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Tick-borne disease risk is intrinsically linked to the distribution of tick vector species. To assess risk and anticipate disease emergence, an understanding of tick distribution, host associations, and seasonality is needed. This can be achieved, to some extent, using passive surveillance supported by engagement with the public, animal health, and public health experts. The Tick Surveillance Scheme (TSS) collects data and maps tick distribution across the United Kingdom (UK). Between 2017 and 2020, 3720 tick records were received and 39 tick species were detected. Most records were acquired in the UK, with a subset associated with recent overseas travel. The dominant UK acquired species was Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Linnaeus), the main vector of Lyme borreliosis. Records peaked during May and June, highlighting a key risk period for tick bites. Other key UK species were detected, including Dermacentor reticulatus (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Fabricius) and Haemaphysalis punctata (Ixodida: Ixodidae, CanestriniFanzago) as well as several rarer species that may present novel tick-borne disease risk to humans and other animals. Updated tick distribution maps highlight areas in the UK where tick exposure has occurred. There is evidence of increasing human tick exposure over time, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, but seasonal patterns remain unchanged.

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus in Europe, where it primarily impacts Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula). For mosquito-borne viruses to persist in temperate areas, transovarial transmission in vectors or overwintering in either hosts or diapausing vectors must occur to facilitate autochthonous transmission. We undertook surveillance of hosts and vectors in 2021 to elucidate whether USUV had overwintered in the United Kingdom (UK) following its initial detection there in 2020. From 175 dead bird submissions, we detected 1 case of USUV infection, in a blackbird, from which a full USUV genome was derived. Using a molecular clock analysis, we demonstrate that the 2021 detection shared a most recent common ancestor with the 2020 Greater London, UK, USUV sequence. In addition, we identified USUV-specific neutralizing antibodies in 10 out of 86 serum samples taken from captive birds at the index site, demonstrating in situ cryptic infection and potential sustained transmission. However, from 4966 mosquitoes, we detected no USUV RNA suggesting that prevalence in the vector community was absent or low during sampling. Combined, these results suggest that USUV overwintered in the UK, thus providing empirical evidence for the continued northward expansion of this vector-borne viral disease. Currently, our detection indicates geographically restricted virus persistence. Further detections over time will be required to demonstrate long-term establishment. It remains unclear whether the UK, and by extension other high-latitude regions, can support endemic USUV infection.

Achieving a sustainable production of pristine high-quality graphene and other layered materials at a low cost is one of the bottlenecks that needs to be overcome for reaching 2D material applications at a large scale. Liquid phase exfoliation in conjunction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is recognized as the most efficient method for both the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene. Unfortunately, NMP is neither sustainable nor suitable for up-scaling production due to its adverse impact on the environment. Here, we show the real potential of green solvents by revealing the independent contributions of their exfoliation efficiency and graphene dispersibility to the graphene yield. By experimentally separating these two factors, we demonstrate that the exfoliation efficiency of a given solvent is independent of its dispersibility. Our studies revealed that isopropanol can be used to exfoliate graphite as efficiently as NMP. Our finding is corroborated by the matching ratio between the polar and dispersive energies of graphite and that of the solvent surface tension. This direct evidence of exfoliation efficiency and dispersibility of solvents paves the way to developing a deeper understanding of the real potential of sustainable graphene manufacturing at a large scale. UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), within the project “Sustainable and industrially scalable ultrasonic liquid phase exfoliation technologies for manufacturing 2D advanced functional materials” (EcoUltra2D), with the grant nos. EP/R031665/1; EP/R031401/1; EP/R031819/1; and EP/R031975/1. We wish to acknowledge the support of the Henry Royce Institute for advanced materials for K.L.N. through the Student Equipment Access Scheme enabling access to the Kruss GmbH K100C Surface Tensiometer facilities at the University of Manchester; EPSRC grant number EP/R00661X/1. N.G. thanks the Royal Society for financial support.

Objectives To determine trends in clinical practice for individuals with DSD requiring gonadectomy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Information regarding age at gonadectomy according to diagnosis; reported sex; time of presentation to specialist centre; and location of centre from cases reported to the International DSD Registry and who were over 16 years old in January 2019. Results Data regarding gonadectomy were available in 668 (88%) individuals from 44 centres. Of these, 248 (37%) (median age (range) 24 (17, 75) years) were male and 420 (63%) (median age (range) 26 (16, 86) years) were female. Gonadectomy was reported from 36 centres in 351/668 cases (53%). Females were more likely to undergo gonadectomy (n = 311, P < 0.0001). The indication for gonadectomy was reported in 268 (76%). The most common indication was mitigation of tumour risk in 172 (64%). Variations in the practice of gonadectomy were observed; of the 351 cases from 36 centres, 17 (5%) at 9 centres had undergone gonadectomy before their first presentation to the specialist centre. Median age at gonadectomy of cases from high-income countries and low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) was 13.0 years (0.1, 68) years and 16.5 years (1, 28), respectively (P < 0.0001) with the likelihood of long-term retention of gonads being higher in LMIC countries. Conclusions The likelihood of gonadectomy depends on the underlying diagnosis, sex of rearing and the geographical setting. Clinical benchmarks, which can be studied across all forms of DSD will allow a better understanding of the variation in the practice of gonadectomy.

Frege characterizes judgement as the acknowledgement of the truth of a thought, appearing thereby to rule out false judgement. First in this paper I explain Frege’s characterization so that it does...

Stress hormone signaling via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulates vulnerability to stress-related disorders, but whether GR influences how the brain encodes contextual experience is unknown. Mice with lifelong GR overexpression in forebrain glutamatergic neurons (GRov) show increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli. This phenotype is developmentally programmed and associated with profound changes in hippocampal gene expression. We hypothesized that GR overexpression influences hippocampal encoding of experiences. To test our hypothesis, we performed in vivo microendoscopic calcium imaging of 1359 dorsal CA1 pyramidal cells in freely behaving male and female WT and GRov mice during exploration of a novel open field. We compared calcium amplitude and event rate as well as sensitivity to center location and mobility between genotypes. GRov neurons exhibited higher average calcium activity than WT neurons in the novel open field. While most neurons showed sensitivity to center location and/or mobility, GRov neurons were more likely to be sensitive to center location and less likely to be sensitive to mobility, as compared to WT neurons. More than one-third of behavior-selective GRov neurons were uniquely sensitive to location without mobility sensitivity; these uniquely center-sensitive neurons were rare in WT. We conclude that dorsal CA1 pyramidal cells in GRov mice show increased activity in a novel environment and preferentially encode emotionally salient behavior. This heightened sensitivity to a novel environment and preferential encoding of emotionally salient elements of experience could underlie differential stress vulnerability in humans with increased glucocorticoid sensitivity.Significance Statement (120 words maximum)Endogenous stress hormones, glucocorticoids, are known to alter vulnerability to stress-related disorders. Here, we find that increased sensitivity to glucocorticoid via lifelong overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor in forebrain neurons (GRov) alters the encoding of environmental experiences in the hippocampus. GRov mice showed increased activity of dorsal CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells during exploration of a novel environment and more sensitivity to emotionally relevant behaviors. These changes in how hippocampal neurons encode environmental experiences could underlie the differences in stress vulnerability in humans with genetic and epigenetic differences in glucocorticoid receptor signaling.

Objective\ud Thyroid status in the months following radioiodine treatment for Graves’ disease can be unstable.Our objective was to quantify frequency of abnormal thyroid function post-radioiodine and compare effectiveness of common management strategies.\ud \ud Design\ud Retrospective, multi-centre, observational study.\ud \ud Patients\ud Adult patients with Graves’ disease treated with radioiodine with 12 months’ follow-up.\ud \ud Measurements\ud Euthyroidism was defined as both serum thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) within their reference ranges or, when only one was available, it was within its reference range; hypothyroidism as TSH ≥ 10 mu/L, or subnormal FT4 regardless of TSH; hyperthyroidism as TSH below and FT4 above their reference ranges; dysthyroidism as the sum of hypo- and hyperthyroidism; subclinical hypothyroidism as normal FT4 and TSH between the upper limit of normal and

The physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials (NMs) is often an analytical challenge, due to their small size (at least one dimension in the nanoscale, i.e. 1–100 nm), dynamic nature, and diverse properties. At the same time, reliable and repeatable characterization is paramount to ensure safety and quality in the manufacturing of NMbearing products. There are several methods available to monitor and achieve reliable measurement of nanoscale-related properties, one example of which is UltravioletVisible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). This is a well-established, simple, and inexpensive technique that provides non-invasive and fast real-time screening evaluation of NM size, concentration, and aggregation state. Such features make UV-Vis an ideal methodology to assess the proficiency testing schemes (PTS) of a validated standard operating procedure (SOP) intended to evaluate the performance and reproducibility of a characterization method. In this paper, the PTS of six partner laboratories from the H2020 project ACEnano were assessed through an interlaboratory comparison (ILC). Standard gold (Au) colloid suspensions of different sizes (ranging 5–100 nm) were characterized by UV-Vis at the different institutions to develop an implementable and robust protocol for NM size characterization., peer-reviewed

Business travel leads to the consumption of large amounts of energy. Circuit World (CW), a Unity virtual environment, uses avatars and realistic simulations of electrical circuits to test the effectiveness of teaching complex engineering tasks without travel. To evaluate CW, a study compares how well participants learn to repair a circuit when trained face-to-face, via Zoom, and within CW wearing an HMD. After training and completion of a knowledge quiz, learners are given a circuit to repair by themselves using a non-immersive desktop version of CW. Participants repair it again two weeks later to test retention. Each study session involves three people: learner, trainer, and researcher. The learner and trainer control avatars and the researcher, invisible, observes over the learner’s shoulder. Collected data includes task performance logs from CW, knowledge quiz scores, and, based on video recordings, eye gaze tracking, behavioral coding, and measures of facial synchrony between trainer and learner.

Background Urgent Suspected Cancer (2WW) referrals have been successful in improving early cancer detection but are increasingly a major burden on NHS services. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Method We developed and validated tests to assess the risk of any cancer for 2WW patients. The tests use routine blood measurements (FBC, U&E, LFTs, tumour markers), combining them using machine learning and statistical modelling. Algorithms were developed and validated for nine 2WW pathways using retrospective data from 371,799 referrals to Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust (development set 2011-16, validation set 2017-19). A minimum set of blood measurements were required for inclusion, and missing data were modelled internally by the algorithms. Findings We present results for two clinical use-cases. In use-case 1, the algorithms correctly identify 20% of patients who do not have cancer and may not need an urgent 2WW referral. In use-case 2, they identify 90% of cancer cases with a high probability of cancer that could be prioritised for review. Interpretation Combining a panel of widely available blood markers produces effective blood tests for cancer for NHS 2WW patients. The tests are cost-effective, can be deployed rapidly to any NHS pathology laboratory with no additional hardware requirements, and are of particular value during the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding Aspects of this work were supported by Innovate UK, MRC, Leeds City Region Enterprise Partnership (LEP), NIHR Leeds In Vitro Diagnostic Co-operative, CRUK CanTest Collaborative, and PinPoint Data Science Ltd

In the field of nanotechnology, analytical characterization plays a vital role in understanding the behavior and toxicity of nanomaterials (NMs). Characterization needs to be thorough and the technique chosen should be well-suited to the property to be determined, the material being analyzed and the medium in which it is present. Furthermore, the instrument operation and methodology need to be well-developed and clearly understood by the user to avoid data collection errors. Any discrepancies in the applied method or procedure can lead to differences and poor reproducibility of obtained data. This paper aims to clarify the method to measure the hydrodynamic diameter of gold nanoparticles by means of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). This study was carried out as an inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) amongst seven different laboratories to validate the standard operating procedure’s performance and reproducibility. The results obtained from this ILC study reveal the importance and benefits of detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs), best practice updates, user knowledge, and measurement automation.

The United Kingdom (UK) has reported a single detection of the eggs of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in each of the three years from 2016 to 2018, all in southeast England. Here, we report the detection of mosquito eggs on three occasions at two sites in London and southeast England in September 2019. Mosquito traps were deployed at 56 sites, in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as part of a coordinated surveillance programme with local authorities, Edge Hill University, and government departments. Response to each detection was coordinated by Public Health England&rsquo, s (PHE) local health protection teams, with technical support from PHE&rsquo, s Medical Entomology group, and control conducted by the respective local authority. Control, including source reduction and larviciding, was conducted within a 300 metre radius of the positive site. The response followed a National Contingency Plan for Invasive Mosquitoes: Detection of Incursions. Although the response to these incidents was rapid and well co-ordinated, recommendations are made to further develop mosquito surveillance and control capability for the UK.

Wittgenstein’s Tractarian discussion of solipsism opens with the claim that ‘[t]he limits of my language mean the limits of the world’ (TLP 5.6.) According to this paper, Wittgenstein expresses here a thought that the subject makes no sense of her thinking having content going beyond in kind that which she possesses in thinking. What the subject possesses in thinking is furthermore a truth or falsity, so that the idea is ruled out of truth-independent substance to the world. At the same time, however, thinking is an act of the subject given to her only as such – only as something she does, and so only as a determination of herself. Truth is not therefore independent of the subject; rather, as Wittgenstein puts it, ‘the world is my world’ (TLP 5.62). This conclusion threatens an idealism under which the nature of truth is explained by reference to that of the subject; objectivity is grounded in a deeper subjectivity. This threat is deflected by the recognition that the solipsist’s subject is an essentially undistanceable ‘I’ without content or character, so that ‘solipsism strictly carried out coincides with pure realism’ (TLP 5.64).

Salmonids represent US$23 billion of global aquaculture value, yet Atlantic salmon farms lose approximately 10% of their production to diseases and parasites every year. New approaches to minimise such losses are urgently needed because current treatments (e.g. antibiotics) have environmental and human health impacts with increasing sea temperatures predicted to further exacerbate the impacts of disease. Immunostimulants that boost fish resistance to disease without negative environmental or human health impacts are currently being assessed. Seaweeds and their extracts are used as immunostimulants for land animals and are increasingly being investigated for use in finfish aquaculture, including for Atlantic salmon. Here we show that when the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis and its extract were incorporated in Atlantic salmon feed, fish growth rates were enhanced up to 33%, feed intake was enhanced up to 13%, FCR were reduced, and innate immune responses were enhanced up to 58% compared to fish fed unsupplemented control diets over 4 weeks. Overall, fish fed the methanolic extract of A. taxiformis (at an inclusion of ~1% on a dry weight basis, D:D of feed) had the best combination of enhanced growth rate, feed intake and immune response. Fish fed the immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli had the highest innate immune response in our trial, however LPS had no enhanced effect on growth or feed intake. Additionally, we provide evidence that the seaweed and LPS supplements modulated the expression of immune and stress-related genes in both the liver and head kidneys. More specifically, the fish fed the supplemented diets showed increased expression of the HSP70 gene in both their liver and head kidney after 2 weeks of treatment. At 4 weeks high HSP70 and lysozyme gene expression was observed in the fish fed the two seaweed methanolic extract diets. The seaweed diets also enhanced the diversity of bacterial communities within the hindgut of Atlantic salmon while the LPS treatment appeared to have the opposite effect. Whole A. taxiformis or its methanolic extracts could therefore be used as functional feed ingredients that boost the immune response and enhance the growth rate of Atlantic salmon without affecting feed efficiencies.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on nanostructured semiconductor films are considered as a promising alternative to silicon-based solar cells. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structural and morphological properties of CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized photoanodes based on nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films considering their performance can reach an efficiency of 2.7%. In particular, quantum dot materials such as CdSe and CdS, which typically have a couple of orders higher absorption than silicon and thin film materials can lead to higher photocurrents and are most effective with liquid electrolyte solar cells. Moreover, CdSe and CdS quantum dots have been shown to be more efficient when combined than as single species. METHODS: TiO2 thin films were prepared on fluorine tin oxide (FTO) glass via the chemical route using commercial Degussa 25 and crystallized at 550oC. Furthermore, a layer of CdS and CdSe nanoparticles was deposited on the titania film by a sequence of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and chemical bath deposition (CBD) methods. After preparation, X ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were employed to investigate the crystallinity of the photoanodes, while Raman and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to reconfirm the crystalline phase of the materials and sample composition. Surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) was used to analyze the sample stoichiometry. RESULTS: XRD performed for the TiO2 thin film before quantum dot deposition showed strong diffraction peaks at 26o, 34o, 38o and 52o indicating that the FTO substrate is polycrystalline with a mainly tetragonal SnO2 phase while peaks at 25° and 48° degrees revealed that the TiO2 layer is mainly in the anatase phase. Moreover, HR-TEM determined that the crystallite size of titania was around 20nm, while EDS of the deposited film showed that the mole ratio of O to Ti is 2.6:1. After CdS/CdSe quantum dot deposition XRD revealed that CdS exhibits a definite peak at 51° while at 42o we observed a weaker peak corresponding to the CdSe structure. EDS revealed a mole ratio of S to Cd and Se to Cd of almost 1:1 in both cases. HR-TEM showed that the CdS and CdSe quantum dots sizes ranged between 2nm to approximately 10nm. Raman spectroscopy of the TiO2 film revealed peaks at 554 cm-1 and 1092cm-1 corresponding to the FTO substrate, as well as intense peaks at 521cm-1 and 643 cm-1 related to the TiO2 anatase phase. Micro-Raman showed additional Raman active peaks at 142cm-1 and 197 cm-1 related to titania. After CdS/CdSe quantum dot deposition micro-Raman revealed an active peak at 302cm-1 corresponding to CdS while Raman active peaks at 203 cm-1 and 403cm-1 corresponded to CdSe. CONCLUSIONS: The structural properties and morphology of quantum dot sensitized photoanodes revealed that the titania thin films were highly crystalline belonging predominantly in the tetragonalanatase structure, while the CdS/CdS quantum dots were in the cubic phase. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy dispersive X-Ray mapping EDS showed little contamination as well as high stoichiometry for both the TiO2 substrate as well as the CdS/CdSe quantum dots. Finally, micro-Raman spectroscopy reconfirmed the crystalline phase of the materials and sample composition.

Frege's strict alignment between his syntactic and ontological categories is not, as is commonly assumed, some kind of a philosophical thesis. There is no thesis that proper names refer only to objects, say, or that what refers to an object is a proper name. Rather, the alignment of categories is internal to Frege's conception of what syntax and ontology are. To understand this, we need to recognise the pride of place Frege assigns within his theorising to the notion of truth. For both language and the world, the Fregean categories are logical categories, categories, that is, of truth. The elaboration of this point makes clear the incoherence of supposing that they might not align.

The possible use of dopamine, monitored spectroscopically, as a probe molecule for surface area measurements is investigated. Using high surface area carbon materials, including both graphene and graphene oxide (GO), the method is established as a complement or alternative to methylene blue or conventional N2 (BET) adsorption. The molecular reorientation (flat to vertical) of dopamine on the graphene and GO surface provides a direct indication of the monolayer coverage and the rapid adsorption (within 10 min to saturation) offers high convenience. The smaller dopamine molecule size and less self-repulsion compared to methylene blue can be considered to yield a more closely-packed surface coverage on the materials of interest. Especially for materials with complex morphologies and internal structures, the dopamine adsorption will therefore lead to a more ‘correct’ measurement.

Through-electrode thickness honeycomb architectures were layer-by-layer self-assembled directly through a scalable printing process for ultrapower hybrid lithium-ion capacitor applications. Initially, the electrochemical performance of the pore-array electrodes was investigated as a function of the active material type (graphene plates, carbon nanofibers, and activated carbon). Inactive components (conductive carbon and polymer binder) were then minimized to 5 wt %. Finally, an optimized activated carbon-based cathode was paired with a spray-printed Li4Ti5O12-based anode and a range of anode-to-cathode mass ratios in a lithium-ion capacitor arrangement were investigated. A 1:5 anode/cathode mass ratio provided an attractive energy density comparable with a Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery but with outstanding power capability that was an order of magnitude greater than typical for lithium-ion batteries. The pore-array electrode was reproduced over areas of 20 cm × 15 cm in a double-sided coated configuration, and the option for selectively patterning electrodes was also demonstrated.

Successful rearing of fish in hatcheries is critical for conservation, recreational fishing, commercial fishing through wild stock enhancements, and aquaculture production. Flowthrough (FT) hatcheries require more water than recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), which enable up to 99% of their water to be recycled, thus significantly reducing environmental impacts. Here, we evaluated the biological and physical microbiome interactions of three Atlantic salmon hatcheries (RAS n = 2, FT n = 1). Gill, skin, and digesta from six juvenile fish along with tank biofilms and water were sampled from tanks in each of the hatcheries (60 fish across 10 tanks) to assess the built environment and mucosal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The water and tank biofilm had more microbial richness than fish mucus, while skin and digesta from RAS fish had 2 times the richness of FT fish. Body sites each had unique microbiomes (P

A spray printing manufacturing approach to lithium-ion batteries was investigated with a focus on minimizing inactive fractions and maximizing energy and power densities of printable electrodes. Using a lithium titanate based anode initially and comparing with conventional electrodes, the effects of conductivity enhancer and binder fractions, post-calendaring effects, different electrode manufacturing methods, conductivity enhancer types and electrode thicknesses were explored, and optimum electrode structures were identified. These insights were then applied to a lithium iron phosphate based cathode, and full spray printed lithium titanate/lithium iron phosphate cell configurations were investigated. Notably, the full-cell battery with a 1:1 capacity ratio of lithium titanate to lithium iron phosphate had a stable specific energy density of ∼300 Wh/kg and a power density of ∼2500 W/kg, showing the promise of layer-by-layer spray printing to realize fully the intrinsic properties of electrode materials in lithium-ion battery cells.

In a previous longitudinal study conducted during a mortality investigation associated with ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) microvariant in New Zealand Pacific oysters in 2010-2011, temporality of OsHV-1 nucleic acid detection by real-time PCR assay and onset of Pacific oyster mortality was observed. The present study further elucidated the role of OsHV-1 using an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay on sections of Pacific oysters collected from the same longitudinal study. Hybridization of the labelled probe with the target region of the OsHV-1 genome in infected cells was detected colorimetrically using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). OsHV-1 presence and distribution in spat indicated by the ISH signal was then compared with the existence of pathological changes in oyster tissues. Dark blue to purplish black NBT cell labelling was seen predominantly in the stroma of the mantle and gills at Day 5 post introduction to the farm. The distribution and location of ISH signals indicated the extent of OsHV-1-infected cells in multiple tissues. Histopathological abnormalities were mostly non-specific; however, a progressive pattern of increasingly widespread haemocytosis coincided with the appearance of OsHV-1-infected cells in spat collected at different time-points. The visualisation of an increasing number of OsHV-1-positive cells in spat prior to a marked increase in mortality indicated the strong likelihood of an on-going and active viral infection in some oysters. Further studies are recommended to elucidate OsHV-1 pathogenesis in Pacific oysters in association with other potentially causal variables, such as elevated temperature and interaction with Vibrio spp. bacteria.

A low resistance graphene‐based interfacial layer is developed for multilayered lithium‐ion capacitor electrodes using a layer‐by‐layer printing approach, with the goal of boosting energy storage performance at ultrafast charge/discharge rates (≥100 C). The electrochemical behavior of spray printed Li4Ti5O12‐based heterostructure electrodes is investigated as a thin, discrete graphene layer is placed: 1) at the base of the Li4Ti5O12 (at the electrode/current collector interface); 2) on the top of the Li4Ti5O12 (at the electrode/separator junction); and 3) both at the base and on the top of the Li4Ti5O12 (sandwich configuration), with marked improved electrode performance at >50 C when the graphene layer is interleaved at the Li4Ti5O12/current collector interface. This best performing heterostructure negative electrode is then coupled with a spray printed activated carbon positive electrode in a lithium‐ion capacitor configuration, showing an attractive power density of ≈8000 W kg−1 at 350 C. The fabrication of double‐sided graphene/Li4Ti5O12 multilayered heteroelectrodes is successfully demonstrated over areas of 20 cm × 15 cm and in various patterned configurations.

Animal models suggest that the endocannabinoid system (eCS) helps regulate various aspects of social behavior, including play behavior and social reward, during adolescence. Properly tuned endocannabinoid signaling may be a critical developmental component in the emergence of normal adult sociability. In the current experiment, we attempted to pharmacologically disrupt endocannabinoid tone during early adolescence, and then measure the behavioral effects at two subsequent time points. 36 male and 36 female Long Evans rats received daily injections of one of three treatments between post-natal day (PND) 25–39: 1) vehicle treatment, 2) 0.4 mg/kg CP55,940 (a potent CB1/CB2 receptor agonist), or 3) 0.5 mg/kg AM251 (a CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist). Both soon after treatment (PND 40–44) and several weeks later (PND 66–70), subjects were tested in an elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiety and in a three-chambered apparatus for sociability. For the latter test, the number of entries into each chamber and the amount of time spent investigating each target were measured. Analyses revealed significant main effects of both sex and age on sociability: males expressed greater sociability compared to females, and sociability was higher in adolescence than adulthood. Most importantly, drug treatment (both CP55,940 and AM251) attenuated sociability in adolescence without having a significant effect on anxiety in the EPM. However, this effect did not persist into adulthood. These results indicate that pharmacological disruption of endocannabinoid tone – through either chronic agonism or antagonism of cannabinoid receptors - during early adolescence has a detrimental effect on sociability. This effect may be caused by transient, compensatory alterations in the eCS.

In “On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood” Russell offers both a multiple-relation theory of judgment and a correspondence theory of truth. It has been a prevailing understanding of the Tractatus that Wittgenstein rejects Russell’s multiple-relation idea but endorses the correspondence theory. Ramsey took the opposite view. In his “Facts and Propositions,” Ramsey endorses Russell’s multiple-relation idea, rejects the correspondence theory, and then asserts that these moves are both due to Wittgenstein. This chapter will argue that Ramsey’s ascriptions are both correct. The extent of the agreement between Ramsey and Wittgenstein moreover counts definitively against standard understandings of Ramsey as a redundancy theorist of truth. Wittgenstein is no correspondence theorist and Ramsey is no redundancy theorist; rather, both philosophers offer identity theories of truth.

This article considers the proofing of illegally-printed texts, primarily during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. We argue that proofing – the practice of correcting a text during the printing process – is key to understanding the social dynamics of authorship, and the strains on production resulting from political suppression of the press during this period. We look at the evidence of proofing left in books (usually religious pamphlets), as well as the testimony of authors and printers. These sources reveal that illegal printing necessitated a remarkable degree of team work. Este artigo considera a prova de textos impressos ilegalmente, principalmente durante os séculos XVI e XVII. Argumentamos que a prova - a prática de corrigir um texto durante o processo de impressão - é fundamental para entender a dinâmica social da autoria e as tensões na produção resultantes da supressão política da imprensa durante esse período. Observamos as evidências da prova nos livros (geralmente panfletos religiosos), bem como o testemunho de autores e impressoras. Essas fontes revelam que a impressão ilegal exigiu um notável grau de trabalho em equipe.

In his paper ‘The Tractatus on Unity’, José Zalabardo argues that the Tractatus makes important contributions towards the resolution of two related problems, the problem of semantic unity, and the problem of metaphysical unity. The problem of metaphysical unity consists in explaining how the unity of a fact arises out of the multiplicity of its constituent objects. The problem of semantic unity consists in explaining how a propositional representation doesn’t merely introduce various objects but furthermore represents them as combined in a certain way. According to Zalabardo, Wittgenstein takes rather different attitudes to these two problems. The semantic problem is solved by the idea, central to Wittgenstein’s picture theory, that a representation is a fact which exemplifies in its own combinatorial mode the way in which it represents its objects as combined. The metaphysical problem, by contrast, is rejected as relying on a mistaken conception of facts as compounds. In this response, I take individual issue with both attributions, and briefly query also their coherence.