the Helmholtz Association ATMO programme, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France through the programme 'Make Our Planet Great Again', the U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Science Program, and the Helmholtz Alliance 'Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics'., Harvard University, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, lcsh:QH540-549.5, ddc:550, Baseline (configuration management), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Plant functional type, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, lcsh:QH501-531, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Turnover, lcsh:Ecology, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one of the largest uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In the absence of large-scale observations, models used for global assessments tend to fall back on simplified assumptions of the turnover rates of biomass and soil carbon pools. In this study, the biomass carbon turnover times calculated by an ensemble of contemporary terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are analysed to assess their current capability to accurately estimate biomass carbon turnover times in forests and how these times are anticipated to change in the future. Modelled baseline 1985–2014 global average forest biomass turnover times vary from 12.2 to 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences in phenological processes, which control allocation to, and turnover rate of, leaves and fine roots, are as important as tree mortality with regard to explaining the variation in total turnover among TBMs. The different governing mechanisms exhibited by each TBM result in a wide range of plausible turnover time projections for the end of the century. Based on these simulations, it is not possible to draw robust conclusions regarding likely future changes in turnover time, and thus biomass change, for different regions. Both spatial and temporal uncertainty in turnover time are strongly linked to model assumptions concerning plant functional type distributions and their controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses of controls on turnover time are identified, along with recommendations for pragmatic steps to test them using existing and novel observations. Efforts to resolve uncertainty in turnover time, and thus its impacts on the future evolution of biomass carbon stocks across the world's forests, will need to address both mortality and establishment components of forest demography, as well as allocation of carbon to woody versus non-woody biomass growth.
Published: 2020

6. En el postprint el titulo es: Climate models underpredict North Atlantic atmospheric circulation changes

Author: Wolfgang A. Müller, Leon Hermanson, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Stephen Yeager, Adam A. Scaife, Holger Pohlmann, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Roberto Bilbao, William J. Merryfield, Masahide Kimoto, Jon Robson, Pablo Ortega, Leonard Borchert, Rosie Eade, Paolo Ruggieri, Klaus Pankatz, Victor Estella-Perez, Ingo Bethke, Dario Nicolì, Yiguo Wang, Simon Wild, Kameswarrao Modali, Takashi Mochizuki, Doug Smith, Alessio Bellucci, Xiaosong Yang, Nick Dunstone, Noel Keenlyside, Francois Counillon, Liping Zhang, Paul-Arthur Monerie, Viatcheslav Kharin, Simona Flavoni, Juliette Mignot, Panos Athanasiadis, Didier Swingedouw, Thomas L. Delworth, Louis-Philippe Caron, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Fukuoka], Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 776613,Fighting and adapting to climate change,H2020-EU.3.5.1,EUCP(2017), European Project: 727852,Blue-Action(2016), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Kyushu University, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Smith D.M., Scaife A.A., Eade R., Athanasiadis P., Bellucci A., Bethke I., Bilbao R., Borchert L.F., Caron L.-P., Counillon F., Danabasoglu G., Delworth T., Doblas-Reyes F.J., Dunstone N.J., Estella-Perez V., Flavoni S., Hermanson L., Keenlyside N., Kharin V., Kimoto M., Merryfield W.J., Mignot J., Mochizuki T., Modali K., Monerie P.-A., Muller W.A., Nicoli D., Ortega P., Pankatz K., Pohlmann H., Robson J., Ruggieri P., Sospedra-Alfonso R., Swingedouw D., Wang Y., Wild S., Yeager S., Yang X., and Zhang L.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Climatologia -- Models matemàtics, SEASONAL PREDICTIONS, ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, DECADAL PREDICTION, OSCILLATION, VARIABILITY, SKILL, CMIP5, NAO, INITIALIZATION, UNCERTAINTY, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Climatology--Computer programs, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Climate models, Predictable signal, Simulació per ordinador, Projection of climate change, Precipitation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Decadal predictions, Multidisciplinary, Mode (statistics), Variance (land use), Computer simulation, Climatic changes, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Climatology, North Atlantic atmospheric circulation, Environmental science, Errors-in-variables models, Climate model
Abstract: Quantifying signals and uncertainties in climate models is essential for the detection, attribution, prediction and projection of climate change1,2,3. Although inter-model agreement is high for large-scale temperature signals, dynamical changes in atmospheric circulation are very uncertain4. This leads to low confidence in regional projections, especially for precipitation, over the coming decades5,6. The chaotic nature of the climate system7,8,9 may also mean that signal uncertainties are largely irreducible. However, climate projections are difficult to verify until further observations become available. Here we assess retrospective climate model predictions of the past six decades and show that decadal variations in North Atlantic winter climate are highly predictable, despite a lack of agreement between individual model simulations and the poor predictive ability of raw model outputs. Crucially, current models underestimate the predictable signal (the predictable fraction of the total variability) of the North Atlantic Oscillation (the leading mode of variability in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation) by an order of magnitude. Consequently, compared to perfect models, 100 times as many ensemble members are needed in current models to extract this signal, and its effects on the climate are underestimated relative to other factors. To address these limitations, we implement a two-stage post-processing technique. We first adjust the variance of the ensemble-mean North Atlantic Oscillation forecast to match the observed variance of the predictable signal. We then select and use only the ensemble members with a North Atlantic Oscillation sufficiently close to the variance-adjusted ensemble-mean forecast North Atlantic Oscillation. This approach greatly improves decadal predictions of winter climate for Europe and eastern North America. Predictions of Atlantic multidecadal variability are also improved, suggesting that the North Atlantic Oscillation is not driven solely by Atlantic multidecadal variability. Our results highlight the need to understand why the signal-to-noise ratio is too small in current climate models10, and the extent to which correcting this model error would reduce uncertainties in regional climate change projections on timescales beyond a decade. DMS, AAS, NJD, LH and RE were supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra and by the European Commission Horizon 2020 EUCP project (GA 776613). FJDR, LPC, SW and RB also acknowledge the support from the EUCP project (GA 776613) and from the Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) as part of the CLINSA project (Grant No. CGL2017-85791-R). SW received funding from the innovation programme under the Marie Sk´lodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433 and PO from the Ramon y Cajal senior tenure programme of MINECO. The EC-Earth simulations were performed on Marenostrum 4 (hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain) using Auto-Submit through computing hours provided by PRACE.WAM, HP, KMand KP were supported by the German FederalMinistry for Education and Research (BMBF) project MiKlip (grant 01LP1519A). NK, IB, FC and YW were supported by the Norwegian Research Council projects SFE (grant 270733) the Nordic Center of excellent ARCPATH (grant 76654) and the Trond Mohn Foundation, under the project number : BFS2018TMT01 and received grants for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputing (NOTUR2, NN9039K) and storage grants (NORSTORE, NS9039K). JM, LFB and DS are supported by Blue-Action (European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Grant Number: 727852) and EUCP (European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 776613) projects. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a major facility sponsored by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. NCAR contribution was partially supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office under Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA13OAR4310138 and by the US NSF Collaborative Research EaSM2 Grant OCE-1243015.
Published: 2020

7. Evaluation of global terrestrial evapotranspiration using state-of-the-art approaches in remote sensing, machine learning and land surface modeling

Author: Danica Lombardozzi, Hanqin Tian, Sebastian Lienert, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Steven W. Running, Naiqing Pan, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Pierre Friedlingstein, Catherine Ottlé, Hao Shi, Benjamin Poulter, Stephen Sitch, Sönke Zaehle, Vivek K. Arora, Vanessa Haverd, Shufen Pan, Auburn University (AU), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Montana State University (MSU), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, Evapotranspiration, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physical model, lcsh:T, Water stress, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, 15. Life on land, Arid, Relative stability, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Remote sensing (archaeology), Climatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Satellite
Abstract: Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component in global water cycle and links terrestrial water, carbon and energy cycles. Accurate estimate of terrestrial ET is important for hydrological, meteorological, and agricultural research and applications, such as quantifying surface energy and water budgets, weather forecasting, and scheduling of irrigation. However, direct measurement of global terrestrial ET is not feasible. Here, we first gave a retrospective introduction to the basic theory and recent developments of state-of-the-art approaches for estimating global terrestrial ET, including remote sensing-based physical models, machine learning algorithms and land surface models (LSMs). Then, we utilized six remote sensing-based models (including four physical models and two machine learning algorithms) and fourteen LSMs to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in global terrestrial ET. The results showed that the mean annual global terrestrial ET ranged from 50.7 × 103 km3 yr−1（454 mm yr−1）to 75.7 × 103 km3 yr−1 (6977 mm yr−1), with the average being 65.5 × 103 km3 yr−1 (588 mm yr−1), during 1982–2011. LSMs had significant uncertainty in the ET magnitude in tropical regions especially the Amazon Basin, while remote sensing-based ET products showed larger inter-model range in arid and semi-arid regions than LSMs. LSMs and remote sensing-based physical models presented much larger inter-annual variability (IAV) of ET than machine learning algorithms in southwestern U.S. and the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in Australia. LSMs suggested stronger control of precipitation on ET IAV than remote sensing-based models. The ensemble remote sensing-based physical models and machine-learning algorithm suggested significant increasing trends in global terrestrial ET at the rate of 0.62 mm yr−2 (p 0.05), even though most of the individual LSMs reproduced the increasing trend. Moreover, all models suggested a positive effect of vegetation greening on ET intensification. Spatially, all methods showed that ET significantly increased in western and southern Africa, western India and northeastern Australia, but decreased severely in southwestern U.S., southern South America and Mongolia. Discrepancies in ET trend mainly appeared in tropical regions like the Amazon Basin. The ensemble means of the three ET categories showed generally good consistency, however, considerable uncertainties still exist in both the temporal and spatial variations in global ET estimates. The uncertainties were induced by multiple factors, including parameterization of land processes, meteorological forcing, lack of in situ measurements, remote sensing acquisition and scaling effects. Improvements in the representation of water stress and canopy dynamics are essentially needed to reduce uncertainty in LSM-simulated ET. Utilization of latest satellite sensors and deep learning methods, theoretical advancements in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and application of integrated methods that fuse different ET estimates or relevant key biophysical variables will improve the accuracy of remote sensing-based models.
Published: 2020

8. ARES V: No evidence for molecular absorption in the HST WFC3 spectrum of GJ 1132 b

Author: Jeroen Bouwman, Benjamin Charnay, Quentin Changeat, William Pluriel, Pierre Drossart, Amélie Gressier, Niall Whiteford, Tiziano Zingales, Mario Morvan, Ahmed Al-Refaie, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Sam Wright, Michelle Fabienne Bieger, Jérémy Leconte, Nour Skaf, Mathilde Poveda, Kai Hou Yip, Giuseppe Morello, Darius Modirrousta-Galian, Ingo Waldmann, Billy Edwards, Doriann Blain, Yassin Jaziri, Flavien Kiefer, Robin Baeyens, Gloria Guilluy, Olivia Venot, Lorenzo V. Mugnai, Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] (DiFC), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Institute of Astronomy [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physical Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie SkłodowskaCurie grant agreement No. 895525., ANR-16-CE31-0005,e-PYTHEAS,Etude des hydrocarbures en émission et absorption dasn les exoplanètes à haute température(2016), European Project: 776403,EXOPLANET, European Project: 757858,ATMO, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, HD 3167C, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], STELLAR ATMOSPHERE MODELS, FOS: Physical sciences, SUPER-EARTH, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 55 CNC E, Atmosphere, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM, KEPLER PLANETS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, PLANETARY SYSTEM, HOT, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Science & Technology, Secondary atmosphere, EXOMOL LINE LISTS, ERROR-CORRECTION, James Webb Space Telescope, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Grism, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astronomy data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope, Exoplanets, Physical Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Wide Field Camera 3, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a study on the spatially scanned spectroscopic observations of the transit of GJ 1132 b, a warm ($\sim$500 K) Super-Earth (1.13 R$_\oplus$) that was obtained with the G141 grism (1.125 - 1.650 $\mu$m) of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We used the publicly available Iraclis pipeline to extract the planetary transmission spectra from the five visits and produce a precise transmission spectrum. We analysed the spectrum using the TauREx3 atmospheric retrieval code with which we show that the measurements do not contain molecular signatures in the investigated wavelength range and are best-fit with a flat-line model. Our results suggest that the planet does not have a clear primordial, hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. Instead, GJ 1132 b could have a cloudy hydrogen-dominated envelope, a very enriched secondary atmosphere, be airless, or have a tenuous atmosphere that has not been detected. Due to the narrow wavelength coverage of WFC3, these scenarios cannot be distinguished yet but the James Webb Space Telescope may be capable of detecting atmospheric features, although several observations may be required to provide useful constraints., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ
Published: 2021

9. Role of Atmospheric Indices in Describing Inshore Directional Wave Climate in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Author: Andy Saulter, Gerd Masselink, Guillaume Dodet, Adam A. Scaife, Tim Scott, Bruno Castelle, Robert Jak McCarroll, Nick Dunstone, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-17-CE01-0014,SONO,Marier les objectifs de défense côtière avec ceux de la protection du milieu naturel grâce aux dunes sableuses(2017)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earthquake Source Observations, Biogeosciences, 01 natural sciences, Volcanic Effects, Global Change from Geodesy, Ionospheric Physics, Volcanic Hazards and Risks, Oceans, Sea Level Change, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), GE1-350, Disaster Risk Analysis and Assessment, Earthquake Interaction, Forecasting, and Prediction, QH540-549.5, General Environmental Science, Gravity Methods, climate indices, Climate and Interannual Variability, Wave climate, Seismic Cycle Related Deformations, Tectonic Deformation, Climate Impact, Earthquake Ground Motions and Engineering Seismology, Explosive Volcanism, Time Variable Gravity, Earth System Modeling, Atmospheric Processes, Seismicity and Tectonics, Ocean Monitoring with Geodetic Techniques, Ocean/Atmosphere Interactions, Mathematical Geophysics, Atmospheric, Probabilistic Forecasting, Regional Modeling, Atmospheric Effects, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Volcanology, Hydrological Cycles and Budgets, Decadal Ocean Variability, Land/Atmosphere Interactions, Earthquake Dynamics, Magnetospheric Physics, Geodesy and Gravity, Global Change, wave direction, Air/Sea Interactions, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Numerical Modeling, Solid Earth, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Gravity anomalies and Earth structure, Geological, inshore wave climate, Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions, Water Cycles, Modeling, Avalanches, Volcano Seismology, Benefit‐cost Analysis, seasonal forecasting, Computational Geophysics, Regional Climate Change, Subduction Zones, Transient Deformation, Natural Hazards, Abrupt/Rapid Climate Change, Informatics, Surface Waves and Tides, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Volcano Monitoring, long term prediction, Range (statistics), Seismology, Climatology, Exploration Geophysics, Ecology, Ocean Predictability and Prediction, Radio Oceanography, Coastal Processes, Gravity and Isostasy, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Physical Modeling, Regression, Oceanography: General, Policy, Estimation and Forecasting, Space Weather, Cryosphere, Impacts of Global Change, Oceanography: Physical, Research Article, coastal evolution, Risk, Oceanic, Theoretical Modeling, Satellite Geodesy: Results, Radio Science, Tsunamis and Storm Surges, Paleoceanography, Climate Dynamics, Ionosphere, Long-term prediction, Monitoring, Forecasting, Prediction, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wave power, Numerical Solutions, Climate Change and Variability, Continental Crust, Effusive Volcanism, Climate Variability, General Circulation, Policy Sciences, Climate Impacts, Mud Volcanism, Air/Sea Constituent Fluxes, Environmental sciences, Mass Balance, Interferometry, Ocean influence of Earth rotation, 13. Climate action, Seasonal forecasting, Volcano/Climate Interactions, Environmental science, Hydrology, Prediction, Sea Level: Variations and Mean, Forecasting
Abstract: Improved understanding of how our coasts will evolve over a range of time scales (years‐decades) is critical for effective and sustainable management of coastal infrastructure. A robust knowledge of the spatial, directional and temporal variability of the inshore wave climate is required to predict future coastal evolution and hence vulnerability. However, the variability of the inshore directional wave climate has received little attention, and an improved understanding could drive development of skillful seasonal or decadal forecasts of coastal response. We examine inshore wave climate at 63 locations throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland (1980–2017) and show that 73% are directionally bimodal. We find that winter‐averaged expressions of six leading atmospheric indices are strongly correlated (r = 0.60–0.87) with both total and directional winter wave power (peak spectral wave direction) at all studied sites. Regional inshore wave climate classification through hierarchical cluster analysis and stepwise multi‐linear regression of directional wave correlations with atmospheric indices defined four spatially coherent regions. We show that combinations of indices have significant skill in predicting directional wave climates (R 2 = 0.45–0.8; p, Key Points Over 70% of inshore wave climates analyzed throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland were directionally bimodalCombinations of winter atmospheric indices NAO, WEPA, SCAND, and EA are significantly correlated with directional wave climate in all regionsRegression models using multiple winter atmospheric indices enable skillful reconstructions of directional wave climate in all regions
Published: 2021

10. ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation

Author: C. Heinze, V. Eyring, P. Friedlingstein, C. Jones, Y. Balkanski, W. Collins, T. Fichefet, S. Gao, A. Hall, D. Ivanova, W. Knorr, R. Knutti, A. Löw, M. Ponater, M. G. Schultz, M. Schulz, P. Siebesma, J. Teixeira, G. Tselioudis, M. Vancoppenolle, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Meteorology [Monterey], Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Centre Georges Lemaître for Earth and Climate Research [Louvain] (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)-Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles] (AOS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Geography [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: Climate modelling, lcsh:Dynamic and structural geology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate change, Cloud computing, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QE500-639.5, Temporal heterogeneity, Erdsystem-Modellierung, ddc:550, Ecosystem, Erdsystemmodell -Evaluation und -Analyse, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, climate feedbacks, business.industry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Environmental resource management, climate model evaluation, lcsh:Geology, Interdependence, Earth system science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Climate model, business
Abstract: Earth system models (ESMs) are key tools for providing climate projections under different scenarios of human-induced forcing. ESMs include a large number of additional processes and feedbacks such as biogeochemical cycles that traditional physical climate models do not consider. Yet, some processes such as cloud dynamics and ecosystem functional response still have fairly high uncertainties. In this article, we present an overview of climate feedbacks for Earth system components currently included in state-of-the-art ESMs and discuss the challenges to evaluate and quantify them. Uncertainties in feedback quantification arise from the interdependencies of biogeochemical matter fluxes and physical properties, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of processes, and the lack of long-term continuous observational data to constrain them. We present an outlook for promising approaches that can help to quantify and to constrain the large number of feedbacks in ESMs in the future. The target group for this article includes generalists with a background in natural sciences and an interest in climate change as well as experts working in interdisciplinary climate research (researchers, lecturers, and students). This study updates and significantly expands upon the last comprehensive overview of climate feedbacks in ESMs, which was produced 15 years ago (NRC, 2003).
Published: 2019

11. Aerosol above-cloud direct radiative effect and properties in the Namibian region during the AErosol, RadiatiOn, and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign – Multi-Viewing, Multi-Channel, Multi-Polarization (3MI) airborne simulator and sun photometer measurements

Author: A. Chauvigné, F. Waquet, F. Auriol, L. Blarel, C. Delegove, O. Dubovik, C. Flamant, M. Gaetani, P. Goloub, R. Loisil, M. Mallet, J.-M. Nicolas, F. Parol, F. Peers, B. Torres, P. Formenti, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, French National Research Agency, Programme national de Télédetection Spatiale, South African National Research Foundation, European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, ANR-15-CE01-0014,AEROCLO-SA,Aerosols, Rayonnement, et Nuages en Afrique Australe(2015), European Project: 312609,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1-RTD,EUFAR2(2014), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Angstrom exponent, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Single-scattering albedo, Physics, QC1-999, Cloud top, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, AERONET, Sun photometer, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Environmental science, QD1-999, Water vapor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We analyse the airborne measurements of above-cloud aerosols from the AErosol, RadiatiOn, and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign performed in Namibia during August and September 2017. The study aims to retrieve the aerosol above-cloud direct radiative effect (DRE) with well-defined uncertainties. To improve the retrieval of the aerosol and cloud properties, the airborne demonstrator of the Multi-Viewing, Multi-Channel, Multi-Polarization (3MI) satellite instrument, called the Observing System Including PolaRisation in the Solar Infrared Spectrum (OSIRIS), was deployed on-board the SAFIRE (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Rechercheen Environnement) Falcon 20 aircraft during 10 flights performed over land, over the ocean, and along the Namibian coast. The airborne instrument OSIRIS provides observations at high temporal and spatial resolutions for aerosol above clouds (AACs) and cloud properties. OSIRIS was supplemented with the Photomètre Léger Aéroporté pour la surveillance des Masses d'Air version 2 (PLASMA2). The combined airborne measurements allow, for the first time, the validation of AAC algorithms previously developed for satellite measurements. The variations in the aerosol properties are consistent with the different atmospheric circulation regimes observed during the deployment. Airborne observations typically show strong aerosol optical depth (AOD; up to 1.2 at 550 nm) of fine-mode particles from biomass burning (extinction Ångström exponent varying between 1.6 and 2.2), transported above bright stratocumulus decks (mean cloud top around 1 km above mean sea level), with cloud optical thickness (COT) up to 35 at 550 nm. The above-cloud visible AOD retrieved with OSIRIS agrees within 10 % of the PLASMA2 sun photometer measurements in the same environment. The single scattering albedo (SSA) is one of the most influential parameters on the AAC DRE calculation that remains largely uncertain in models. During the AEROCLO-sA campaign, the average SSA obtained by OSIRIS at 550 nm is 0.87, which is in agreement within 3 %, on average, with previous polarimetric-based satellite and airborne retrievals. The strong absorption of the biomass burning plumes in the visible range is generally consistent with the observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground-based sun photometers. This, however, shows a significant increase in the particles' absorption at 440 nm in northern Namibia and Angola, which indicates more absorbing organic species within the observed smoke plumes. Biomass burning aerosols are also vertically collocated, with significant amounts of water content up to the top of the plume at around 6 km height in our measurements. The detailed characterization of aerosol and cloud properties, water vapour, and their uncertainties obtained from OSIRIS and PLASMA2 measurements allows us to study their impacts on the AAC DRE. The high-absorbing load of AAC, combined with high cloud albedo, leads to unprecedented DRE estimates, which are higher than previous satellite-based estimates. The average AAC DRE calculated from the airborne measurements in the visible range is +85 W m−2 (standard deviation of 26 W m−2), with instantaneous values up to +190 W m−2 during intense events. These high DRE values, associated with their uncertainties, have to be considered as new upper cases in order to evaluate the ability of models to reproduce the radiative impact of the aerosols over the southeastern Atlantic region.
Published: 2021

12. Linking global terrestrial CO2 fluxes and environmental drivers: inferences from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 satellite and terrestrial biospheric models

Author: Chen, Zichong, Liu, Junje, Henze, Daven K., Huntzinger, Deborah N., Wells, Kelley C., Sitch, Stephen, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Joetzjer, Emilie, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Goll, Daniel S., Haverd, Vanessa, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica L., McGuire, Patrick C., Melton, Joe R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Poulter, Benjamin, Tian, Hanqin, Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Miller, Scot M., Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Mechanical Engineering [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 530 Physics, 550 Earth sciences & geology
Abstract: International audience; Observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite have been used to estimate CO2 fluxes in many regions of the globe and provide new insight into the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study is to infer the relationships between patterns in OCO-2 observations and environmental drivers (e.g., temperature, precipitation) and therefore inform a process understanding of carbon fluxes using OCO-2. We use a multiple regression and inverse model, and the regression coefficients quantify the relationships between observations from OCO-2 and environmental driver datasets within individual years for 2015–2018 and within seven global biomes. We subsequently compare these inferences to the relationships estimated from 15 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) that participated in the TRENDY model inter-comparison. Using OCO-2, we are able to quantify only a limited number of relationships between patterns in atmospheric CO2 observations and patterns in environmental driver datasets (i.e., 10 out of the 42 relationships examined). We further find that the ensemble of TBMs exhibits a large spread in the relationships with these key environmental driver datasets. The largest uncertainty in the models is in the relationship with precipitation, particularly in the tropics, with smaller uncertainties for temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Using observations from OCO-2, we find that precipitation is associated with increased CO2 uptake in all tropical biomes, a result that agrees with half of the TBMs. By contrast, the relationships that we infer from OCO-2 for temperature and PAR are similar to the ensemble mean of the TBMs, though the results differ from many individual TBMs. These results point to the limitations of current space-based observations for inferring environmental relationships but also indicate the potential to help inform key relationships that are very uncertain in state-of-the-art TBMs.
Published: 2021

13. Aerosol and cloud properties in the Namibian region during AEROCLO-sA field campaign: 3MI airborne simulator and sun-photometer measurements

Author: Cyril Delegove, Rodrigue Loisil, Cyrille Flamant, Marco Gaetani, Aurélien Chauvigné, Fanny Peers, Philippe Goloub, Oleg Dubovik, Benjamin Torres, Paola Formenti, Fabien Waquet, Luc Blarel, Jean-Marc Nicolas, Marc Mallet, Frédéric Parol, Frédérique Auriol, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), and University of Exeter
Subjects: Sun photometer, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Angstrom exponent, 13. Climate action, Single-scattering albedo, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Cloud top, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Water vapor, Aerosol, AERONET
Abstract: We analyse of the airborne measurements of above-cloud aerosols from the AEROCLO-sA field campaign performed in Namibia during August and September 2017. To improve the retrieval of the aerosol and cloud properties, the airborne demonstrator of the Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarization (3MI) satellite instrument, called OSIRIS, was deployed on-board the Safire Falcon 20 aircraft during 10 flights performed over land, over the ocean and along the Namibian coast. The airborne instrument OSIRIS provides observations at high temporal and spatial resolutions for AAC and cloud properties, with well-defined uncertainties. OSIRIS was supplemented with the airborne multi-wavelength sun-photometer PLASMA2. The application of the algorithm developed for the POLDER spaceborne instrument in the visible range to the OSIRIS measurements allowed to characterise the Aerosol Above Cloud (AAC) properties. The variations of the aerosol properties are consistent with the different atmospheric circulation regimes observed during the deployment. Airborne observations typically a show strong Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD, up to 1.2 at 550 nm) of fine mode particles from biomass burning (extinction Angström exponent varying between 1.6 and 2.2), transported above a stratocumulus deck (cloud top around 1 km above mean sea level) with Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) up to 35 at 550 nm. The above-cloud visible AOD retrieved with OSIRIS agrees within 10 % with the PLASMA2 sun-photometer measured in the same environment. The AEROCLO-sA campaign-average Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) obtained by OSIRIS at 550 nm is 0.87. The strong absorption of the biomass burning plumes in the visible is consistent with the observations from the AERONET ground-based sun-photometers. The latter indicate a significant increase of the absorption at 440 nm, showing possible additional presence of absorbing organic species within the smoke plumes. Biomass burning aerosols are also vertically collocated with significant amounts of water content up to the top of the plume around 6 km height. The average AAC Direct Radiative Effect (DRE) calculated from the airborne measurements in the visible range is +85 W m−2 (standard deviation of 26 W m−2) with instantaneous values up to +200 W m−2 during intense events. Combination between water vapour and the strong positive aerosol forcing over the region explains possible feedbacks on cloud development. This new set of data represents a new opportunity to better constrain climate models and to study aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions over the South-East Atlantic region.
Published: 2021

14. ARES IV: Probing the Atmospheres of the Two Warm Small Planets HD 106315c and HD 3167c with the HST/WFC3 Camera

Author: Sam Wright, Emmanuel Marcq, Adam Yassin Jaziri, Amélie Gressier, Quentin Changeat, Doriann Blain, Michelle Fabienne Bieger, Alexandre Santerne, Jérémy Leconte, Ahmed Al-Refaie, Darius Modirrousta-Galian, Alessandro Sozzetti, Tiziano Tsingales, William Pluriel, Pierre Drossart, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Gloria Guilluy, Kai Hou Yip, Niall Whiteford, Olivia Venot, Lorenzo V. Mugnai, Ingo Waldmann, Mario Morvan, Robin Baeyens, Flavien Kiefer, Billy Edwards, Angelos Tsiaras, Mathilde Poveda, Nour Skaf, Benjamin Charnay, Dipartimento di Fisica [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] (DiFC), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physical Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), ANR-16-CE31-0005,e-PYTHEAS,Etude des hydrocarbures en émission et absorption dasn les exoplanètes à haute température(2016), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: astronomy data analysis, Exoplanets, Exoplanet atmospheres, Hubble Space Telescope, EXOPLANET, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, MODELS, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atmosphere, METHANE, Planet, Hubble space telescope, 0103 physical sciences, PHOTOMETRY, Absorption (logic), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, SPECTRUM, Science & Technology, SPECTROSCOPY, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, FRAMEWORK, Exoplanet, LINE LISTS, TRANSITING PLANET, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, Wide Field Camera 3, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present an atmospheric characterization study of two medium sized planets bracketing the radius of Neptune: HD 106315 c (R$_{\rm{P}}$=4.98 $\pm$ 0.23 R$_{\oplus}$) and HD 3167 c (R$_{\rm{P}}$=2.740$_{-0.100}^{+0.106}$ R$_{\oplus}$). We analyse spatially scanned spectroscopic observations obtained with the G141 grism (1.125 - 1.650 $\mu$m) of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We use the publicly available Iraclis pipeline and TauREx3 atmospheric retrieval code and we detect water vapor in the atmosphere of both planets with an abundance of $\log_{10}[\mathrm{H_2O}]=-2.1^{+0.7}_{-1.3}$ ($\sim$5.68$\sigma$) and $\log_{10}[\mathrm{H_2O}]=-4.1^{+0.9}_{-0.9}$ ($\sim$3.17$\sigma$) for HD 106315 c and HD 3167 c, respectively. The transmission spectrum of HD 106315 c shows also a possible evidence of ammonia absorption ($\log_{10}[\mathrm {NH_3}]=-4.3^{+0.7}_{-2.0}$, $\sim$1.97$\sigma$ -even if it is not significant-), whilst carbon dioxide absorption features may be present in the atmosphere of HD 3167 c in the $\sim$1.1-1.6~$\mu$m wavelength range ($\log_{10}[\mathrm{CO_{2}}]= -2.4^{+0.7}_{-1.0}$, $\sim$3.28$\sigma$). However the CO$_2$ detection appears significant, it must be considered carefully and put into perspective. Indeed, CO$_2$ presence is not explained by 1D equilibrium chemistry models, and it could be due to possible systematics. The additional contribution of clouds, CO and CH$_4$ are discussed. HD 106315 c and HD 3167 c will be interesting targets for upcoming telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-Survey (Ariel)., Comment: Accepted for publication in AJ
Published: 2021

15. Climate-driven variability and trends in plant productivity over recent decades based on three global products

Author: Dan Zhu, Andy Wiltshire, Danica Lombardozzi, Atul K. Jain, William K. Smith, Vivek K. Arora, Wolfgang Buermann, Vanessa Haverd, Pierre Friedlingstein, Markus Kautz, Stephen Sitch, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Michael O'Sullivan, Hanqin Tian, Etsushi Kato, N. Vuichard, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: trends, 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, interannual variability, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Rainforest, Carbon Cycling, Biogeosciences, 01 natural sciences, Biogeochemical Kinetics and Reaction Modeling, Remote Sensing, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical, Paleoceanography, FluxNet, Climate Dynamics, ddc:550, Environmental Chemistry, Global Change, Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions, Temporal scales, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, climate, Productivity, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, carbon, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Carbon sink, Tropics, Biosphere, Vegetation, Biogeochemistry, 15. Life on land, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Cryosphere, gross primary productivity, Biogeochemical Cycles, Processes, and Modeling, Understanding Carbon‐climate Feedbacks, Research Article
Abstract: Variability in climate exerts a strong influence on vegetation productivity (gross primary productivity; GPP), and therefore has a large impact on the land carbon sink. However, no direct observations of global GPP exist, and estimates rely on models that are constrained by observations at various spatial and temporal scales. Here, we assess the consistency in GPP from global products which extend for more than three decades; two observation‐based approaches, the upscaling of FLUXNET site observations (FLUXCOM) and a remote sensing derived light use efficiency model (RS‐LUE), and from a suite of terrestrial biosphere models (TRENDYv6). At local scales, we find high correlations in annual GPP among the products, with exceptions in tropical and high northern latitudes. On longer time scales, the products agree on the direction of trends over 58% of the land, with large increases across northern latitudes driven by warming trends. Further, tropical regions exhibit the largest interannual variability in GPP, with both rainforests and savannas contributing substantially. Variability in savanna GPP is likely predominantly driven by water availability, although temperature could play a role via soil moisture‐atmosphere feedbacks. There is, however, no consensus on the magnitude and driver of variability of tropical forests, which suggest uncertainties in process representations and underlying observations remain. These results emphasize the need for more direct long‐term observations of GPP along with an extension of in situ networks in underrepresented regions (e.g., tropical forests). Such capabilities would support efforts to better validate relevant processes in models, to more accurately estimate GPP., Key Points Changes in climate over the period 1982–2016 have increased GPP at a global scale and across northern latitudesSavannas and tropical forests are hotspots for IAV in GPP, although the dominant climate drivers are not consistent among the assessed productsDGVMs systematically underestimate the IAV of GPP in tropical forests, highlighting the need for improved parameterizations/formulations
Published: 2020

16. ARES. II. Characterizing the Hot Jupiters WASP-127 b, WASP-79 b, and WASP-62b with the Hubble Space Telescope

Author: William Pluriel, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Tiziano Zingales, Doriann Blain, Nour Skaf, Quentin Changeat, Sam Wright, Benjamin Charnay, Darius Modirrousta-Galian, Amélie Gressier, Adam Yassin Jaziri, Ahmed Al-Refaie, Robin Baeyens, Billy Edwards, Pierre Drossart, Mathilde Poveda, Ingo Waldmann, Michelle Fabienne Bieger, Jérémy Leconte, Niall Whiteford, Kai Hou Yip, Mario Morvan, Angelos Tsiaras, Flavien Kiefer, Gloria Guilluy, Olivia Venot, Lorenzo V. Mugnai, Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ECLIPSE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Department of Physics [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physical Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], and Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA)
Subjects: Exoplanet atmospheres (487), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gas giant, Exoplanet astronomy, MOLECULAR OPACITIES, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astronomy data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope, MODELS, Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet astronomy (486), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, DWARF, Astronomy data analysis (1858), CHEMISTRY, Hubble space telescope, 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Science & Technology, SPECTROSCOPY, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Hubble Space Telescope (761), EXOPLANETS, Grism, On board, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, ROTATION, Wide Field Camera 3, ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, PLANETS
Abstract: International audience; This paper presents the atmospheric characterization of three large, gaseous planets: WASP-127 b, WASP-79 b, and WASP-62 b. We analyzed spectroscopic data obtained with the G141 grism (1.088-1.68 μm) of the Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope using the Iraclis pipeline and the TauREx3 retrieval code, both of which are publicly available. For WASP-127 b, which is the least dense planet discovered so far and is located in the short-period Neptune desert, our retrieval results found strong water absorption corresponding to an abundance of log(H2O) = -2.71 +0.78−1.05 and absorption compatible with an iron hydride abundance of log(FeH) = −5.25+0.88−1.10, with an extended cloudy atmosphere. We also detected water vapor in the atmospheres of WASP-79 b and WASP-62 b, with best-fit models indicating the presence of iron hydride, too. We used the Atmospheric Detectability Index as well as Bayesian log evidence to quantify the strength of the detection and compared our results to the hot Jupiter population study by Tsiaras et al. While all the planets studied here are suitable targets for characterization with upcoming facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Ariel, WASP-127 b is of particular interest due to its low density, and a thorough atmospheric study would develop our understanding of planet formation and migration. * ARES: Ariel Retrieval of Exoplanets School.
Published: 2020

17. Etching glass in the early Universe: Luminous HF and H 2 O emission in a QSO-SMG pair at z = 4.7

Author: Edith Falgarone, Alain Omont, Pierre Cox, Pierre Guillard, C. Yang, B. H. C. Emonts, Matthew D. Lehnert, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Continuum (design consultancy), Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: groups: individual: BR 1202-0725, galaxies: starburst, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Luminosity, quasars: emission lines, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, galaxies: high-redshift, Galaxy group, Excited state, 0103 physical sciences, galaxies: evolution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Line (formation)
Abstract: We present ALMA observations of hydrogen fluoride, HF J = 1–0, water, H2O (220–211), and the 1.2 THz rest-frame continuum emission from the z = 4.7 system BR 1202-0725. System BR 1202-0725 is a galaxy group consisting of a quasi-stellar object (QSO), a sub-millimeter galaxy (SMG), and a pair of Lyα emitters. We detected HF in emission in the QSO and possibly in absorption in the SMG, while water was detected in emission in both the QSO and the SMG. The QSO is the most luminous HF J = 1–0 emitter that has yet been found and has the same ratio of HF emission-line to infrared luminosity, LHF/LIR, as a small sample of local active galactic nuclei and the Orion Bar. This consistency covers about ten orders of magnitude in LIR. Based on the conclusions of a study of HF emission in the Orion Bar and simple radiative transfer modeling, the HF emission in the QSO is excited either by collisions with electrons (and H2) in molecular plasmas irradiated by the AGN and intense star formation, or predominately by collisions with H2, with a modest contribution from electrons, in a relatively high temperature (∼120 K), dense (∼105 cm−3) medium. The high density of electrons necessary to collisionally excite the HF J = 1–0 line can be supplied in sufficient quantities by the estimated column density of C+. Although HF should be an excellent tracer of molecular outflows, we found no strong kinematic evidence for outflows in HF in either the QSO or the SMG. From a putative absorption feature in HF observed against the continuum emission from the SMG, we conducted a bootstrap analysis to estimate an upper limit on the outflow rate, Ṁoutflow ≲ 45 M⊙ yr−1. This result implies that the ratio of the molecular outflow rate to the star formation rate is Ṁoutflow/SFR ≲ 5% for the SMG. Both the QSO and the SMG are among the most luminous H2O (220–211) emitters currently known and are found to lie along the same relationship between LH2O (220 − 211)/LIR and LIR as a large sample of local and high-redshift star-forming galaxies. The kinematics of the H2O (220–211) line in the SMG is consistent with a rotating disk as found previously but the line profile appears broader than other molecular lines, with a full width at half maximum of ∼1020 km s−1. The broadness of the line, which is similar to the width of a much lower resolution observation of CO(2-1), may suggest that either the gas on large scales (≳4 kpc) is significantly more disturbed and turbulent due either to interactions and mass exchange with the other members of the group, or to the dissipation of the energy of the intense star formation, or both. Overall however, the lack of significant molecular outflows in either source may imply that much of the energy from the intense star formation and active galactic nucleus in this pair is being dissipated in their interstellar media.
Published: 2020

18. ARES. III. Unveiling the Two Faces of KELT-7 b with HST WFC3

Author: Pluriel, William, Whiteford, Niall, Edwards, Billy, Changeat, Quentin, Yip, Kai Hou, Baeyens, Robin, Al-Refaie, Ahmed, Bieger, Michelle Fabienne, Blain, Dorian, Gressier, Amélie, Guilluy, Gloria, Jaziri, Adam Yassin, Kiefer, Flavien, Modirrousta-Galian, Darius, Morvan, Mario, Mugnai, Lorenzo, Poveda, Mathilde, Skaf, Nour, Zingales, Tiziano, Wright, Sam, Charnay, Benjamin, Drossart, Pierre, Leconte, Jérémy, Tsiaras, Angelos, Venot, Olivia, Waldmann, Ingo, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, ECLIPSE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Centre for Exoplanet Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] (DiFC), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physical Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; We present the analysis of the hot-Jupiter KELT-7 b using transmission and emission spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), both taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). Our study uncovers a rich transmission spectrum which is consistent with a cloud-free atmosphere and suggests the presence of H2O and H-. In contrast, the extracted emission spectrum does not contain strong absorption features and, although it is not consistent with a simple blackbody, it can be explained by a varying temperature-pressure profile, collision induced absorption (CIA) and H-. KELT-7b had also been studied with other space-based instruments and we explore the effects of introducing these additional datasets. Further observations with Hubble, or the next generation of space-based telescopes, are needed to allow for the optical opacity source in transmission to be confirmed and for molecular features to be disentangled in emission.
Published: 2020

19. ARES I: WASP-76 b, A Tale of Two HST Spectra

Author: Sam Wright, Angelos Tsiaras, Mario Morvan, Mathilde Poveda, Ahmed Al-Refaie, Pierre Drossart, Gloria Guilluy, Amélie Gressier, Olivia Venot, William Pluriel, Lorenzo V. Mugnai, Flavien Kiefer, Tiziano Zingales, Niall Whiteford, Robin Baeyens, Ingo Waldmann, Billy Edwards, Adam Yassin Jaziri, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Darius Modirrousta-Galian, Doriann Blain, Jake Taylor, Quentin Changeat, Nour Skaf, Benjamin Charnay, Michelle Fabienne Bieger, Jérémy Leconte, Kai Hou Yip, Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), ECLIPSE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] (DiFC), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Department of Physics [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physical Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Oxford, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), and Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza]
Subjects: Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Exoplanet atmospheres, Exoplanet atmospheric composition, Hubble Space Telescope, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Atmosphere, Jupiter, HAT-P-7B, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Emission spectrum, MOLECULAR LINE LISTS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, HOT, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Science & Technology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ATMOSPHERE, GIANT EXOPLANET, Grism, RESOLUTION, Transmission (telecommunications), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physical Sciences, INFERENCE, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Wide Field Camera 3, STARS
Abstract: We analyse the transmission and emission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b, observed with the G141 grism of the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). We reduce and fit the raw data for each observation using the open-source software Iraclis before performing a fully Bayesian retrieval using the publicly available analysis suite TauRex 3. Previous studies of the WFC3 transmission spectra of WASP-76 b found hints of titanium oxide (TiO) and vanadium oxide (VO) or non-grey clouds. Accounting for a fainter stellar companion to WASP-76, we reanalyse this data and show that removing the effects of this background star changes the slope of the spectrum, resulting in these visible absorbers no longer being detected, eliminating the need for a non-grey cloud model to adequately fit the data but maintaining the strong water feature previously seen. However, our analysis of the emission spectrum suggests the presence of TiO and an atmospheric thermal inversion, along with a significant amount of water. Given the brightness of the host star and the size of the atmospheric features, WASP-76 b is an excellent target for further characterisation with HST, or with future facilities, to better understand the nature of its atmosphere, to confirm the presence of TiO and to search for other optical absorbers., Accepted for publication in AJ
Published: 2020

20. Mapping the yields of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops from observations at the global scale

Author: W. Li, P. Ciais, E. Stehfest, D. van Vuuren, A. Popp, A. Arneth, F. Di Fulvio, J. Doelman, F. Humpenöder, A. B. Harper, T. Park, D. Makowski, P. Havlik, M. Obersteiner, J. Wang, A. Krause, W. Liu, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Institute of Nanotechnology [Karlsruhe] (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), This study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2019YFA0606604) and European Research Council Synergy Grant ('IMBALANCE-P' (grant no. ERC-2013-SyG-610028))., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Environmental Sciences
Subjects: Willow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, Agricultural engineering, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Crop, Bioenergy, Yield (wine), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Carbon capture and storage, ddc:550, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Crop yield, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Miscanthus, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: Most scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that project greenhouse gas emissions include the use of bioenergy as a means to reduce CO2 emissions or even to achieve negative emissions (together with CCS – carbon capture and storage). The potential amount of CO2 that can be removed from the atmosphere depends, among others, on the yields of bioenergy crops, the land available to grow these crops and the efficiency with which CO2 produced by combustion is captured. While bioenergy crop yields can be simulated by models, estimates of the spatial distribution of bioenergy yields under current technology based on a large number of observations are currently lacking. In this study, a random-forest (RF) algorithm is used to upscale a bioenergy yield dataset of 3963 observations covering Miscanthus, switchgrass, eucalypt, poplar and willow using climatic and soil conditions as explanatory variables. The results are global yield maps of five important lignocellulosic bioenergy crops under current technology, climate and atmospheric CO2 conditions at a 0.5∘×0.5∘ spatial resolution. We also provide a combined “best bioenergy crop” yield map by selecting one of the five crop types with the highest yield in each of the grid cells, eucalypt and Miscanthus in most cases. The global median yield of the best crop is 16.3 t DM ha−1 yr−1 (DM – dry matter). High yields mainly occur in the Amazon region and southeastern Asia. We further compare our empirically derived maps with yield maps used in three IAMs and find that the median yields in our maps are > 50 % higher than those in the IAM maps. Our estimates of gridded bioenergy crop yields can be used to provide bioenergy yields for IAMs, to evaluate land surface models or to identify the most suitable lands for future bioenergy crop plantations. The 0.5∘×0.5∘ global maps for yields of different bioenergy crops and the best crop and for the best crop composition generated from this study can be download from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3274254 (Li, 2019).
Published: 2020

21. Sources of Uncertainty in Regional and Global Terrestrial CO 2 Exchange Estimates

Author: Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Anthony P. Walker, Danica Lombardozzi, Naomi E. Smith, B. Poulter, Stephen Sitch, Christian Rödenbeck, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Sönke Zaehle, Frédéric Chevallier, Wei Li, J. G. Canadell, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, P. Ciais, Wouter Peters, P. Peylin, Sebastian Lienert, Daniel S. Goll, V. Haverd, Pierre Friedlingstein, Prabir K. Patra, Ronny Lauerwald, Hanqin Tian, Julia Pongratz, Michael O'Sullivan, David Makowski, Ana Bastos, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY MUNICH DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen], Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], CLIMATE AND GLOBAL DYNAMICS LABORATORY NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER USA, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN USA, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), European Comission. Grant Numbers: ASICA (649087), IMBALANCE-P European Space Agency (ESA). Grant Number: ESRIN/ 4000123002/18/I-NB National Science Foundation (NSF). Grant Number: AGS 12-43071 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Grant Number: DESC0016323, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and Isotope Research
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, FLUXES, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, Biome, BURNED AREA PRODUCT, atmospheric inversions, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, DATA ASSIMILATION, Data assimilation, PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES, global carbon budget, carbon cycle, Environmental Chemistry, Land use, land-use change and forestry, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, ddc:910, LAND-COVER CHANGE, Global and Planetary Change, WIMEK, FOSSIL-FUEL, Land use, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, VEGETATION MODEL ORCHIDEE, Fossil fuel, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, dynamic global vegetation models, Environmental science, business, Scale (map), INCORPORATING SPITFIRE
Abstract: The Global Carbon Budget 2018 (GCB2018) estimated by the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, fossil fuel emissions, and modeled (bottom-up) land and ocean fluxes cannot be fully closed, leading to a “budget imbalance,” highlighting uncertainties in GCB components. However, no systematic analysis has been performed on which regions or processes contribute to this term. To obtain deeper insight on the sources of uncertainty in global and regional carbon budgets, we analyzed differences in Net Biome Productivity (NBP) for all possible combinations of bottom-up and top-down data sets in GCB2018: (i) 16 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), and (ii) 5 atmospheric inversions that match the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. We find that the global mismatch between the two ensembles matches well the GCB2018 budget imbalance, with Brazil, Southeast Asia, and Oceania as the largest contributors. Differences between DGVMs dominate global mismatches, while at regional scale differences between inversions contribute the most to uncertainty. At both global and regional scales, disagreement on NBP interannual variability between the two approaches explains a large fraction of differences. We attribute this mismatch to distinct responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability between DGVMs and inversions and to uncertainties in land use change emissions, especially in South America and Southeast Asia. We identify key needs to reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets: reducing uncertainty in atmospheric inversions (e.g., through more observations in the tropics) and in land use change fluxes, including more land use processes and evaluating land use transitions (e.g., using high-resolution remote-sensing), and, finally, improving tropical hydroecological processes and fire representation within DGVMs.
Published: 2020

22. Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement

Author: Glen P. Peters, Felix Creutzig, Robert B. Jackson, Josep G. Canadell, Matthew W. Jones, Pierre Friedlingstein, Robbie M. Andrew, David R. Willis, Sam Abernethy, Adam J. P. Smith, Anthony J. De-Gol, Yuli Shan, Corinne Le Quéré, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Magnetic Resonance (RM ), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), University of Groningen [Groningen], CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Technical University Berlin, Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), and Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groni
Subjects: Consumption (economics), 0303 health sciences, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Government, Energy demand, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), COVID19, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus, emissions, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, Agricultural economics, 03 medical and health sciences, 13. Climate action, 8. Economic growth, DRIVERS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Government policies during the COVID-19 pandemic have drastically altered patterns of energy demand around the world. Many international borders were closed and populations were confined to their homes, which reduced transport and changed consumption patterns. Here we compile government policies and activity data to estimate the decrease in CO2 emissions during forced confinements. Daily global CO2 emissions decreased by –17% (–11 to –25% for ±1σ) by early April 2020 compared with the mean 2019 levels, just under half from changes in surface transport. At their peak, emissions in individual countries decreased by –26% on average. The impact on 2020 annual emissions depends on the duration of the confinement, with a low estimate of –4% (–2 to –7%) if prepandemic conditions return by mid-June, and a high estimate of –7% (–3 to –13%) if some restrictions remain worldwide until the end of 2020. Government actions and economic incentives postcrisis will likely influence the global CO2 emissions path for decades.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Recent global decline of CO$_2$ fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis

Author: Wenping Yuan, Dan Zhu, Wei He, Ivan A. Janssens, Mousong Wu, Benjamin Poulter, Jing M. Chen, Yongguang Zhang, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas, Ramdane Alkama, Hanqin Tian, Alessandro Cescatti, Elliott Campbell, Atul K. Jain, Joseph A. Berry, Markus Kautz, Etsushi Kato, Ning Zeng, Nicolas Vuichard, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, Rong Wang, Daniel S. Goll, William K. Smith, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Haverd, Sebastian Lienert, Songhan Wang, A. Wiltshire, Weimin Ju, Tanja G. M. Sanders, Danica Lombardozzi, Inken Krüger, Nanjing University (NJU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, University of Antwerp (UA), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, University of California (UC), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Arizona, School of Atmospheric Sciences [Nanjing], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Thunen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Thünen Institute, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Shanghai], Fudan University [Shanghai], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Forest Economics and Policy, School of Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University (AU), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Augsburg (UNIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], University of California, Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], and University of Augsburg [Augsburg]
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Global warming, Carbon sink, Forcing (mathematics), Vegetation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nutrient, Productivity (ecology), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: A decline in the carbon fertilization effect One source of uncertainty in climate science is how the carbon fertilization effect (CFE) will contribute to mitigation of anthropogenic climate change. Wang et al. explored the temporal dynamics of CFE on vegetation photosynthesis at the global scale. There has been a decline over recent decades in the contribution of CFE to vegetation photosynthesis, perhaps owing to the limiting effects of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This declining trend has not been adequately accounted for in carbon cycle models. CFE thus has limitations for long-term mitigation of climate change, and future warming might currently be underestimated. Science , this issue p. 1295
Published: 2020

24. Enhanced regional terrestrial carbon uptake over Korea revealed by atmospheric CO 2 measurements from 1999 to 2017

Author: Su-Jong Jeong, Stephen Sitch, Etsushi Kato, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jeongmin Yun, Hoonyoung Park, Haeyoung Lee, Danica Lombardozzi, Chang-Hoi Ho, Junjie Liu, Atual Jain, Hanqin Tian, Nicolas Vuichard, Andy Wiltshire, Sebastian Lienert, Ning Zeng, Sönke Zaehle, Vanessa Haverd, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Auburn University (AU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Universität Bern [Bern], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical transport model, NDVI, GEOS-Chem, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Carbon cycle, carbon cycle, Republic of Korea, TRENDY, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, atmospheric CO2 measurements, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, terrestrial carbon flux, Carbon sink, Primary production, terrestrial ecosystems, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Carbon, CT2017
Abstract: International audience; Understanding changes in terrestrial carbon balance is important to improve our knowledge of the regional carbon cycle and climate change. However, evaluating regional changes in the terrestrial carbon balance is challenging due to the lack of surface flux measurements. This study reveals that the terrestrial carbon uptake over the Republic of Korea has been enhanced from 1999 to 2017 by analyzing long‐term atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements at the Anmyeondo Station (36.53°N, 126.32°E) located in the western coast. The influence of terrestrial carbon flux on atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ΔCO2) is estimated from the difference of CO2 concentrations that were influenced by the land sector (through easterly winds) and the Yellow Sea sector (through westerly winds). We find a significant trend in ΔCO2 of −4.75 ppm per decade (p < .05) during the vegetation growing season (May through October), suggesting that the regional terrestrial carbon uptake has increased relative to the surrounding ocean areas. Combined analysis with satellite measured normalized difference vegetation index and gross primary production shows that the enhanced carbon uptake is associated with significant nationwide increases in vegetation and its production. Process‐based terrestrial model and inverse model simulations estimate that regional terrestrial carbon uptake increases by up to 18.9 and 8.0 Tg C for the study period, accounting for 13.4% and 5.7% of the average annual domestic carbon emissions, respectively. Atmospheric chemical transport model simulations indicate that the enhanced terrestrial carbon sink is the primary reason for the observed ΔCO2 trend rather than anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation changes. Our results highlight the fact that atmospheric CO2 measurements could open up the possibility of detecting regional changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle even where anthropogenic emissions are not negligible.
Published: 2020

25. Carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies

Author: C. Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Robert B. Jackson, Josep G. Canadell, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Robbie M. Andrew, Anna Peregon, Pierre Friedlingstein, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), and European Project: 821003,CCiCC
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Global warming, Fossil fuel, Biogeochemistry, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Climate change mitigation, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental protection, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 11. Sustainability, Carbon dioxide, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; A failure to recognize the factors behind continued emissions growth could limit the world's ability to shift to a pathway consistent with 1.5 °C or 2 °C of global warming. Continued support for low-carbon technologies needs to be combined with policies directed at phasing out the use of fossil fuels.
Published: 2020

26. Direct and seasonal legacy effects of the 2018 heat wave and drought on European ecosystem productivity

Author: Julia Pongratz, Atul K. Jain, P. Ciais, Markus Reichstein, Tammas Loughran, Pierre Friedlingstein, Peter Anthoni, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Zheng Fu, Almut Arneth, Sebastian Lienert, Patrick C. McGuire, Lei Fan, Ana Bastos, Jürgen Knauer, Hanqin Tian, Sönke Zaehle, Emilie Joetzjer, Nicolas Viovy, Stephen Sitch, Ulrich Weber, Vanessa Haverd, Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Auburn University (AU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Summer heat, 530 Physics, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Ecosystem carbon, ddc:550, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Water content, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Climatology, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, fungi, SciAdv r-articles, food and beverages, Vegetation composition, 15. Life on land, Heat wave, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Environmental science, Research Article
Abstract: Ecosystems responded asymmetrically to the 2018 European drought., In summer 2018, central and northern Europe were stricken by extreme drought and heat (DH2018). The DH2018 differed from previous events in being preceded by extreme spring warming and brightening, but moderate rainfall deficits, yet registering the fastest transition between wet winter conditions and extreme summer drought. Using 11 vegetation models, we show that spring conditions promoted increased vegetation growth, which, in turn, contributed to fast soil moisture depletion, amplifying the summer drought. We find regional asymmetries in summer ecosystem carbon fluxes: increased (reduced) sink in the northern (southern) areas affected by drought. These asymmetries can be explained by distinct legacy effects of spring growth and of water-use efficiency dynamics mediated by vegetation composition, rather than by distinct ecosystem responses to summer heat/drought. The asymmetries in carbon and water exchanges during spring and summer 2018 suggest that future land-management strategies could influence patterns of summer heat waves and droughts under long-term warming.
Published: 2020

27. State of the science in reconciling top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget

Author: Benjamin Poulter, Ana Bastos, Sebastian Lienert, Leonardo Calle, Dan Zhu, Christian Rödenbeck, Masayuki Kondo, Markus Kautz, Philippe Ciais, Kazuhito Ichii, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Rachel M. Law, Prabir K. Patra, Takashi Nakamura, Vanessa Haverd, Pierre Friedlingstein, Takashi Maki, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Peylin, Josep G. Canadell, Atul K. Jain, Stephen Sitch, Hanqin Tian, Tazu Saeki, Etsushi Kato, Danica Lombardozzi, Peter Anthoni, Tilo Ziehn, Almut Arneth, Frédéric Chevallier, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biosphere model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, land-use change emissions, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Forest regrowth, Environmental Chemistry, net CO2 flux, East Asia, atmospheric inversion, State of the science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, riverine carbon export, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, biosphere model, Biosphere, Top-down and bottom-up design, 15. Life on land, terrestrial CO2 budget, Boreal, 13. Climate action, carbon stock change, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, residual land uptake, CO2 evasion
Abstract: International audience; Robust estimates of CO2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: “top-down” atmospheric inversions and “bottom-up” biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere–biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink–source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets.
Published: 2020

28. Comparison of forest above-ground biomass from dynamic global vegetation models with spatially explicit remotely sensed observation-based estimates

Author: Michael O'Sullivan, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Harverd, Peter Anthoni, Ana Bastos, Emilie Joetzjer, Maurizio Santoro, A. Arneth, Yilong Wang, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, N. Vuichard, Daniel S. Goll, Markus Kautz, Sebastian Lienert, Yuanyuan Huang, Vivek K. Arora, Dan Zhu, Andy Wiltshire, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Hui Yang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Gamma Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department für Geo-und Umweltwissenschaften [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Physics Institute [Bern], University of Bern, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF: 20020_172476 European Space Agency, ESA Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 821003, This study was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) biomass projects. S.L. has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 821003 (project 4C, Climate-Carbon Interactions in the Coming Century) and SNSF (grant no. 20020_172476)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, model evaluation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forests, remote sensing-based biomass, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, Standard deviation, Carbon cycle, Trees, carbon cycle, Forest ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Precipitation, Biomass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, forest ecosystems, Tropics, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, South America, 13. Climate action, human disturbances, Africa, Environmental science, AGB density deficits
Abstract: International audience; Gaps in our current understanding and quantification of biomass carbon stocks, particularly in tropics, lead to large uncertainty in future projections of the terrestrial carbon balance. We use the recently published GlobBiomass data set of forest above-ground biomass (AGB) density for the year 2010, obtained from multiple remote sensing and in situ observations at 100 m spatial resolution to evaluate AGB estimated by nine dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). The global total forest AGB of the nine DGVMs is 365 ± 66 Pg C, the spread corresponding to the standard deviation between models, compared to 275 Pg C with an uncertainty of ~13.5% from GlobBiomass. Model-data discrepancy in total forest AGB can be attributed to their discrepancies in the AGB density and/or forest area. While DGVMs represent the global spatial gradients of AGB density reasonably well, they only have modest ability to reproduce the regional spatial gradients of AGB density at scales below 1000 km. The 95th percentile of AGB density (AGB95) in tropics can be considered as the potential maximum of AGB density which can be reached for a given annual precipitation. GlobBiomass data show local deficits of AGB density compared to the AGB95, particularly in transitional and/or wet regions in tropics. We hypothesize that local human disturbances cause more AGB density deficits from GlobBiomass than from DGVMs, which rarely represent human disturbances. We then analyse empirical relationships between AGB density deficits and forest cover changes, population density, burned areas and livestock density. Regression analysis indicated that more than 40% of the spatial variance of AGB density deficits in South America and Africa can be explained; in Southeast Asia, these factors explain only ~25%. This result suggests TRENDY v6 DGVMs tend to underestimate biomass loss from diverse and widespread anthropogenic disturbances, and as a result overestimate turnover time in AGB.
Published: 2019

29. Global Carbon Budget 2019

Author: P. Friedlingstein, M. W. Jones, M. O'Sullivan, R. M. Andrew, J. Hauck, G. P. Peters, W. Peters, J. Pongratz, S. Sitch, C. Le Quéré, D. C. E. Bakker, J. G. Canadell, P. Ciais, R. B. Jackson, P. Anthoni, L. Barbero, A. Bastos, V. Bastrikov, M. Becker, L. Bopp, E. Buitenhuis, N. Chandra, F. Chevallier, L. P. Chini, K. I. Currie, R. A. Feely, M. Gehlen, D. Gilfillan, T. Gkritzalis, D. S. Goll, N. Gruber, S. Gutekunst, I. Harris, V. Haverd, R. A. Houghton, G. Hurtt, T. Ilyina, A. K. Jain, E. Joetzjer, J. O. Kaplan, E. Kato, K. Klein Goldewijk, J. I. Korsbakken, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. Lenton, S. Lienert, D. Lombardozzi, G. Marland, P. C. McGuire, J. R. Melton, N. Metzl, D. R. Munro, J. E. M. S. Nabel, S.-I. Nakaoka, C. Neill, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, A. Peregon, D. Pierrot, B. Poulter, G. Rehder, L. Resplandy, E. Robertson, C. Rödenbeck, R. Séférian, J. Schwinger, N. Smith, P. P. Tans, H. Tian, B. Tilbrook, F. N. Tubiello, G. R. van der Werf, A. J. Wiltshire, S. Zaehle, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), New Zealand Centre for Ecological Economics (NZCEE), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Geography [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Los Angeles] (IGPP), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Montana State University (MSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Princeton University, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (FAO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of California-University of California, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARVE, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Isotope Research, Earth Sciences, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Computer science, information & general works, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, SURFACE-OCEAN, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ddc:910, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, FOSSIL-FUEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Carbon dioxide, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon cycle, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, Deforestation, Life Science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, LAND-COVER CHANGE, WIMEK, Land use, business.industry, Fossil fuel, LEAF-AREA INDEX, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, OCEAN BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, chemistry, 13. Climate action, ddc:000, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business, Carbon
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), EFF was 9.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.9±0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.3±0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.6 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC yr−1, reaching 10 GtC yr−1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, GATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4±0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019).
Published: 2019

30. Future inhibition of ecosystem productivity by increasing wildfire pollution over boreal North America

Author: X. Yue, S. Strada, N. Unger, A. Wang, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Ecosystem, Tropospheric ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 040101 forestry, Primary production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, Productivity (ecology), Boreal, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Climate model, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Biomass burning is an important source of tropospheric ozone (O3) and aerosols. These air pollutants can affect vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake (for O3) and light scattering and absorption (for aerosols). Wildfire area burned is projected to increase significantly in boreal North America by the mid-century, while little is known about the impacts of enhanced emissions on the terrestrial carbon budget. Here, combining site-level and satellite observations and a carbon–chemistry–climate model, we estimate the impacts of fire emitted O3 and aerosols on net primary productivity (NPP) over boreal North America. Fire emissions are calculated based on an ensemble projection from 13 climate models. In the present day, wildfire enhances surface O3 by 2 ppbv (7 %) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm by 0.03 (26 %) in the summer. By mid-century, area burned is predicted to increase by 66 % in boreal North America, contributing more O3 (13 %) and aerosols (37 %). Fire O3 causes negligible impacts on NPP because ambient O3 concentration (with fire contributions) is below the damage threshold of 40 ppbv for 90 % summer days. Fire aerosols reduce surface solar radiation but enhance atmospheric absorption, resulting in enhanced air stability and intensified regional drought. The domain of this drying is confined to the north in the present day but extends southward by 2050 due to increased fire emissions. Consequently, wildfire aerosols enhance NPP by 72 Tg C yr−1 in the present day but decrease NPP by 118 Tg C yr−1 in the future, mainly because of the soil moisture perturbations. Our results suggest that future wildfire may accelerate boreal carbon loss, not only through direct emissions increasing from 68 Tg C yr−1 at present day to 130 Tg C yr−1 by mid-century but also through the biophysical impacts of fire aerosols.
Published: 2017

31. Micro-mechanical damage of needle puncture on bovine annulus fibrosus fibrils studied using polarization-resolved Second Harmonic Generation(P-SHG) microscopy

Author: Claudio Vergari, Jessica C. Mansfield, Judith R. Meakin, J.-Y. Wang, C.P. Winlove, Sophie Brasselet, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), MOSAIC (MOSAIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak (IBHGC), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)
Subjects: Materials science, Population, Biomedical Engineering, Punctures, 02 engineering and technology, Disc degeneration, Sciences de l'ingénieur, Fibril, Multiphoton microscopy, Biomaterials, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Bovine intervertebral disc, Animals, Biomechanics, Intervertebral Disc, Polarization (electrochemistry), education, Annulus (mycology), Microscopy, education.field_of_study, Annulus Fibrosus, [SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], Shg microscopy, Second-harmonic generation, Needle puncture, Second harmonic generation, 030206 dentistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 3. Good health, Disease Models, Animal, Needles, Mechanics of Materials, Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy, Cattle, Intervertebral disc degeneration, 0210 nano-technology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: International audience; Needle injection has been widely used in spinal therapeutic or diagnostic processes, such as discography. The use of needles has been suspected in causing mild disc degeneration which can lead to long-term back pain. However, the localised microscopic damage caused by needles has not been well studied. The local progressive damage on a microscopic level caused by needle punctures on the surface of bovine annulus fibrosus was investigated. Four different sizes of needle were used for the puncture and twenty-nine bovine intervertebral discs were studied. Polarization-resolved second harmonic generation and fluorescent microscopy were used to study the local microscopic structural changes in collagen and cell nuclei due to needle damage. Repeated 70 cyclic loadings at ±5% of axial strain were applied after the needle puncture in order to assess progressive damage caused by the needle. Puncture damage on annulus fibrosus were observed either collagen fibre bundles being pushed aside, being cut through or combination of both with part being lift or pushed in. The progressive damage was found less relevant to the needle size and more progressive damage was only observed using the larger needle. Two distinct populations of collagen, in which one was relatively more organised than the other population, were observed especially after the puncture from skewed distribution of polarization-SHG analysis. Cell shape was found rounder near the puncture site where collagen fibres were damaged.
Published: 2021

32. La dynamique récurrente de réseaux permet de réconcilier la segmentation et l’intégration du mouvement visuel

Author: Pierre Kornprobst, James Rankin, N. V. Kartheek Medathati, Guillaume S. Masson, Andrew Isaac Meso, Biologically plausible Integrative mOdels of the Visual system : towards synergIstic Solutions for visually-Impaired people and artificial visiON (BIOVISION), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mathematical and Computational Neuroscience (NEUROMATHCOMP), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bournemouth University [Poole] (BU), GSM and AIM are supported by a grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SPEED, ANR-13- SHS2–0006) and by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. NVKM and PK were supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, grant agreement n° 318723, MATHEMACS). JR was partially funded by a Swartz Foundation postdoc grant., ANR-13-BSH2-0006,SPEED,Traitement de la vitesse dans les scènes visuelles naturelles(2013), European Project: 318723,EC:FP7:ICT,FP7-ICT-2011-8,MATHEMACS(2012), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Kornprobst, Pierre, Blanc 2013 - Traitement de la vitesse dans les scènes visuelles naturelles - - SPEED2013 - ANR-13-BSH2-0006 - Blanc 2013 - VALID, MATHEmatics of Multi-level Anticipatory Complex Systems - MATHEMACS - - EC:FP7:ICT2012-10-01 - 2015-09-30 - 318723 - VALID, Mathématiques pour les Neurosciences (MATHNEURO), Center for Neural Science [New York] (CNS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Inria Sophia Antipolis, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (LJAD), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Psychology [Bournemouth, UK] (Faculty of Science and Technology), and ANR-13-SHS2-0006,SPEED,Traitement de la vitesse dans les scènes visuelles naturelles
Subjects: Visual motion integration, Dynamical systems theory, Computer science, Models, Neurological, [MATH.MATH-DS]Mathematics [math]/Dynamical Systems [math.DS], Motion Perception, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, [MATH.MATH-DS] Mathematics [math]/Dynamical Systems [math.DS], lcsh:Medicine, Sensory system, Systèmes dynamiques, 050105 experimental psychology, Motion (physics), Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Superposition principle, Motion, 0302 clinical medicine, direction selectivity, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer vision, Segmentation, Motion perception, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], lcsh:Science, Network model, Neurons, Intégration du mouvement, Multidisciplinary, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, lcsh:R, Ring network, Pattern recognition, dynamical systems, Network dynamics, ring model, sélectivité à l’orientation, Macaca, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], lcsh:Q, Artificial intelligence, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation
Abstract: In sensory systems, different computational rules are postulated to be implemented by different neuronal subpopulations, each one being characterised by a particular tuning function. For instance, in primate cortical area MT, different classes of direction-selective cells have been identified and related to either motion integration, segmentation or transparency. Still, how such different tuning properties are constructed is unclear. The dominant theoretical viewpoint postulates that differential weighting of MT inputs along the linear-nonlinear feedforward cascade is sufficient to build these different cell classes but it does not account for their complex temporal dynamics and their versatility when facing different input statistics. Here, we demonstrate that a recurrent network model of visual motion processing can reconcile these different properties. We show how excitatory and inhibitory recurrent connections, within a direction representation space, shape neuronal motion direction tuning and implement different computational rules such as vector averaging, winner-take-all or superposition. The model also captures ordered temporal transitions between these behaviours. In particular, depending on the inhibition regime the ring network can switch from motion integration to motion segmentation, thus being able to compute either a single pattern motion or to superpose multiple inputs as in motion transparency. We thus demonstrate that recurrent architectures can adaptively give rise to different cortical computational regimes depending upon the input statistics, thus reconciling the two facets of sensory processing: integration and segmentation.; Dans les systèmes sensoriels, différentes règles computationnelles sont supposées être implémentées par différentes sous-populations neuronales, chacune étant caractérisée par une fonction de sélectivité. Par exemple, dans la zone corticale des primates MT, différentes classes de cellules sélectives à la direction ont été identifiées et liées à l’intégration du mouvement, à la segmentation ou à la transparence. Cependant, la façon dont ces fonction de sélectivité sont construites n’est pas claire. Le point de vue théorique dominant postule que la pondération différentielle des entrées de MT le long de la cascade montante linéaire non linéaire est suffisante pour construire ces différentes classes de cellules, mais ne tient pas compte de leur dynamique temporelle complexe et leur versatilité face à différentes statistiques d’entrée. Ici, nous démontrons qu’un modèle de réseau récurrent de traitement du mouvement visuel peut réconcilier ces différentes propriétés. Nous montrons comment les connexions récurrentes excitatrices et inhibitrices, au sein d’un espace de représentation de direction, forment la sélectivité neuronale à la direction du mouvement et implémentent des règles de calcul différentes telles que la moyenne des vecteurs, le "tout au vainqueur" (winner-take-all) ou la superposition. Le modèle capture également les transitions temporelles ordonnées entre ces comportements. En particulier, en fonction du régime d’inhibition, le réseau en anneau (ring model) peut passer d’une intégration de mouvement à une segmentation de mouvement, ce qui permet de calculer soit un seul mouvement de motif, soit de superposer des entrées multiples comme dans les mouvements transparents. Nous démontrons ainsi que les architectures récurrentes peuvent adapter de façon adaptative des régimes de calculs corticaux différents en fonction des statistiques d’entrée, afin de réconcilier les deux facettes du traitement sensoriel: l’intégration et la segmentation.
Published: 2017

33. Gross primary production responses to warming, elevated <scp>CO</scp> 2 , and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland

Author: Edmund Ryan, Christian Werner, William J. Parton, Jianyang Xia, Sönke Zaehle, Xingjie Lu, Drew M. P. Peltier, Elise Pendall, Bertrand Guenet, Kiona Ogle, K. A. Luus, Martin G. De Kauwe, Belinda E. Medlyn, Shijie Shu, Anna B. Harper, David G. Williams, Shinichi Asao, Anthony P. Walker, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, warming, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Carbon cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, carbon cycle, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, elevated CO, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, elevated CO2, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, AMAX, grasslands, Primary production, Biosphere, 15. Life on land, gross primary production, Bayesian modeling, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, multi-factor global change experiment, Bayesian modelling, multifactor global change experiment
Abstract: Determining whether the terrestrial biosphere will be a source or sink of carbon (C) under a future climate of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and warming requires accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux of C in the global C cycle. We evaluated 6 years (2007–2012) of flux-derived GPP data from the Prairie Heating and CO2 Enrichment (PHACE) experiment, situated in a grassland in Wyoming, USA. The GPP data were used to calibrate a light response model whose basic formulation has been successfully used in a variety of ecosystems. The model was extended by modeling maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) and light-use efficiency (Q) as functions of soil water, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vegetation greenness, and nitrogen at current and antecedent (past) timescales. The model fits the observed GPP well (R2 = 0.79), which was confirmed by other model performance checks that compared different variants of the model (e.g. with and without antecedent effects). Stimulation of cumulative 6-year GPP by warming (29%, P = 0.02) and eCO2 (26%, P = 0.07) was primarily driven by enhanced C uptake during spring (129%, P = 0.001) and fall (124%, P = 0.001), respectively, which was consistent across years. Antecedent air temperature (Tairant) and vapor pressure deficit (VPDant) effects on Amax (over the past 3–4 days and 1–3 days, respectively) were the most significant predictors of temporal variability in GPP among most treatments. The importance of VPDant suggests that atmospheric drought is important for predicting GPP under current and future climate; we highlight the need for experimental studies to identify the mechanisms underlying such antecedent effects. Finally, posterior estimates of cumulative GPP under control and eCO2 treatments were tested as a benchmark against 12 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The narrow uncertainties of these data-driven GPP estimates suggest that they could be useful semi-independent data streams for validating TBMs.
Published: 2017

34. Negative extreme events in gross primary productivity and their drivers in China during the past three decades

Author: Yitong Yao, Danica Lombardozzi, Anthony P. Walker, Dan Zhu, Atul K. Jain, Weizhe Chen, Vanessa Haverd, Chunju Huang, Sebastian Lienert, Hanqin Tian, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ning Zeng, Markus Kautz, N. Vuichard, Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Benjamin Poulter, Etsushi Kato, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Exeter Climate Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Extreme events, Primary production, Climate change, Forestry, 01 natural sciences, Gross primary productivity, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Precipitation, China, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Agronomy and Crop Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Climate extremes have remarkable impacts on ecosystems and are expected to increase with future global warming. However, only few studies have focused on the ecological extreme events and their drivers in China. In this study, we carried out an analysis of negative extreme events in gross primary productivity (GPP) in China and the sub-regions during 1982–2015, using monthly GPP simulated by 12 process-based models (TRENDYv6) and an observation-based model (Yao-GPP). Extremes were defined as the negative 5th percentile of GPP anomalies, which were further merged into individual extreme events using a three-dimensional contiguous algorithm. Spatio-temporal patterns of negative GPP anomalies were analyzed by taking the 1000 largest extreme events into consideration. Results showed that the effects of extreme events decreased annual GPP by 2.8% (i.e. 208 TgC year−1) in TRENDY models and 2.3% (i.e. 151 TgC year−1) in Yao-GPP. Hotspots of extreme GPP deficits were mainly observed in North China (−53 gC m−2 year−1) in TRENDY models and Northeast China (−42 gC m−2 year−1) in Yao-GPP. For China as a whole, attribution analyses suggested that extreme low precipitation was associated with 40%–50% of extreme negative GPP events. Most events in northern and western China could be explained by meteorological droughts (i.e. low precipitation) while GPP extreme events in southern China were more associated with temperature extremes, in particular with cold spells. GPP was revealed to be much more sensitive to heat/drought than to cold/wet extreme events. Combined with projected changes in climate extremes in China, GPP negative anomalies caused by drought events in northern China and by temperature extremes in southern China might be more prominent in the future.
Published: 2019

35. Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives

Author: Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Xuhui Wang, Ana Bastos, Kai Wang, Pierre Friedlingstein, Xiangyi Li, Shilong Piao, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Photosynthesis, Temporal scales, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Temperature, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon, Earth system science, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem respiration
Abstract: With accumulation of carbon cycle observations and model developments over the past decades, exploring interannual variation (IAV) of terrestrial carbon cycle offers the opportunity to better understand climate-carbon cycle relationships. However, despite growing research interest, uncertainties remain on some fundamental issues, such as the contributions of different regions, constituent fluxes and climatic factors to carbon cycle IAV. Here we overviewed the literature on carbon cycle IAV about current understanding of these issues. Observations and models of the carbon cycle unanimously show the dominance of tropical land ecosystems to the signal of global carbon cycle IAV, where tropical semiarid ecosystems contribute as much as the combination of all other tropical ecosystems. Vegetation photosynthesis contributes more than ecosystem respiration to IAV of the global net land carbon flux, but large uncertainties remain on the contribution of fires and other disturbance fluxes. Climatic variations are the major drivers to the IAV of net land carbon flux. Although debate remains on whether the dominant driver is temperature or moisture variability, their interaction,that is, the dependence of carbon cycle sensitivity to temperature on moisture conditions, is emerging as key regulators of the carbon cycle IAV. On timescales from the interannual to the centennial, global carbon cycle variability will be increasingly contributed by northern land ecosystems and oceans. Therefore, both improving Earth system models (ESMs) with the progressive understanding on the fast processes manifested at interannual timescale and expanding carbon cycle observations at broader spatial and longer temporal scales are critical to better prediction on evolution of the carbon-climate system.
Published: 2019

36. Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information

Author: Detlef Stammer, Annalisa Bracco, Krishna AchutaRao, Lisa Beal, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Pascale Braconnot, Wenju Cai, Dake Chen, Matthew Collins, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Boris Dewitte, Riccardo Farneti, Baylor Fox-Kemper, John Fyfe, Stephen M. Griffies, Steven R. Jayne, Alban Lazar, Matthieu Lengaigne, Xiaopei Lin, Simon Marsland, Shoshiro Minobe, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Walter Robinson, Mathew Koll Roxy, Ryan R. Rykaczewski, Sabrina Speich, Inga J. Smith, Amy Solomon, Andrea Storto, Ken Takahashi, Thomas Toniazzo, Jerome Vialard, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg (UHH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Centre for Atmospheric Sciences [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics (SOED), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), Brown University, Environment and Climate Change Canada, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), Centre for Climate Change Research [Pune] (CCCR), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), CLIVAR, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), University of Tasmania (UTAS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and University of Bergen (UIB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, Research program, Investigación oceanográfica, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, satellite observations, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.10 [https], Ocean Engineering, in situ measurements, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Boundary (real estate), Hindcast, ocean modeling, Natural variability, Predictability, lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, ocean observing system, in situ, Oceanic climate, Capacity building, Climatología, ocean climate, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.11 [https], 13. Climate action, earth observations, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, measurements, business, Satélite, climate information
Abstract: International audience; Natural variability and change of the Earth’s climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation.
Published: 2019

37. Synergie modèles-données dans l'océan côtier

Author: Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Nadia Ayoub, Alexander Barth, Robert Brewin, Guillaume Charria, Francisco Campuzano, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Christopher A. Edwards, Ivan Federico, Shan Gao, Isabel Garcia Hermosa, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Helene Hewitt, Lars Robert Hole, Jason Holt, Robert King, Villy Kourafalou, Youyu Lu, Baptiste Mourre, Ananda Pascual, Joanna Staneva, Emil V. Stanev, Hui Wang, Xueming Zhu, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Laboratoire de physique hydrodynamique et sédimentaire (DYNECO/PHYSED), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards, Organismo publico puertos del estado, Rothamsted Research, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB) (IMEDEA), Chemistry Department, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University (Xi'an), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, synthesis, Climate change, synergy, Ocean Engineering, coastal, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Dredging, models, Data assimilation, array design, Bathymetry, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, assimilation, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Estuary, Pelagic zone, ocean, observations, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Coastal management
Abstract: International audience; Integration of observations of the coastal ocean continuum, from regional oceans toshelf seas and estuaries/deltas with models, can substantially increase the value ofobservations and enable a wealth of applications. In particular, models can play a criticalrole at connecting sparse observations, synthesizing them, and assisting the design ofobservational networks; in turn, whenever available, observations can guide coastalmodel development. Coastal observations should sample the two-way interactionsbetween nearshore, estuarine and shelf processes and open ocean processes, whileaccounting for the different pace of circulation drivers, such as the fast atmospheric,hydrological and tidal processes and the slower general ocean circulation and climatescales. Because of these challenges, high-resolution models can serve as connectorsand integrators of coastal continuum observations. Data assimilation approachescan provide quantitative, validated estimates of Essential Ocean Variables in thecoastal continuum, adding scientific and socioeconomic value to observations throughapplications (e.g., sea-level rise monitoring, coastal management under a sustainableecosystem approach, aquaculture, dredging, transport and fate of pollutants, maritimesafety, hazards under natural variability or climate change). We strongly recommendan internationally coordinated approach in support of the proper integration of globaland coastal continuum scales, as well as for critical tasks such as community-agreedbathymetry and coastline products.
Published: 2019

38. Model-Observations Synergy in the Coastal Ocean

Author: De Mey-Frémaux, Pierre, Ayoub, Nadia, Barth, Alexander, Brewin, Robert, Charria, Guillaume, Campuzano, Francisco, Ciavatta, Stefano, Cirano, Mauro, Edwards, Christopher, Federico, Ivan, Gao, Shan, Garcia Hermosa, Isabel, García Sotillo, Marcos, Hewitt, Helene, Hole, Lars Robert, Holt, Jason, King, Robert, Kourafalou, Villy, Lu, Youyu, Mourre, Baptiste, Pascual, Ananda, Staneva, Joanna, Stanev, Emil, Wang, Hui, Zhu, Xueming, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Laboratoire de physique hydrodynamique et sédimentaire (DYNECO/PHYSED), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards, Organismo publico puertos del estado, Rothamsted Research, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB) (IMEDEA), Chemistry Department, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, and Northwest University (Xi'an)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, models, observations, assimilation, synthesis, array design, synergy, coastal, ocean
Abstract: International audience; Integration of observations of the coastal ocean continuum, from regional oceans toshelf seas and estuaries/deltas with models, can substantially increase the value ofobservations and enable a wealth of applications. In particular, models can play a criticalrole at connecting sparse observations, synthesizing them, and assisting the design ofobservational networks; in turn, whenever available, observations can guide coastalmodel development. Coastal observations should sample the two-way interactionsbetween nearshore, estuarine and shelf processes and open ocean processes, whileaccounting for the different pace of circulation drivers, such as the fast atmospheric,hydrological and tidal processes and the slower general ocean circulation and climatescales. Because of these challenges, high-resolution models can serve as connectorsand integrators of coastal continuum observations. Data assimilation approachescan provide quantitative, validated estimates of Essential Ocean Variables in thecoastal continuum, adding scientific and socioeconomic value to observations throughapplications (e.g., sea-level rise monitoring, coastal management under a sustainableecosystem approach, aquaculture, dredging, transport and fate of pollutants, maritimesafety, hazards under natural variability or climate change). We strongly recommendan internationally coordinated approach in support of the proper integration of globaland coastal continuum scales, as well as for critical tasks such as community-agreedbathymetry and coastline products.
Published: 2019

39. Variability in cyanobacteria sensitivity to antibiotics and implications for environmental risk assessment

Author: Virgile Baudrot, Charles R. Tyler, Kyle C. A. Wedgwood, Lina Gunnarsson, Jason Snape, Maciej Trznadel, Gareth Le Page, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), AstraZeneca, and University of Warwick [Coventry]
Subjects: Cyanobacteria, Environmental Engineering, Cefotaxime, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, medicine.drug_class, Antibiotics, 010501 environmental sciences, Antimicrobial resistance, 01 natural sciences, Risk Assessment, Predicted no effect concentration, Macrolide Antibiotics, Antibiotic resistance, Ampicillin, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Predicted no-effect concentration, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, business.industry, Environmental risk assessment, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Biotechnology, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 13. Climate action, Species sensitivity distribution, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, business, Bacteria, Water Pollutants, Chemical, medicine.drug, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Once released into the environment antibiotics can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, and in turn potentially have effects on bacterial community structure and ecosystem function. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) seeks to establish protection limits to minimise chemical impacts on the environment, but recent evidence suggests that the current regulatory approaches for ERA for antibiotics may not be adequate for protecting bacteria that have fundamental roles in ecosystem function. In this study we assess the differences in interspecies sensitivity of eight species of cyanobacteria to seven antibiotics (cefazolin, cefotaxime, ampicillin, sufamethazine, sulfadiazine, azithromycin and erythromycin) with three different modes of action. We found that variability in the sensitivity to these antibiotics between species was dependent on the mode of action and varied by up to 70 times for β-lactams. Probabilistic analysis using species sensitivity distributions suggest that the current predicted no effect concentration PNEC for the antibiotics may be either over or under protective of cyanobacteria dependent on the species on which it is based and the mode of action of the antibiotic; the PNECs derived for the macrolide antibiotics were over protective but PNECs for β-lactams were generally under protective. For some geographical locations we identify a significant risk to cyanobacteria populations based upon measured environmental concentrations of selected antibiotics. We conclude that protection limits, as determined according to current regulatory guidance, may not always be protective and might be better derived using SSDs and that including toxicity data for a wider range of (cyano-) bacteria would improve confidence for the ERA of antibiotics.
Published: 2019

40. So you want to do biocodicology? A field guide to the biological analysis of parchment

Author: Jiří Vnouček, Sarah Fiddyment, Élodie Lévêque, Matthew D. Teasdale, Matthew J. Collins, Annelise Binois, The Royal Library, National Library, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Histoire de l'art et archéologie (UP1 UFR03), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Archéologies environnementales, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Fiddyment, S [0000-0002-8991-2318], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Proteomics, Archeology, lcsh:Fine Arts, Parchment, lcsh:Analytical chemistry, Conservation, [SHS.MUSEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Cultural heritage and museology, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), Biocodicology, 0103 physical sciences, Biological analysis, Genetics, Biological data, lcsh:QD71-142, 010304 chemical physics, Interpretation (philosophy), 010401 analytical chemistry, [SHS.ART]Humanities and Social Sciences/Art and art history, Object (philosophy), 0104 chemical sciences, Scholarship, FOS: Biological sciences, Engineering ethics, Codicology, lcsh:N, Microbiome, [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Manuscripts
Abstract: Biocodicology, the study of the biological information stored in manuscripts, offers the possibility of interrogating manuscripts in novel ways. Exploring the biological data associated to parchment documents will add a deeper level of understanding and interpretation to these invaluable objects, revealing information about book production, livestock economies, handling, conservation and the historic use of the object. As biotechnological methods continue to improve we hope that biocodicology will become a highly relevant discipline in manuscript studies, contributing an additional perspective to the current scholarship. We hope that this review will act as a catalyst enabling further interactions between the heritage science community, manuscript scholars, curators and conservators.
Published: 2019

41. Advancing Marine Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Reanalyses and Forecasts as Tools for Monitoring and Managing Ecosystem Health

Author: Katja Fennel, Marion Gehlen, Pierre Brasseur, Christopher W. Brown, Stefano Ciavatta, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alessandro Crise, Christopher A. Edwards, David Ford, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Marilaure Gregoire, Emlyn Jones, Hae-Cheol Kim, Julien Lamouroux, Raghu Murtugudde, Coralie Perruche, the GODAE OceanView Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team, Department of Oceanography [Halifax] (DO), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Service des Installations de Grenoble (SIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, Biogeochemical cycle, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, reanalysis, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, forecasting, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, climate projection, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Ecosystem health, business.industry, biogeochemical model, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Environmental resource management, Biogeochemistry, scenario, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Social ecological model, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, ecological model, business
Abstract: International audience; Ocean ecosystems are subject to a multitude of stressors, including changes in ocean physics and biogeochemistry, and direct anthropogenic influences. Implementation of protective and adaptive measures for ocean ecosystems requires a combination of ocean observations with analysis and prediction tools. These can guide assessments of the current state of ocean ecosystems, elucidate ongoing trends and shifts, and anticipate impacts of climate change and management policies. Analysis and prediction tools are defined here as ocean circulation models that are coupled to biogeochemical or ecological models. The range of potential applications for these systems is broad, ranging from reanalyses for the assessment of past and current states, and short-term and seasonal forecasts, to scenario simulations including climate change projections. The objectives of this article are to illustrate current capabilities with regard to the three types of applications, and to discuss the challenges and opportunities. Representative examples of global and regional systems are described with particular emphasis on those in operational or pre-operational use. With regard to the benefits and challenges, similar considerations apply to biogeochemical and ecological prediction systems as do to physical systems. However, at present there are at least two major differences: (1) biogeochemical observation streams are much sparser than physical streams presenting a significant hinderance, and (2) biogeochemical and ecological models are largely unconstrained because of insufficient observations. Expansion of biogeochemical and ecological observation systems will allow for significant advances in the development and application of analysis and prediction tools for ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems, with multiple societal benefits.
Published: 2019

42. Author Correction: El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity

Author: Wenju Cai, Karl Stein, Pamela R. Grothe, Sang-Wook Yeh, Jin-Ho Yoon, Tim Li, WonMoo Kim, Yann Planton, Sunyong Kim, Xuebin Zhang, Hong Li Ren, Agus Santoso, Ken Takahashi, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Scott B. Power, Sarah Ineson, Fei-Fei Jin, Matthieu Lengaigne, Kyung-Sook Yun, Daehyun Kang, Han Ching Chen, Woo Hyun Yang, Alexander Todd, Boris Dewitte, Andrew T. Wittenberg, June-Yi Lee, Eric Guilyardi, Shayne McGregor, Kim M. Cobb, Michiya Hayashi, Dietmar Dommenget, Tobias Bayr, Jong-Seong Kug, Axel Timmermann, Malte F. Stuecker, Ruihuang Xie, Soon Il An, Antonietta Capotondi, Michael J. McPhaden, Elke Zeller, Harun Rashid, Guomin Wang, Guojian Wang, Jing-Jia Luo, Yoo-Geun Ham, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seoul], Yonsei University, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (UMPA-ENSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University (USU), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Monash University [Clayton], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ATLSS Center, Lehigh University, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), University of Sussex, University of South Wales (USW), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Climatology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], CobB, Mathematics
Abstract: In this Review, the middle initial of author Kim M. Cobb was omitted. The original Review has been corrected online.
Published: 2019

43. Response of stratospheric water vapor and ozone to the unusual timing of El Niño and the QBO disruption in 2015–2016

Author: Diallo, Mohamadou, Riese, Martin, Birner, Thomas, Konopka, Paul, Muller, Rolf, Hegglin, Michaela I., Santee, Michelle L., Baldwin, Mark, Legras, Bernard, Ploeger, Felix, Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ddc:550
Abstract: International audience; The stratospheric circulation determines the transport and lifetime of key trace gases in a changing climate, including water vapor and ozone, which radiatively impact surface climate. The unusually warm El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event aligned with a disrupted Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) caused an unprecedented perturbation to this circulation in 2015-2016. Here, we quantify the impact of the alignment of these two phenomena in 2015-2016 on lower stratospheric water vapor and ozone from satellite observations. We show that the warm ENSO event substantially increased water vapor and decreased ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere. The QBO disruption significantly decreased global lower stratospheric water vapor and tropical ozone from early spring to late autumn. Thus, this QBO disruption reversed the lower stratosphere moistening triggered by the alignment of the warm ENSO event with westerly QBO in early boreal winter. Our results suggest that the interplay of ENSO events and QBO phases will be crucial for the distributions of radiatively active trace gases in a changing future climate, when increasing El Niño-like conditions and a decreasing lower stratospheric QBO amplitude are expected .
Published: 2019

44. Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling

Author: Vereecken, Harry, Weihermüller, Lutz, Assouline, Shmuel, Verhoef, Anne, Herbst, Michael, Archer, Nicole, Mohanty, Binayak, Montzka, Carsten, Vanderborght, Jan, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Bechtold, Michel, Boone, Aaron, Chadburn, Sarah, Cuntz, Matthias, Decharme, Bertrand, Ducharne, Agnès, Ek, Michael, Garrigues, Sébastien, Goergen, Klaus, Ingwersen, Joachim, Kollet, Stefan, Lawrence, David, Li, Qian, Or, Dani, Swenson, Sean, de Vrese, Philipp, Walko, Robert, Wu, Yihua, Xue, Yongkang, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Soil Science, University of Reading (UOR), ISMC International Soil Modeling Consortium, Institute of Bio and Geosciences Forschungszentrum Jülich, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Universität Stuttgart, Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, HPSC TerrSys, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Victoria University of Wellington, Department of Geography [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bonn, and University of California-University of California
Subjects: SWR, pedotransfer function, global climate model, land surface model, FTC, freeze-thaw cycle, GCM, pdf, boundary condition, PDM, probability density function, Abbreviations: BC, soil water repellency, LSM, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, PTF, common land model, probability-distributed model, CLM
Abstract: International audience; Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land surface into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches commonly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters. We reviewed methods to upscale infiltration from the point to the field, hillslope, and grid cell scales of LSMs. Despite the progress that has been made, upscaling of local-scale infiltration processes to the grid scale used in LSMs is still far from being treated rigorously. We still lack a consistent theoretical framework to predict effective fluxes and parameters that control infiltration in LSMs. Our analysis shows that there is a large variety of approaches used to estimate soil hydraulic properties. Novel, highly resolved soil information at higher resolutions than the grid scale of LSMs may help in better quantifying subgrid variability of key infiltration parameters. Currently, only a few LSMs consider the impact of soil structure on soil hydraulic properties. Finally, we identified several processes not yet considered in LSMs that are known to strongly influence infiltration. Especially, the impact of soil structure on infiltration requires further research. To tackle these challenges and integrate current knowledge on soil processes affecting infiltration processes into LSMs, we advocate a stronger exchange and scientific interaction between the soil and the land surface modeling communities.
Published: 2019

45. Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling

Author: Vereecken, Harry, Weihermüller, Lutz, Assouline, Shmuel, Šimůnek, Jirka, Verhoef, Anne, Herbst, Michael, Archer, Nicole, Mohanty, Binayak, Montzka, Carsten, Vanderborght, Jan, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Bechtold, Michel, Boone, Aaron, Chadburn, Sarah, Cuntz, Matthias, Decharme, Bertrand, Ducharne, Agnès, Ek, Michael, Garrigues, Sebastien, Goergen, Klaus, Ingwersen, Joachim, Kollet, Stefan, Lawrence, David M, Li, Qian, Or, Dani, Swenson, Sean, de Vrese, Philipp, Walko, Robert, Wu, Yihuan, Xue, Yongkang, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Soil Science, University of Reading (UOR), ISMC International Soil Modeling Consortium, Institute of Bio and Geosciences Forschungszentrum Jülich, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bonn, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Universität Stuttgart, Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, HPSC TerrSys, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Victoria University of Wellington, Department of Geography [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, SILVA (SILVA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Crop and Pasture Production, Environmental Engineering, pedotransfer function, global climate model, land surface model, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, PDM, ddc:550, probability density function, LSM, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, SWR, lcsh:QE1-996.5, FTC, freeze-thaw cycle, GCM, pdf, boundary condition, lcsh:Geology, Agriculture and Soil Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil Sciences, Abbreviations: BC, soil water repellency, PTF, probability-distributed model, common land model, CLM
Abstract: Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land surface into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches commonly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters. We reviewed methods to upscale infiltration from the point to the field, hillslope, and grid cell scales of LSMs. Despite the progress that has been made, upscaling of local-scale infiltration processes to the grid scale used in LSMs is still far from being treated rigorously. We still lack a consistent theoretical framework to predict effective fluxes and parameters that control infiltration in LSMs. Our analysis shows that there is a large variety of approaches used to estimate soil hydraulic properties. Novel, highly resolved soil information at higher resolutions than the grid scale of LSMs may help in better quantifying subgrid variability of key infiltration parameters. Currently, only a few LSMs consider the impact of soil structure on soil hydraulic properties. Finally, we identified several processes not yet considered in LSMs that are known to strongly influence infiltration. Especially, the impact of soil structure on infiltration requires further research. To tackle these challenges and integrate current knowledge on soil processes affecting infiltration processes into LSMs, we advocate a stronger exchange and scientific interaction between the soil and the land surface modeling communities., Vadose Zone Journal, 18 (1), ISSN:1539-1663
Published: 2019

46. Pantropical climate interactions

Author: Marta Martín-Rey, Benjamin Ng, Yun Yang, Bolan Gan, Xiaopei Lin, Malte F. Stuecker, Guojian Wang, Jing-Jia Luo, Yan Du, Dietmar Dommenget, Noel Keenlyside, Wenju Cai, Fan Jia, Yoo-Geun Ham, Sarah M. Kang, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Agus Santoso, Ping Chang, Jun-Young Choi, Jules B. Kajtar, Tim Li, Jin-Yi Yu, Sun-Young Kim, Matthieu Lengaigne, Xichen Li, Geon-Il Kim, Shayne McGregor, Jong-Seong Kug, Michael J. McPhaden, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Lixin Wu, Chang Eun Kim, Shang-Ping Xie, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Level 4 Matthews Bldg., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia, Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University (USU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Monash University [Clayton], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Nansen-Tutu Center for Marine Environmental Research, University of Cape Town, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster [Nanjing University] (KLME - NUIST), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), CSIC Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Climate, Atmospheric Science and Physical Oceanography Department [La Jolla] (CASPO), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), University of Regina, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), ANR-15-JCLI-0004,GOTHAM,Globally Observed Teleconnections and their role and representation in Hierarchies of Atmospheric Models(2015), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: Tropical interconnections, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Degradació ambiental [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Surface warming, Pantropical, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Forcing (mathematics), Tropical Atlantic, Hiatus, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, El Niño Current, 01 natural sciences, Tropical climate, 14. Life underwater, Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Climate variability, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmospheric bridge, Climatology, Multidisciplinary, Climatic changes, Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), El Niño Southern Oscillation, Tropics -- Clima Meteorología, 13. Climate action, Climatologia, Environmental science, pantropic, Canvis climàtics
Abstract: 12 pages, 5 figures, 1 box, The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which originates in the Pacific, is the strongest and most well-known mode of tropical climate variability. Its reach is global, and it can force climate variations of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans by perturbing the global atmospheric circulation. Less appreciated is how the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans affect the Pacific. Especially noteworthy is the multidecadal Atlantic warming that began in the late 1990s, because recent research suggests that it has influenced Indo-Pacific climate, the character of the ENSO cycle, and the hiatus in global surface warming. Discovery of these pantropical interactions provides a pathway forward for improving predictions of climate variability in the current climate and for refining projections of future climate under different anthropogenic forcing scenarios, W.C. is supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0605700). L.W., Xia.L., and B.G. are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) projects (41490643, 41490640, U1606402, and 41521091). W.C., G.W., B.N., and A.S. are supported by CSHOR and the Earth System and Climate Change Hub of the Australian Government’s National Environment Science Program. CSHOR is a joint research Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research between QNLM and CSIRO. M.L. is supported by the GOTHAM Belmont project (ANR-15-JCLI-0004-01) and the ARiSE ANR project. T.L. is supported by NSFC 41630423 and NSF AGS-1565653 grants. S.M. is supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) through grant number FT160100162. J.-S.K. was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2018R1A5A1024958). J.-Y.Y. is supported by NSF AGS-1505145 and AGS-1833075 grants. M.F.S is supported by the Institute for Basic Science (project code IBS-R028-D1). Y.-G.H. is funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant KMI2018-03214. M.J.M is supported by NOAA and PMEL contribution number 4838. Y.D. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41525019, 41830538, and 41521005) and the State Oceanic Administration of China (GASI-IPOVAI-02). D.D. is supported by ARC grant number CE170100023. M.M.-R. has been supported by the MORDICUS grant under contract ANR-13-762 SENV-0002-01 and CGL2017-86415-R. Y.R.-R. is supported by an 800154-INADEC individual MSCA-IF-EF-ST grant. S.-P.X. is supported by the NSF. J.B.K. was supported by the National Environment Research Council (NE/N005783/1)
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Persistent fossil fuel growth threatens the Paris Agreement and planetary health

Author: Robert B. Jackson, C. Le Quéré, Robbie M. Andrew, Glen P. Peters, Pierre Friedlingstein, Josep G. Canadell, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, and University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, oil and natural gas, 010501 environmental sciences, CO2 emissions, global warming, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Agricultural economics, Natural gas, 11. Sustainability, media_common.cataloged_instance, Coal, fossil fuels, European union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Natural gas prices, coal, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Fossil fuel, Global warming, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Carbon capture and storage (timeline), Renewable energy, climate change, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, business, energy
Abstract: Amidst declarations of planetary emergency and reports that the window for limiting climate change to 1.5 °C is rapidly closing, global average temperatures and fossil fuel emissions continue to rise. Global fossil CO2 emissions have grown three years consecutively: +1.5% in 2017, +2.1% in 2018, and our slower central projection of +0.6% in 2019 (range of –0.32% to 1.5%) to 37 ± 2 Gt CO2 (Friedlingstein et al 2019 Earth Syst. Sci. Data accepted), after a temporary growth hiatus from 2014 to 2016. Economic indicators and trends in global natural gas and oil use suggest a further rise in emissions in 2020 is likely. CO2 emissions are decreasing slowly in many industrialized regions, including the European Union (preliminary estimate of −1.7% [–3.4% to +0.1%] for 2019, −0.8%/yr for 2003–2018) and United States (−1.7% [–3.7% to +0.3%] in 2019, −0.8%/yr for 2003–2018), while emissions continue growing in India (+1.8% [+0.7% to 3.7%] in 2019, +5.1%/yr for 2003–2018), China (+2.6% [+0.7% to 4.4%] in 2019, +0.4%/yr for 2003–2018), and rest of the world ((+0.5% [−0.8% to 1.8%] in 2019, +1.4%/yr for 2003–2018). Two under-appreciated trends suggest continued long-term growth in both oil and natural gas use is likely. Because per capita oil consumption in the US and Europe remains 5- to 20-fold higher than in China and India, increasing vehicle ownership and air travel in Asia are poised to increase global CO2 emissions from oil over the next decade or more. Liquified natural gas exports from Australia and the United States are surging, lowering natural gas prices in Asia and increasing global access to this fossil resource. To counterbalance increasing emissions, we need accelerated energy efficiency improvements and reduced consumption, rapid deployment of electric vehicles, carbon capture and storage technologies, and a decarbonized electricity grid, with new renewable capacities replacing fossil fuels, not supplementing them. Stronger global commitments and carbon pricing would help implement such policies at scale and in time.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by bottom-up and top-down approaches

Author: Bastos, Ana, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Chen, Chi, Mialon, Arnaud, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Arora, Vivek, Briggs, Peter, Canadell, Josep, Ciais, Philippe, Chevallier, Frédéric, Cheng, Lei, Delire, Christine, Haverd, Vanessa, Jain, Atul, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe, Myneni, Ranga, Nabel, Julia, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Rödenbeck, Christian, Séférian, Roland, Tian, Hanqin, van Eck, Christel, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony, Wiltshire, Andy, Yang, Jia, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Ning, Zhu, Dan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, National University of Defense Technology [China], Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en TELédétection (CARTEL), Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Earth and Environment, Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en TELédétection [Sherbrooke] (CARTEL), Département de géomatique appliquée [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EC H2020 project CRESCENDO 641816, European Research Council (ERC) under European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (QUINCY) 647204, European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: cycle du carbone, Carbon Sequestration, dessèchement, 530 Physics, atmospheric inversions, Medical and Health Sciences, Theoretical, El Nino/Southern Oscillation, Models, zone tropicale, phénomène climatique, carbon cycle, réchauffement climatique, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Evolutionary Biology, climat, Atmospheric inversions, Atmosphere, adaptation au stress, Articles, Carbon cycle, Biological Sciences, Models, Theoretical, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, évolution spatiotemporelle, Land-surface models, land-surface models, El Niño/Southern Oscillation, carbone du sol, Biologie, Research Article
Abstract: Evaluating the response of the land carbon sink to the anomalies in temperature and drought imposed by El Niño events provides insights into the present-day carbon cycle and its climate-driven variability. It is also a necessary step to build confidence in terrestrial ecosystems models’ response to the warming and drying stresses expected in the future over many continents, and particularly in the tropics. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to the 2015/2016 El Niño that imposed extreme warming and dry conditions in the tropics and other sensitive regions. First, we provide a synthesis of the spatio-temporal evolution of anomalies in net land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes estimated by two in situ measurements based on atmospheric inversions and 16 land-surface models (LSMs) from TRENDYv6. Simulated changes in ecosystem productivity, decomposition rates and fire emissions are also investigated. Inversions and LSMs generally agree on the decrease and subsequent recovery of the land sink in response to the onset, peak and demise of El Niño conditions and point to the decreased strength of the land carbon sink: by 0.4–0.7 PgC yr21 (inversions) and by 1.0 PgC yr21 (LSMs) during 2015/2016. LSM simulations indicate that a decrease in productivity, rather than increase in respiration, dominated the net biome productivity anomalies in response to ENSO throughout the tropics, mainly associated with prolonged drought conditions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

49. Cognitive Based Decision Support for Water Management and Catchment Regulation

Author: Alan Kwan, Baris Yuce, Ioan Petri, Yacine Rezgui, School of Engineering [Cardiff], Cardiff University, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh, Yacine Rezgui, TC 5, and WG 5.5
Subjects: Decision support system, 020209 energy, Drainage basin, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Catchment management, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Ecosystem, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, Population dynamics of fisheries, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecosystem preservation, Cognitive systems, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, Decision support, River prediction, 13. Climate action, Stream flow, Environmental science, %22">Fish , 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, sense organs, Water resource management
Abstract: Part 13: Semantics in Networks of Cognitive Systems; International audience; The effect of climate change on water ecosystems include increased winter precipitation, severe floods, leading to fluctuations in stream flow in areas and affecting both fish survival and water supplies. Several methods exist for establishing projections of changes in precipitation with regards to river flows and water levels at the river-basin scale, but hydrological characteristics change remain difficult to predict. Ensuring optimization techniques for water systems becomes significantly important especially with the degradation of water ecosystems and increased risks for fish population.On the other hand, water demand has increased in the recent periods with the population growth. Further changes in the irrigation water system demand are determined by climate change precluding the reliability of current water management systems and affecting on the water-related ecosystems.To address these challenges real time water management and optimization strategies are required to facilitate a more autonomous management process that can address requirements for water demand, supply and ecosystem preservation.We present a cognitive based decision system that performs river level prediction for water optimization and catchment regulation for preserving Usk reservoir ecosystem in South Wales. The research is conducted on the Usk reservoir in South Wales reservation that is seeking to preserve the ecosystem and for which we propose a more informed decision system for catchment regulation and water management. Our system provides five days river level prediction to regulate river levels by pumping from/to reservoirs and to create artificial spates during the salmon migration season and to coincide with periods of low river flow.
Published: 2018

50. Fault Tolerance – Background and Recent Trends

Author: Masayuki, Sato, Hardier, Georges, Ferreres, Gilles, Edwards, Christopher, Alwi, Halim, Chen, Lejun, Marcos, Andres, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Tokyo] (JAXA), ONERA / DTIS, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, and University of Bristol [Bristol]
Subjects: FAULT TOLERANT CONTROL, DETECTION ET DIAGNOSTIC DE PANNES, COMMANDE TOLERANTE AUX PANNES, FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS, H INFINI CONTROL, ADAPTIVE CONTROL, SLIDING MODE CONTROL, SLIDING MODE OBSERVER, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: International audience; In this article, several schemes related to the field of Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI), Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD), and Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) are presented both from a theoretical perspective and, more importantly, from an application perspective. The focus of the applications is the aeronautical domain and they cover a range of projects undertaken during the last two decades. These projects (some of them were funded by European Commission) showcase the time-line followed in Europe for the evolution and transfer of aircraft Fault Detection, Identification and Reconfiguration (FDIR), which include the FDI/FDD/FTC modules, from the academic to the industry sector.
Published: 2018

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Journal

Database

Publisher

112 results on '"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS)"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources