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Xestoleberis brasilinsularis sp. nov. (Figs 3-13) Xestoleberis toni ? ANTONIETTO et al., 2012:40-41, Figs 6:9-12; Tab. 8 (non Xestoleberis toni WOUTERS, 2003:152, Pl. 9, Figs 1 -8; Pl. 13, Figs 5a-c). Xestoleberis sp. 1 COIMBRA et. al., 2013:297, Figs 58-61; Tab. 4. Type material. Holotype, MP-O-2474, ♀, RV, length: 0.42 mm; height: 0.22 mm. Paratypes. MP-O-2475, ♀, LV, length: 0.41 mm; height: 0.22 mm; MP-O-2476, ♀, carapace, width: 0.19 mm; length: 0.40 mm. MP-O-2477, ♂, RV, length: 0.44 mm; height: 0.21mm. Etymology. From Brasil and the Latin origin, insularis = of an island, because of its record being restricted to an archipelago. Type locality. Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, Equatorial Atlantic. Occurrence. See Table II. Diagnosis. Small-sized and relatively thin carapace. Subovate elongate to subrectangular in lateral view; ovateelongate in dorsal view. Greatest length just below midheight. Greatest height just posterior mid-length. Anterior margin obliquely rounded, with apex in the lower third. Posterior margin subtruncated. Surface typically smooth with two types of normal pore canals: sieve-type and liptype. A very delicate flange, more developed in RV, runs along the anterior and ventral margins. Description. A relatively thin-shelled and small-sized species of Xestoleberis. Subovate elongate to subrectangular in lateral view. In dorsal view, ovate-elongate. In ventral view, flattened. LV overlapping RV mainly anteriorly and posteroventrally. Maximum length just below mid-height. Maximum height just posterior mid-length. Maximum width posteriorly.Anterior margin obliquely rounded, with apex in the lower third. Posterior margin subtruncated. Dorsal margin moderately arched. Ventral margin sinuous near the middle, more conspicuously in RV. Surface typically smooth with two types of normal pore canals (sensu SATO & KAMIYA, 2007): sieve-type and lip-type. A very delicate flange, more developed in RV, runs along the anterior and ventral margins. In living specimens, some very short marginal bristles overlaps the flange forming a false delicate reticulum when photographed by SEM (see Figs 3, 9). Xestoleberis -spot small and almost invisible; around it there is a milky patch. Inner lamella wide at anterior, narrow ventrally and posteriorly. Line of concrescence and inner lamella widely separated anteriorly, forming a large vestibulum. Posterior vestibulum very small, visible only in large magnification. Selvage subperipheral in both valves, bending outwards in the oral region. Marginal pore canals numerous and short, mostly simple and straight, as typical for the genus. Hinge hemimerodont, with welldeveloped crenulate terminal teeth in RV; median element smooth. Central muscle scars constituted by four adductors vertically aligned and a frontal U-shaped. Two mandibular scars below in front. Sexual dimorphism: females more inflated posteriorly, somewhat more height and with a more marked oral concavity. Males more rounded posteriorly. Remarks. Xestoleberis brasilinsularis sp. nov. was identified by ANTONIETTO et al. (2012) as Xestoleberis toni ? Wouters, 2003. However, as already briefly discussed by COIMBRA et al. (2013), these two taxa are not conspecific. In fact, they have not only different outlines, but also different central muscle scars pattern and Xestoleberis spot, that is larger in the species described by WOUTERS (2003) for Cape Verde Islands. The new species does not fit well in any Xestoleberis morphological group proposed by BONADUCE & DANIELOPOL (1988) neither by SATO & KAMIYA (2007)., Published as part of Nathália C. da Luz & João C. Coimbra, 2014, New species of Xestoleberididae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, Equatorial Atlantic, pp. 470-477 in Iheringia 104 (4) on pages 472-474, DOI: 10.1590/1678-476620141044470477, http://zenodo.org/record/7803561, {"references":["ANTONIETTO, L. S.; MACHADO, C. P.; DO CARMO, D. A. & ROSA, J. W. C. 2012. Recent Ostracoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) from Sao Pedro- Sao Paulo Archipelago, Brazil: a preliminary approach. Zootaxa, 3335: 29 - 53.","WOUTERS, K. 2003. Taxonomy and zoogeography of intertidal Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Cape Verde Islands (Atlantic Ocean). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 73: 137 - 159.","SATO, T. & KAMIYA, T. 2007. Taxonomy and geographical distribution of recent Xestoleberis species (Cytheroidea, Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Japan. Paleontological Research 11 (2): 183 - 227.","COIMBRA, J. C.; BOTTEZINI, S. R. & MACHADO, C. P. 2013. Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Archipelago of Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo, Equatorial Atlantic, with emphasis on a new Hemicytheridae genus. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 103 (3): 289 - 301.","BONADUCE, G. & DANIELOPOL, D. 1988. To see and not to be seen: The evolutionary problems of the Ostracoda Xestoleberididae. In: HANAI, T.; IKEYA, N. & ISHIZAKI, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda. Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 375 - 398."]}

Two new species of Xestoleberididae: Xestoleberis brasilinsularis sp. nov. and Xestoleberis machadoae sp. nov., both endemic to Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, are described. The record of these shallow marine waters species from Brazilian oceanic islands represents an important contribution to the knowledge of the evolutionary history the species inhabit areas. Duas novas espécies de Xestoleberididae: Xestoleberis brasilinsularis sp. nov. e Xestoleberis machadoae sp. nov., ambas endêmicas do Arquipélago São Pedro e São Paulo, são descritas. O registro dessas espécies marinhas de águas rasas em ilhas oceânicas brasileiras representa uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento da história evolutiva das espécies que habitam estas áreas.

Auricythere sublitoralis sp. nov. (Figs 2-21) Mutilus sp. 1 DIAS- BRITO et al., 1988:480, Pl. 2: 45. Auradilus sp. MACHADO et al., 2005:240, Pl. 2: 16. Type material. Holotype, MP-O-2467, carapace, ♀, length: 0.56 mm; height: 0.33 mm. Paratypes. MP-O-2468, carapace, ♂, length: 0.54 mm; height: 0.30 mm; MP-O-2469, A-1 carapace, ♀, length: 0.52 mm; height: 0.30 mm; width: 0.24 mm; MP-O-2470, carapace, ♂, length: 0.53 mm; height: 0.30 mm; width: 0.24 mm; MPO-2471, A-1 carapace, ♀, length: 0.53 mm; height: 0.31 mm; MP-O-2472, carapace, ♂, length: 0.53 mm; height: 0.30 mm; MP-O-2473, A-1 carapace, ♂, length: 0.52 mm; height: 0.28 mm. Etymology. From Latin origin, sublitoralis = situated near the seashore, because of its first record being restricted to very shallow coastal waters. Type locality. Holotype: sample M0943N, Porto Belo town, Estaleiro beach, 27°07’S / 48°31’W, on algae. Paratypes: MP-O-2468, sample M0941N; MP-O-2469 and MP-O-2473, sample M0961N; MP-O-2470, sample M0942N; MP-O-2471N, sample M0947N; MP-O-2472, sample M0943N. For more details, see Tab. I. Occurrence. See Tab. I. Description. Carapace small, thick-shelled, somewhat ear-shaped mainly in LV lateral view. Maximum height at anterior cardinal angle. In dorsal view, compressed and with subparallel sides. Maximum width in the posterior region, poorly defined. LV conspicuously larger than RV, the margin of which overlaps it in dorsal region and immediately above the caudal process. In lateral view, anterior margin rounded, gently concave immediately in front of the anterior cardinal angle in RV. Posterior margin with discrete caudal process, more developed in RV. Dorsal margin slightly convex, sloping posteriorly, obscured by the ornamentation in LV. Ventral margin sinuous, with evident oral concavity more developed in RV. Surface ornamented by numerous ribs intercalated by depressed and reticulate areas. Ribs predominantly low, thick and somewhat truncated. Posterior region with a vertical rib subparallel to the correspondent margin, bifurcated at the top and the bottom: at the top, a short branch runs forwards and upwards while the second one reaches the posterior cardinal angle; at the base, a longer and sinuous branch runs forwards and downwards while the shorter and more rectilinear branch runs downward, turning forward before reaching the ventral margin. Eye tubercle conspicuous, crossed by a strong rib, more robust in its anterior branch that ends at about half height.Ventro-lateral rib delicate, not overlapping the corresponding margin. Six to seven well-developed reticulae adjacent to the anterior margin. Normal pore-canals sieve-type, scattered on the costae and muri. Internal view. Accommodation groove well developed in LV. Hinge holamphidont. LV posterior socket with a conspicuous aurila-tooth and an auxiliary small anti-slip tooth at its posterior end (sensu JELLINEK, 1995). Large duplicature with a conspicuous selvage nearest to the external margin anteriorly. Anterior vestibule narrow and elongated. Radial pore-canals numerous, simple and straight, more abundant anteriorly. Central muscle scars with three frontal and four adductors (1+2+1+1), as follows: dorsal rounded, dorsomedian subdivided, dorsoventral sinuous and elongated, and ventral subelliptical. The frontal ones sometimes not well defined; upper and middle scars frequently somewhat anastomosed. Sexual dimorphism not prominent. Males with a little more developed caudal process and a less arched dorsal margin. Remarks. DIAS- BRITO et al. (1988) and MACHADO et al. (2005) identified erroneously specimens of Auricythere sublitoralis sp. nov. as Mutilus sp. 1 and Auradilus sp., respectively. However, BONADUCE et al. (1987) considered Mutilus Neviani, 1928 as an extinct genus whose occurrences are restricted to the Mediterranean Neogene and Quaternary. In respect to the ornamentation, Mutilus bears a typical butterfly-shape in the central area of the valves, present in all its species. Besides, this aurilinid fossil genus possesses a well-defined frame-rib, not developed in A. sublitoralis sp. nov. On the other hand, Auradilus features outline, ornamentation and central muscle scarsvery different of the new ostracode herein described, as already discussed above., Published as part of de Morais, Anderson L. M. & Coimbra, João C., 2014, On a new genus and species of Hemicytheridae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the southern Brazilian coast, pp. 367-372 in Iheringia (Série Zoologia) (Série Zoologia) 104 (3) on page 369, DOI: 10.1590/1678-476620141043367372, http://zenodo.org/record/7803136, {"references":["DIAS- BRITO, D.; MOURA, L. A. & WURDIG, N. 1988. Re 1 ationships between ecological models based on Ostracodes and Foraminifers from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). In: HANAI, T.; IKEYA, N. & ISHIZAI, K. eds. Developments in Paleontology and Stratigraphy. v. 11. Amsterdam, Elsevier. p. 467 - 484.","MACHADO, C. P.; COIMBRA, J. C. & CARRENO, A. L. 2005. The ecological and zoogeographical significance of the sub-Recent Ostracoda off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Marine Micropaleontology 55: 235 - 253.","JELLINEK, T. 1995. The Plio-Pleistocene genus Mutilus Neviani 1955 (Ostracoda) and some of its so-called Recent descendants. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 75: 163 - 191.","BONADUCE, G.; RUGGIERI, G. & RUSSO, A. 1987. The ostracod genus Mutilus and so-called Mutilus from the Mediterranean Miocene-Pleistocene. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 26: 251 - 268."]}

Auricythere gen. nov. Type species: Auricythere sublitoralis sp. nov., by monotypy. Diagnosis. Carapace small, somewhat ear-shaped mainly in LV lateral view. LV conspicuously larger than RV; overlap pronounced in dorsal region and immediately above the caudal process. Surface ornamented by costae and reticulae. Ribs predominantly low, thick and somewhat truncated. Ocular tubercle well developed, crossed by a strong rib. Ventro-lateral rib not superimposed on the corresponding margin. Posterior region with vertical rib bifurcated at the top and the bottom. Accommodation groove well developed. Hinge holamphidont; LV posterior socket with a conspicuous aurila-tooth and an auxiliary anti-slip tooth at its posterior end (sensu JELLINEK, 1995). Central muscle scars with three frontal and four adductors (1+2+1+1). The frontal ones sometimes not well defined; upper and middle scars frequently somewhat anastomosed. Large duplicature with anterior vestibule. Radial porecanals numerous, simple and straight. Sexual dimorphism not prominent; females a bit higher and longer. Etimology. From Latin origin, auris = outline similar a human ear. Remarks. According to BENSON (1961), the hemicytherid ostracodes invariably have one or two of the four adductor scars subdivided. However, HAZEL (1967) claims that Hemicytherinae is the only subfamily of Hemicytheridae with one or more subdivided adductor scars. Regarding to the frontal muscle scars, Hemicytherinae can be subdivided into two groups with two or three scars (BENSON, 1961; MORKHOVEN, 1963; HAZEL, 1967). JELLINEK (1995, tab. 2) presents a comparative table of the genera grouped into the Tribe Aurilini, highlighting that this would be the only tribe to include genera of Hemicytherinae with two frontal scars. HAZEL (1967) proposes that Hemicytherinae should be subdivided into three major groups: Orionina -group, Aurila -group and Muelerina -group. However, HARTMANN & PURI (1974) erects, among others, the tribes Orioninini, Aurilini and Urocythereidini, and includes, in each of them, the same genera proposed by HAZEL (1967), respectively, with minor changes. In turn, YAJIMA (1982) follows the proposal of HAZEL (1967) and inserts a fourth group (monogeneric) in Hemicytherinae, Finmarchinella Swain, 1963. Diagnostic features compared among the different tribes of Hemicytherinae, confronted to those of the new genus, indicate that Auricythere gen. nov. is best allocated in Aurilini. For more details of the diagnostic characters of this tribe see JELLINEK (1995). Auricythere gen. nov. occurs in the study area along with species of two other aurilinid genera: Auradilus costatus (Hu, 1979) and Aurila ornellase Coimbra & Bergue, 2003. Auradilus Jellinek, 1995 differs from Auricythere gen. nov. by well-defined diagnostic features, such as the pattern of the adductor muscle scars [1(2)+2-2- 1] and the characteristic postero-dorsal shoulder. In turn, the highly diverse and cosmopolitan genus Aurila Pokorný, 1955 is more ear-shaped in LV lateral view and possesses a quite distinct ornamentation constituted by punctae and/ or reticulae, often concentric about mid-point; never with heavy ribs. For more details of morphological features of all Aurilini genera see JELLINEK (1995, tab. 2), and only for a review of the diagnosis of Aurila see HARRISON et al. (2000)., Published as part of de Morais, Anderson L. M. & Coimbra, João C., 2014, On a new genus and species of Hemicytheridae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the southern Brazilian coast, pp. 367-372 in Iheringia (Série Zoologia) (Série Zoologia) 104 (3) on pages 368-369, DOI: 10.1590/1678-476620141043367372, http://zenodo.org/record/7803136, {"references":["JELLINEK, T. 1995. The Plio-Pleistocene genus Mutilus Neviani 1955 (Ostracoda) and some of its so-called Recent descendants. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 75: 163 - 191.","BENSON, R. H.; BERDAN, J. M.; BOLD, W. A.; HANAI, T.; HESSLAND, I.; HOWE, H. V.; KENSLING, R. V.; LEVINSON, S. A.; REYMENT, R. A.; MOORE, R. C.; SCOTT, H. W.; SHAVER, R. H.; SOHN, I. G.; STOVER, L. E.; SWAIN, F. M.; SYLVESTER- BRADLEY, P. C. & WAINWRIGHT, J. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: MOORE, R. & PITRAT, C. W. eds. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. Q. Arthropoda 3, Crustacea, Ostracoda. Lawrence, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press p. 99 - 421.","HAZEL, J. E. 1967. Classification and Distribution of the Recent Hemicytheridae and Trachyleberididae (Ostracoda) off Northeastern North America. Journal of Paleontology 41: 1284 - 1285.","MORKHOVEN, F. P. C. M. 1963. Post-Palaeozoic Ostracoda: their morphology, taxonomy, and economic use. Vol. 2, Generic descriptions. Amsterdam, London, New York, Elsevier. 478 p.","HARTMANN, G. & PURI, H. S. 1974. Summary of Neontological and Paleontological Classification of Ostracoda. Mitteilungausdem Hamburgischen Zoologisches Museum und Institut 70: 7 - 73.","YAJIMA, M. 1982. Late Pleistocene Ostracoda from the Boso Peninsula, Central Japan. Bulletin of the University Museum of Tokyo 20: 141 - 227.","COIMBRA, J. C. & BERGUE, C. T. 2003. A new recent marine Ostracoda species (Hemicytheridae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 93: 243 - 247.","HARRISON, D.; MAYBURY, C. & WHATLEY, R. C. 2000. The ostracod genus Aurila from the Pliocene of north west France. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 32: 21 - 60."]}

Berguecythere gen. nov. Type species: Berguecythere insularis sp. nov., by monotypy. Diagnosis. A subquadrate to subrectangular hemicytherid genus with a surface covered by reticulate ornament whose peripheral fossae can be secondarily punctate. An ear-shaped ridge, which starts around the central area, gives rise to a postero-dorsal protrusion. Internally, a very well-developed hemiamphidont hinge, the posterior terminal element of the RV being a dentate bar with 6-7 small teeth and a smooth distal area. Central muscle scars a row of four adductor with the dorso-median one subdivided; three frontal scars. Large duplicature with narrow anterior and posterior vestibular areas. Radial pore-canals numerous, straight, mostly simple with some intercalated branching ones. sp.. sp sp 1 2......1 2 sp ?. nov sp. sp sp. sp sertata. sp sp Propontocypris sp Loxocorniculum Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Samples Keijcyoidea Cytherella Neonesidea Triebelina Triebelina Berguecythere insularis Microcythere tricornatum Xestoleberis Xestoleberis 3. sp..1 2 sp ?. nov sp. sp sp. sp sertata. sp sp Propontocypris sp Loxocorniculum Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Samples Keijcyoidea Cytherella Neonesidea Triebelina Triebelina Berguecythere insularis Microcythere tricornatum Xestoleberis Xestoleberis 3. sp. nov sp. sp sp. sp sertata. sp sp Propontocypris sp Loxocorniculum Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Samples Keijcyoidea Cytherella Neonesidea Triebelina Triebelina Berguecythere insularis Microcythere tricornatum Xestoleberis Xestoleberis 3. sp sp Propontocypris sp Loxocorniculum Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Paradoxostoma Samples Keijcyoidea Cytherella Neonesidea Triebelina Triebelina Berguecythere insularis Microcythere tricornatum Xestoleberis Xestoleberis 3. Xestoleberis Xestoleberis 3. sp M 1001-N 1 -------X-----X M 1002-N 1 -------------X M 1003-N 2 X-XXXXXXX-XXX- M 1004-N 2 X-XXXXXXXXX-XX M 1005-N 2 XXXX--X-X---XX M 1008-N 2 --------X----- M 1010-N 2 X-XX-XXXX-XXXX M 1011-N 1 X-------X----X M 1012-N 2 X-XXXXX-X---XX M 1014-N 2 X-X--XXXX---XX M 1017-N 1 -------------X 1 M 1023-N X-----X-XXX-XX M 1025-N 1 X-XX-X-XX-XXXX M 1026-N 1 -----------X-- M 1030-N 1 X-X-XXX-XXXXXX M 1031-N 1 X-XX--X-X---XX M 1032-N 1 X-----X-X-X-XX M 1036-N 1 X-XX---XXXX-XXLiving153-10044-1834171,150215721669Dead (valves)386173686454423,06439456110Total539117311266378194,2142466672179Relative abundance %9.710.023.122.020.111.131.400.3475.90.431.190.111.303.22 Etymology. Berguecythere was named in honor to the Brazilian ostracodologist Cristianini Trescastro Bergue, a particular friend of the authors, in recognition of his precious contributions to the knowledge of fossil and Recent marine ostracodes. Geographical and stratigraphical distribution. At present only in the ASPSP, Equatorial Atlantic.

Berguecythere insularis sp. nov. (Figs 28-41) Aurila sp. 1 ANTONIETTO et al., 2012:42-43, Fig. 7: 10-19; Table 12. Type material. Holotype, MP-O-2433, LV, ♀, length: 0.44 mm; height: 0.25 mm. Paratypes. MP-O-2434, RV, ♀, length: 0.42 mm; height: 0.23 mm; MP-O-2435, RV, ♀, length: 0.42 mm; height: 0.23 mm; MP-O-2436, LV, ♀, length: 0.46 mm; height: 0.25 mm; MP-O-2437, LV, ♂, length: 0.44 mm; height: 0.23 mm; MP-O-2438, RV, ♂, length: 0.43 mm; height: 0.22 mm; MP-O-2439, carapace, ♀, width: 0.20 mm; length: 0.44 mm; MP-O-2440, carapace, ♂, width: 0.18 mm; length: 0.45 mm; MP-O-2441, LV, juvenile, length: 0.37 mm; height: 0.21 mm; MP-O-2442, LV, juvenile, length: 0.31 mm; height: 0.18 mm; MP-O-2443, RV, juvenile, length: 0.25 mm; height: 0.14 mm; MP-O-2444, RV, ♀, length: 0.42 mm; height: 0.23 mm. Etymology. From Latin origin, insularis = of an island, because of its first record being restricted to an archipelago. Type locality. Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, Equatorial Atlantic. Occurrence. See Table III. Description. A thick-shelled genus of the subfamily Hemicytherinae, subquadrate to subrectangular in lateral view. Greatest height at the anterior cardinal angle. Anterior margin obliquely rounded. Posterior margin caudate in RV and subcaudate in LV. Dorsal margin somewhat conveX in LV and subrectilinear in RV. Ventral margin with conspicuous oral concavity. Surface covered with reticulate ornament with the peripheral fossae secondarily gently punctate. A delicate ridge, which starts at the ventral end, runs parallel to the anterior margin, crosses the well-developed eye tubercle, and becomes more slender along the dorsal margin. An ear-shaped ridge starts around the central area and ascends to its heaviest width in front at the posterior cardinal angle. From there it descends as a short stretch and turns forward and then disappears near the midlength. This ear-shaped ridge gives rise to a posterodorsal protrusion more developed in RV. Normal porecanals sieve-type. In dorsal view acuminate anteriorly, maXimum width posteriorly. In internal view, hinge robustly developed, hemiamphidont, the posterior terminal element of the RV being a dentate bar with 6-7 small teeth and a smooth distal area. Calcified inner lamella well-developed with narrow vestibulae at each end. Radial pore-canals numerous, straight, mostly simple with some intercalated branching ones. Selvage conspicuous and parallel to the outline. Adductor muscle scars a row of four scars, the dorso-median one subdivided. Three frontal scars. SeXual dimorphism conspicuous; male more elongate and less wide, and with a more secondarily reticulate dorsal region., Published as part of Coimbra, João C., Bottezini, Silvia R. & Machado, Cláudia P., 2013, Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, Equatorial Atlantic, with emphasis on a new Hemicytheridae genus, pp. 289-301 in Iheringia. Série Zoologia 103 (3) on page 292, DOI: 10.1590/s0073-47212013000300012, http://zenodo.org/record/7826611