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Nonce words or occasionalisms are coined for a particular occasion and usually they are used just once. It is especially difficult when such newly created words have to be translated to another language. This article studies John Harding’s novel Florence & Giles and its Bulgarian translation (by Vladimir Molev). It is a sinister Gothic story told by the 12-year-old Florence living in an isolated New England mansion in 1891. She distorts words by transforming them into other parts of speech, e.g. nouns and adjectives are turned into verbs, nouns into adjectives, adverbs and prepositions into verbs, etc. At first, it could be annoying to the reader, however, once you get used to her narration, it is both fanciful and charming. This research studies the intensely concentrated nonce words in the text and their equivalents in Bulgarian from the point of view of their grammatical, word-formative and semantic characteristics. The contrastive method when applied to the parallel corpus shows some similarities and a lot of differences in the particular characteristics of nonce words due to the specifics of the two languages under discussion.

Fabrication of MWCNT-reinforced nanocomposites with uniform distribution is still remaining as a challenge. Even for researchers who achieved uniform distribution in powder, boundary agglomerations...

Coining the term collaborative pornography viewing, we used a mixed method study to test the perception of individual relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, trust, closeness, and communication after watching pornography together. The purpose of this article is to present the qualitative findings of the study. In the qualitative portion, a subset of couples from the larger sample (8 couples; N = 16) participated in interviews about their experience in the study and, specifically, the collaborative viewing of pornography. The findings indicated that collaborative pornography viewing enabled practice in negotiation, relationship communication, normalized pornography viewing in the relationship, created a boundary around the couple, and increased conversations. These results support the recommendations of previous scholars advising couples that viewing pornography together may improve certain aspects of the relationship.

In this study, sheet bulk metal forming (SBMF) processes for manufacturing sidewall-thickened cups were explored, including sheet forming processes for the preparation of cup billets and bulk forming processes for sidewall thickening. To avoid forging laps caused by the clearance between the cup corner and die during sidewall upsetting, a locally thickened tailored blank was designed and produced. To form tailored blanks, coining and orbital forming were compared, and a strategy based on a coining process with different lubrication conditions was analyzed. The tailored blanks were drawn to cups, which had sharp corners and were used as billets for the final upsetting operation to avoid the clearance and thus eliminate forging laps. Adopting upsetting with controllable deformation zone (U-CDZ) method, the cup sidewall was thickened. During forming, the buckling on the sidewall and laps on the corner were prevented. The numerical and experimental results indicate that sheet parts with complex sections can be formed using a tailored blank with the U-CDZ method.

Although ‘press tools’ are special toolings designed and constructed to meet specific forming requirements such as (a) blanking, (b) piercing, (c) shearing, (d) bending, (e) drawing, (f) deep drawing, (g) shaving, (h) curling, (i) embossing and (j) coining, a brief outline of the main equipment used in such operations is explained here in this chapter. This will facilitate the reader to go into details on the subject of ‘press tools’ in the later chapters.

The present study proposes the design, simulation, and finite element analysis (FEA) of a mechanical press to test coining tools that contain nanostructured coatings. The designed mechanical testing press has a nominal force capacity of 800 kN with a ram stroke of 100 mm. CAD modeling of components, assemblies, and press structure is developed. The validation of the safety factor of the stress of the press is implemented by FEA analysis. Axisymmetric 2D FEA simulation is applied to determine the nanostructured coating behavior when subjected to high loads, the results are promising for future simulation studies on coatings. A displacement mechanism was designed for the test sheet, offering versatility and a variety of options for testing the coining tools as often as necessary under different load conditions. The final results of the machine operation simulation are satisfactory.

Purpose This paper aims to derive tailor-made microtextures for elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts under consideration of manufacturing possibilities. Design/methodology/approach Component tests were used for the evaluation of the influence of surface texturing on the friction behavior in the cam/tappet contact. Furthermore, the manufacturing possibilities and limitations of a combined μEDM and micro-coining process and the feasibility of integration into a forming process were studied. Finally, a methodology based on transient EHL simulations and a meta-model of optimal prognosis was exemplarily used for microtexture optimization. Findings It was found that surface texturing in EHL contacts with high amount of sliding is promising. Moreover, the combination of μEDM and micro coining and the integration into established production processes allow the manufacturing of microtextures with desirable structural parameters and sufficient accuracy. Originality/value This paper gives a holistic view on surface microtexturing over several phases of the product life cycle, from the design, over efficient manufacturing to application-related testing.

Micro-scale laser dynamic forming (μLDF) is a kind of high velocity forming processes, which uses laser shock wave to load the sheet metal. The surface degradation of micro-mold in μLDF and its effects on workpiece are first investigated in this work. The surface degradation is the gradual failure of micro-mold due to the regular repeated laser shock loadings, and some micro-channel defects with the dimensions of several micrometers are observed on the mold surface. During μLDF process, the material of workpiece flows into the cavities of micro-defects on mold surface when the laser power density increases to 6.46 GW/cm2, and the more obvious defect-like features are formed on the rear surface of workpiece as laser power density increases. This type of single-side forming is very interesting, and similar to coining. In order to investigate the surface degradation evolution process, laser shock target experiments are performed. The surfaces of the nodular cast iron targets were irradiated by different numbers of laser pulses, and the corresponding surface morphologies were observed to investigate the surface degradation evolution process. The experimental results show that, surface degradation of micro-mold is formed by void nucleation, growth, and coalescence under the repeated shock loadings. Numerical simulations considering micro-defect on mold surface are performed to investigate the effect of micro-defect on workpiece. Numerical results also show that laser shock wave can be used to replicate micro-coining feature on metal surface.

This article presents a new type of bi-material coin with a polymer centre and a metal ring. The polymer-metal coin is fabricated by combination of coin minting and joining by forming in a single die stroke. The design of the coin is based on an analytical model built upon plasticity theory and plastic instability of circular plates under uniform radial edge compression. The analytical model and the bi-material coin concept are supported and validated by means of finite element modelling and experimentation. Destructive tests for pushing the polymer centre out of the metal ring demonstrate the effectiveness of the mechanical joint resulting from the interface contact pressure between the polymer and the metal. The new bi-material coin was developed to obtain new aesthetic effects for the collection market, and its polymer core can additionally be used for other applications such as the incorporation of advanced security features in high-denomination coins.

We develop the notion of pattern of coining found in some complete-inheritance models of Construction Grammar (Fillmore 1997; Kay 2013), which are processes used to coin new units based on analogy with an existing one. Unlike constructions, they cannot be considered systematically productive in synchrony. After providing measurement methods, we assess the productivity of three patterns (‧whelm, ‧licious and ‧holic). To do so, we carried out a statistical analysis using two web corpora. Unlike Kay, we show that the difference between constructions and patterns of coining is not so clear-cut, since patterns of coining may undergo constructionalization, and that qualitative aspects should be taken into account along with quantitative data when trying to assess the status of a word-formation pattern.

The research subjects of current investigations at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU) Stuttgart include the manufacture of face gearings. Usually, gearings are produced by means of a coining process, which causes high process forces that considerably restrict the geometry of the teeth in terms of the height-to-width ratio. In order to avoid these problems, a new forming process has been developed. This technology offers significant advantages, such as the reduction of process forces and the ability to manufacture the required tall and acuminate tooth elements through a cold-forming process. This paper describes the design and functionality of the novel pin-to-gear forming process. In this paper, the operating principle of the method is presented first of all. The new pin-to-gear process is then compared to conventional coining and the free-divided-flow (FDF) process developed at IFU Stuttgart in 2018. This examination takes the form of a numerical simulation using DEFORM-2D software. To investigate the influence of preform parameters on the form filling of the tooth cavities, parameter studies in design and geometry are conducted. Process limits regarding geometric constraints are presented alongside possibilities for increasing process reliability. Through this investigation, the potential and opportunities of the innovative pin-to-gear forming process will be illustrated.

This paper describes a conceptual extension of the socialization process and its implications for education. The motivation to the coining of ecosocialization comes from a recent turn in different branches of science, which forces us to problematize the anthropocentric view of life. The theoretical analysis combines the frameworks of phenomenology and ecology. Phenomenology emphasizes perception and experience to remind us that we exist in the world through our bodies, while ecology examines interactions between different life forms in ecological communities. Parallel to the human-human and human-society interactions, we are ecosocialized by human-other beings and human-ecosystem interactions. These latter interactions also make us what we are, even before any intentional education efforts. Although socialization and ecosocialization are parallel processes, they are unfolded and driven by different mechanisms. The conceptualization of ecososialization is argued to play an important role in addressing the ecorisis in an educational context, both in research and practice. publishedVersion

Cultural practices in members of ethnic groups can be associated with skin lesions or skin disease. Some of the skin lesions derive from peculiar cosmetic practices, such as acquired ochronosis, alopecia, and follicular-occlusive disturbances. Others are linked to traditional medical practices, or to anthropological and ritual reasons, such as female genital mutilation and keloids resulting from perforation.

Among the sheet forming processes, coining is a specific operation which makes it possible to correct shape defects or to perform thickness reductions in the parts. This operation often requires a very high force which is likely to have an impact on the functioning of the tool or the press. It is therefore important that the coining forces be evaluated accurately, but this is not allowed by the existing analytical calculation formulas. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of the calculation of the coining forces via the adaptation of an existing formula. Such adaptation was carried out based on a study of the influence of the flat coining parameters. To that end, a series of experimental measurements was performed. An instrumented force measuring setup made it possible to measure the maximum coining force. Several parameters were analysed, including the coining ratio and the sheet thickness. Numerical simulations were carried out at the same time, in order to understand the influence of certain parameters on the coining force. 2D numerical models were developed using the Forge NXT2 software. The simulations and the experimental tests were analysed and the results revealed the influential phenomena which have to be taken into account in the analytical formula, in particular the coining surface and the friction. In order to study the friction more thoroughly, ring compression tests were performed so as to determine the friction coefficients, based on the Coulomb’s law limited to Tresca. This type of test is representative of the stresses undergone by the metal during the coining operation. Finally, a new calculation formula is proposed, in order to integrate the coining surface and friction more accurately.

The process of micro-coining has been widely applied in micro-forming as it is easy to realize the positioning and assembling of micro-parts. In this study, ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-forming system was established whereby conventional coining (C-coining) and ultrasonic vibration-assisted coining (US-coining) of micro-cylinder of pure copper were carried out. In case of C-coining, the height-to-diameter ratio of the formed micro-cylinder essentially remained unchanged when the grain size and forming load were kept constant. There is an optimum height of the specimen was noted to obtain the highest micro-cylinder by keeping other conditions remain the same. On the other hand, in case of US-coining, the height of micro-cylinder increased after applying ultrasonic vibration under different grain sizes and diameters of micro-cylinder. The rate of growth in the height of micro-cylinder is directly proportional to the ultrasonic amplitude under different grain sizes. The application of ultrasonic vibration in US-coining has a great impact in the micro-coining of micro-cylinder when the ratio of the height of specimen to the diameter of micro-hole was less than 2, and the largest rate of growth is more than three times as compared to the process of C-coining.

Since the first publications coining the term RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) appeared in 2008, the number of publications containing RNA-seq data has grown exponentially, hitting an all-time high of 2,808 publications in 2016 (PubMed). With this wealth of RNA-seq data being generated, it is a challenge to extract maximal meaning from these datasets, and without the appropriate skills and background, there is risk of misinterpretation of these data. However, a general understanding of the principles underlying each step of RNA-seq data analysis allows investigators without a background in programming and bioinformatics to critically analyze their own datasets as well as published data. Our goals in the present review are to break down the steps of a typical RNA-seq analysis and to highlight the pitfalls and checkpoints along the way that are vital for bench scientists and biomedical researchers performing experiments that use RNA-seq.

This paper investigated size effects of copper in microscale coining process. By comparing experimental results with finite element analysis (FEA), the type and contribution of size effects could be identified. We found that the deformation size effect is the most pronounced in microscale coining where grains must be introduced into relatively small die cavities through severe plastic deformation. The magnitude of the deformation size effect was determined by the relative ratio of the grain size to the die cavity, and smaller size factor produced greater effect. We also found that feature height in microscale coining was related to grain size and flow stress of the material. Therefore, size effects could be quantitatively modeled and compensated by calculating equivalent grain size and flow stress correction. After compensating for size effects, the FEA model could accurately predict material forming performance.

Research subject of this paper concerns the manufacturing of face gearing on hollow shafts. Currently, the toothing is produced by a coining process. This results in high process forces which strongly restrict the geometry of teeth in height-to-width ratio. In order to avoid these problems, a new forming process has been developed. Using determined material pre-distribution, it is possible to produce the teeth by the newly developed process of face gear coining with defined material flow. This paper describes the design and functionality of the new forming process. Furthermore, the proposed process is explained and compared with the conventional approach of coining using numerical simulations. In order to investigate the influence of preform parameters on the full filling of the teeth shape, a parameter study in design and geometry is conducted. Based on simulation results, the newly developed forming process is integrated in an already existing process chain. By means of this investigation, the potential of this innovative forming process will be indicated.

In times of enhanced functional integration of machine elements the combination of forming processes offers an opportunity to increase the efficiency of the manufacturing process. Due to mutual interactions combining different forming operations a comprehensive analysis of the processes is necessary especially regarding micro forming processes. Within this study a combined extrusion micro coining process to manufacture microstructured tappets was investigated. The results reveal that the achieved homogeneity on tappet surface is mainly influenced by the microstructure layout applied on the tool components, due to locally widely varying material flow in the coining region.

Size effect plays an important role in coining processes of commemorative coins. To deal with the size effect and improve the simulation accuracy, a constitutive model incorporating the conventional mechanism-based strain gradient (CMSG) plasticity theory was established in this study, with the nonlinear coupling between the statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density and the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density determined experimentally. Via the least square method, a bilinear equivalent plastic strain field was constructed for the evaluation of equivalent plastic strain gradient. In this way, the proposed constitutive model was implemented within a home-developed explicit finite element code for coining analyses. Uniaxial tensile tests and a nanoindentation test were conducted to obtain the mechanical properties of the Ag999 material, which was selected to verify the performance of the proposed constitutive model. By simulating the nanoindentation test and the coining process of a typical commemorative coin, it was demonstrated that the proposed constitutive model could provide accurate results in applications involving size effect, outperforming the classical plasticity constitutive model. Therefore, the proposed constitutive model based on strain gradient plasticity theory is suitable for coining simulations of commemorative coins.

In this paper, an 8-node hexahedral element based on multi-point integration is proposed in the dynamic explicit framework, with a new adaptive subdivision method adopted. By taking advantages of the assumed strain method, the volumetric and the shear locking of the element are successfully avoided. The locking-free hexahedral element is further applied to coining simulations. Due to large-scale elements and high non-linearity, it's difficult to carry out coining simulations in the context of the implicit framework, especially for a commemorative coin with fine patterns. Thus, an explicit algorithm for coining simulations is developed, which avoids time-consuming iterations and guarantees the computational convergence. Aiming at improving the simulation efficiency furtherly, a multi-layer one-to-four adaptive element subdivision strategy is proposed, with two subdivision criteria with respect to element geometry considered. In this way, the element number in the simulation is dramatically decreased, while the fine patterns of the coin are described exactly. Based on several numerical examples, the locking-free and hourglass-free properties of the proposed hexahedral element are validated, and the accuracy of the coining simulation algorithm is also demonstrated.

In recent decades we have witnessed a growing investment by all economic sectors in the acquisition of volumes of data characterized not only by ever larger cardinality, but also by increasing number of characteristics for each observed instance [1], and this led to the coining of the term Big-Data.

This paper presents the use of a geared five-bar with connecting rod and sliding output for mechanical presses. Mechanical presses are used to form sheet metal parts and have economical benefits to other presswork production methods. A conventional mechanical press is driven with a slider-crank mechanism. Extended drive presses are used to alter the stamping motion required for certain operations. For instance, certain coining and squeezing operations prefer a long dwell. A knuckle joint mechanism is commercially available and permits some control over the output motion. A synthesis process is developed in this paper to produce a prolonged dwell and is applied to the kuckle joint mechanism. The geared five-bar with sliding output is shown to produce a longer dwell than a knuckle joint mechanism.

Application of high strength steel for automobiles is required to achieve fulfilment of the CO2 emission regulation and improvement of collision safety. Nevertheless, high strength steel has the problem that hydrogen embrittlement and fatigue cracks are likely to occur especially on sheared edge. The previously proposed scrap-used coining method could reduce tensile residual stress on sheared edge using the scrap generated by shearing as the coining tool with a counter punch. However, the conditions this method could reduce tensile residual stress effectively were not clarified. In this report, the effects of the following shearing shape factors on residual stress on sheared edge were investigated, the size of shearing line curvature using punches with a diameter of 10 and 20 mm, positive and negative sign of curvature by testing both of the product and scrap part, and the flat and dome shape of counter punch head. Residual stress on sheared edge could be reduced in the 10 and 20 mm of punch diameter regardless of the product or scrap part. FEM analyses showed that the change of stress distribution in processing area during the scrap-used coining is caused by the shearing hole expansion and reduction and the sheared edge compression by contact of the product and scrap and these mechanisms are common to both of the parts. The dome shaped counter punch is able to reduce the coining load in addition to almost the same amount of residual stress as the flat shaped one. Thus, the tool cost decreases because the cushion pin required to get the reaction force for coining could be reduced.

Extremely small time step caused by large deformation in coining process significantly increases computational time in dynamic explicit finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, negative volumes of distortion elements in the rim of coin lead to abnormal termination of simulation. In order to overcome these problems, dynamic explicit material point method (MPM) is employed for coining process. However, most of the point-to-point contact algorithms in MPM cause fake contacting detection. In addition, abundant tiny patterns on die surfaces put forward high requirement for the contact algorithm to calculate the normal vectors. A point-to-segment based contact algorithm is proposed to obtain accurate normal vectors at real physical contact point and embedded into the framework of modified update stress last (MUSL) for simulating coining. Amount of data storage and computations are reduced since the background domain only contains the deformable workpiece and one velocity field is required. The improved MPM is applied to predict insufficient filling during minting, and its performance is validated by experimental results.

In order to effectively detect and classify various defects on the surface of aluminium foil products, including contaminants, coining, shine marks and scratches, etc., the method of convolution ne...

Bonding of power devices is experiencing a rapid transition to aluminum ribbon for many reasons. Better electrical characteristics, improved heat dissipation, fewer bonds, and improved reliability are some of the most obvious advantages. The huge increase in battery powered motors that require more powerful devices in smaller packages also increases the need for ribbon bonding. Coining has developed SPM POWER BOND RIBBON™, a high purity corrosion resistant aluminum bonding ribbon, to meet this demand. New improved spooling is now available for ribbons as large as.080 X.010, and as small as.030 X.003 mil. This spooling method decreases or eliminates most of the traditional issues with despooling of bonding ribbons and is compatible with the most commonly used bonding machines. Several Bonder Manufacturers have introduced new equipment to handle the conversion to heavy aluminum ribbon. Design consideration must be given to items such as bond pad design, loop heights, bonding angles and more. A key point to consider is that fact that one bond of a given size Bonding Ribbon can replace several wire bonds. For example: one bond of.060 X.008 ribbon can replace 6 wires of.010 diameter. This is key to increasing throughput and reliability and ultimately reducing costs. This paper will address the basic design characteristics that need to be considered in order to take advantage of this emerging technology.

This paper deals with research of the heat treatment of tool steels Bohler K 455, K605 that are determined for production of tools for minting circulation coins. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of introduction of innovative heat treatment on the structural parameters and lifetime of coining dies. Experimental part presents the results of purity evaluation at semi-products with use of EDX analyse of the non-metallic inclusions, also microstructure evaluation, measurement of the size austenite grain after application of innovative heat treatment also. After ending of analysis and evaluation of lifetime coining dies, new parameters of heat treatment for using at the production were proposed.

Laser sintering is a popular additive manufacturing technology, particularly for service parts. Invented by C. Deckard in the mid-1980s, the approach of using a laser to densify a powder bed selectively has been extensively researched and has been applied to metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. In the traditional powder-metallurgical sense, sintering involves solid-state atomic transport resulting in neck formation and eventual densification in a powder mass. The use of the term “sintering” as a descriptive term for the powder-bed additive manufacturing process has been problematical to the technical community, because the predominant densification mechanism has been shown for most applications to be melting and reflow. The term has perpetuated as a name for the additive manufacturing process, at least for polymers. The technical term “sintering” is accurately associated with laser sintering insofar as powder pre-processing and part post-processing are concerned. It may also be used to describe formation of “part cake”. This paper describes the circumstances surrounding the coining of the term, “laser sintering” and provides some examples of how sintering is used in pre- and post-processing.

This research focuses on the blends used in the brands of snacks and beverages which are found in supermarkets around Yogyakarta. More specifically, it attempts to identify and classify blend into four structural formations using prosodic morphology approach. The syllabic constituents of each source word and the number of syllables of the blends are also analyzed in this research. The findings of this research show that coining each beginning of two words is the structural formations of blends mostly used in the data collected (9 blends). It is followed by coining beginning and ending elements of word (7 blends), coining two words that have common sequence sounds (6 blends), and ended by coining two words that have multiple sounds (3 blends). The structural formations that are mostly relevant to the size of blends based on the number of syllables of the second source wordsis AD formation (83.33%). It shows that the structures of blends without overlapping on the source words are more relevant to the theory of size of the blends than the structures of blends with overlapping.

Experiments, upper bound models, and finite element simulations are used to determine forming loads needed to microcoin surface ripples in thin metal foils. Coining is traditionally performed in a closed die, however enclosing all non-patterned surfaces is difficult to directly scale down to sub-millimeter foils. We find different forming regimes can exist at this small scale in an open pressing configuration. We explore the effects of the metal foil thickness and its work hardening behavior, two primary factors controlling the microcoining ripple forming load. For very thin foils, the load needed to coin a ripple pattern is lower than the load needed to compress the foil so that the open pressing configuration behavior is effectively closed with pattern formation without thickness change. For moderate thickness foils, the load needed to coin significantly drops as the entire foil compresses. For thick foils approaching bulk materials, the pattern will not completely form as the die macroscopically indents into the metal. Work hardening is found to raise the forming load for the thin, effectively closed die scenario, however it is a secondary effect at moderate thickness. This insight is used to microcoin patterns in extremely hard, thin metal foils.

Nanotechnology is a frontier science that deals with physical manipulation of matter at an atomic level. There is no international, universally accepted definition of the field that meets all needs, although a working definition is “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nm where unique phenomena enable novel applications” (Hulla et al., 2015). The initial conceptual description of nanotechnology is widely attributed to Richard Feynman who in 1959 speculated on how matter could be manipulated at the atomic or nanoscale level. The concept of using this microscopic level of engineering was revolutionary in its applicability to a wide range of human endeavors including medicine, industry, and materials science. Norio Taniguchi first coined the term “nanotechnology” some 15 years later, providing the concept with an identifiable handle. Drexler (1981) further developed the concept and then in 1986 wrote the seminal popular work on the subject, Engines of Creation , in which the subject was explored in great depth. Interestingly, it was Drexler was first addressed the potential dark side of nanotechnology, coining the term “grey goo”; this thought experiment posited a molecular “replicator” (essentially a microscopic robot) that would be capable of self-replication, using matter from its environment as raw materials. Unchecked, this replication would eventually consume everything and the result would be a grey goo of replicators. Drexler has since regretted coining the term, but the idea carried the seeds of what was to eventually become the discipline of nanotoxicology.

In micro-forming processes, such as coining, the microstructure of the material and dimension scale of the coined geometry can have a substantial influence on the mechanism of material deformation. The influence of the grain size on the coining force and closed die filling is investigated experimentally, and a mathematical model for result prediction has been created according to the obtained experimental results. The material of the billet is 99.5 % aluminium, and the die geometry is relatively complex. The presented mathematical model takes into account the influence of size effect on the material flow curve through die cavity geometry and estimates the final coining force and corresponding associated displacement of the tool. This enables a controlled influence of the grain size of the specimen material on forming force and tool displacement in the coining process and a reliable prediction of the final coining force and related tool displacement associated with a completely filled die cavity. To determine the accuracy of model force prediction, the experimental and modelled data were statistically analysed and graphically presented.

This paper presents a new finite element based design procedure for correcting the coining die profiles in order to optimize the distribution of pressure and the alignment of the resultant vertical force at the end of the die stroke. The procedure avoids time consuming and costly try-outs, does not interfere with the creative process of the sculptors and extends the service life of the coining dies by significantly decreasing the applied pressure and bending moments. The numerical simulations were carried out in a computer program based on the finite element flow formulation that is currently being developed by the authors in collaboration with the Portuguese Mint. A new experimental procedure based on the stack compression test is also proposed for determining the stress-strain curve of the materials directly from the coin blanks.

The metal sheet forming process is widely used in manufacturing, especially in the production of parts by bending. In recent decades, the increasing competition and growing demand for lightweight, high performance and crash worthiness structures in automotive vehicle forced steel industry, automakers and the scientific community to start focusing on more efficient production. As a result, a significant increase in the application of new materials such as Advanced High Strength Steel and Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels has been observed in automobiles over the last decade. Thus, a better understanding of the formability of these materials is necessary to reduce costs and to optimize processes. Among the forming parameters, the springback—dimensional and geometric accuracy—has a considerable influence. In this work were formed strips of TRIP800 steels by V-bending processes to achieve a predetermined geometry with low springback. Among the forming parameters studied, the force applied to the sheet during the bending showed significant influence in springback. Therefore, different coining forces were applied on the radius region in V-bending. It was observed a reduction, elimination and even an advance in the springback for V-bending when higher forces—beyond the necessary—were applied in the process.

Micro lubrication pockets decrease the frictional losses and improve the wear resistance of lubricated machine elements. Depending on the application, the pocket dimension and the area density (ratio of the projected pocket area to the non-textured area) must be optimized. Otherwise, the lubrication pockets might increase friction and wear. Besides the determination of the optimized texture, the production process needs to manufacture the pockets with high reproducibility and accuracy, since each deviation of the texture might reduce the improvement of the tribological properties. The goal of this work is to develop a new forming setup capable of decreasing the influence of deviations in the material, of the tool or due to a process inaccuracy ́s. Therefore, a roller-coining process based on a pneumatic system was developed to keep the forming force and thus the pocket dimension constant. This setup was as well used to texture the roller, since the manufacturing of a prominent micro texture on a curved surface with high tolerances is a difficult task for other texturing methods. The experimental verification of the setup showed that by using the pneumatic setup the standard deviation of the pocket depth was reduced by an average factor of 1.9.

In industry of coins production, dies is proportionally compared with the production of coin. Dies, one of the essential components, is externally influenced by geometry, relief, setting parameter production and others. While, internally dies will be affected by its physical property and surface treatment. Phenomenon of dimension deformation and poor wear resistance on dies surface, are part of leakage factor in coin production. In this research, the mechanical properties of IsodurTM steel is being controlled by heat treatment especially tempering treatment and TiN PVD coating with arc cathodic method, in order to produce coining dies. IsodurTM steel samples are heated until temperature 1080◦C in 30 minutes, then samples are quenched and has a single and double tempered treatment at temperature 550◦C in each. After that, samples are coating with TiN and have variables of PVD process holding time 6 and 12 minutes. The result show that hardness of single temper treatment is 62.9 HRC on temperature 550◦C is constant in IsodurTM steel. While the double tempering treatment will decrease the hardness becoming 61.49 HRC and it will make the microstructure being finer than single tempering treatment. The variables of holding time PVD 6 and 12 minutes do not influence the roughness surface relief of coining dies, but they affect the wear resistance that is showed in average capacity production about 251,552 and 262,403 coin per dies by single tempered treatment, and average capacity production about 355,625 and 359,243 coin per dies by double tempered treatment.

In this paper, we propose the use of electromagnetic forming to produce emboss pattern shapes using one forming coil and a single die punch with electromagnetic forces. Considering the noncontact characteristic of the process, the formation of the patterns could be attributed to its high speed. The high impact on the sheet workpiece at a speed of 150–250 m/s produces significant coining pressure, which acts over an area larger than that of conventional forming. In this study, four different patterns were produced on AL 1100-O sheets of area 40 mm × 40 mm and thickness 1.27 mm. The four types of emboss patterns were created by deformation using only one spiral coil. Using the simulation results, an experimental spiral coil with 10 turns was fabricated. Four different patterns were successfully produced on the metal sheet in the experiment. The length and depth of the patterns were measured by three-dimensional scanning relative to the die shape and good agreement was observed. This confirmed that emboss pattern forming by EMF using a single die can be used to replace the costly process of the conventional method.

The requirements on tools used in the production of coins include high quality and reliability, dependent on the materials from which they are made, on manufacturing technology, heat treatment and final operations achieving functional area modification. Properties of the material of coins vary during their production and there is the so-called operational degradation that can be caused by an inappropriate technology of manufacturing. The quality of coining dies is expressed as their service life which ranges from approximately one hundred thousand to one million pieces of coins produced. Therefore, it is necessary to pay enough attention to the service life of coining dies. Surface treatment in the form of the application of hard PVD coatings is one of the ways of increasing the durability of coining die.In the present study, we analysed and tested three types of coatings deposited onto coining dies made of tool steel.

Field-configuring events and their impact upon organizations, networks and organizational fields have become an important focal point for research. Since the coining of the term (Meyer, Gaba, and Colwell 2005; Lampel and Meyer 2008), the body of research on events such as trade fairs, conferences, or festivals has grown in different disciplinary contexts, particularly management and organization studies and economic geography. The general gist of these studies is that interactions at temporally and spatially bounded sites are marked by “predictable unpredictability” (Lampel 2011) and “allow disparate constituents to become aware of their common concerns, join together, share information, coordinate their actions, shape or subvert agendas, and mutually influence field structuration” (Anand and Jones 2008, 1037). Research on organized events more broadly has a longer tradition in the two disciplines. Previous work in management and organization studies has analyzed events such as board meetings, strategy meetings or committees on an organizational level as sites for strategy making (e.g. Jarzabkowski and Seidl 2008). On a field level, Rao (1994) has examined certification contests as a way of legitimization new organizational forms and Zilber (2007) studied conferences as occasions for making sense of disrupted industry. Research on creative industries has perceived events such as festivals or award ceremonies as sites for the negotiation of values (e.g. Moeran and Strandgaard Pedersen 2011). In economic geography, trade fairs have been conceptualized as temporary clusters (Maskell, Bathelt, and Malmberg 2006) and cyclical events (Power and Jansson 2008), playing an important role in structuring global business exchanges. This literature has elucidated that trade fairs not only afford opportunities for acquiring knowledge through face-to-face interaction, but also for obtaining information by observing and monitoring other participants (Bathelt and Schuldt 2010). Trade fairs, it is argued, create a dense ecology of information and communication flows that provides opportunities for the exploration of market trends and the generation and maintenance of networks (e.g. Schuldt and Bathelt 2011).

This work reports an investigation concerning the employment of infrared thermography in the production environment of claw pole alternators, aimed for early detection of anomalies during the stamping stage at the press. The investigated process consists of a number of steps, starting from a raw workpiece in the form of a star, sheared from a low carbon steel plate, is brought to its final shape through bending and coining operations, using a progressive die. The process is characterized by a high production rate since the component is destined for the automobile market, therefore the controlling of both the die conditions as well as the mechanical press is crucial in order to reduce unexpected stops of the process. After having analysed each production stage, a series of experimental tests have been carried out and a series of thermal snapshots were taken during the normal production run and analyzed in order to detect any process signature which were capable of giving information concerning the process conditions. An FEM model has also been developed for each step of the process in order to characterize the material flow and, in addition, the thermal field related to the transformation of the mechanical energy into heat, due to plastic deformation of the material and frictional effects. Correlations between the geometry resulting from material flow and thermal maps detected in the production environment have allowed to address of the maintenance activity in order to eliminate defects which can affect significantly the functionality of the product as well as the die life.

The near-net forging processes for the body of overrunning clutch was studied by adopting the warm upsetting,warm no-flash die forging,cold extrusion and cold coining process。The arrangement of the near-net forging processes,the procedure of the near-net forging process,the choice of forging press,the structures of the punch and the lower die,and the key problem of die design were introduced in detail。The chief advantages of this process include the high surface quality,closer tolerances and qualified inner avity for the body of overrunning clutch without subsequent machining;so it is significantly energy-saving,material-saving,and the economic benefit is remarkable。