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Memory consolidation is a dynamic process that involves a sequential remodeling of hippocampal-cortical circuits. Although synaptic events underlying memory consolidation are well assessed, fine molecular events controlling this process deserve further characterization. To this aim, we challenged male C57BL/6N mice in a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm and tested their memory 24 h, 7 days or 36 days later. Mice displayed a strong fear response at all time points with an increase in dendritic spine density and protein levels of the cell adhesion factor EphrinB2 in CA1 hippocampal neurons 24 h and 7 days post conditioning (p.c.), and in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons 36 days p.c. We then investigated whether the formation of remote memory and neuronal modifications in the ACC would depend on p.c. protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons. Bilateral intrahippocampal infusions with the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin administered immediately p.c. decreased fear response, neuronal spine growth and EphrinB2 protein levels of hippocampal and ACC neurons 24 h and 36 days p.c., respectively. Anisomycin infusion 24 h p.c. had no effects on fear response, increase in spine density and in EphrinB2 protein levels in ACC neurons 36 days p.c. Our results thus confirm that early but not late p.c. hippocampal protein synthesis is necessary for the formation of remote memory and provide the first evidence of a possible involvement of EphrinB2 in neuronal plasticity in the ACC., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Myo-inositol (myoIns) has a positive role in mammalian development and human reproduction. Since experiments on farming species suggest a similar role in preimplantation development, we evaluated the hypothesis that the inclusion of myoIns in human embryo culture media would produce an increase in embryo quality in IVF cycles, using the mouse embryo assay., Methods: To determine the effect of myoIns on completion of preimplantation development in vitro, one-cell embryos of the inbred C57BL/6N mouse strain were produced by ICSI, cultured in human fertilization media in the presence of myoIns (myoIns+) or in its absence (myoIns-) and evaluated morphologically. Daily progression through cleavage stages, blastocyst production and expansion and blastomere number at 96 hours post fertilization were assessed., Results: Compared to myoIns- embryos, myoIns+ embryos displayed a faster cleavage rate and by the end of preimplantation development, the majority of myoIns+ blastocysts was expanded and formed by a higher number of blastomeres., Conclusion: The presence of myoIns resulted in both an increase in proliferation activity and developmental rate of in vitro cultured early mouse embryos, representing a substantial improvement of culture conditions. These data may identify myoIns as an important supplement for human embryo preimplantation culture.

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effects of the combined therapy myo-inositol (MI) plus D-chiro-inositol (DCI) or D-chiro-inositol treatment in oocyte quality., Methods: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women undergoing IVF-ET were treated with myo-inositol combined with D-chiro-inositol in the physiological ratio (1.1 g myo-inositol plus 27.6 mg of D-chiro-inositol; INOFOLIC combi Lo.Li.pharma) or D-chiro-inositol alone (500 mg; Interquim, s.a., Barcelona, Spain) to evaluate the umber of morphological mature oocytes, total International Units (IU) of recombinant FSH administered and the number of grade 1 embryos., Results: The data clearly showed that only the combined therapy was able to improve oocyte and embryo quality, as well as pregnancy rates, in PCOS women undergoing IVF-ET., Conclusion: The present paper further supports the hypothesis that MI plays a crucial role in the ovary in PCOS women. In particular, due to the physiological role played by MI and DCI, the combined therapy should represent a better choice.

Although the role of hippocampus in memory processing is well assessed, an association of experience-dependent behavioural modifications with hippocampal neuron morphological and biochemical changes deserves further characterisation. Here, we present evidence of dendritic alterations together with rapid accumulation of EphrinB2, a factor known to influence cell plasticity, in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area of mouse hippocampus, during the formation of recent contextual fear memory. Male C57BL/6N mice exhibited a robust fear response 24h after contextual and cued fear conditioning. At this time and in the absence of the memory test, conditioned mice showed morphological alterations in hippocampal and lateral amygdala neurons. Western blot analysis of extracts from conditioned but not pseudoconditioned or naive mice showed a specific increase in the amount of EphrinB2 in the hippocampus but not the cortex. However, levels of EphA4 receptor, known to interact trans-synaptically with EphrinB2, did not change upon conditioning in extracts from the same structures. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus and amygdala of conditioned mice showed increased levels of EphrinB2 in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area, when compared to pseudoconditioned and control mice. Such increase was not observed in other hippocampal areas or the amygdala. These results suggest that rapid accumulation of EphrinB2 in hippocampal CA1 neurons is involved in the behavioural and cellular modifications induced by contextual fear conditioning. A similar mechanism does not appear to occur in lateral amygdala neurons, in spite of the robust behavioural and cellular modifications induced in such structure by cued fear conditioning., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In skeletal muscle cells, the PC4 (Tis7/Ifrd1) protein is known to function as a coactivator of MyoD by promoting the transcriptional activity of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C). In this study, we show that up-regulation of PC4 in vivo in adult muscle significantly potentiates injury-induced regeneration by enhancing myogenesis. Conversely, we observe that PC4 silencing in myoblasts causes delayed exit from the cell cycle, accompanied by delayed differentiation, and we show that such an effect is MyoD-dependent. We provide evidence revealing a novel mechanism underlying the promyogenic actions of PC4, by which PC4 functions as a negative regulator of NF-κB, known to inhibit MyoD expression post-transcriptionally. In fact, up-regulation of PC4 in primary myoblasts induces the deacetylation, and hence the inactivation and nuclear export of NF-κB p65, in concomitance with induction of MyoD expression. On the contrary, PC4 silencing in myoblasts induces the acetylation and nuclear import of p65, in parallel with a decrease of MyoD levels. We also observe that PC4 potentiates the inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity mediated by histone deacetylases and that PC4 is able to form trimolecular complexes with p65 and HDAC3. This suggests that PC4 stimulates deacetylation of p65 by favoring the recruitment of HDAC3 to p65. As a whole, these results indicate that PC4 plays a role in muscle differentiation by controlling the MyoD pathway through multiple mechanisms, and as such, it positively regulates regenerative myogenesis.