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Vegetable intercropping systems use complementarity between species to increase agricultural profitability. This study evaluated the effects of intercropping chicory and arugula species with collard greens on crop yield and land use efficiency (LUE). Six treatments, consisting of species planted as monocultures or intercropped in various combinations, were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replicates. The cultivars ‘Top Bunch’ (collard greens), ‘Pão de Açúcar’ (chicory) and ‘Folha Larga’ (arugula) were used. The yield of collard greens in monoculture did not differ from those obtained when they were intercropped with chicory, arugula, or both species, whereas chicory and arugula yields were higher in monoculture. However, even with yield losses for chicory and arugula in intercropping, LUE indices were greater than 1.0 in all intercropping systems, indicating their viability. The highest LUE index (2.41) was obtained in the chicory-arugula-collard green intercropping system. RESUMO O consórcio de hortaliças é um sistema de cultivo que utiliza a complementaridade entre espécies para aumentar a rentabilidade da atividade agrícola. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das espécies almeirão e rúcula em consórcio com a couve na produtividade das culturas e no índice de eficiência do uso da área (EUA). Seis tratamentos (espécies em consórcio e em monocultura) foram avaliados em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as cultivares ‘Top Bunch’ (couve), ‘Pão de Açúcar’ (almeirão) e ‘Folha Larga’ (rúcula). A produtividade da couve em monocultura não diferiu das obtidas em consórcios com almeirão, rúcula ou com ambas as espécies, enquanto as produtividades do almeirão e da rúcula foram maiores no monocultivo. Entretanto, mesmo com perdas de produtividade pelo almeirão e rúcula, os índices de EUA foram maiores que 1,0 em todas as consorciações indicando a viabilidade do consórcio. Maior índice EUA (2,41) foi obtido no consórcio de almeirão-rúcula-couve.

Poor competitive ability and limited herbicide options make weed management of Brassica crops difficult. Growers often adopt the use of transplants, which is less efficient in terms of time, material, and labor when compared with direct seeding, resulting in higher prices per unit. Seed treatment with protective compounds could decrease crop injury from preemergent (PRE) herbicides making it profitable to direct-seed Brassica plants for production. Research was conducted to evaluate the ability of three candidate safeners [24-epibrassinolide, melatonin, and ascorbic acid (AsA)] to reduce injury caused by four herbicides (S-metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, halosulfuron, and mesotrione) applied PRE on the collard green cultivar Top Bunch and turnip cultivar Purple Top White Globe. Two independent greenhouse trials were conducted at the Clemson University Coastal Research and Education Center in Charleston, SC. Visual injury of the treated plants was evaluated weekly and dry mass was collected 21 days after treatment. Seed treatment did not reduce injury efficiently caused by pyroxasulfone, halosulfuron, and mesotrione; all doses were lethal for both crops. However, collard seeds treated using melatonin and AsA had 66% and 54% less injury caused by S-metolachlor at 514 g⋅ha–1 a.i., respectively. On turnips, melatonin was the only treatment that reduced the S-metolachlor damage on seedlings, with 43% less injury than untreated seedlings. Plant injury and plant weight correlated significantly for both Brassica crops. The reduction in injury caused by S-metolachlor when seeds were treated with melatonin and AsA validated those compounds’ protective ability. Seed treatment with melatonin could be combined with PRE applications of S-metolachlor to overcome the low weed competitive ability of these species early in the season.

The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of organic nutrient solution produced by the process of Han Kyu Cho and Atsushi Koyama (1997) from soybean residues to grow lettuce and collard greens by hydroponic method. Accordingly, organic solutions with the main components including total nitrogen: 1968.23 mg1, P2O5: 167.53mg/l, K2O: 420.91mg/1 were investigated at dilution concentrations from 5-20 times. Research results show that the dilution concentration is suitable for the growth of lettuce and broccoli from 10 to 15 times, with this concentration range, the Bix level of organic nutrients used by vegetables is higher than that of Knop solution from 2.2 to 2.8 % for salad vegetables, 0.5 to 1.3 % for sweet vegetables, especially NO3 content in commercial vegetables using organic nutrients is 3 times lower than Knop solution

Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P

Intercropping is a method of growing plants that assists in rational use of natural resources. Based on this concept, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of collard green and radish ‘Cometo’ crops in monoculture and in intercropping under different spatial arrangements through physical production indicators (technical coefficients). The study was conducted in plant beds in a randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments involved growing the two crops separately and intercropped under different spatial arrangements: (1:2) one row of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green; (2:2) two rows of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green; and (3:2) three rows of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green. The spatial arrangements adopted did not affect the growth and development of radish ‘Cometo’ and of collard green, and all the arrangements used exhibited high land use efficiency, especially the 3:2 arrangement, which provided the greatest land use efficiency, at 1.69.

Collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) are grown throughout the United States. Hydroponic greens are more common now due to technological advances lowering the cost and increasing the efficacy ...

Black feminist epistemology and phenomenological inquiry frame a recently published research study (McLane-Davison, 2016) that offers an intimate snapshot of the lives of ten pioneering community health leaders fighting for health justice. The leadership characteristics of these women embodies a similar commitment to community and human rights as the nineteenth century, Black Women’s Club movement (Gilkes, 2001), as well as, the nineteen sixties Civil Rights (Abdullah, 2007), and Black Power (Hill-Collins, 2006) movements. When HIV/AIDS emerged, it was yet another reason to advocate for the survival of their communities. As an organic space of safety, the family kitchen is cohere intergenerational knowledge and collective identity(Beoku-Betts, 1995) provide valuable key ingredients for developing an “advocacy spirit” of Black feminist leadership (Abdullah, 2007; Hill-Collins, 2007; McLane-Davison, 2016). Being “at the table,” where decisions were made, was both necessary and obligatory for addressing the inequities of resources and health outcomes. The findings of this phenomenological study revealed the characteristics of Black feminist leadership in HIV/AIDS community work (McLane-Davison, 2013; 2016). This article answers one of the key research questions: “What value, if any, do Black women bring to the fight against HIV/AIDS?” Black feminist leadership posits that liberation is always a topic when Black women gather. Their intergenerational strategy of “stirring the pot of justice” offers innovative and liberating approaches for sustaining healthier communities.

Toxoplasma gondii infection can result in toxoplasmosis and potential psychological effects. Research commonly focuses on infection through contact with cat fecal matter or consumption of contaminated meat. However, T. gondii oocysts can persist in the environment for years and may be present in soils and on soil-grown produce. Rates of oocyst DNA recovery from produce were high, with 18% of vegetable samples testing positive for T. gondii via PCR test and melt curve analysis. Radishes had significantly higher oocyst counts than arugula, collard greens, kale, lettuce, and spinach. There were no significant differences in oocyst detection rates between samples taken from organic farmer's markets and conventional grocery stores. This study demonstrates that these oocysts can transfer to produce grown both conventionally and using organic techniques.

Collard greens are commonly grown in family farming systems; however, damage caused by the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) reduces yields, leading to successive applications of insecticides and consequently, environmental and toxicological problems. Therefore, it is essential to search for alternatives that reduce the use of pesticides and are economically viable and accessible to small farmers. This study was aimed at evaluating the insecticidal activity of aqueous extracts of neem and tobacco on P. xylostella. First instar caterpillars were offered collard leaf discs treated with different concentrations (30 caterpillars per treatment) and after the third day, mortality was evaluated. To evaluate ovicidal properties, collard leaves with 30 eggs were immersed in extracts and after 48 h, viability was measured. Oviposition deterrent activity was assessed with 23 couples of P. xylostella released in cages (repetitions) containing treated collard plants and after 48 h, the number of eggs per plant was recorded. Neem and tobacco extracts exhibited larvicidal, ovicidal, and oviposition deterrent properties against P. xylostella, indicating that the use of these extracts may be promising alternatives in family farming systems.

Wound care by using wound dressing has been evolved available in various physical forms including hydrogels with the highest global use reaching 43%. Nowadays, hydrogels are available at high cost because produced from synthetic materials, so natural materials are needed to obtain antibacterial wound dressing. This study aims to analyze the hydrogel patch PVA/chitosan/starch infused liquid smoke and vitamin K collard greens extract which are antibacterial effects and accelerates wound healing. This study was a laboratory experiment. Collard greens were extracted by using the Direct Solvent Extraction II method. The membrane characteristic tested using SEM test. The parallel streak method (AATCC 147-2004) was used for antibacterial testing. The hydrogel patch application was carried out on 28 male Rattus norvegicus strain wistar rats. They were given incisions wound and treated by a control group and 3 treatment groups and conducted wound healing analysis on the 4th,7th,11th and 14th day observation. The antibacterial test showed the hydrogel patch infused liquid smoke with a concentration of 12% was the optimum concentration inhibiting S. aureus. In conclusion, the hydrogel patch has a smooth and porous surface, can be inhibited the growth of S. aureus, and proven to completely heal the animal wound.

Th e aim of the study was to show whether there is any infl uence of food, drink or drug intake on the formation of tooth discoloration. A total of 500 patients aged 15- 25 years were examined to take part in the study. Of these, 60 patients were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 included patients with black pigmentation on vestibular/oral tooth surfaces. Group 2 included patients without discoloration (control). Data were recorded in a questionnaire. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine elements in discoloration samples. Th e Caries Risk Test (CRT) buff er was used to assess buff er capacity of saliva, while CRT bacteria were used to determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Statistically signifi cant betweengroup diff erences were found for the intake of collard greens and beets (p

OBJECTIVES: Whereas phytochemicals derived from cruciferous vegetables have demonstrated health benefits, the data linking intake of these vegetables to health outcomes are inconsistent. These inconsistencies may stem from methodological limitations in accurately assessing cruciferous vegetable exposure. Goals of this study were to explore the use of endogenously deuterium-labeled collard greens combined with untargeted metabolomics to identify unique plant-derived and host-derived metabolites following vegetable consumption as potential biomarkers of cruciferous vegetable intake in humans. METHODS: 26 participants (16 women, 10 men) were fed a breakfast including 100 g of collard greens grown with or without deuterium-labeled water. Plasma was sampled prior to ingestion and 4 h post-ingestion; 24 h urine samples were also collected. High-pressure liquid chromatography Triple Q-ToF mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics was performed. RESULTS: Analysis of collard greens confirmed deuterium-labeled compounds, including glucosinolates (glucobrassicin, sinigrin), and flavonols (quercetin). The maximum abundance of stable isotopologues was (2)H(4) (M(4)) for glucobrassicin and (2)H(12) (M(12)) for 1,2,2'-trisinapoylgentiobiose. Consumption of collard greens was associated with a significant increase in 199 compounds in plasma, including a 5.26-fold increase in the antioxidant hydroferulic acid (q

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-10-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:32:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1808-16572018000100221.pdf: 521869 bytes, checksum: 8388f2a062e1148ae32565c4c431959f (MD5) National Council of Research and Technology of Brazil Brassica oleracea var. acephala (couve comum) é uma das mais importantes olerícolas cultivadas no Brasil para alimentação humana. A lagarta Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) destaca-se entre as pragas mais significativas no cultivo de Brassicaceae por causar severa desfolha na planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, em 26 genótipos de couve comum, fontes de resistência (antixenose) a A. monuste orseis. No teste de livre escolha, adotou-se o esquema casualizado de blocos; e no teste sem chance de escolha o esquema foi inteiramente casualizado. Manteiga de Jundiaí, crespa de Capão Bonito, couve de Arthur Nogueira 1, manteiga I-1811, manteiga de Ribeirão Pires I-1811, orelha-de-elefante e Pires 1 de Campinas apresentaram antixenose (não preferência para oviposição). Pires 1 de Campinas, manteiga I-1811, manteiga de São José, verde-escura e manteiga de Monte Alegre apresentaram antixenose (não preferência para alimentação). Esses genótipos de couve comum podem ser cultivados diretamente por agricultores ou ser usados por melhoristas em programas de melhoramento genético para resistência a A. monuste orseis. Collard greens Brassica oleracea var. acephala is one of the most important horticultural grown in Brazil for human feeding. The caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) stands out among the important pest in Brassicaceae causing severe plant defoliation. The objective of this study was to identify resistant genotypes (antixenosis) in 26 collard greens genotypes to A. monuste orseis. In free-choice test, randomized blocks were used; and in the non-choice test we adopted a completely randomized design. Manteiga de Jundiaí, crespa de Capão Bonito, couve de Arthur Nogueira 1, manteiga I-1811, manteiga de Ribeirão Pires I-1811, orelha-de-elefante and Pires 1 de Campinas presented antixenosis (non-preference for oviposition). Pires 1 de Campinas, manteiga I-1811, manteiga de São José, verde-escura and manteiga de Monte Alegre presented antixenosis (non-preference for feeding). These collard greens genotypes can be directly used by farmers for cultivation or by breeders as donor sources in breeding programs for resistance to A. monuste orseis. Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” National Council of Research and Technology of Brazil: 311280/2015-3

The increasing use of nanopesticides has raised concerns about their effects on crop plants and the impact of human health as well as ecological effects. While increased uptake of metal ions has been observed before, to date, very few studies have demonstrated the presence of nanoparticles in edible tissues. Single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) has been suggested as a powerful tool to detect inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in environmental samples. Here, we exposed edible plant tissues from lettuce, kale, and collard green to nano-CuO, simulating its use as a nanopesticide. We applied sp-ICP-MS to demonstrate the presence of nanoparticles, both in the water used to rinse crop leaf surfaces exposed to nano-CuO and within the leaf tissues. Lettuces retained the highest amounts of nCuO NPs on the leaf surface, followed by collard green and then kale. Surface hydrophilicity and roughness of the leaf surfaces played an important role in retaining nano-CuO. The results indicate that most of the nanoparticles are removed via washing, but that a certain fraction is taken up by the leaves and can result in human exposure, albeit at low levels.

Urban community gardens (UCGs) have become prevalent worldwide and play a significant role in strengthening the sustainability of urban food systems. Although UCGs provide multiple benefits to society, the extent to which vegetables grown in them are contaminated by chemical compounds derived from airborne fallout or soil contamination is unclear. We evaluated the influence of both air pollution and the contamination of garden soil beds on the contents of 16 PAHs in the edible tissues of spinach and collard green. The PAH contents were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS-EI). The concentrations of PAHs in both the vegetables grown in the vessels and in the soil of the UCGs were

This study presents data about the presence and the content of chlorogenic acids and caffeic acid in vegetables. The amounts of six chlorogenic acids (3-caffeoylquinic (3-CQA), 4-caffeoylquinic (4-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic (5-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic (3,4-DQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic (3,5-DQA), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic (4,5-DQA)) and caffeic acid were analysed in 53 vegetables consumed in Brazil using high-performance liquid chromatography. For the monocaffeoylquinic acids (3-CQA, 5-CQA and 4-CQA), highest levels were found in collard greens and chicory; 5-CQA was shown to be present in higher concentrations than the others and in a greater number of samples (55). The dicaffeoylquinic acid concentrations (3,4-DQA, 3,5-DQA and 4,5-DQA) were highest in samples of bay leaves and mustard. Caffeic acid was found in 22 of the studied samples, with highest levels in oregano, rosemary, sage, basil and cilantro. When all seven compounds were analysed, the samples that showed the highest concentrations were bay leaf, mustard, celery, rosemary, collard greens and chicory.

Collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) are a group of plants cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. As other Brassicaceae, have a good nutritional value as they are a good sources of vitamin C and soluble fiber, and contain various compounds with potent anticancer properties. In order to enhance collard cultivation in Sicily, different planting dates were tested. The research was carried out during 2009-2010 in the experimental field of SAgA Department – University of Palermo. Plants of a Sicilian local cultivar, with high vigor, good emission of side shoots, large and moderately curly leaves and long and strong petiole, were planted in three different periods: end of November, end on January, end of March. The harvest of the main shoot was made when they had tender and non-fibrous leaves and petioles. Secondary shoots, eventually originated from axillary buds left on the plant, were also harvested. Data were recorded on: number of leaves plant-1, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, length and number of harvested shoots. The plants of the earliest transplant were harvested in March (main shoot), April and May (secondary shoots), while only the main shoot was harvested in the other plants (on May and June respectively for the second and the third transplant). This determined an higher yield for the first transplant against the other planting dates. Early transplant influenced also the quality of the main shoots that had more leaves, higher percentage of edible part and less dry matter than those from the other transplant. Secondary shoots had worst quality than the main shoot.

This work evaluated the preference of Ascia monuste orseis among 29 cultivars of collard greens through free- and no-choice assays using female adults (attractiveness and oviposition) and third-instar larvae (feeding preference), in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In free-choice tests with female adults, the L, V, Y, H, A, and Z cultivars produced oviposition non-preference in butterflies. Cultivars R, P, C, and D produced feeding non-preference in third-instar larvae of A. monuste orseis in free- and no-choice tests. Our findings may be useful for genetic improvement focusing on the development of B. oleracea var. acephala cultivars resistant to A. monuste orseis.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362011000200009.pdf: 345006 bytes, checksum: 283ba0c5b3a4c65179bf3b668dfeee34 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362011000200009.pdf: 345006 bytes, checksum: 283ba0c5b3a4c65179bf3b668dfeee34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:48:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000200009.pdf: 345006 bytes, checksum: 283ba0c5b3a4c65179bf3b668dfeee34 (MD5) S0102-05362011000200009.pdf.txt: 32040 bytes, checksum: bf349275a21259bbe8d6bd121222806a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000200009.pdf: 345006 bytes, checksum: 283ba0c5b3a4c65179bf3b668dfeee34 (MD5) S0102-05362011000200009.pdf.txt: 32040 bytes, checksum: bf349275a21259bbe8d6bd121222806a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000200009.pdf: 345006 bytes, checksum: 283ba0c5b3a4c65179bf3b668dfeee34 (MD5) S0102-05362011000200009.pdf.txt: 32040 bytes, checksum: bf349275a21259bbe8d6bd121222806a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar diferentes cultivares de brassicáceas em relação à capacidade reprodutiva e preferência para alimentação e oviposição da traça-das-crucíferas. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se as cultivares de repolho Midori, Chato-de-Quintal, híbridos da Top Seed® - Agristar (TPC 308, TPC 681 e TPC 668), couve-flor Bola de Neve, couve brócolis Ramoso Piracicaba Precoce e couve Manteiga da Geórgia, sendo esta última utilizada como padrão de suscetibilidade. Por meio dos dados biológicos de P. xylostella foram estimados os parâmetros necessários para a construção de tabela de vida de fertilidade, para comparação das cultivares testadas em relação à capacidade reprodutiva da praga. em gaiolas de criação da traça-das-crucíferas foram colocados quatro quartos de folha, dois a dois, que justapostos formavam um círculo de 8 cm de diâmetro, confrontando-se os materiais dois a dois. As partes foram dispostas equidistantemente, para realização do teste de dupla chance de escolha (preferência para alimentação e oviposição) e de múltipla chance de escolha, confrontando todos os substratos (preferência para alimentação). As cultivares que proporcionaram melhor desenvolvimento e reprodução para a traça-das-crucíferas foram couve Manteiga da Geórgia e couve brócolis. Para preferência alimentar constatou-se alta suscetibilidade em couve Manteiga e TPC 681 e para preferência de oviposição alta preferência para couve-flor Bola de Neve. Com isso, sugere-se a divisão das cultivares estudadas em quatro classes distintas: repolho Midori como moderadamente resistente (MR); couve-flor Bola de Neve e repolho Chato-de-Quintal como suscetíveis (S); couve brócolis, TPC308, TPC681 e TPC668 como moderadamente suscetíveis (MS); e couve Manteiga como altamente suscetível (AS). We compared different cultivars of crucifer in relation to reproductive capacity and preference for feeding and oviposition of the diamondback moth. The experiments were carried out with the following cultivars: Midori and Chato-de-Quintal cabbage, hybrids of cabbage Top Seed® - Agristar (TPC 308, TPC 681 and TPC 668), cauliflower Bola de Neve, broccolis Ramoso Piracicaba Precoce and collard green Manteiga da Geórgia, being this last one used as the susceptible control. Through the biological parameters of P. xylostella we elaborated a fertility life table, Comparing the cultivars in relation to the pest reproductive capacity. Four leaf parts were placed in diamondback moth rearing chambers, being two leaves of the treatment and two of the control which, put together formed a circle with 8 cm in diameter. The parts were disposed in an equidistantly form, to perform the dual-choice test (feeding and oviposition preference) and multiple-choice test, confronting all substrates (feeding preference). The cultivars that provided better development and reproduction for the diamondback moth were collard green Manteiga da Georgia and broccolis Ramoso Piracicaba Precoce. For feeding preference high susceptibility was verified in collard green Manteiga da Geórgia and TPC 681 and for oviposition preference high preference was observed for cauliflower Bola de Neve. Four different groups of cultivars could be formed: cabbage Midori as moderately resistant (MR); cauliflower Bola de Neve and cabbage Chato-de-Quintal as susceptible (S); broccolis, TPC 308, TPC 681 and TPC 668 as moderately susceptible (MS); and collard green as highly susceptible (HS). UNESP FCAV Depto Fitossanidade UNESP FCAV Depto Ciências Exatas UNESP FCAV Depto Fitossanidade UNESP FCAV Depto Ciências Exatas

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interaction between leafy green vegetables and warfarin, resulting in loss of anticoagulant effect.

Now that you’ve gotten your feet wet with HTML, this chapter shows you how to use HTML to create your own custom web pages within the Drupal framework. In this chapter, I’m actually going to jump ahead a bit. Even though I’m going to assume you don’t know any PHP (a server-side scripting language designed for web development), I’m going to give you just enough right now so you can play around with showing basic HTML in a programmatically created Drupal page—that is, via a Drupal module.

The plasma transport of stable isotope-labeled phylloquinone at physiologic doses from food was studied. A single bolus of 100 g (396 +/- 28 microg phylloquinone) deuterium-labeled collard greens was fed with a breakfast containing 24 g fat to 5 men (26 to 71 years). Eleven blood samples were obtained over 216 hours. Phylloquinone concentrations in plasma and lipoprotein subfractions were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the ion abundances of deuterated and endogenous phylloquinone were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Plasma total phylloquinone concentrations peaked at 6 to 9 hours (10.51 +/- 4.38 to 8.30 +/- 4.64 nmol/L) and returned to baseline by 24 hours (1.26 +/- 0.38 nmol/L). The triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction was the major carrier of phylloquinone; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions contained smaller amounts. Maximum enrichment of plasma and TRL phylloquinone with deuterium (88% and 89%, respectively) was reached at 6 hours, respectively; t(1/2) was 22.8 hours (n = 3). Deuterated-phylloquinone was not detectable in plasma or TRL fraction at 72 hours. These results suggest rapid uptake and transport of physiologic doses of phylloquinone.

This manuscript reviews the epidemiologic evidence that Brassica vegetables are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk. Brassica vegetables, which include broccoli, cabbage, mustard and collard greens, and bok choy, contain glucosinolates, whose metabolic breakdown products are potent modulators of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that protect DNA from damage. There are six published studies with clearly interpretable results regarding brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk. Of these, three reported statistically significant reduced risks (p < 0.05), and one reported a borderline significant reduced risk (p = 0.06) with high Brassica vegetable consumption. The epidemiologic literature provides modest support for the hypothesis that high intakes of Brassica vegetables reduce prostate cancer risk.

Collard green is considered as one of the world healthiest vegetables. However, it has not been grown in China until recently. In these years, we have introduced the Collard Green seed in to China and grown in the foot the Qingling Mountain Area. The Vegetable grows well and can harvest twice a year in China. The green leaves have been processed under various conditions and dried to give fine powders. The nutrient elements in the various vegetable powders grown in China has been analysed and it is shown that the vegetable is slightly alkaline in its raw slurry. It is rich in K and Zn, while very low in Na. The boiling cook leads to loss of nutrients such as nitrogen, K, Ca, and Zn, while the raw washed and directly dried sample kept the most nutrient. The heavy metal content such as Hg and As and Pb are very low in the vegetable, probably due to the growth in the mountain uncontaminated area. In terms of the dry power yields (

Audio receiver, track one. He adjusted the frequency level and pushed away the tray. A clump of collard greens sat resolutely in the center of a white plate. Any moment, she would ask him when he was going to eat it. He could see the look on her face describing a long list of catastrophes: the inevitable outcome of deficiencies in vitamins A and C. He fed more bass to speaker B. Head like a hole, black as your soul, the room reverberated. Green as his guilt. It's not that I don't like what you make, Mom, he would apologize, maybe later. Later he'd be outta there. Hang with the guys. Throw Arnie on the boob tube and pull some bong. In anticipation of the bongish bliss, he altered the state of his surround sound to Theater and imagined a stage in his life when he could go out in the cold without a coat, lose his glasses, pick his nose or his ass or fart if he felt like it, leave the blinds down and the toilet seat up, and, above all, eat whatever he damn well chose. He recalled her sitting next to him, her ...

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da lecitina, amido e silicone sobre a eficiência da adubação foliar, utilizando-se sais e quelatos como fonte de micronutrientes. Para isso foi realizado um experimento onde se avaliou os efeitos da adição de diferentes adjuvantes em relação à absorção e translocação de zinco e manganês na forma de sais e quelatos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, com quatro fatores em estudo e dois níveis cada, perfazendo um fatorial 2x2x2x2, totalizando dezesseis tratamentos. Além dos tratamentos, foi adicionado testemunha como tratamento adicional, perfazendo, assim, um total de 102 parcelas. Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso contendo uma planta de couve manteiga. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre 2 fontes (sulfato e quelato) e de presença ou ausência de três substâncias na calda de pulverização: lecitina de soja desengordurada (L), um siliconado comercial (S) e gel de amido de mandioca (A). A determinação dos efeitos constituiu-se na análise do teor de zinco e manganês nas folhas novas 30 dias após a pulverização. A adição de lecitina aumentou a absorção do zinco aplicado na forma de sulfato ao passo que o produto siliconado aumentou a absorção apenas do zinco quelatizado. Tanto a lecitina quanto o produto siliconado, quando adicionados a calda de pulverização, aumentaram o teor de manganês. O gel de amido não aumentou a absorção de nenhum micronutriente, levando até mesmo a uma redução do da absorção do quelato de zinco. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of lecithin, starch and silicon may have in the efficiency of foliar feeding, that is: Can these products really contribute to the absorption and translocation of minor nutrients? Can the source of nutrient, sulfate and chelate, influence the result? The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition at Univerdidade Federal de Goiás (Jataí unit)/GO, set in a completely randomized design, with six replications, four factors in study and two levels each, making a 2x2x2x2 factorial arrangement , totalizing 16 treatments. Moreover, it was added a control as an additional treatment, totalizing then, 102 experimental units. Each experimental unit was constituted by a vase of collard green plant. The treatments consisted of 2 minor nutrient sources (sulfate and chalate) and of absence and presence of three substance added to the spray solution: lecithin dewaxed (L), a commercial silicon surfactant (S), and stanch (A). After analyses of the leaves, 30 days after de pulverization, it was clear that the amount of zinc and manganese was influenced by the adjutants and kind of fertilizer. The use of lecithin increased the absorption of zinc sulfate whereas the use of silicon increased only the absorption of zinc chalate. Both chelate and sulfate increased the absorption of manganese. The starch drove to a reducing absorption of zinc chelate.

Edinsel methemoglobinemi en sık olarak, lokal anestetik ilaçlar gibi belirli ajanların alımından ya da belirli ajanlarla temastan sonra görülmektedir. Ancak, sağlıklı bir beslenme için gerekli olan belirli sebzelerin alımından sonra da methemoglobinemi gelişebildiği bilinmektedir. Bu durum, özellikle yeşil yapraklı sebzelerle hazırlanan yemekler, uzun süreli olarak uygunsuz koşullarda saklanırsa ortaya çıkabilir. Sebzelerin yüksek nitrat ve nitrit içeriği, methemoglobinemi geliştirme potansiyellerinden sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Burada, kara lahana çorbası tüketiminden sonra ortaya çıkan methemoglobinemiye (methemoglobin oranı: %62) ikincil santral siyanoz gelişen 2,5 yaşındaki Down sendromlu bir kız çocuğunu sunmak istedik. Besin alımı sonrasında methemoglobinemi gelişimi nadir olarak bildirilmiş olmasına rağmen, yaşamı tehdit eden bu durumun erken dönemde tanınması ve tedavi edilmesi önemlidir.

Foram avaliados diferentes sistemas de modificação da atmosfera, para a conservação da couve minimamente processada. O teor de vitamina C do produto e, a concentração de O2 e CO2 na embalagem, foram determinados durante o armazenamento em um filme do polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 30 ou de 60 mm com modificação ativa ou passiva da atmosfera ou em filmes de 30 ou em 60 mm, com ou sem perfurações e com atmosfera ativamente modificada. Nenhum dos sistemas forneceu modificação adequada da atmosfera devido à baixa permeabilidade ao gás do filme plástico. A condição de uma atmosfera anaeróbica dentro das embalagens resultou em distúrbios fisiológicos e perda rápida do teor da vitamina C. Embora as perfurações impedissem a anaerobiose, as concentrações do gás na embalagem permaneceram insatisfatórias. Different systems of atmosphere modification were evaluated for preservation of minimally processed collard green. Vitamin C content of the produce and O 2 and CO 2 concentration in the package were determined during storage in low density polyethylene (LDPE) film of 30 or 60 mm with active or passive atmosphere modification or in 30 or 60 mm films, with or without perforations and with actively modified atmosphere. None of the systems provided adequate atmosphere modification due to low gas permeability of the films. The resulting anaerobic atmosphere inside the packages led to physiological disturbances and rapid loss of vitamin C content. Although perforations prevented anaerobiosis, the gas concentrations in the package remained unsatisfactory.

“African-American cooking is possibly even more American than apple pie,” writes Zanne Zakroof, editor at Gourmet magazine.1 Compared to the French roots of the apple pie, African-American food has more “American” roots that reveal as much about U.S. culture as the “all-American” apple pie. To understand the significance of African-American cooking, one needs to turn to the black women who have passed down this culinary tradition.2 Whether cooking or writing about food, they address a complex network of stereotypes about food, gender, women, and cooking. When black women write about food, they have to consider how their work fits into a long history of African-American culture and its relationship with food and cooking.

Machine vision guidance systems have been developed for work in a variety of crops. Sensor performance has a significant impact on the performance of the resulting algorithm. In this project, a Duncan Technologies MS2150 multisensor camera (NIR, R, G) was used to collect images of grass hay, collard greens and spinach. The resulting images were processed in MATLAB using a novel algorithm. Initial results indicate favorable performance of the algorithm in the green crops tested.

Animal studies have shown that dietary intake of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), causes increased levels of tumors at several sites, particularly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, the role of dietary intake of BaP and cancer in humans is not clear. We created a BaP database of selected food products that could be linked to Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) to estimate BaP intake. BaP levels were measured for each food line-item (composite samples) which consisted of a variety of foods in a FFQ. Composite sample parts were derived from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) which represents the most common food items consumed by the general population. Meat samples were cooked by different techniques in controlled conditions, and by various restaurants and fast-food chains. Non-meat products were purchased from the major national supermarket chains. The quantities of BaP were measured using a thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/spectrofluorometer technique and were highly correlated with both BaP (radius=0.99) and sum of carcinogenic PAH (r=0.98) measured by HPLC technique. We linked our database to the results from a FFQ and estimated the daily BaP intake of various food items in 228 subjects in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The highest levels of BaP (up to about 4 ng BaP/g of cooked meat) were found in grilled/barbecued very well done steaks and hamburgers and in grilled/barbecued well done chicken with skin. BaP concentrations were lower in meats that were grilled/barbecued to medium done and in all broiled or pan-fried meat samples regardless of doneness level. The BaP levels in non-meat items were generally low. However, certain cereals and greens (e.g. kale, collard greens) had levels up to 0.5 ng/g. In our population, the bread/cereal/grain, and grilled/barbecued meat, respectively, contributed 29 and 21 percent to the mean daily intake of BaP. This database may be helpful in initial attempts to assess dietary BaP exposures in studies of cancer etiology.

Militant arguments that blacks now have no alternative except disruptive protests and boycotts will be invulnerable to more moderate responses. The Court's action will even give legitimacy to claims by some extremist leaders that black people must respond with violence to the violence inflicted on them by an uncaring society. History reveals no precedent for a black man in a position of real power advocating racial policies that are so at odds with the convictions of a great majority of his people. Thus, Judge Thomas must expect fierce criticism, first from blacks and then when they realize the racial chaos his decisions will

The antioxidant activity of collard greens was determined after exposed to eight different thermal treatments: 1) untreated raw group, 2) short simmer 3short simmer water 4) short simmer + saute’, 5) saute’ 6) long simmer 7) long simmer water 8) long simmer + saute’. After treatment, total phenolic content (TPC) expressed in gallic acid equivalents/sample concentration (GAE/conc.), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) antioxidant assays were determined. The sauté treated group showed the highest TPC (8.2858 GAE/conc.) followed by the raw group (8.0361) and the short simmer + sauté group (7.6227). The raw group showed the highest DPPH activity (7.7952% inhibition/conc.) followed by the sauté group (7.5877) and the short simmer + sauté group (7.4753). In both of these assays the addition of a sauté treatment to either short or long simmered treatment increased the antioxidant activity of samples compared to just the short or long simmer treatment alone. Additionally both TPC and DPPH assays showed greater antioxidant activity in the cooking water reserved from a long simmer treatment compared to the reserved cooking water of a short simmer treatment suggesting significant (p

An ethanol-pentane solvent extraction procedure and a supercritical CO2 extraction procedure are compared for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of alpha- and beta-carotene in vegetables. The vegetables tested included carrots, collard greens, turnips, turnip greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli florets, zucchini, and squash. Homogenization of the sample prior to liquid or supercritical fluid extraction significantly improved recovery of the carotenoids. A combination of static and dynamic modes of extraction with ethanol modifier at 338 atm and 40 degrees C was necessary in order to achieve optimum recovery with the supercritical fluid procedure. beta-Carotene results with the supercritical CO2 procedure averaged 23% higher than results for the liquid extraction procedure. Only corn and carrots contained detectable levels of alpha-carotene, and, in both cases, liquid extraction yielded slightly higher results. Liquid extractions were performed in approximately 90 min, and supercritical fluid extractions were performed in 30 min; however, the supercritical fluid extractions procedure required less than 10 min of an analyst's time while the liquid extraction procedure was labor intensive.

I took the title of this chapter from an article by Alice Walker. It is an article about excellence, the excellence of a healthy life and of a healthy death. A healthy life is sustained by the food that we eat, the environment that we live in, and the family and friends that support us and accept our support. Alice Walker states: America should have closed down and examined its every intention, institution, and law of the very first day that a black woman observed that the collard greens tasted like water. Or when the first person of any color observed that store bought tomatoes taste more like unripened avocados than like tomatoes. The flavor of food is one of the clearest messages the universe ever sends to human beings: and we have by now eaten poisoned warnings by the ton.1

Foi estudado o desenvolvimento da cultura da couve-de-folha na fase de muda e apos o transplantio em vasos, submetida a diferentes tratamentos de adubacao, os quais incluiam fertilizante mineral (como padrao), composto Bokashi (Bo) e EM-4, humus de minhoca (Hu) e acido pirolenhoso (AP), combinados em dez tratamentos para cada fase. O tratamento padrao incluiu substrato comercial para mudas (SC) e adubacao apos o transplantio com a formula 08-28-16. O comprimento do limbo foliar foi avaliado 25 dias apos a emergencia. O comprimento e largura do limbo foliar foram avaliados 85 dias apos o transplantio. O peso fresco e seco do limbo e peciolo foi avaliado aos 144 dias apos a semeadura. Desenvolvimento inferior foi observado em plantas com Hu. De maneira geral, nos tratamentos com Bo e EM-4, os resultados foram similares ou apresentaram desenvolvimento proximo ao tratamento padrao.

spring field trials conducted over 2 years were used to determine differences in net returns using “cut” (harvested by removing the whole plant near the ground level for a one time over harvest) and “shucked” collards (harvested by removing marketable sized individual leaves using multiple harvests). 'Blue Max' transplants were set 11 March 1991 and 11 Feb 1992 in rows spaced 25.4cm apart on raised beds spaced 1m apart. Four spacing treatments were evaluated (7.62, 15.24, 22.86, and 30.48 cm between plants) in a RCB with 4 replications. Plants were harvested beginning 25 April 1991 and 28 April 1992 once (cut) or over 5 wks (shucked). Yields were higher for shucked collards spaced 15.24cm in both years, but no differences Were observed in cut collards. cut collards provided a higher 1st harvest yield. A system analysis to provide 1000 boxes (9.lkg) of collards/wk was imposed to determine the economics of harvest method. Cost differences Were considered to reflect differences in hectareage required, transplant cost for 4 densities, and a 25% higher harvest cost/box for shucked collards. The shuck harvest method provided an economic advantage over cutting of $9853 and $1671 in 1991 and 1992, respectively, where all production was assumed to come from transplanted collards. when a combination of transplanting and direct seeding was assumed, results indicate an economic advantage to cutting of $680 for the system using 1992 yield data.

Clear (CM), and black plastic (BM) mulches and bare (BS) soil plus VisPore (V) row cover (VCM, VBM, VBS), CM, BM, and BS in combination with drip irrigation and three planting dates January 3rd, February 16th, and March 16th, 1990, were used to evaluate the yield of `Georgia' collard greens. At the 1st planting date, both mulches and row cover treatments had significantly higher yield. At the 2nd and 3rd planting dates there were significant interactions between mulch and row cover. The interaction at the the 2nd planting date showed that yield was highest with VCM and VBS treatments and at the 3rd planting date CM, BM and VBS increased yield, respectively. The number of days to harvest decreased with each planting date and bolting was not observed for any planting date or treatment combination.

The fate of naturally occurring and added bacterial pathogens was determined in "soul foods" purchased at local supermarkets and farm families while the foods were stored under conditions simulating those used for retail distribution, home storage, and preparation before use. Viable count determinations for 10 samples at the end of a 5-day period at 10 C showed considerable decreases in comparison to the inoculum size, indicating that growth was not promoted. Escherichia coli survived in all the food samples but the populations decreased by 1 to 9 log cycles/g of food. Salmonella typhimurium survived in 59% of the food samples. Except for farm family collard greens and sausage (encased), Staphylococcus aureus remained viable in all of the foods tested an d was the only survivor in cracklings (cooked) obtained from both sources. Clostridium perfringens was detected in farm family sweet peas and 23% of the pig offal samples.