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Background. A comprehensive mechanistic assessment of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is an essential step toward identifying biomarkers to assess liver viability. Although some studies have evaluated the effect of NMP on inflammation markers, there are other key pathological mechanisms involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) that have not yet been evaluated. Methods. Eight human donor livers preserved by NMP were included to analyze IRI during preservation. Concentrations of several biomarkers involved in different biological processes of IRI were measured in the perfusate. Results. Perfusate levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif type 1, member 13, phospholipase A2 group VII, and syndecan-1 progressively increased during NMP. Noteworthy, perfusate lactate levels showed a strong correlation with C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (P = 0.001), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P = 0.01), and urokinase plasminogen activator (P = 0.001). Conclusions. Perfusate lactate correlates with the main underlying biological mechanisms occurring in the NMP environment. Moreover, several IRI biomarkers accumulate during NMP, which may limit the extent of the benefits of this technology.

Abstract Objective Advances in hepatic radioembolization are based on a selective approach with radical intent and the use of multicompartment dosimetric analysis. The objective of this study is to assess the utility of voxel-based dosimetry in the quantification of actual absorbed doses in radiation segmentectomy procedures and to establish cutoff values predictive of response. Methods Ambispective study in hepatocarcinoma patients treated with radiation segmentectomy. Calculated dosimetric parameters were mean tumor-absorbed dose, maximum tumor AD, minimal tumor AD in 30, 50, and 70% of tumor volume and mean AD in non-tumor liver. The actual absorbed dose (aAD) was calculated on the Y-90-PET/CT image using 3D voxel-based dosimetry software. To assess radiological response, localized mRECIST criteria were used. The objective response rate (ORR) was defined as CR or PR. Results Twenty-four HCC patients, BCLC 0 (5), A (17) and B (2) were included. The mean yttrium-90 administered activity was 1.38 GBq in a mean angiosome volume of 206.9 cc and tumor volume 56.01 cc. The mean theoretical AD was 306.3 Gy and aAD 352 Gy. A very low concordance was observed between both parameters (rho_c 0.027). ORR at 3 and 6 m was 84.21% and 92.31%, respectively. Statistically significant relationship was observed between the maximum tumor-absorbed dose and complete radiological response at 3 m (p 0.022). Conclusion A segmental approach with radical intention leads to response rates greater than 90%, being the tumor maximum absorbed dose the dosimetric parameter that best predicts radiological response in voxel-based dosimetry.

In recent years, zebrafish have become commonly used as a model for studying human traits and disorders. Their small size, high fecundity, and rapid development allow for more high-throughput experiments compared to other vertebrate models. Given that zebrafish share >70% gene homologs with humans and their genomes can be readily edited using highly efficient CRISPR methods, we are now able to rapidly generate mutations impacting practically any gene of interest. Unfortunately, our ability to phenotype mutant larvae has not kept pace. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol that obtains multiple phenotypic measurements from individual zebrafish larvae in an automated and parallel fashion, including morphological features (i.e., body length, eye area, and head size) and movement/behavior. By assaying wild-type zebrafish in a variety of conditions, we determined optimal parameters that avoid significant developmental defects or physical damage; these include morphological imaging of larvae at two time points [3 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 dpf] coupled with motion tracking of behavior at 5 dpf. As a proof-of-principle, we tested our approach on two novel CRISPR-generated mutant zebrafish lines carrying predicted null-alleles of syngap1b and slc7a5, orthologs to two human genes implicated in autism-spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Using our optimized high-throughput phenotyping protocol, we recapitulated previously published results from mouse and zebrafish models of these candidate genes. In summary, we describe a rapid parallel pipeline to characterize morphological and behavioral features of individual larvae in a robust and consistent fashion, thereby improving our ability to better identify genes important in human traits and disorders.

El propósito de este artículo de reflexión es indagar sobre el concepto de resiliencia, como potenciador de resistencia en el caso de la vivienda y en un contexto posdesastre, natural y socioeconómico, en Puerto Rico. La resiliencia/resistencia se proponen como dos estadios de un proceso posible, radical y esperanzador. Algunos de los objetivos son: demostrar cómo es una casa resiliente/resistente, qué cualidades la constituyen y cómo esta puede posibilitar formas reales de resistencia física y social. La revisión bibliográfica asiste en la definición del problema y la pertinencia de la investigación, además de aportar algunas consideraciones teóricas sobre el desastre, la resiliencia y la casa, y en proveer referencias con las cuales ampliar la interpretación. La metodología consiste, principalmente, en el análisis de procesos de agenciamiento del espacio y proyectos de vivienda en Puerto Rico que han buscado resistir ante el desastre. Como parte de los resultados, se trazan parámetros para que la casa pueda resistir al desastre en todas sus facetas.

In recent years, zebrafish have become commonly used as a model for studying human traits and disorders. Their small size, high fecundity, and rapid development allow for more high-throughput experiments compared to other vertebrate models. Given that zebrafish share >70% gene homologs with humans and their genomes can be readily edited using highly efficient CRISPR methods, we are now able to rapidly generate mutations impacting practically any gene of interest. Unfortunately, our ability to phenotype mutant larvae has not kept pace. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol that obtains multiple phenotypic measurements from individual zebrafish larvae in an automated and parallel fashion, including morphological features (i.e., body length, eye area, and head size) and movement/behavior. By assaying wild-type zebrafish in a variety of conditions, we determined optimal parameters that avoid significant developmental defects or physical damage; these include morphological imaging of larvae at two time points [3 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 dpf] coupled with motion tracking of behavior at 5 dpf. As a proof-of-principle, we tested our approach on two novel CRISPR-generated mutant zebrafish lines carrying predicted null-alleles of syngap1b and slc7a5, orthologs to two human genes implicated in autism-spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Using our optimized high-throughput phenotyping protocol, we recapitulated previously published results from mouse and zebrafish models of these candidate genes. In summary, we describe a rapid parallel pipeline to characterize morphological and behavioral features of individual larvae in a robust and consistent fashion, thereby improving our ability to better identify genes important in human traits and disorders.

Neuroscience as a discipline is rarely covered in educational institutions in Puerto Rico. In an effort to overcome this deficit we developed the Bridge to Neuroscience Workshop (BNW), a full-day hands-on workshop in neuroscience education. BNW was conceived as an auxiliary component of a parent recruitment program called Bridge to the PhD in Neuroscience Program (BPNP). The objectives of BNW are to identify promising students for BPNP, and to increase awareness of neuroscience as a discipline and a career option. BNW introduces basic concepts in neuroscience using a variety of educational techniques, including mini-lectures, interactive discussions, case studies, experimentation, and a sheep brain dissection. Since its inception in 2011 BNW has undergone a series of transformations that continue to improve upon an already successful and influential educational program for underrepresented minorities. As of Fall 2018, we have presented 21 workshops, impacting 200 high school and 424 undergraduate students. BNW has been offered at University of Puerto Rico (UPR)-Arecibo, UPR-Cayey, UPR-Humacao, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ponce, and Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico-Arecibo. A pre-and post evaluation was given to evaluate material comprehension and thus measure effectiveness of our one-day interactive workshop. Our results suggest that both high school and undergraduate students have little prior knowledge of neuroscience, and that participation in BNW improves not only understanding, but also enthusiasm for the discipline. Currently, our assessment has only been able to evaluate short-term effects (e.g. comprehension and learning). Therefore, our current focus is developing methods capable of determining how participation in BNW impacts future academic and career decisions.

Benedetto and Saer participated in film projects as scriptwriters and as adapters of literary texts to film. Both authors were also film critics. This essay analyzes the stamp that film left on Di Benedetto’s short story “Declinación y Ángel” and on Saer’s “Sombras sobre vidrio esmerilado”, as reflected in the use of a certain type of slow and dilated language, the treatment of light and sound, their characters and the deployment of resources such as the use of sight and detailed descriptions.

Resumen: La traductología brasileña ha recorrido un largo camino desde sus inicios hasta el presente. Desde los textos fundadores de Haroldo y Augusto de Campos hasta hoy, los traductólogos brasileños han ido labrando un sostenido reconocimiento internacional. Desde Canadá la traductología producida en Brasil se observa con mucho interés. Ese es quizás el principal motivo por el cual ya desde 1990 y hasta el presente, en las dos más reconocidas revistas traductológicas canadienses, autores brasileños han tenido un espacio de preferencia. En este artículo vamos a analizar las reflexiones que sobre sí mismos, su trabajo y la evolución de la disciplina en Brasil, han hecho los traductólogos y traductores brasileños en las dos revistas arriba mencionadas, mostrando el avance de los estudios de la traducción en Brasil, a través de la metarreflexión de sus propios agentes y sugiriendo que tanto los profesionales como los estudiosos de la traducción de ambos países han venido allanando el camino hacia una amplia colaboración académica en las Américas, donde escuchar y leer la voz del Otro es una prioridad. Palabras clave: traductología brasileña; Haroldo y Augusto de Campos; traductólogos. A metareflexão em Estudos da Tradução do Brasil em META e TTR: 1990-2012 Resumo: Os Estudos de Tradução no Brasil já percorreram um longo caminho desde os seus primórdios até o presente. A partir dos textos fundadores de Haroldo e Augusto de Campos, até hoje, os acadêmicos brasileiros foram adquirindo um reconhecimento internacional constante. Do Canadá, os Estudos de Tradução produzidos no Brasil são observados com grande interesse. Essa é talvez a principal razão porque de 1990 até o presente, nos dois jornais mais reconhecidos dos Estudos de Tradução no Canadá, autores brasileiros canadenses tiveram um espaço privilegiado. Neste artigo, vamos analisar as reflexões que sobre si mesmos, os seus trabalhos e a evolução da disciplina no Brasil, fizeram os acadêmicos e tradutores brasileiros nas duas revistas acima mencionadas, mostrando o progresso dos Estudos de Tradução no Brasil, através a metarreflexão do seus próprios agentes e sugerindo que ambos os profissionais e os estudantes de tradução de ambos países foram abrindo o caminho para uma grande colaboração acadêmica nas Américas, onde ouvir e ler a voz do Outro é uma prioridade. Palavras-chave : Estudos da Tradução no Brasil. Haroldo e Augusto de Campos. Acadêmicos dos Estudos de Tradução. Metareflexion in Brazilian Translation Studies in META and TTR: 1990-2012 Abstract: Brazilian translation studies, from their beginnings until the present day, have come a long way. From the foundational texts of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, until today, Brazilian translation scholars had built a sustained international acknowledgement. From Canada's point of view, Brazilian translation scholars production is of utmost interest, that may be the main reason to explain why from 1990 to the present day, in the two most important Canadian translation studies journals, Brazilian authors have held a place of choice. In this article we will examine Brazilians scholars' analysis about themselves, their work, and the evolution of the discipline in their country, in the two mentioned Canadian journals. Those texts show us the progress in Brazilian translation studies as a result of metareflexion of their own agents; they also suggest that either practitioners and translation scholars in both countries, have been preparing the path for a widespread academic collaboration in the Americas, where reading and listening to the voice of the Other and listening is a priority. Key-words: Brazilian Translation Studies; Haroldo & Augusto de Campos, Translation Studies Scholars La métaréflexion de la traductologie brésilienne chez META et TTR : 1990-2012. Résumé : La traductologie brésilienne a parcouru un long chemin, de ses débuts jusqu'à nos jours. Des textes fondateurs d'Haroldo et Augusto de Campos à aujourd'hui, les traductologues brésiliens ont acquis une reconnaissance internationale soutenue. Depuis le Canada, la traductologie produite au Brésil est observée avec beaucoup d'intérêt. C'est peut-être la raison principale pour laquelle déjà à partir de 1990 et jusqu'à nos jours, dans les deux plus importantes revues traductologiques canadiennes, des auteurs brésiliens ont occupé un espace de choix. Dans notre article, nous analyserons les réflexions que les traductologues et les traducteurs brésiliens dans les deux revues mentionnées ci-dessus ont fait sur eux-mêmes et leur travail, et sur l'évolution de la discipline au Brésil. Ces textes nous montrent l'avancement des études de la traduction au Brésil, à travers la métaréflexion de leurs propres agents et ils suggèrent également qu'autant les professionnels de la traduction que les chercheurs de notre discipline dans les deux pays, ont préparé le chemin d'une vaste collaboration académique dans les Amériques, où écouter et lire la voix de l'Autre est une priorité. Mots-clés : traductologie brésilienne ; Haroldo et Augusto de Campos ; traductologues

Desiderio Navarro logra de manera autodidacta convertirse en traductor, luego de ser expulsado de la universidad por sus vínculos católicos en la Cuba revolucionaria de los años 1960. En esa misma década se muda de su Camagüey natal a La Habana y comienza a trabajar en las revistas culturales de la época. Desde los años 1970 está ya directa y profundamente vinculado al debate cultural cubano. Crea la revista Criterios en 1972, como respuesta a la censura y cierre de la revista Pensamiento Crítico y desde entonces ha traducido miles de artículos y decenas de libros de autores tan diversos como Mijaíl Bajtín o Pierre Bourdieu. En 2007, Navarro coordina la « guerrita de los emails », protesta de los intelectuales críticos cubanos de diversas generaciones a una nueva “vuelta de tuerca” de la ortodoxia castrista contra ellos. Su trabajo de traducción y difusión de pensamientos y teorías novedosas continúa hoy por hoy. En este artículo, el autor pretende primero responder a las cuestiones relativas a la selección de textos y autores por parte del traductor, para la antología del pensamiento ruso que logra publicar en Cuba en 2009. Se pretende también explicar los contextos y las contradicciones inherentes a los procesos sociales, ideológicos y políticos en la ex-URSS y en la Cuba de los últimos 56 años. Este estudio parte de la hipótesis que Navarro ha sido y es un intelectual crítico, en el sentido que ese concepto fue interpretado en Cuba desde los años 1960, es decir, que junto con el reclamo de un lugar activo y cuestionador del poder para este sector social, se integra y defiende una fidelidad sin límites tanto a los postulados de un marxismo no ortodoxo, como a los del paradigma nacionalista que ha caracterizado al pensamiento de la Cuba contemporánea. Abstract: From an Imposed Presence to a Present Absence: Desiderio Navarro’s Translation of Russian Cultural Theory 1960-2009 In the 1960’s revolutionary Cuba, Desiderio Navarro, after being expulsed from university because of his catholic background, becomes an autodidact translator. During those years he also moved to Havana, and started working for the ‘revolutionary’ cultural journals. During the 1970’s he is directly and profoundly involved in the Cuban cultural debate. He fathered the journal Criterios in 1972, a symbolic answer to the censorship and closure of Pensamiento Crítico. Since then, he translated thousands of articles and dozens of books from authors as diverse as Mikhail Bakhtin and Pierre Bourdieu. In 2007 Navarro was the coordinator of the “guerrita de los emails” (the little war of emails), which was the Cuban critic intellectuals protest against the Castro’s orthodoxy new wave of repression. Navarro’s work of translation and diffusion of new theories and thinking still continues today. This essay attempts first, to answer questions related to the choice of texts and authors, selected by the translator and editor for his anthology of Russian theory published in 2009, in Cuba. Then, to explicit the context and contradictions that were implicit to the social, ideological and political processes in the ex-USSR, and in Cuba. This study’s key hypothesis is that Navarro was, and still is, a critical intellectual, in the same sense this concept was interpreted in 1960’s Cuba. This means that together with the claim of an active and critical role vis-à-vis the Power, there is also a unconditional fidelity to the ideas of non-orthodox Marxism and to the nationalistic paradigm, both key elements of Cuba’s contemporary social thinking.

Objective: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ablation by radiofrequency (RFA) is a novel technique with a great variety of methods whose efficacy and predictive factors have not been completely studied. Some of the main predictive factors in this type of treatment are analyzed in the present study. Patients and methods: ninety-three patients with hepatocellular carcinoma over cirrhosis, and with no indication for surgical resection were treated by RFA. Two different types of electrodes were used for RFA (refrigerated-"Cool-Tip" and perfusion with saline solution, the approach was percutaneous, by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Results: overall survival at 1, 2 and 3 years was 88, 81, and 76%, with a free-disease survival (FDS) of 66, 31 and 17%, respectively. For tumors less than 3 cm, FDS at 1,2 and 3 years was 74, 44 and 30%, while for more than 3 cm in size FDS was 55, 12 and 0% (p = 0.02). FDS for HCC with one nodule was 70, 36 and 22%, and for more than one nodule it decreased to 50, 17 and 0% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively (p = 0.07). Surprisingly, the method employed for RFA has a main influence in FDS, with 0% at 3 years for perfusion electrodes and 26% for cool-tip electrodes at the same period. Conclusions: in this series, overall survival at three years was relatively high; however, tumoral size, number of nodules and RFS method were independent variables associated with disease-free survival.Objetivo: la ablación por radiofrecuencia del hepatocarcinoma (ARF) es una técnica de reciente adquisición, cuya eficacia y factores predictivos no han sido suficientemente evaluados. El presente estudio fue diseñado para este análisis. Pacientes y métodos: se han tratado 93 pacientes con hepatocarcinoma sobre hígado cirrótico sin criterios de resección ni de trasplante hepático. El tratamiento se realizó mediante abordaje percutáneo, laparoscópico o mediante laparotomía con dos tipos de electrodos de radiofrecuencia, electrodo refrigerado y de perfusión respectivamente. Resultados: la supervivencia global a los 1, 2 y 3 años fue del 88, 81 y 76%, con una supervivencia-libre de enfermedad (SLE) de 66, 31 y 17% respectivamente. El análisis multivariante demostró tres variables predictivas independientes: tamaño tumoral (< 3 cm frente > 3 cm; SLE a 1,2 y 3 años de 74, 44 y 30%, frente a 55, 12 y 0%; HR= 2,02; IC 95% 1,10-3,70; p = 0,02), número de nódulos (uno frente a más de uno; SLE a 1,2 y 3 años de 70, 36 y 22, frente a 50, 17 y 0%; HR= 1,92 IC 95% 0,95-3,93; p = 0,07) y tipo de electrodo (refrigerado frente a perfusión; SLE 80, 43 y 26% a 1, 2 y 3 años frente a 49, 12 y 0%; HR = 2,06; IC 95% 1,12-3,79; p = 0,02). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la ARF proporciona una supervivencia global aceptable, la SLE es notablemente inferior. El tamaño del tumor, el número de nódulos y el tipo de electrodo de ARF fueron variables independientes asociadas a la SLE.