Search

Polyunsaturated fats are energy substrates and precursors to the biosynthesis of lipid mediators of cellular processes. Adipose tissue not only provides energy storage, but influences whole-body energy metabolism through endocrine functions. How diet influences adipose-lipid mediator balance may have broad impacts on energy metabolism. To determine how dietary lipid sources modulate brown and white adipose tissue and plasma lipid mediators, mice were fed low-fat (15% kcal fat) isocaloric diets, containing either palm oil (POLF) or linoleate-rich safflower oil (SOLF). Baseline and post body weight, adiposity, and 2-week and post fasting blood glucose were measured and lipid mediators were profiled in plasma, and inguinal white and interscapular brown adipose tissues. We identified over 30 species of altered lipid mediators between diets and found that these changes were unique to each tissue. We identified changes to lipid mediators with known functional roles in the regulation of adipose tissue expansion and function, and found that there was a relationship between the average fold difference in lipid mediators between brown adipose tissue and plasma in mice consuming the SOLF diet. Our findings emphasize that even with a low-fat diet, dietary fat quality has a profound effect on lipid mediator profiles in adipose tissues and plasma.

Many commonly used chemotherapies induce mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac muscle, which leads to cardiotoxicity and heart failure later in life. Dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) have demonstrated cardioprotective function in non-chemotherapy models of heart failure, potentially through the formation of LC n-3 PUFA-derived bioactive lipid metabolites. However, it is unknown whether dietary supplementation with LC n-3 PUFA can protect against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. To test this, 36 female ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice were randomized in a two-by-two factorial design to either a low (0 g/kg EPA + DHA) or high (12.2 g/kg EPA + DHA) LC n-3 PUFA diet, and received either two vehicle or two chemotherapy (9 mg/kg anthracycline + 90 mg/kg cyclophosphamide) tail vein injections separated by two weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured as well as heart gene expression and fatty acid composition. Heart mitochondria were isolated using differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial isolate oxylipin and N-acylethanolamide levels were measured by mass spectrometry after alkaline hydrolysis. LC n-3 PUFA supplementation attenuated some chemotherapy-induced differences (Myh7, Col3a1) in heart gene expression, and significantly altered various lipid species in cardiac mitochondrial preparations including several epoxy fatty acids [17(18)-EpETE] and N-acylethanolamines (arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), suggesting a possible functional link between heart lipids and cardiotoxicity.

BackgroundThe onset of menopause increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity that is lower in people with MetS. Supplementing diets with linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil increased adiponectin concentrations and improved glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. The effect of LA on adipokines, especially total and the bioactive form of adiponectin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, in women with MetS is unknown.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the effect of supplementation of the diet with an oil rich in LA on adipokines in women with MetS. The effect of the LA-rich oil (LA-oil) on oxylipins, key metabolites that may influence inflammation and metabolism, was also explored.MethodsIn this open-label single-arm pilot study, 18 postmenopausal nondiabetic women with MetS enrolled in a 2-phase study were instructed to consume LA-rich vegetable oil (10 mL/d) as part of their habitual diets. Women consumed an oleic acid-rich oil (OA-oil) for 4 wk followed by an LA-oil for 16 wk. Fasting concentrations of adipokines, fatty acids, oxylipins, and markers of glycemia and inflammation were measured.ResultsAfter 4 wk of OA-oil consumption, fasting glucose and total adiponectin concentrations decreased whereas fasting C-reactive protein increased. After 16 wk of LA-oil supplementation total and HMW adiponectin and plasma oxylipins increased. Markers of inflammation and glycemia were unchanged after LA-oil consumption.ConclusionsSupplementation with LA-oil increased total and HMW adiponectin concentrations and altered plasma oxylipin profiles. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the links between these changes and MetS.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02063165.

Objectives: This review updates evidence of previous reviews on interventions that target reducing sedentary behaviour among 18- to 69-year-old working aged adults. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Informit, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science and ProQuest. Quality was assessed for individual articles using McMaster University Guidelines. Descriptive analysis was used to summarise findings across studies. Results: Fifteen studies were identified with critical appraisal scores ranging from 10 to 14 (of a possible 15), with a mean score of 11.7 indicating overall moderate quality. The majority of interventions were implemented in the workplace. Others were based in the neighbourhood and education institution settings. Just over half of the studies (n = 9) reported a significant decrease in sedentary behaviour, including in total sedentary behaviour and sitting time, work sitting time and leisure sitting time. Overall sitting time decreases ranged from 8 to 122 minutes per day across all settings. Conclusion: There is some emerging evidence that sedentary behaviour interventions have the potential to reduce sedentary behaviour of working aged adults. However, given the paucity of literature, the effectiveness of such interventions is currently inconclusive. Further high-quality research across different settings is needed using validated standardised measures of sedentary behaviour.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has emerged as a potent treatment for alleviating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its effectiveness, the impact of high frequency STN-DBS on cerebellar oscillations remains unclear, posing an intriguing challenge for neural modulation. Given the direct and indirect connections between the STN and cerebellum, we investigated whether STN-DBS affects cerebellar oscillations. Objective: To observe the effects of STN-DBS on cerebellar oscillations in patients with PD. Methods: We recruited 15 PD patients receiving STN-DBS. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded from cerebellar regions during resting-state conditions in both the OFF-DBS and STN-DBS conditions. Our analyses centered on spectral features, particularly theta and beta oscillations, guided by prior research and correlation tests to investigate the relationship between oscillatory changes and motor symptom severity. Results: In the mid-cerebellar (Cbz) region, we observed a significant increase in the relative power in all frequency bands, including theta and beta oscillations during STN-DBS, showing the global effect of DBS. Importantly, the correlation results indicated significant associations between mid-cerebellar (Cbz) beta power during the OFF condition and motor severity, which were not evident during STN-DBS. Interestingly, correlations between beta power and motor severity were not observed at the mid-occipital (Oz) and mid-frontal (Cz) regions. Notably, signal similarity analyses demonstrated no evidence of volume conduction effects between the mid-cerebellar (Cbz) and nearby mid-occipital (Oz) regions. Conclusions: While these findings provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between STN-DBS and neural oscillations, further research is essential to decipher their precise functional significance and clinical implications. Understanding these intricacies may contribute to the optimization of DBS therapies for PD. Plain Language Summary: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for reducing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its effects on brain activity, specifically in the cerebellum, are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate how STN-DBS affects cerebellar brain waves in PD patients. We recruited 15 PD patients undergoing STN-DBS and recorded their brain activity including cerebellar region using EEG. We compared the brain wave patterns during periods when the DBS was turned OFF and when it was turned ON, focusing on specific brain wave frequencies (theta and beta). The results showed a significant increase in brain wave power across all frequencies in the mid-cerebellar region during STN-DBS. Additionally, there was a strong link between beta power in the cerebellum and motor symptom severity when DBS was OFF, which was not present when DBS was ON. This relationship was specific to the cerebellum and not found in other brain regions. The findings suggest that STN-DBS significantly alters cerebellar brain activity and that these changes are related to improvements in motor symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand the functional significance and potential clinical applications of these findings for optimizing DBS treatment in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]