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Introduction. Double common bile duct is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. This anomaly may be associated with bile duct stones, anomalous biliopancreatic junction, pancreatitis, bile duct cancer, or gastric cancers. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment is important to avoid complications. Clinical case. We report a rare case of double common bile duct associated with an anomalous biliopancreatic junction in a 30-year-old female, with prior history of acute pancreatitis, who presented with chronic abdominal pain. She underwent several imaging studies, without clear diagnosis. She was taken to surgical management where duplication of the type II common bile duct was documented with anomalous pancreatobiliary junction. Results. Reconstruction of the bile ducts and hepatico-jejunostomy were performed, with adequate postoperative evolution and final pathology report without evidence of tumor. Conclusion. Diagnosis is usually performed by an endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment depends on the presence of anomalus biliopancreatic junction or concomitant cancer. In cases without associated malignancy, resection of bile duct and biliary reconstruction is the recommended surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of Anali scores, determined by magnetic resonance imaging, for predicting the prognosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and to analyze interobserver variability, as well as to assess the impact of periportal edema and heterogeneous signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 29 patients with PSC and baseline magnetic resonance imaging. Anali scores, without gadolinium (0-5 points) and with gadolinium (0-2 points), were calculated by two radiologists. Clinical endpoints included liver transplantation, cirrhotic decompensation, and death. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interobserver agreement on the Anali scores, performed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis comparing event-free survival among the score strata, and calculated the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves to determine sensitivity and specificity. Results: Among the patients with a clinical event, the median Anali score was 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-5) without gadolinium and 2 (IQR, 1-2) with gadolinium, compared with 1 (IQR, 1.0-2.5) and 1 (IQR, 0.25-1.0), respectively, among those without a clinical event. The ICC was 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.91) for the Anali score with gadolinium and 0.99 (95% confidence interval: 0.98-0.99) for the Anali score without gadolinium. Periportal edema and heterogeneous signal intensity in the liver on diffusion-weighted imaging showed no statistical impact on clinical events (p = 0.65 and p = 0.5, respectively). Conclusion: Anali scores correlate with clinical events in PSC, with a high level of interobserver agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. La duplicación del colédoco es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente. En la mayoría de los casos este defecto se asocia a cálculos en la vía biliar, unión pancreatobiliar anómala, pancreatitis, cáncer gástrico o colangiocarcinoma. Por esta razón, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano son importantes para evitar las complicaciones descritas a futuro. Métodos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años, con antecedente de pancreatitis aguda, con cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico, a quien se le realizaron varios estudios imagenológicos sin claro diagnóstico. Fue llevada a manejo quirúrgico en donde se documentó duplicación del colédoco tipo II con unión pancreatobiliar anómala. Resultados. Se hizo reconstrucción de las vías biliares y hepatico-yeyunostomía, con adecuada evolución postoperatoria y reporte final de patología sin evidencia de tumor. Conclusión. El diagnóstico se hace mediante ecografía endoscópica biliopancreática, colangiorresonancia o colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. El tratamiento depende de si está asociado o no a la presencia de unión biliopancreática anómala o cáncer. Si el paciente no presenta patología neoplásica, el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es la resección del conducto con reconstrucción de las vías biliares.

Se presenta una variante anatómica de la vía biliar extrahepática, como lo es la verdadera duplicación vesicular. Las malformaciones congénitas vesiculares se categorizan en anormalidades posicionales y morfológicas, la duplicación vesicular está incluida en este último. La clasificación aceptada es la de Boyden. Basado en la relación del conducto cístico con el cuerpo vesicular describió la “vesica fellea divisa” (vesícula bilobulada que drena a un solo conducto cístico y comparte origen embriológico común) y “vesica fellea duplex” (verdadera duplicación vesicular, dos vesículas separadas con conductos císticos independientes, origen embriológico doble).

Background: biliary diseases and conditions associated with obstruction of the bile duct represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: to characterize the patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice treated at the “Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima” General Teaching Hospital of Cienfuegos, from January 2019 through December 2020. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective case study was carried out with patients with a diagnosis of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice admitted to the department of surgery of the aforementioned hospital and during the period herein stated. The universe included 78 patients. The following variables were analyzed: age groups, sex, skin color, toxic and dietary habits, definite diagnosis and surgical procedure performed. Results: the 45 to 70 age group (35 patients for 44.9%) and the female sex (46 cases for 59.0%) prevailed. 73.0 % of the patients had white skin color. The most frequent toxic habit was exceptional or occasional alcoholism (62.8%), followed by a diet rich in fat (58.9%). Choledochal lithiasis was the commonest definite diagnosis in both sexes and in all age groups. 69 patients (88.5%) underwent surgery, with conventional surgery being the most widely used. Conclusions: choledochal lithiasis presented as the most frequent cause of obstructive jaundice in the patients of this case study. Most of them were operated on with conventional surgery.

Una de las parasitosis más comunes y considerada endémica a nivel mundial es la ascaridiasis; dicha patología puede complicarse en forma frecuente ocasionando obstrucción o perforación intestinal, intususcepción y aun obstrucció de la vía biliar; ha sido descrita ampliamente en la literatura mundial con informes de casos de pacientes, especialmente asiáticos. El diagnóstico de ascaridiasis biliar se realiza en forma clínica y se corrobora usualmente por métodos imaginológicos. El 95% de los pacientes responden en forma satisfactoria al tratamiento farmacológico; sin embargo, en algunos casos definidos el paciente debe ser sometido a una intervención quirúrgica. Se presenta un caso tratado quirúrgicamente en nuestra Institución, y se hace una revisión de la literatura.

En pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis, el estudio mediante colangiografía, endoscópica (CPRE), por resonancia magnética (CRM) o intraoperatoria (CIO), permite definir la necesidad de la exploración de la vía biliar 1, bien sea quirúrgica, endoscópica o percutánea. El estudio multicéntrico del Congreso Quirúrgico de Suroeste, con 1263 pacientes, mostró un desempeño diagnóstico similar entre estas tres opciones, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas 1. En nuestro medio, cuando hay sospecha de coledocolitiasis, se prefiere la CRM al no ser invasiva, y por ende, tener menos riesgos de complicaciones, aunque presenta ciertas limitaciones, como una baja resolución espacial, con una sensibilidad de 64 % para cálculos menores de 3 mm, y ser susceptible de errores por artefactos de movimiento, por lo que baja su rendimiento en pacientes que no toleren permanecer inmóviles durante el tiempo que requiere una resonancia 2,3.

RESUMEN Introducción: la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) sigue siendo la prueba de elección para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la patología biliar y pancreática, pero cuenta con una tasa de morbimortalidad no desdeñable, por lo que se proponen algoritmos para el manejo y tratamiento de sus complicaciones. Objetivo: revisar las perforaciones post-CPRE tratadas en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Puerta de Hierro de 1999 a 2014, evaluando los resultados en función del tipo de perforación y el tratamiento. Métodos y resultados: se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo y observacional de todas las perforaciones post-CPRE comunicadas y tratadas por el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Puerta de Hierro de 1999 a 2014, en relación a la indicación de la prueba y hallazgos, el tipo de perforación (clasificación de Stapfer), el tiempo hasta el diagnóstico y el método de diagnóstico, el tiempo hasta la intervención y la técnica empleada, las complicaciones posteriores, así como la evolución y el tiempo de ingreso. Los resultados se han evaluado en función del tipo de perforación (Stapfer) y del tipo de tratamiento realizado. Se comunicaron 36 perforaciones (21 de tipo I, ocho de tipo II, dos de tipo III y cinco de tipo IV), lo que supone una incidencia menor del 1%. El diagnóstico fue inmediato (en las primeras 24 horas) en el 67% de los casos, siendo las de tipo I las más frecuentes. Se intervino a 28 de los 36 pacientes (77,7%), realizándose en la mayoría una colecistectomía seguida, siempre que fue posible, de sutura, colangiografía intraoperatoria y exploración de la vía biliar y drenaje. Fallecieron cuatro pacientes (dos intervenidos y dos manejados de manera conservadora), todos con perforaciones de tipo I. La complicación más frecuente fue la colección/fístula, que apareció en el 21,42% de los pacientes intervenidos. Conclusiones: el tratamiento de las perforaciones periduodenales secundarias a CPRE debe orientarse en función de los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos. Según nuestra experiencia, las perforaciones de tipo I requieren una intervención quirúrgica inmediata, mientras que las perforaciones tipo II y III permiten, en algunos casos, un manejo conservador, siempre ante la ausencia de complicaciones como colecciones abdominales asociadas y/o signos de sepsis o de irritación peritoneal. Las perforaciones tipo IV responden bien al manejo conservador

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Cholangiopathies are chronic diseases that affect the bile ducts, comprising a heterogeneous group of progressive and potentially fatal entities. The diagnosis of these diseases is a great challenge for radiologists because of the overlapping of their clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings. Nevertheless, identifying the precise etiology is crucial, given that the therapeutic options are distinct and influence the prognosis of the patient. The purpose of this review article is to discuss some of the non-neoplastic causes of cholangiopathies and to provide a useful diagnostic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sin resumen

Sin resumen.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of percutaneous transhepatic biliary biopsy (PTBB) in patients with suspected biliary obstruction. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 18 patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent PTBB. In each patient, three to ten fragments were collected from the lesion. The final diagnosis was confirmed in the pathology report. We also reviewed analyses of the results of laboratory tests performed before the procedure, as well as the Bismuth classification, clinical outcome, complications occurring during the procedure, access route, and materials used. Results: Technical success was achieved in 100% of the PTBB procedures. Among the 18 patients clinically diagnosed with bile duct stenosis, the pathological analysis confirmed that diagnosis in 17. In one case, the pathological findings were considered falsenegative. The predominant tumor was cholangiocarcinoma (seen in 50% of the cases). Sixteen of the procedures (88.9%) were performed without complications. Transient hemobilia occurred in one case, and cholangitis occurred in another. Conclusion: PTBB is a safe, viable, simple technique with a high rate of true-positive results for the definitive diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of percutaneous transhepatic biliary biopsy (PTBB) in patients with suspected biliary obstruction. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 18 patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent PTBB. In each patient, three to ten fragments were collected from the lesion. The final diagnosis was confirmed in the pathology report. We also reviewed analyses of the results of laboratory tests performed before the procedure, as well as the Bismuth classification, clinical outcome, complications occurring during the procedure, access route, and materials used. Results: Technical success was achieved in 100% of the PTBB procedures. Among the 18 patients clinically diagnosed with bile duct stenosis, the pathological analysis confirmed that diagnosis in 17. In one case, the pathological findings were considered falsenegative. The predominant tumor was cholangiocarcinoma (seen in 50% of the cases). Sixteen of the procedures (88.9%) were performed without complications. Transient hemobilia occurred in one case, and cholangitis occurred in another. Conclusion: PTBB is a safe, viable, simple technique with a high rate of true-positive results for the definitive diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A litíase intra-hepática é uma doença frequente na Ásia e embora rara no mundo ocidental, atinge principalmente mulheres e consiste na presença de cálculos nas vias biliares intra-hepáticas. O quadro clínico mais habitual costuma ser o de síndrome de colangite piogênica de repetição e frequentemente os pacientes apresentam as características da tríade de Charcot. O relato de caso descreve uma litíase intra-hepática em paciente que realizou colecistectomia prévia e manteve-se com colangites de repetição, elevação de enzimas canaliculares, hepáticas e da bilirrubina direta. Após confirmação diagnóstica por colangiorressonância, foi realizada abordagem cirúrgica com ressecção hepática para a completa remoção dos múltiplos cálculos e ductos intra-hepáticos alterados. Embora ainda não exista uma concordância sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da litíase intra-hepática, devido suas diferentes apresentações, a resseção hepática nesse caso foi o método de escolha e a paciente apresentou boa evolução pós-operatória.

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los litos en la vesícula biliar son una entidad conocida desde hace más de 3500 años, se han encontrado litos en las vesículas de momias egipcias y chinas. El 5 a 15% de la población mundial presentan colelitiasis. Pese a ser comúnes, la mayoría son asintomáticas, sólo en un 20% aparecerán síntomas compatibles con cólico biliar; entre un 1 a 2% de estos pacientes presentarán, por año, alguna complicación ybrequerirán la remoción quirúrgica de la vesícula. Cada año se realizan 700 000 colecistectomías en los Estados Unidos y 50 000 en el Reino Unido. Las indicaciones clínicas para la colecistectomía no han cambiado en los últimos 20 años: cólico biliar, colecistitis aguda o crónica, pancreatitis por cálculos biliares. La exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar ha sido descrita como un método efectivo y seguro de extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar, se han descrito dos vías: transcística y coledocotomía. Al igual que cualquier otro procedimiento quirúrgico, las habilidades del cirujano son vitales, se requiere de un profesional apto para realizar una exploración laparoscópica.

Objective: To evaluate the percutaneous transhepatic approach to the treatment of biliary strictures in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of data obtained from the medical records, laboratory reports and imaging examination reports of pediatric liver transplant recipients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, because of clinical suspicion of biliary strictures, between 1st September 2012 and 31 May 2015. Data were collected for 12 patients, 7 of whom were found to have biliary strictures. Results: In the 7 patients with biliary strictures, a total of 21 procedures were carried out: 2 patients (28.6%) underwent the procedure twice; 3 (42.8%) underwent the procedure three times; and 2 (28.6%) underwent the procedure four times. Therefore, the mean number of procedures per patient was 3 (range, 2-4) and the average interval between them was 2.9 months (range, 0.8-9.1 months). The drainage tube remained in place for a mean of 5.8 months (range, 3.1-12.6 months). One patient presented with a major complication, hemobilia, which was treated with endovascular embolization. Clinical success was achieved in all 7 patients and the mean follow-up after drain removal was 15.4 months (range, 5.3-26.7 months). Conclusion: The percutaneous transhepatic approach to treating biliary strictures in pediatric liver transplant recipients proved safe, with high rates of technical and clinical success, as well as a low rate of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es un estudio útil en el abordaje de las enfermedades pancreático-biliares, con fines diagnósticos en sus inicios. Actualmente, sólo con fines terapéuticos y las complicaciones son variadas. Objetivo: Determinar frecuencia de complicaciones y factores de riesgo asociados a CPRE. Material y métodos: En un periodo de 10 años (2.002-2.011), 1.145 pacientes fueron sometidos a CPRE. Las complicaciones fueron determinadas al momento del estudio, por comunicación personal de los familiares y/o al acudir al Servicio de Urgencias, el seguimiento se efectuó durante un mes después de realizada CPRE en la consulta externa de Gastroenterología. Un modelo de regresión logística múltiple fue usado para evaluar complicaciones. Resultados: La muestra quedó constituida por 1.145 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 55,3 años (DE = 18,7; IC 95%: 54,2-56,3). El 60,5% (n = 693) de los participantes correspondió al género femenino. La endoscopía terapéutica se efectuó en el 51,0% del total de los estudios realizados. Las complicaciones fueron del 2,1% (n = 24), la más frecuente fue hemorragia (n = 14, 1,2%), seguido por pancreatitis aguda (n = 6, 0,5%), depresión respiratoria (n = 3, 0,3%) y colangitis (n = 1, 0,1%). El riesgo de complicación fue de 1,4 veces más en los pacientes sometidos a precorte/esfinterotomía, ajustado por edad (IC 95%: OR 1,02-5,43; p = 0,045). Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que la frecuencia de complicación es similar a lo publicado por otros investigadores, sin embargo, esta cifra se podría reducir más si la CPRE se realiza sólo con fines terapéuticos, por médicos endoscopista altamente calificados.

Se presenta el reporte de un paciente operado por una enfermedad no litiásica de la vía biliar principal, en el cual durante el estudio transoperatorio se encuentra una malformación o variedad anatómica del conducto cístico no reportada por la literatura nacional y/o extranjera. Se muestran imágenes de la misma. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica al respecto, no encontrando reportes similares.

CONTEXT: About 9% of the Brazilian population has gallstones and the incidence increases significantly with aging. The choledocholithiasis is found around 15% of these patients, and a third to half of these cases presented as asymptomatic. Once the lithiasis in the common bile duct is characterized through intraoperative cholangiography, the laparoscopic surgical exploration can be done through the transcystic way or directly through choledochotomy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and outcomes of the laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct lithiasis. METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients were evaluated. They prospectively underwent the treatment of the lithiasis in the common bile duct and the exploration ways were compared according to the following parameters: criteria on their indication, success in the clearance, surgical complications. It was verified that about ½ of the choledocholithiasis carriers did not show any expression of predictive factors (clinical antecedents of jaundice and/or acute pancreatitis, compatible sonographic data and the pertaining lab tests). The laparoscopic exploration through the transcystic way is favored when there are no criteria for the practice of primary choledochotomy, which are: lithiasis in the proximal bile duct, large (over 8 mm) or numerous calculi (multiple calculosis). RESULTS: The transcystic way was employed in about 50% of the casuistic and the choledochotomy in about 30%. A high success rate (around 80%) was achieved in the clearance of the common bile duct stones through laparoscopic exploration. The transcystic way, performed without fluoroscopy or choledochoscopy, attained a low rate of success (around 45%), being 10% of those by transpapilar pushing of calculi less than 3 mm. The exploration through choledochotomy, either primary or secondary, if the latter was performed after the transcystic route failure, showed high success rate (around 95%). When the indication to choledochotomy was primary, the necessity for choledochoscopy through choledochotomy to help in the removal of the calculi was 55%. However, when choledochotomy was performed secondarily, in situations where the common bile duct diameter was larger than 6 mm, the use of choledochoscopy with the same purpose involved about 20% of the cases. There was no mortality in this series. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct was related to a low rate of morbidity. Therefore, the use of laparoscopy for the treatment of the lithiasis in the common bile duct depends on the criteria for the choice of the best access, making it a safe procedure with very good results.

Background: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography has been effective in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the biliopancreatic system. Objective: To determine the grade of technical difficulties and the success of cholangiopancreatography in a group of patients. Methods: prospective, descriptive, observational study that included all the patients who were tested through this procedure from January to December 2009 in the hospital “Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima” from Cienfuegos. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied so the sample was composed by 34 patients. In order to define the technical difficulty of this test Madhotra’s difficulty modified test was used. Results: 67,6 % of the patients were males. Age comprised the interval from 31 to 90 years old patients with a mean age of 60.8±16 years. Cholestatic icterus was the predominant medical indication in (55,9 %), followed by choledocholitiasis (26,5 %). Echogram showed normal results in 41,2 % of the patients. The most frequent diagnosis of this test was postcholecystectomy with dilated biliary tract (17,6 %) followed by choledocho and cholelithiasis (14,7 % each one). The grade of technical difficulty was 1 in 91,2 %, grade 2 in 8,8 %. A complete technical success was obtained in 55,9 %, partial success was obtained in 32,3 % and the attempt failed in 11,8 % of the patients. Conclusion: the grade of technical difficulty can influence upon the success of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. Its usefulness has been demonstrated with a minimum amount of complications for the patient.

INTRODUCTION: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has been increasingly diagnosed among children and adolescents due to better recognition of clinical, imaging and pathological features. Thus more patients are diagnosed at a younger age due to imaging and sensitivity optimization. OBJECTIVE: Early liver histopathological (LH) changes are not well described and PSC is not commonly recognized before typical bile duct changes occur on cholangiography (CG). Currently, CG is considered gold standard for adults but nothing is known for early diagnosis in the pediatric age group (0- 20 years old). METHODS: We reviewed clinical history, LH and CG from 47 children and adolescents with PSC (35 males, mean age 13 years old). Forty-three out of 47 patients had been through LH examination from whom 33 had also undergone CG. A clinicopathological correlation was performed. RESULTS: LH showed active neutrophilic cholangitis in 19 patients, moderate neutrophilic pericholangitis in nine, dystrophic changes in the bile duct in eight, and concentric periductal fibrosis in 24 patients. Abnormal CG was found in 24 out of 33 patients and nine had normal results. Eleven out of these 24 patients had abnormal histology before abnormal CG and four patients had abnormal CG before histology. Data of two out of 24 patients were insufficient for correlation and 11 out of 24 had both abnormal liver histology and abnormal imaging findings. CONCLUSION: Our study emphasizes that even when CG is normal, PSC should be exclusively diagnosed by liver biopsy, hence cholangiography being unnecessary. Chronic portal inflammation, neutrophilic pericholangitis, periductal sclerosis and "onion skinning" are characteristic histopathological findings. Neutrophilic pericholangitis may be subtle and easily overlooked in early disease, leading to strong suspicion of PSC.INTRODUÇÃO: Colangite esclerosante primária (CEP) é crescentemente diagnosticada em crianças e adolescentes devido ao melhor reconhecimento das apresentações clínicas por imagem e manifestações patológicas. Devido a isso, aumentaram a sensibilização e a melhora das imagens e, cada vez mais, os pacientes são diagnosticados em idade mais jovem. OBJETIVO: As primeiras mudanças na histopatologia do fígado (HF) não são bem descritas e a CEP não é frequentemente reconhecida antes da típica mudança do ducto biliar ocorrer na colangiografia (CG). Atualmente, a CG é considerada padrão-ouro em adultos, mas nada é conhecido para o diagnóstico precoce na faixa etária pediátrica (0-20 anos de idade). Métodos: Nós revisamos histórico clínico, HF e CG de 47 crianças e adolescentes com CEP (35 meninos, idade média de 13 anos). Desses, 43 tinham HF, sendo que 33 também possuíam CG. Uma correlação clinicopatológica foi performada. RESULTADOS: HF mostrou colangite neutrofílica ativa em 19 pacientes, pericolangite neutrofílica moderada em nove, mudança distrófica do ducto biliar em oito e fibrose periductal concêntrica em 24. Um CG anormal foi constatado em 24/33; resultados de nove pacientes eram normais. Desses 24 pacientes, 11 tiveram histologia anormal de fígado antes da CG anormal e quatro apresentaram a situação inversa. Dados disponíveis de dois pacientes eram insuficientes para propósitos de correlação e outros 11 apresentavam, ao mesmo tempo, histologia anormal de fígado e resultados anormais de imagens. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo enfatiza que a CEP pode ser exclusivamente diagnosticada por biópsia de fígado, sem colangiograma necessário ou mesmo no contexto de um CG normal. Inflamação portal crônica, pericolangite neutrofílica, esclerose periductal e "cebola esfolando" são resultados característicos de achados histopatológicos. A pericolangite neutrofílica pode ser sutil e facilmente negligenciada em doença precoce, requerendo alta suspeita para CEP.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the detection of biliary complications in liver transplanted patients. METHODS: A study was conducted, with blinded review of 28 MRCP exams of 24 patients submitted to liver transplantation. The images were reviewed by two independent observers, at two different moments, regarding the degree of biliary tree visualization and the presence or absence of biliary complications. The MRCP results were compared, when negative, to at least 3 months of clinical and biochemical follow-up, and when positive, to the findings at surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). RESULTS: The degree of intrahepatic biliary tree visualization was considered good or excellent in 78.6% and 82.1% of the exams by the two observers and visualization of the donor duct, recipient duct and biliary anastomosis was considered good or excellent in 100% of the exams, by both observers. Six biliary complications were detected (21.4%), all of them anastomotic strictures. Intra and interobserver agreement were substantial or almost perfect (kappa k values of 0.611 to 0.804) for the visualization of the biliary tree and almost perfect (k values of 0.900 to 1.000) for the detection of biliary complications. MRCP achieved 100% sensitivity, 95.45% specificity, 85.7% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value for the detection of biliary complications. CONCLUSIONS: MRCP is an accurate examination for the detection of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation and it is a highly reproducible method in the evaluation of the biliary tree of liver transplanted patients.OBJETIVO: Medir a acurácia e reprodutibilidade da colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética (CPRM) na avaliação da visibilização de complicações biliares em pacientes submetidos a transplantes hepáticos ortotópicos. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo retrospectivo de 28 exames de CPRM de 24 pacientes submetidos a transplantes hepáticos. Os exames foram interpretados por dois observadores independentes, em dois momentos distintos, quanto ao grau de visibilização das estruturas estudadas e quanto à presença ou ausência de alterações nas vias biliares. Os resultados da CPRM foram comparados, nos casos de CPRM negativa, à evolução clínico-laboratorial por pelo menos 3 meses e, nos casos de CPRM alterada, aos achados de colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) e cirurgia, quando indicados. RESULTADOS: A visibilização das vias biliares intra-hepáticas foi considerada boa ou excelente em 78,6% e 82,1% dos exames pelos dois observadores. A visibilização da via biliar extra-hepática do doador e do receptor, bem como da anastomose biliar, foi considerada boa ou excelente em 100% dos casos por ambos os observadores. Foram detectadas seis complicações biliares (21,4% dos casos), todas elas estenoses anastomóticas. A concordância intra e intra-observador foi substancial ou quase perfeita (índices de kappa- k de 0,611 a 0,804) para a visualização das estruturas estudadas e quase perfeita (k de 0,900 a 1,000) para a detecção das complicações biliares. A CPRM apresentou sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 95,45%, valor preditivo positivo de 85,7% e valor preditivo negativo de 100% para a detecção de complicações biliares. CONCLUSÕES: A colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética (CPRM) é um exame acurado para a detecção de complicações biliares em pacientes submetidos a transplantes hepáticos ortotópicos por CPRM. Este exame configura-se como um método eficiente e altamente reprodutível para detecção de complicações biliares pós-transplantes hepáticos ortotópicos.

A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was carried out at the Arnaldo Milian Castro hospital in Santa Clara during the period from May 2005 to May 2007. The sample was formed by 311 patients who had clinical symptoms of an extrahepatic cholestasis. They underwent an abdominal ultrasonography and an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. There was a prevalence of extrahepatic cholestasis –both in the ultrasound and the cholangiography– as well as of odditis, choledocal lithiasis, chronic pancreatitis and paravaterian diverticulum. The most common point of obstruction was below the hepatocystic confluence. There was a correlation of 64.9 percent between the findings of both studies. An imaging algorithm was proposed to be used with all patients who are treated at the Emergency Room presenting clinical symptoms of cholestasis.

BACKGROUND: The use of routine or selective peroperatory cholangiography in cholecystectomy is a matter of controversy in literature. AIM: To compare the efficacy of selective or routine fluorocholangiography in diagnostic of common bile duct stone in patients underwent to laparoscopic cholecystectomy based on selective indication criteria. METHOD: Two hundred and fifty four patients with cholelithiasis were prospectively studied. The patients were divided in two groups: to the first 127 patients perioperative fluorocholangiography was indicated as routine (group 1), and to the other 127 patients perioperative fluorocholangiography indication followed clinical criteria (jaundice, choluria, fecal acholia and history of pancreatitis), laboratory criteria (increase in seric alkaline phosphatase, bilirubins, amylase) or ultra-sonographyc criteria (less than 6 mm diameter calculi, common bile duct stone, common bile duct diameter more than 6 mm). A comparative assessment of the difference in common bile duct stone diagnosis, fluorocholangiography success index and reliability of the selective criteria of indication for perioperative fluorocholangiography was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Perioperative fluorocholangiography was successfully performed in 102 of the 127 patients from group 1 (a rate of 80.3%), and in 59 of the 71 patients from group 2 (a rate of 83.1%). In the 102 patients of group 1 who underwent perioperative fluorocholangiography, 11 (10.8%) presented common bile duct stone, 4 (3.9%) presented common bile duct dilatation, and 1 (1%) had a false-positive image. In the 59 patients from group 2, 7 (11.7%) presented common bile duct stone and one (1.7%) presented a common bile duct diatation. In another situation, when application of selective indication criteria to perioperative fluorocholangiography was simulated in group 1 patients, we observed that only in one patient with common bile duct stone the diagnostic would not have been made. Fluorocholangiography selective indication criteria presented sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 46.2%. The main causes of fluorocholangiography failure were biliary pedicle inflammation and cystic duct size and caliber variations. CONCLUSION: There was not a significant difference in common bile duct stone diagnostic through perioperative fluorocholangiography between the groups of patients with selective and routine indication, validating the examination selective indication criteria, with a sensitivity of 90.9%, despite the specificity of 46.2 % - 43 patients were selected to the flourocholangiography and common bile duct stone was not diagnosed.RACIONAL: Existem controvérsias sobre a realização da colangiografia peroperatória seletiva ou de rotina na colecistectomia. OBJETIVOS: Validar critérios para indicação seletiva da fluorocolangiografia durante a colecistectomia para o diagnóstico da coledocolitíase. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 254 pacientes com colecistolitíase e submetidos a colecistectomia laparoscópica. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: nos primeiros 127 pacientes, a fluorocolangiografia peroperatória foi indicada como rotina (grupo 1) e nos 127 pacientes subseqüentes a fluorocolangiografia foi indicada seguindo critérios clínicos (história de icterícia, colúria, acolia fecal e pancreatite), laboratoriais (elevação na dosagem de fosfatase alcalina, bilirrubinas, amilase) ou ultra-sonográficos (cálculos menores que 6 mm de diâmetro, coledocolitíase, colédoco maior que 6 mm de diâmetro). Foi feita avaliação comparativa quanto a diferença no diagnóstico de coledocolitíase na indicação seletiva ou de rotina; índice de sucesso na realização do exame nos dois tipos de indicações e confiabilidade dos critérios de indicação seletiva da fluorocolangiografia peroperatórias. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 127 pacientes do grupo 1, a fluorocolangiografia peroperatória foi realizada com sucesso em 102 (80,3%) deles e, no grupo II, em 59 (83,1%) dos 71 que apresentavam sua indicação. Dentre os 102 pacientes do grupo 1 submetidos a fluorocolangiografia peroperatória, 11 (10,8%) apresentaram coledocolitíase, 4 (3,9%) colédocos dilatados e 1 (1%) falso-positivo enquanto nos 59 do grupo II, 7 (11,8%) apresentaram coledocolitíase e 1 (1,7%) colédoco dilatado. A aplicação simulada dos critérios de indicação seletiva da fluorocolangiografia peroperatória nos pacientes do grupo 1 mostrou que em apenas um o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase não teria sido feito. Os critérios de indicação seletiva da fluorocolangiografia apresentaram sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 46,2%. As principais causas de insucesso da fluorocolangiografia foram inflamações do pedículo biliar e variações de tamanho e calibre do ducto cístico. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença significativa no diagnóstico de coledocolitíase por meio da fluorocolangiografia peroperatória entre os grupos de pacientes com indicação de rotina e seletiva, validando a realização do exame baseado nos critérios seletivos, com uma sensibilidade de 90,0%, apesar da especificidade de 46,2%, uma vez que 43 pacientes foram encaminhados para o exame e não foi diagnosticada coledocolitíase.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, in dogs, the functions of biliary sphincter subjected to dilation hydrostatic balloon by the point of view of the radiographic and manometric alterations. METHODS: Twenty dogs were submitted to laparotomy, duodenotomy, and enlargement of the major duodenal papilla- GA(n=10) - with balloon of 8mm inflated with pressure of 0,5atm, during 2 minutes or to the sham procedure - GB(n=10). The computadorized manometry and the cholangiography were done before and immediately after the initial procedure, one and four weeks after the dilation or the sham. It was calculated from the radiographic images: the mean, standard deviation, absolute and percentual variation of the diameter measures of the papilla. It was measured: the basal pressure in the papilla region, the contraction amplitudes and the choledoc pressure in all observation times (t0, t7 and t28). RESULTS: There was not differences in the diameter measures of the papilla in t0 (GA=5,14 +/- 1,1) (GB=4,64 +/-0,9), as well as in the absolute (0,14 mm) or relative (-2,7%) variations. In the animals of GA the papilla basal pressure measure was found to be smaller in t28 (11,1) than in t0 (18,6) and t7 (16,2). The contraction amplitudes measures were significantly smaller in the postoperatory times (post-t0, t7 and t28) when comparing to the initial time (pre-t0), in the animals of groups A and B. The average pressure values in the choledoc were also smaller in t28 (7,5) than in t0 (17,8) and t7 (12,6) in the animals of GA. CONCLUSION: the function of the major duodenal papilla is partially commited with the dilation, therefore it provoked the basal pressure decrease and compromising of the capacity of sphincter in its cyclical contractions up to the 28 days of observation.OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em cães, a função da papila duodenal maior submetidas à dilatação por balão hidrostático sob o ponto de vista das alterações radiográficas e manométricas. MÉTODOS: Vinte cães foram submetidos a laparotomia, duodenotomia, dilatação da papila maior - GA(n=10) - com balão de 8mm insuflado com pressão de 0,5atm, durante 2 minutos ou ao procedimento simulado - GB(n=10). A manometria computadorizada e a colangiografia foram efetuadas antes e imediatamente após o procedimento inicial, uma e quatro semanas após a dilatação ou a simulação. Foram calculadas à partir das imagens radiográficas: a média, desvio-padrão, mediana, variação absoluta e porcentual das medidas do diâmetro da papila. Foram medidas: a pressão basal na região da papila, a amplitude das contrações e a pressão do colédoco em todos tempos de observação(t0, t7 e t28). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença nas medidas do diâmetro da papila em t0 (GA=5,14 e DP=1,1) (GB=4,64 e DP=0,9), assim como nas variações absolutas (0,14mm) ou relativas (-2,7%). Nos animais do GA a medida da pressão basal da papila, mostrou-se menor no t28 (11,1) que nos tempos t0 (18,6) e T7 (16,2). As médias das amplitudes de contração foram significantemente inferiores nos tempos pós-operatórios (pós-t0, t7 e t28) em relação ao tempo inicial (pré-t0), nos animais dos grupos A e B. Os valores médios da pressão no colédoco também foram inferiores em t28 (7,5) que nos tempos t0 (17,8) e t7 (12,6) nos animais do GA. CONCLUSÃO: A função da papila duodenal está comprometida parcialmente com a dilatação, pois provocou diminuição da pressão basal e comprometimento da capacidade do esfíncter em suas contrações cíclicas até aos 28 dias de observação.

Variations in intrahepatic biliary ducts are frequent. Its knowledge is of great importance when facing certain procedures such as drainage or a simple cholecystectomy to avoid iatrogenic lesion or incomplete drainage of the biliary tract. Nevertheless, it is during surgery that the surgeon attempts to see it for the first time, and must deal with complex classifications in order to recognize the ducts. This paper aims to suggest an easy and quick way to interpret and simple classification. 100 cholangiograms were studied and 10 cadaveric specimens were analyzed to support radiologic findings. As a result, we propose the following classification: Right "typical" biliary duct, when all the bile produced in the right hemiliver is drained by a single duct, or "divided" when sectional ducts reach separately the main bile duct. The same applies to the left hepatic ducts, "typical" or "divided". When both paramedian sections are drained by the same duct, there is a "Central" hepatic duct The biliary confluence may be "typical", when both hepatic ducts are also typical, "triple confluence" when one or both hepatic duct are divided and reach the main bile duct in the same place, or "staggered (selved) confluence" (etagée) when one of the ducts is divided and reaches the main bile duct separately from the others. This name is even proper if a segmentary duct reaches the main bile duct. We think this classification is easy to use due to its simplicity, allowing the surgeon to quickly identify each biliary duct and get through the surgery safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RACIONAL: Descrita há mais de 70 anos, a colangiografia transoperatória é método eficaz de estudo da via biliar. Existem diversas formas de sua realização. OBJETIVO: Acrescentar uma nova forma de colangiografia em relação à técnica clássica usando somente duas radiografias para interpretação estática e dinâmica. MÉTODOS: A colangiografia é feita com duas radiografias, a primeira em hiperpressão e a segunda três minutos após, em esvaziamento. Ela foi realizada em 39 pacientes portadores de colecistolitíase, submetidos à colecistectomia por laparotomia. A avaliação dos radiogramas foi feita com base em uma classificação radiográfica, criada pelos autores em graus que variam na hiperpressão de 0 a 3 e no esvaziamento de 1 a 3. RESULTADOS: O enchimento total ou quase total da árvore biliar foi encontrado em 66,7% dos pacientes na fase de hiperpressão. Na fase de esvaziamento, 59% dos pacientes estavam com um terço ou menos de contraste. Houve a necessidade de acrescentar radiografia adicional em 5% dos pacientes após sete minutos, com esvaziamento completo. CONCLUSÃO: A proposta técnica mostrou-se exequível, simples, rápida e eficaz.BACKGROUND: First described 70 years ago, intraoperative cholangiography is an effective method of study of the biliary tract. There are several ways of its realization. AIM: To add a new technique of cholangiography in relation to the classical one using only two radiographs for static and dynamic interpretation. METHODS: Cholangiography is made with two X-rays, the first with overpressure and the second three minutes later, in emptying time. It was performed on 39 patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy by laparotomy. The evaluation of the radiographs was based on a radiographic classification created by the authors, varying in degrees in the overpressure from 0 to 3 and emptying of 1 to 3. RESULTS: The complete or almost complete filling of the biliary tree was found in 66.7% of patients in the phase of overpressure. In the emptying phase, 59% of patients had 1/3 or less contrast on biliary tree. There was a need to add additional radiographs in 5% of patients after seven minutes, with complete emptying. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique proved feasible, simple, fast and effective.

Introducción. La enfermedad biliar litiásica es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la práctica diaria de urgencias y cirugía, a nivel mundial y nacional. El estudio y el tratamiento adecuado, oportuno y racional, son fundamentales para obtener buenos resultados en los pacientes, que generan un impacto positivo en el sistema de salud. Objetivo. Describir la experiencia en la Clínica del Occidente de Bogotá, Colombia, en el tratamiento de la enfermedad litiásica biliar, métodos diagnósticos, control de las complicaciones y enfermedades concomitantes asociadas. Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de todos los pacientes que ingresaron a la Clínica del Occidente con enfermedad litiásica biliar entre el 1° de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Resultados. Se registraron 7.279 pacientes con enfermedad litiásica de vesícula biliar y de vías biliares, con tratamiento definitivo quirúrgico: 96,4 % por laparoscopia y 2,73 % por cirugía abierta, con conversión quirúrgica en 0,88 %. El 67 % era de sexo femenino, el 21,93 % presentaba algún tipo de enfermedad concomitante y la tasa global de mortalidad fue menos de 1 %. El 10 % (n=726) del total de los pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico fueron mujeres en embarazo, de las cuales, el 98 % se encontraba en el segundo trimestre de la gestación. Conclusión. Se evidenció que la presentación y el manejo de la enfermedad litiásica biliar en la Clínica del Occidente se encuentran dentro de los estándares aceptados nacional e internacionalmente.

Se realizó un estudio en 1 097 pacientes con litiasis vesicular, a los cuales se les indicó colangiografía transoperatoria de forma sistemática por vía transcística, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio de 1996 y el 14 de junio de 1998. Se excluyeron de este estudio a los pacientes con indicación de colangiografía selectiva, según los criterios que tienen en cuenta los que defienden este último proceder. Se hizo factible realizarla a 1 000 pacientes (91,15 %). La principal causa de no-factibilidad correspondió a los conductos císticos extremadamente finos (5,65 %). La colangiografía se efectuó mediante el uso de catéter percutáneo a 173 enfermos y con la pinza de Olsen a 827. El tiempo promedio del proceder fue de 8,5 min. La colangiografía detectó en 55 pacientes (5,5 %) afecciones quirúrgicas no sospechadas, dentro de éstas a 41 pacientes con cálculos coledocianos. Se diagnosticaron además 72 anomalías congénitas potencialmente peligrosas (7,2 %). Se concluye que en la colecistectomía laparoscópica la colangiografía transoperatoria se debe realizar de forma liberalA study of 1 097 patients with vesicular lithiasis that systematically underwent transoperative cholangiography by transcistic route from June, 1996, to June, 1998, was conducted. Patients with indication of selective cholangiography were excluded from this study, according to the criteria of those who advocate this procedure. It was possible to perform it in 1000 patients (91.15%). The main cause of non-feasibility corresponded to the extremely fine cystic ducts (5.65%). Cholangiography was performed by using the percutaneous catheter in 173 patients and with Olsen's clamp in 827 individuals. The average time for carrying out this procedure was of 8.5 min. Non-suspected surgical affections were detected in 55 patients (5.5%) by cholangiography. 41 of them had choledocus calculi. 72 potentially dangerous congenital anomalies (7.2%) were diagnosed. It was concluded that in laparoscopic cholecystectomy the transoperative cholangiography should be carried out in a liberal way

Se realizó un estudio comparativo en pacientes operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica, con el empleo de la indicación de la colangiografía transoperatoria, en 151 pacientes por el método de selección y en 456 de forma sistemática. En los 2 grupos se utilizaron los mismos criterios de inclusión. El tiempo quirúrgico medio en ambos fue inferior de 1 hora. Se comprobó que con el entrenamiento se logran índices de factibilidad por encima del 90 %, lo cual es similar a la cirugía abierta. La realización de la colangiografía de forma sistemática detectó un mayor tanto por ciento de litiasis no sospechada en la vía biliar principal; diagnosticó afecciones del colédoco no litiásicas; identificó anomalías potencialmente peligrosas y detectó iatrogenias sobre la vía biliar principal durante el transoperatorio. Se concluye que en la colecistectomía laparoscópica la colangiografía transoperatoria debe realizarse de forma sistemáticaA comparative study of 451 patients operated on of laparoscopic cholecystectomy by using transoperative selective cholangiography in 151 individuals and systematical cholangiography in 456 was conducted. The same inclusion criteria were used in both groups. The average surgical time was inclusion criteria were used in both groups. The average surgical time was lower than an hour in these 2 groups. It was proved that feasibility indexes over 90 %, similar to those of open surgery, are attained with training. The systematical cholangiography allowed to find a higher percent of unsuspected lithiasis in the main biliary tract, to diagnose nonlithiasic affections of the choledochus, to identify potentially dangerous anomalies and to detect iatrogenies on the main biliary tract during the transoperative. It was concluded that in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy the transoperative cholangiography should be systematically made

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OBJECTIVE: To describe changes of the biliary tree demonstrated by magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in patients with the hepatosplenic presentation of schistosomiasis mansoni, and evaluating the interobserver agreement in the detection of schistosomal cholangiopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, cross-sectional study involving 24 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and 6 healthy patients (control group) submitted to biliary tree evaluation by MRC. The following changes of the biliary tree were considered: distortion, thinning, stenosis, dilation and irregularity. The interobserver agreement in the detection of biliary tree changes was calculated with the McNemar's test and the kappa index of agreement (κ). RESULTS: The interobserver agreement in the detection of distortion and thinning of the biliary tree was almost perfect (κ = 0.867; confidence interval [CI] 95% [0.512-1.0] and κ = 0.865; CI 95% [0.51-1.0], respectively). There was a substantial agreement for stenosis (κ = 0.78; CI 95% [0.424-1.0]), moderate agreement for dilation (κ = 0.595; CI 95% [0.247-0.942]) and mild agreement for thinning (κ = 0.229; CI 95% [0.095-0.552]). CONCLUSION: In a decreasing order of frequency, the changes of the biliary tree were observed: distortion, thinning, stenosis, dilation and irregularity. The interobserver agreement for signs of schistosomal cholangiopathy was almost perfect for distortion and thinning, and substantial for stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is not known in our studies that compare metallic stents (SM) and plastic stents (SP) in the management of distal malignant biliary obstruction. Patients and Methods: Retrospective trial of 80 patients treated in Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe and Clýnica el Rosario between January 2002 and June 2008. Forty patients received a PS and 40 patients were treated with MS. Results. In this study, 48 men (60%) and 32 women (median 66±6 years) with inoperable malignant distal common bile duct strictures were evaluated. Clinical success was equal for two groups (92%). Hospital stay was significantly smaller for patients with MS than the patients with PS (CI 95% 1.6-7.2, p<0.01) Recurrent biliary obstruction was noted in 19 of 40 (47.5%) patients of PS and 27 of 108 (25%) patients of MS. The median first stent patency was longer in the metal group than in the plastic stent group (CI 95% 41.1-90.8, p<0.01). Early complications occurred in 5% of MS and 12.5% of patients with PS (p=0.4), later complications were seen in 42.5% of PS and 30% of MS (p=0.3) Median survival time after stent insertion was 159.4±9.4 days for PS and 189.5±7.6 days for MS (p=0.07). Conclusions. Plastic and metal stents are effective in the treatment of inoperable distal malignant obstruction, but compared with plastic stent, metal stents had better permeability, lower hospital stay, lower procedures for complications and equal survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]