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This paper introduces a household model of addiction that focuses on how a breakdown point, derived from non-cooperative and collective model outcomes, diverges with variations in the spousal preference for household addiction (PHA). The model reveals that in households with different PHAs between the husband and wife, the spouse with the negative PHA will garner higher utility from the collective outcome. When a spouse has a negative PHA, an increase in their relative decision power will decrease the consumption of the addictive good for the other partner. The model highlights a few reasons why people stay in addiction-affected households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies aimed at redistributing to the most vulnerable individuals must consider inequality within households as much as between households. In that spirit, many cash transfers are targeted at women rather than men. Tax legislations can also contain specific gender provisions that treat men and women differently. Whether these policies operate some intrahousehold redistribution, or are defeated by the household agency problem, is an open question. This paper provides new insights by adapting models of intrahousehold allocation to account for women's and men's net‐of‐tax earnings and targeted benefits as determinants of the household resource sharing function. We suggest applications using household expenditure data for Argentina and South Africa. Net‐of‐tax earnings and benefits commanded by women are often positively related to their and their children's resources. We provide counterfactual simulations to illustrate how women's financial power – and its sources – may modify their consumption share and thus their individual poverty status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We make use of rich microdata from the Belgian MEqIn survey, which contains detailed information on individual consumption, public consumption inside households, and time use. We explain the observed household behavior by means of a collective model that integrates marriage market restrictions on intrahousehold allocation patterns. We adopt a revealed preference approach that abstains from any functional form assumptions on individual utility functions or intrahousehold decision processes. This allows us to (set) identify the sharing rule, which governs the intrahousehold sharing of time and money, and to quantify economies of scale within households. We use these results to conduct a robust individual welfare and inequality analysis, hereby highlighting the important role of detailed consumption and time use data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research describes how procedural fairness can be used to resolve issues related to ethnic-cultural matters. The central finding in this strand of literature is that when minority members experience procedurally fair treatment by societal actors regarding ethnic-cultural issues, this will lead to a range of outcomes that are beneficial for social cohesion. Although these results are promising, it remains yet to be shown that such group-specific treatment fairness does not hamper social cohesion by inciting misapprehension among members of non-recipient groups. Therefore, the present study set out to examine two central questions. First, how would minority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to another minority group? Second, how would majority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to minority groups? Two experimental studies (total N = 908) examined these questions. In Study 1, we compared ethniccultural minorities’ reactions to procedurally (un)fair treatment of their own versus a different minority group. In Study 2, we compared minority and majority group members’ responses to procedurally (un)fair treatment of minority group members. Results show that minority group member reactions to ethnic-cultural procedural fairness emanate from a shared bond with the fairness recipient(s) of the other minority group. Conversely, majority group members’ reactions are driven primarily by a perceived moral obligation to act rightfully toward members of disadvantaged groups. Taken together, our results suggest that ethnic-cultural procedural fairness enactment fosters societal unity among different groups, possibly strengthening social cohesion for well-being and prosperity among members of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research describes how procedural fairness can be used to resolve issues related to ethnic-cultural matters. The central finding in this strand of literature is that when minority members experience procedurally fair treatment by societal actors regarding ethnic-cultural issues, this will lead to a range of outcomes that are beneficial for social cohesion. Although these results are promising, it remains yet to be shown that such group-specific treatment fairness does not hamper social cohesion by inciting misapprehension among members of non-recipient groups. Therefore, the present study set out to examine two central questions. First, how would minority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to another minority group? Second, how would majority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to minority groups? Two experimental studies (total N = 908) examined these questions. In Study 1, we compared ethnic-cultural minorities’ reactions to procedurally (un)fair treatment of their own versus a different minority group. In Study 2, we compared minority and majority group members’ responses to procedurally (un)fair treatment of minority group members. Results show that minority group member reactions to ethnic-cultural procedural fairness emanate from a shared bond with the fairness recipient(s) of the other minority group. Conversely, majority group members’ reactions are driven primarily by a perceived moral obligation to act rightfully toward members of disadvantaged groups. Taken together, our results suggest that ethnic-cultural procedural fairness enactment fosters societal unity among different groups, possibly strengthening social cohesion for well-being and prosperity among members of these groups.

This paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a new estimator, MR-LATE, that consistently estimates local average treatment effects when treatment is missing for some observations, not at random. If instead treatment is mismeasured for some observations, then MR-LATE usually has less bias than the standard LATE estimator. We discuss potential applications where an endogenous binary treatment may be unobserved or mismeasured. We apply MR-LATE to study the impact of women's control over household resources on health outcomes in Indian families. This application illustrates the use of MR-LATE when treatment is estimated rather than observed. In these situations, treatment mismeasurement may arise from model misspecification and estimation errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Married men are one of the main groups of labor market employed and therefore the study of their labor market behavior is one of the priorities of labor market policy. The present study attempts to identify the variables affecting the market working hours of married men with employed spouses based on the literature of the collective model (CM) of household labor supply. The research information is based on micro and cross-sectional data of Iran in 2018 and the statistical sample includes 724 married men living in urban and rural areas. The model was estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and related tests. The results show that the labor supply function of married men is standard (the substitution effect is larger than the income effect) and the supply increases with wage but at diminishing rate. Also, married men with higher levels of education than their wives spend more leisure-living time. Also, working hours of married men with employed spouses decrease with age. Moreover, higher education and number of children increase married men working hours.

The collective structure of 106Cd is elucidated by multi-step Coulomb excitation of a 3.849 MeV/A beam of 106Cd on a 1.1 mg/cm2 208Pb target using GRETINA-CHICO2 at ATLAS. Fourteen E2 matrix elements were obtained. The nucleus 106Cd is a prime example of emergent collectivity that possesses a simple structure: it is free of complexity caused by shape coexistence and has a small, but collectively active number of valence nucleons. This work follows in a long and currently active quest to answer the fundamental question of the origin of nuclear collectivity and deformation, notably in the cadmium isotopes. The results are discussed in terms of phenomenological models, the shell model, and Kumar-Cline sums of E2 matrix elements. The 〈02+||E2||21+〉 matrix element is determined for the first time, providing a total, converged measure of the electric quadrupole strength, 〈Q2〉, of the first-excited 21+ level relative to the 01+ ground state, which does not show an increase as expected of harmonic and anharmonic vibrations. Strong evidence for triaxial shapes in weakly collective nuclei is indicated; collective vibrations are excluded. This is contrary to the only other cadmium result of this kind in 114Cd by C. Fahlander et al. (1988) [38], which is complicated by low-lying shape coexistence near midshell.

In wave propagation, the hydrodynamic theory is used to investigate the generated deflagration wave structure when an accelerated plasma block due to nonlinear ponderomotive force collides with a solid target for fusion ignition. Through energy placement of the plasma block to the main fuel, the electron temperature profiles in the deflagration region are determined by hydrodynamic equations. The confinement conditions in deuterium–tritium (D–T) fuel were obtained with and without considering the collective model of plasma block energy placement in the deflagration region. Deflagration wave propagation increases the fuel temperature to 6 keV and improves the ignition threshold energy. In ignition, taking into account the collective effect, with the release of the deflagration wave, a slower expansion of the deflagration region by 0.0025 cm will increase the plasma self-heating by high-energy beams of accelerated plasma block protons under more stable conditions that it will be comparable to the case where the collective effect is not considered. Then the plasma will have the opportunity to increase temperature and gain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role David Rowe played in advancing our understanding of nuclear structure has been pivotal to modernizing the theory into one that does not require the use of an effective charge concept, and one that is extensible across the chart of the nuclides. We briefly review how this flows from the early history of the field, focusing especially on David's role in helping to bridge the divide between single-particle models and collective models of nuclear structure, and how this has led to the development of a beautiful and bold algebraic framework that underpins a theory of choice for future nuclear structure studies. Looking forward, David Rowe's work also underpins current follow-on efforts focused on paving the way for the construction of yet another bridge, one that should help to span the chasm between low-energy and high-energy nuclear physics. If successful, the latter could ultimately lead to a truly ab initio framework for gaining a far broader understanding of nuclear structure, one that tracks forward from the fundamental structure of hadrons, especially protons and neutrons, and how they in turn conspire to give us atomic nuclei that in reality are the building blocks of the universe in which we live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the relationship between dowries – wealth transfers from the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage – and individual-level poverty in rural India. Based on the estimates of a collective household model, we show that the share of household consumption expenditure allocated to a woman is strongly associated with the dowry she paid at the time of her marriage. We compute poverty rates separately for women and men and find that women's poverty relative to men decreases with dowry. Moreover, women who paid dowries are less likely to be poor relative to women who did not, even when their households' consumption expenditures are the same. Our counterfactual policy analysis indicates that abolishing or reducing dowries (through anti-dowry laws or taxes, for example) may have the unintended effect of aggravating intra-household inequality and increasing women's risk of living in poverty after marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical point symmetry (CPS) for odd-odd nuclei is built in the core-particle coupling scheme with the even-even core assumed to follow the spherical to triaxially deformed shape phase transition. It is shown that the model Hamiltonian can be approximately solved with the solutions being expressed in terms of the Bessel functions of irrational orders. In particular, the CPS predicts that collective multiple chiral doublets may exist in transitional odd-odd systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comparative study of children's resource shares in male-headed and female-headed households. To this end we estimate a household collective model using a rotating panel of households from the Jamaican Survey of Living Conditions over a period of 21 years (1990–2010). We find that the gender of the household head is important in determining individual resource shares within the household. Our results also indicate that children receive substantially larger resource shares in female-headed households than in male-headed ones and hence children who live in relatively poor female-headed households are not necessarily worse off. Additionally, the effects of household characteristics on the shares of children are shown to vary considerably based on the gender of the household head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests whether preferences over bundles of market goods are different for single persons and members of couples. We use a collective model which incorporates economies of scale in consumption. Detailed individual consumption data enable us to estimate a model that allows individual preferences for some goods to depend on household composition. The hypothesis that singles and couple members of the same gender have the same preferences is rejected. This suggests that preferences may change when household composition changes. We produce indifference scales for members of couples and a refined poverty line measure for couples. Indifference scales for women and men are respectively 81 and 59 percent of their household's expenditure. These measures are highly sensitive to the preference equality assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2008 to 2018, Mexican states introduced unilateral no-fault divorce. Using state-level variation in the timing and adoption of these divorce laws, we study how the legislation affected married women's labor supply. Our results suggest that married women did not increase their labor force participation. Among employed married women, hours worked increased, but the effect is not large enough to be observed in the full sample of women. We find suggestive evidence that social norms against female labor supply and lack of access to formal work may explain the limited labor supply response. Our results highlight the importance of the cultural context in studying the consequences of divorce legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (N = 88 - 108) light mass Os isotopes exhibit level spectra different from the heavier (N > 108) isotopes. The spectral pattern, for ground, β - and γ - bands is illustrated empirically, and analyzed in terms of the collective rotation vibration model and the algebraic sd Interacting Boson Model IBM-1. The variation of the spectral features with neutron number N has been linked to the odd- A neighbors and to the occupation of the underlying Nilsson orbits. The quadrupole β vibration produces the axially symmetric shape of light mass Os isotopes, in contrast to the main role of the asymmetry parameter γ in the heavier Os isotopes. The energy level spectra, and the inter band B (E 2) ratios in IBM-1 reproduce the shape variation from spherical to the X(5) symmetry status, and to the prolate deformed rotor, as in experiment. This reveals the interesting physics of the rotation vibration model by high lighting the special features of the light mass 164−184Os isotopes. The detailed band structure and their variation with neutron number N of the Os isotopes is presented empirically and in IBM-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the collective household model to allocate household resources among household members. With a Collective Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (CQUAIDS) estimated by a Feasible Generalized Nonlinear Least Squares (FGNLS) method, it studies the household demand for six categories of household goods using household income and expenditure survey data from The Gambia, directed to studying the allocation of resources among young and adult members of households in The Gambia. It establishes the sharing rule for children and adult members of the household and shows the effect of demographic, distributive factor, price and income elasticities on the shares of household resources. The results establish that a higher share of resources goes for children while the sharing rule varies for different household types. Also, the findings show significant effects of demographic, distributive factor, price and income on the allocation of the household resources of consumption goods by the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates a collective model of discrete labor supply, using data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances. The model allows identifying a sharing rule of household income. Then, it is used unique information for unemployed wives about intrahousehold transfers to estimate its accuracy. Results show that husbands' hours of work are conditional on wives' decisions, which mainly depend on non-labour income. Despite data availability, predicted sharing rules fit the data qualitatively well, and are mainly driven by wives' potential income. Husbands show low levels of altruism, and non-participation appears to be especially detrimental for wives with high potential income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a framework for collectively modeling shear viscosities of grouped polymeric materials. The viscosity model has been derived from the multi-modal White-Metzner constitutive equation. Simplification to the multi-modal viscosity has resulted in a viscosity model that controls gradual transition between two conventional viscosity models. It facilitates mathematical representation of multiple sets of viscosity data at the same time. A conventional shear viscosity function, which is common to the group, is multiplied by a material-specific function with one or two constants to form the collective viscosity model. The proposed framework has been applied to several polymeric systems such as polymers with varying molecular weight, polymer solutions with different concentrations, polymers with different filler loadings, and polymer blends with various composition ratios. It has been shown that the K-index in the proposed viscosity model and the variable in the material system such as concentration or compounding ratio can be correlated with each other to predict the viscosities of untested cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Consumption inequality within families is widespread among refugees and surrounding communities in East Africa. • Refugee children are up to three times more likely to be poor than adults. • Refugee children not only suffer from the experience of forced migration, but also from low nutrition and a disproportionately high poverty risk. • A small set of easily observable traits predict child poverty in refugee settlements remarkably well. • There is scope for improving the targeting of child poverty in these contexts at low cost. There are now more violent conflicts globally than at any time in the past three decades, resulting in the largest forced displacement crisis ever recorded. Understanding at a granular level the well-being of refugees is essential to inform successful poverty alleviation strategies and unlock refugees' potential. As forced displacement can lead to a reorganization of a family's structure, we use a structural model in combination with data from refugee camps and surrounding communities in Uganda and Kenya to estimate the allocation of consumption within families. We compute poverty rates that account for intra-household inequality, finding that refugee children can be up to three times more likely to be poor than adults. So, refugee children not only suffer from the experience of forced migration, but also from potentially low nutrition and a disproportionately higher poverty risk. Using a supervised machine learning algorithm, we show that a small set of observable traits, such as a child's age, household composition, and access to sanitation and clean water, predict child poverty in refugee settlements and surrounding communities remarkably well, often better than per-capita household expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we explored the determinants of the women's labour supply and we attempted to identify the sharing rules for married couples. The analysis relied on data derived by the Iraqi Household Socio-Economic Survey (IHSES) in 2012–2013. The study considered the housework contributed by both spouses and we also included the wife's disability status as a distribution factor. Moreover, we estimated the sharing rules accounting for female non-participation in the labour market. The household collective model was preferred over the unitary model as the results supported that changes on wages, non-labour income, age, education, number of children, and disability as a distribution factor affect the bargaining power and the share of spouses. The findings showed that for a one percent increase on female's daily wage rate, her share on full income was increased by 1320 Iraqi Dinar (ID) corresponding to $1.12, while reached 1470 ID ($1.25) when the domestic labour was considered. Similarly, increases on the male's wage increased her share by 630 ID ($0.50), while increases of 1 ID in the non-labour income increased female's share by 0.43. The estimates showed that the disabled women decreased the share by 1275 ID ($1.08). Furthermore, the findings illustrated that considering the non-participation of the wife in the labour market, her share and therefore her bargaining power was lower than their earner counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The spectra of the isotopes of Zn, Ge and Se in the A = 60 – 80 region of the nuclear landscape display interesting spectral variations with N and Z. At first we study these structures empirically. The state-wise deformation status of each isotope is deduced using the power index formula. The average value of the power index displays the variation with neutron number N. The linear plot of B (E 2 , 0 1 + → 2 1 +) versus [ 1 / E (2 1 +) ] for a given Z gives further information on the spectral variation with N. The level energy spectra are used to study the role of the excited bands in the phase transitions and the possible shape co-existence. The common spectral features of the three isotopic chains and some unique features are pointed out from our study and the role of the Nilsson single particle orbits is discussed. A comparison with recent works for Ge and Se isotopes reveals the importance of our empirical studies vis-à-vis the high efficiency experiments and different theoretical interpretations of the shape changes with N and Z and spin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are two parents and single parents allocating household resources to children in the same way? Which factors affect intra-household inequality? Do mothers re-distribute more income to children as they are more empowered? We focus on child welfare in the context of two parent and single parent families, which is relevant for policy recommendation. We model households behavior in a collective framework, which allows us to understand the rule governing the allocation process between adults and children. Using consumption data from Argentina from three consecutive expenditures surveys (1996, 2004 and 2012) we analyze intra-household behavior over three different socio-economic contexts. We estimate a collective quadratic demand system following a structural approach to identify the fraction of total household expenditure that is devoted to children and adults, exploiting the observability of assignable goods. We provide the first evidence of intra-household inequality and individual poverty levels for Argentina. Our results indicate that family structure matters in the intra-household distribution. We find a positive gender bias in expenditure when children are females for both types of families, and we document that children fare better when mothers have a higher bargaining power in the allocation process, measured by their employment status. Further, we find several features of intra-household behavior which are persistent in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]